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THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

Bombay Natural History Society.

EDITED BY

AND

VOL. XIL

Consisting of Five Parts and containing
Forty-one Plates and Ttx^enty-six Woodcuts.

I'oTt I{PagcK 1^0 234)...
„ IIQPages 235 to 430) ...
„ III {Pages 4S7 to 592) ...
„ i7F(P«^ej593 to 794) ...
„ V Qlndex, dc.')

Date J of Publication.

... liJth Jiec, 1898.

... 30^/; March, 1899.

... IthJuUi^ 1899.

... Wt, Aov., 1899.

.. V>\st J\/ar. 1900.

g m i a g :

PRINTED AT THE "TIMES OF INDIA STEAM I'RESS.

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giiaibaD ItatiMjiil gi^tory ^oi[!Ctii,

OFFICE-BKAREES, LIFE MEMBERS,

HONOEARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS, AND MEMBERS

ON 1st MARCH, 7900.

LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS-

H. E. tlie Right Hononrublo Lord Northcote.

lh\ i). MacDoiiald, M.D., b.s.c, cm.
Mr. J. D. luvenirity, b.a., ll.b.

Mr. H. M. Fhipson, c.m.z.s.

mow. S^rcasuicr.
Capt. A. J. Peile, r.a.

3Stiltors.

Mr. H. M. Phipson, g.m.z.s.
Mr. W. S. Millard.

J^ianaginn aTommittcc.

Lt.-Col. C. T. Binobam, f.z.s. Mr. L. d« Niceville, f.e.s., c.m.z.s.

•Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker, F.z.s. The Hon. Mr. A. Abercrombie.

Dr. 1). MacDonald. Mr. E. L. Barton.

Mr. E. H. Aitken. _ Mr. Reo-inald Gilbert.

Rev. F. Dreckraann, s. J. Mr. R. M. Branson.

Lt.-Col. T. S. Weir, i.m.s. Mr. E. Comber.

Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, I.M.S. Mr. R. C. Wronghtou, i.f.s., c.m.z.s.

Mr. J. D. Inveraritv, b.a., ll.b. Mr. T. H. D. Bell, i.f.s.

Mr. W. S. Millard. ' Capt. A. Newnliara, f.z.s.

Capt. A.J. Peile, R.A., ex-offic'io.
Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s., ex-ojffiao»

1st SeGtion. --(JiaA/jmaZ^ and Birds.)
l*resident — Mr. J. D. Inveraritv, b.a., ll.b.
Secretary — Mr. E. Comber.

2nd Section. — (Reptiles an I F/W/^.s.)
President— -Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.j.
Secretary — Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s.

3rd Section. — (Insects.)
Presideiit — Mr. L. de Niceville, f.e.s., c.m.z.s.
Secretary— Mr. E. H. Aitken.

4th Section. — (Other [nvertrhrates.)
President — ( Vacant.)
Secretary — Capt. A. J. Peile, r.a.

5th Section. — (Botany.)
President — ( Vacant.)
Secretary— Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, i.m.s., f.s.m. (France), m.h.c.s.

Ilambai)

Itatiiifal

ji^itory c^ocietp.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Life Members.

Aga Khan, H. H. the ... ...

Austria, H. L H. the Archduke Frauz Ferdinand..
Baroda, Tiie (Curator, Baroda State Museum
Barton, E. L.
Bates, S. B. (f.z.s.)
Beale, H. E\

Bhowuagar, H. H. the Maharaja Bhaosingji of ...
Bhurie ISingh, Mean Saheb ...
Bikaneer. H. H. the Maharaja of
Caccia, A. M.
Cama, Dr. Maneckji D.
Cama, K. R.
Goode, J. M.

Cursetji, Khan Bahadoor 0. M.
Cutch, H. H. the Rao Saheb of
Dawson, W. H. (i.c.s.)
Drake-Brockman, Capt. H. E.
Dwarkadas, Naranji
Goc'uldas, Nurrotum Morarji
Habibuddin, S. (h.c.s.)
H3'^ain, Judah

Ichalkaranji, The Hon'ble Meherban Narayenrao
Govind, alias Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of ..
Inverarity, J. D. (b.a., ll.b,)...

Janjira, H. H. Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, Nawal

of

Koihapur, H. H. the Maharaja of

Lamb, R. A. (i.c.s.)

Lathi, H. H. the Thakore Saheb of

Long, G. R. (i.F.s.)

MacDonald, Dr. D.

Manders, Major N. (r.a.m.c.) ...

Mandlik, Narayan Vishvanath

Martin, Liout.-Col. Gerald

Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Ganesh, aliasB&ha-

sahib Pa twardhan. Chief of
Navanagar, H. H. Maharaja Jam Sahib of
OHvier, Lieut.-CoL H. D."(r.e.)
Partridge, Henry ...
Petit, Bomanji Dinshaw
Petit, Jehangir P>omanji
Phipson, H. M. (c.m.z.s.)
Poncins, Baron Edmond de ...
Ravenshaw, Lieut.-Col. G. W.
Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja...

Bombay.

Europe.

Baroda.

Bombay.

Mingin, Burma.

Poona.

Bhownagar.

Chamba.

Bikaneer.

DehraDun, N-W.P.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Madras.

Bombay.

Cutch.

Rangoon.

Bhurtpur.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Khamamet,

Poona.

Koihapur.

Bombay.

.lanjira,

Koihapur.

Ahmednagar.

Lathi.

Moulmein.

Bombay.

Colombo.

Bombay.

Europe.

Miraj.

Rajkote.

Bombay.

Pyinmana, Burma.

Bombay.

Bombay.
, Bombay.
, Europe.
. Oodeypur.
, Gwalior,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Sinclair, W. F. (i.c.«.)
Spooner, T. J. (c.e.)

Standen, B. (i.c.s.) ...
Swa}'rie, Herbert C.
Tata, Dorabji J. ...
Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas

Tilly, T. H. ...

Ulwar, H. H. the Maharaja Jey Singh of
Unwalla, J. N.
Viccaji, Framji R. ...
Whitworth, G. C. (i.c.s.l
Yerbury, Col. J. W.

Honorary Corresponding

Forel, Protes<enr Auguste
Heeckerenez, Le Baron Von ...
Kerkhoven, E. J. ...
Maries, Chas.

Niceville, L. de (f.e.s., c.m.z.s.)
Gates, E. W.

Members.
Abdy, Major A. J. (r.a.)

Abercrombie, Hon'ble Mr. A.

Acworth, E. C. B. ...

Acvvorth, H. A. (i.c.s.)

Adam, James (c.e) ...

Aga Khan, His Highness (Life Member)

Aga Shaha Eookh Shaha, H. H.

Ainslie, Lieut. H. P.

Aitken, E. H.

Alcock, J. B. (i.c.s.)

Aldersou, M. J.

Allan, C. W. (i.F.s.)

Allen, G. B.

Allen, P. R.

Allnm, E. F.

Almon, W.

Ameerudin Tyabjee...

Anderson, Snrg.-3Iajor A. V.

Anderson, Capt. H. R. F.

Anderson, J. C.

Andersonn, M.

AnJrade, Lancastro Pereira d'

Ajasell, E. T.

Anthony, H. B. (i.i'.s.)

Appleton, A. F. (a.v.d.)

... Kuropc.

... Mtotowa, Udi, E.

Africa.
... Betul, C. P.
.. Geylon.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Mingm, Burma.
... Uhvar.
... Bhownagar.
... Bombay.
... Karachi.

... Eut'Opi'.

Members.

... Eurcpc.
... Java.
... Java.
... Gwalior.
... Calcutta.
... Europ?.

. . . South Africa Field

Force.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Bombay,
... Bombay.
... Poena.
... Secunderabad.
... Bombay.
... Etu'ope.
... Kandy, Ceylon.
... Pegu.
... Cawnpore.
... Hyderabad, Deccau.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Em'Ope.
... Calcutta.
... Marmagoa.
... Bombay.
... Rangoon.
... Europe,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Aquino, Dr. T. H....

... Bombay.

Armstrong, Lt.-Col. J. (i.M.s,}

... Cawnpore.

Arthur, Mrs. S. R. ... .'.. ^ ...

... Satara.

Ashburner, Khan Bahadur Rustomjee J.

... Bombay.

Atlay, F.

... Mogok, U. Burma.

Atterbury, J. H.

... Europe.

Austria, H. I. H. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(Life Memher)

... Europe.

Babajee Gopal

... Bombay.

Baddeley, Col P. F. M.

... Cawnpore.

Bagley, F. (c. e.) ...

... Maymyo, Burma.

Bail ward, Lt.-Col. A. G. (r.a.)

... Europe.

Bainbridge, Surgeon-Genl. G. (i.m.«.) ...

... Poona.

Baker, E. C. Stuart...

... Dibrugarh.

Baldroy, Vot.-Lt. F. 8. H

... Ahmednagar.

Bamford, C. F.

... Shillong, Assam.

Banks, Lieut.-Col. S. (i.M.s.) ...

... Kamptee.

Barker, Lieut.-Col. F. G. (i.m.s.)

... Europe.

Barker, P. W.

... Neschindipur, E. B.

Ry.

Barnard, Lieut. A. E.

... Rangoon.

Barnes, Lieut. E.

... Lidore.

Baroda, The Curator, Baroda State Museum

(Life

Member)

... Baroda.

Baroda, -H. H. the Gaekwar of

... Baroda.

Barrow, Lieut.-Col. H..J. W. (r.a.m.c) ...

.,, Umballa.

Barrow, fi. W.

..» Europe.

Bartlett, .Major C. U. (u.a.m.c, f.z.s.)...

... Jabalpur.

Barton, E. L. (Lite Member) ...

... Bombay.

Barton, Capt. J. B

... Peshawar.

Bassett-Smith, Dr. P. W. (r.n.)

... Europe.

Batchelor, S. L. (r.c.s.)

... Europe.

Bates, S. B. (f./.s.) (Life Member)

... Mingin, Burma,

Batten, Capt. F. G

... Rangoon.

Battie, J. S.

... J\Lan galore.

Baumbach, R.

... Bombay.

Bayley, V. B. b\ ...

... Bombay.

Beadon, Lieut. W. ...

... Dehra Ismail Khan

Beale, H. F. (Life Member) ...

... Poona.

Beaumont, Houble Mr. T. L. F.

... Karachi.

Beechey, A. St. V. (i.f.s.) ...

... Sambulpur.

Bell, Lieut. R. C. ...

... Goona.

Bell, T. R. D. (i.F.s.)

... Kanara.

Bell, W. M.

... Bombay.

J5enjamin, Isaac

... Bombay.

Bennett, Douglas ...

... Bombay.

Benson, Miss A. M. (m.d.)

... Bombay.

Benson, J. J. B. (u.E.j

... Porebunder,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Benson, W. A. (c.e.)

•••

... Chalisgaon.

Benwell, G. L.

...

... Europe.

Bergersen, S. H. ...

>••

... Silchar, Cftchar.

Berry, R. (c.e.)

•••

... Arsikere.

Betham, J. A.

.*•

... Europe,

Betham, Capt. R. M.

•••

... Foona.

Betham, W. G. (i.f.s.)

•••

... Karachi.

Beveridge, E. W. (c.e.)

*••

... Sirud.

Bhatavadekar, Sir Bhalchandra Krishna

... Bombay.

Bhownaoar, H. H. the Maharaja Bhaosingji

of

(Life Member)

...

... Bhownagar.

Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb (Life Meml^er)

... Chamba.

Bickel, F. W

...

... Bombay.

Bicknell, H.

...

... Bombay.

Biddle, James B. W.

• «.

... Hyderabad.

Biggs, Major H. V. (r.e.)

...

... Europe.

Bignell, R.

...

... MuzafFarpur.

Bikaneer, H. H. the Maharaja of

(Life Member)

... Bikaneer.

Bingham, Col. C. T. (f.z.s.) ...

...

... Mandalay.

Birdwood, H. M. (c.s.i.)

•••

... Europe.

Birdwood, Col. W.S.

•••

... Europe.

Birkenshaw, A. H. (c.e,)

...

... Europe.

Biscoe, W. Fraser ...

...

... Secunderabad.

Bisset, Sir W. S. fR.E., c.i.e.)

...

... Europe.

Blackwell, H. F. "

...

,,. Bombay.

Blair, H. ...

...

... Hazaribagh.

Blanford, W. T. (f.r.s.)

...

... Europe.

Bomanji, K. R. (i.c.s.)

...

... Ratnagiri.

Bombay Government, The Chief

Secretary, Sepa-

rate Department ...

...

... Bombay.

Bonrchier, Capt. A.

...

... Ellichpur.

Bourdillon, J. A. (i.C.S., CS.i.)

...

... Calcutta.

Bourdillon, T. F. fi.F.s., f.l.s.)

...

... Quilon.

Bowen, J. C. G. \.. ...

...

... Bombay.

Bower, Geo. (i.c.s.)...

...

... Europe.

Bowles, L. 0. (C.E.)...

...

... Shillong.

Bowles, Major L. T.

.•«

... Jhansi.

Brand, J.

■••

... Kalyan.

Branson, R. M.

...

... Bombay,

Brendon, B. A. (r.c.s.)

...

... Dhulia."^

Brendon, C R.

•••

... Europe.

Brodie, N. S. (i.c.s.)

...

... Europe.

Broughton, Lt. T. D. (r.e.) ...

...

... Rangoon.

Brown, A. J.

...

... Assam.

Brown, J. W.

...

... Bombay.

Brown, Capt. H. R. (i.M.s.) ...

...

... Chakdara.

Brown, R. C. (i.c.s.)

...

... Europe.

Browne, Major C. A. R. (r.e.)

...

... Lahore.

Browne, Rev. E.

...

... Europe.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Bruce, Chas. W. A. (i.f.s.) ...

Brunton, R. P.

Buchanan, J. G.

Buchanan, Capt. K. J.

Buck, Sir Edward (k.c.s.i.) ...

Bulkley, H

Burder, H. C.

Buru-Murdoch, Major J. (r.b.)

Burne, Mrs. A.

Burnett, Capt. S. H. (i.M.s.) ...

Burrard, Capt. C. ...

Burton, Capt. R. G.

Burton, Lieut. Richard W. ...

Butcher, L. H, (c.E.)

Butler, A. L.

Butler, Lt. H. M. ...

Byrne, C. H

Bythell, Major W. J. (r.b.) ...

Gaccia, A. M. (i.f.s.) (Life Member)

Cadell, P. R. (I.C.S.)

Caine, L. S.

Calcutta, Hon. Secretary, Zoological Gardens

Cama, K. R. (Life Member) ...

Cama, Dr. Maneckjee D. (Life Member)...

Cameron, W. L. (c.E.)

Campbell, John (c.E.)

Campbell, Sir J. M. (i.c.s.) ..

Campbell, Capt. Malcolm (r.a.)

Cane, Rev. A. G. ...

Cappel, E. L. (i.c.s.)

Cappel, S. i". L. (i.f.s.)

Capper, Lieut. A. S.

Cardew, A. G. (i.c.s.)

Carleton, Lt. H. A.

Carr, S. (i.f.s.)

Carroll, E. B. (c.E.)

Carter, Capt. J. R. B. G

Cassels, Mrs. Herbert

Cayley, Dr. C. H. (m.a.m.b.) ...

Chaldecott, Lt. W. H. (r.e.) ...

('halmers, Allan M.

Chalmers, H.

Chambers, Chas.

Channer, Lient.-Col. 0. H. (i.m.s.)

Chappel, H. E.

Charles, F. L. (i.c.s.)

Chichgar, Hormusjee M.

Chico, J. R. (c.E.) ...

, Kiudat, Burma.
Bombay.

. Epitope.
. Abbottabad.
. Europe,
, Kharaghora.
, Europe.
. Dharwar.
. Europe.
. Bombay.
. Bombay,
. Jalna.
. Bolarum.
. Khandwa.
. Selangor.
. Mhow.
. Bombay,
. Europe.

. DehraDun,N.-W.P.

. Broach.

. Mombasa.

. Calcutta.

. Bombay.

. Bombay.

. Nasik.

. Bombay.

. Eitrope.

. Quetta.

. Europe.

. Belgaum.

,. Tauugoo, Burma.

,. Agar, W. Malwa.

,. Europe.

,. Keng Tung.

,. Pakokku, Burma.

,. Europe,

,. Sadra.

,. Calcutta.

.. Bombay.

.. Umballa.

.. Cachar.

.. Europe.

.. Mozambique.

.. Bombay.

.. Arakan.

,. Europe.

.. Bombay.

.. Baroda.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Chitty, C. W.
Cholmondeley, E.G.
Christy, Dr. C.

Clabby, J. H. (i.f.s.)

Clark, J. (i.c.s.)

Clark, W. H.

Clarke, Robt. L. H. (i.c.s.) ...

Clarkson, Lt.-Col. J. W. (i.m.s.)

Clements, E. (i.c.s.)

Cleveland, C. R. (i.c.s.)

Cleveland, Capt. H. F. (i.m.s.)

Clifton, C. N. (c.e.)

Close, E. P.

Clutterbuck, P. H. (i.f.s., f.z.s.)

Coggan, R. T.

Collett, O. (f.r.m.s.)

Collie, Major M. A. T. (i.m.s.)

Collister, J. G. II. ...

Colombo, The Librarian, Colombo Museum

Comber, Edward

Conder, H.

Conley, Andrev^^

Constable, F. A. ...

Coode, J. M. (Life Member) ...

Cooke, Lieut. A. St. John

Cooke, Dr. E. H. ...

Cooke, J. V

Copleston, W. E. (i.f.s.)
Corbett, P. J. (c.e.)..,
Corbett, Capt. W. F.
Cory, Rev. C. P. ...
(losserat, L. (c.e.) ...
Cotton, Sir Geo.
Counsell, J. G.
Coventry, B. 0. (i.f.s.)
Coventry, S. M. (i.f.s.)
Covernton, J. G.
Cox, Capt. P. Z. (p.z.s., F.R.G.S.)
Cox, S. (i.f.s.)
Craddock, W. H. (i.f.s.)

Crawford, Leslie

Crofton, Chas. S. F. (i.c.s.)
Crofts, Major A. M. (i.m.s.)
Crommelin, C. A. R.
Cruddas, Lieut. H. W.
Crump, H. A.
Crump, L. C. (i.c.s.)
CufFe, T. W.

Bombay.

Indore, C. I.

Bombay.

Dharwar.

Rangpur.

Viziauagram.

Gonda, Gudh.

Europe,

Karachi.

Nagpur.

Bombay.

Karachi.

Kharaghoni.

Chakrata.

Haflong.

Ceylon.

Matheran.

Jabalpur.

Colombo.
, Bombay.
, Europe.
, Calcutta.

, New York, U.S.A.
. Jabalpur, C. P.

Europe.
, Europe.
. Shikarpur.
. Yellapur, Kanara.
. Hyderabad, Sind.
. Subatha.
. Europe.
. Raj-Pardi.
. Bombay.
. Bombay.
. Lahore.
. Jhelum.
. Karachi'
. Muscat.
. Madras.
. Taunggyi, Shan

States.
. Bombay.
. Dhulia.
. Gwalior, C. I.
. Bombay.

. Myitkyina,U. Burma.
. Europe.
,. Europe.
,. Bombay.

xii LIST OF MEMBERS.

Gumming, W. D. .. ... ... ... Bushire.

Curreembhoy Ebrahim ... ... ... Bombay.

Currey, E. 8. ... ... ... ... Europe.

Currie, R. G. ... ... ... ... Bombay.

Cursetji, Khan Bahadur C. M. (Life Memlier) .„ Bombay.

Curtis, J. H. ... ... ... ... Rangoon.

Cutch, H. H. the Rao Saheb of (Life Memher) ... Bhuj, Cutch.

Dadarkar, Dr. Bhawanishankar B.

Dadina, Dr. Ruttonji R.

Daiutrey, W. M. ...

Dalai, D. M.

Dalby, C. J. (c.E.) ...

Dalby, Lt. J. (r.a.) .,

Dalgado, Dr. D. G.

Dallaporta, J. N.

Daly, W. Mahon

Daraania, Major P. J. (i.m.s.)...
Danson, J. W. W.
Davidson, J. (i.c.s.)
Davies, H. S. (c.E.)

Dawn, W. A. W

Dawson, W. H. (i.c.s.) (Life Member) ...
Deane, Dr. A. H. ...
Deane, H. H. (c.E.)

DeCourcy, W. B. ...
Delme-Radclitte, Capt. H. ...
Delme-Radcliffe, Lieut. S.
Dempster, F. E. (c.i.e.)
Dense, Max

Dhakmarwala, Nowroji D.
Dharampur, H. H. Muharana Baldeoji of
Dhargalkar, Dr. Luxumon

Dick, J. M. ...

Dick, Capt. A. R. ...

Dimmock, Major H. P. (m.d., i.m.s.]

Dixon, R. M.

Dobbs, Lt.-Col. G. C. (i.s.c.) ...

Dodgson, C. G. (i.c.s.)

Dodgson, James (j.f.s.)

Doig, S. B. (c.E.) ...

Donald, C.

Donovan, Capt. C. (i.m.s.)
Dormer, Lord
Douglas, Mrs. Chas.
Doveton, Col. J. C.

Dadar.

Kalyau.

New York.

Bombay.

Sini.

Jabaipur.

Sawantwady.

Bombay.

Pitsunalok, via

Bangkok, Siam.
Europe.
Rangoon.
Europe.
Ghadechi.
Mouhnein.
Europe.
Bombay.
Nandurbar, Khan-

deish.
Jalpaiguri.
Exirope.
Jabaipur.
Umballa.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Dharampur.
Bombay.
Bombay,
Simla.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Poona.
Satara.
Thana,
Europe.
South Africa.
Madras.
Europe.
Europe.
Europe.

LIST 0^ 3IE3IBERS.

Drake- Brockman, C. B.

Drake- Brockm an Capt. D. H.

Drake -BroGkman,Capt. H.E. (i.M.S.) (Life Member).

Dreckmann, Rev. F. (s.J.) ...

Drury, Major M. O'C. (i.M.S.)

DuBoday, J. H. (i.c.s.)

Dudgeon, G. C. ...

Duke, Lt.-Col. J. ^^ I.M.S.)

Dumayne, F. G. ...

Dunbar-Brander A. (i.F.s.) ...

Duncan, P. ( M.i.c.E. )

Dunlop, H. H. G.

Dunn, G. \V. 0. ^

Dunsterville, Major K. S. (r.a.)

Dunsterville, Capt. L. G.

Dupuis, A. L.

Duthie, J. F. (f.l.s.)

Duxbury, G. R. (i.f.s.)

Dwane, E. H.

Dyson, Major T. E. (i.m.s.) ...

Eardley-Wilniot, S. (i.f.s.) ...

Earle, A. A.

Ebden, E. J. (i.c.s.)

Ede, F. (a M.I.C.E.)

Edgelow, Miss G.

Edie, A. G. (i.f.s.)

Edmiston, W. L.

Edulji Nusserwanji, Dr.

Edwardes, S. M. (i.c.S.)

Egerton, C. F.

Elliot, Capt. W. H. W. (f.l.s.,

Elliott, A.

Elliott, Dr. A. M. ...

Elliott, C. F. (i.f.s.)

Elsworthy, E. H.

Elwes, Major E. V. (r.a.) ...

Elwes, H. J. (f.r.s. )

English, A. E. (i.c.s.)

Euthoven, R. E. (i.c.s.)

Eunson, H. J. (c.e.)

Evans, Vetv.-Capt. G. H. ...

Evatt, C. B'.

Fairclough, J.
Farrington, H. A. (i.f.s.)
Fawcett, C. H. (i.c.s.)
Fenton, Lt.-Col. L. L.
Ferguson, H. S. (f.z.s., F.LtS.^

Fort Lungleh.

Meerut.

Bhurtpur.

Bombay.

Europe.

Bombay.

Palanpur, Punjab.

Kashmir.

Europe.

Jabalpur.

Ongole, Madras.

Hubli.

Karachi.

Simla.

Delhi.

Ceylon.

Saharanpur.

Poena.

Secunderabad.

Ahmedabad.

... Rangoon.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Silchar, Cachar.
... Europe.
... Bandra.
... Kotagiri,
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
.. Europe.
I.M.S.) ... South Africa.

... Amraoti, Berars.

... Bombay.

... Lahore.

... Bombay.

... Europe.

... Europe.

... Mogaung, Burma.

... Nasik.

... Vizianagram.

... Rangoon.

... Delhi.

... ... Europe.

... Jalpaiguri, Bengal.
... Europe.
... Rajkote.
... Trivandrum,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Fernandez, T. U.
Ferrand, Lt.-CoL E. (i.M.s.) ...
Ferreiru, Miss C. (l.m. & s.) •••
Ferris, Lt.-Col. W. B,
Finlay, William ...

Finny, Capt. T. G. R

Fischer, C. E. C. (i.F.s.)

Fisher, W. F. D. (i.f.s.)

Fitz-Hugh Lance, Lieut. F. ...
Fleming, W- N- ...
Flower, Lieut. S. S.
Foote, R. Bruce ...
Forbes, Capt. G. F, R.

Forbes, C.H.B

Forbes, J. D.

Forbes-Sempill, The Hon'ble R. A.

Forel, Monsieur Auguste (Hon. Correspg. Member).

Forsyth, Dr. W.

Forteath, H. H. (l.F.s.)

Foster, Capt. L. M.

Foulkes, George F. F. (i.f.s.)

Fox, C. P. (c.E.) ...

Fox, F. G. Brook (c.e.)

Fox, Col. H. C.

Eraser, Major A.

Eraser, Capt. H. A. D. (e.e.)...

Fraser, S. M. (l.c.s.)

French, Major G. B. (i.M.s.) ...

Frenchman, Major E. P. (i.M.s.)

Friedlander and Sohn, Messrs. R.

Fry, T. B. (i.f.s.) ...

Fuller, Hon'ble Mr. J. B. (i.c.s., c.i.E.)

Fulton, Hon'ble Mr. Justice E. M. (i.c.s.)

Fulton, Lt.-Col. R.

Furdoonji Jamsetji

Rajkote.

Bangalore.

Bombay.

l'>ombay.

Jalpaiguri.

Bombay.

Europe.

Thana.

Loralai.

Europe.

Cairo, Egyjjt,

Mysore.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Jabalpur.

Moulmein.

Europe.

Calcutta.

Pokokku, U.Burma.

Kirkee.

Nellore.

Gadag, S. M. Ry.

Europe.

Dharwar.

Mooltan.

Europe.

Bangalore.

Azamgarh.

Bassein, Burma.

Europe.

Belgaum.

Jabalpur.

Bombay.

Dharamsala.

Bombay.

Gabbett, E. (c.E.) ... ... ... ... Europe.

Gadsden, F. 0. (r.i.m.) ... -. ... Bombay.

Gahagan, E. G. (c.E.) ... ... ... Satara.

Gama, Dr. J. A. Da ... ... ... Bombay.

Gamble, J. S. (f.l.s.) ... ... ... Europe.

Gaye, W. C. ... ... ... ... Secunderabad.

Gebbie, E. St. J., Mailang Division, B.-N. Ry. ... N. Cachar.

Geddes, Mrs. J. G. ... ... ... ... Poena.

Gell, H. G. ... ... ... ... Bombay.

George, C. P. ... ... ... ... Secunderabad.

Gerhardt, Paul ... ... ... ... Bombay.

Ghosal, J. (i.c.s.) ... ... , ... ... Alibag.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Gibbs, H. M

Gibbs, R. T.

Gilbert, 0. F. (m.i.c.e.)

Gilbert, Reg.

Gilbert-Cooper, W. J. (l.F.S.)...

Giles, R. ...

Gill, H

Gimlette,Major G. H.S. (i.m.s.)

Giro, C. G.

Gleadow, F. (f.r.m.s., i.f.s.) ...

God win- Austin, H.

Goethals, Rev. Dr. Paul, Archbishop of Calcutta

Goldsmid, F. L. ...

Goldthorpe, Lieut. F. H.

Gompertz, Rev. F. W.

Gousalves, Dr. J. F.

Gordon, D. M.

Gore, Col. St. G. C. (r.e.)

Gr^me, Col. R. C

Graham, J. A.
Graham, W. D.
Gray, Chas.

Gray, H.

Greany, Lieut.- Col. J. P.
Greatheed, C.
Greaves, John
Green, E. Ernest (f.e.s.)
Green, Major J. S. (r.a.M.c)...
Green, W. M. (i.f.s.)
Greig, Joseph
Grubbe, Major E. A.
Guinness, Major E. (r.a.)
Gurdon, Capt. B. E. M. (d.s.o.)
Guy, G. Filmer
Gwyn, Capt. A.

Bombay.

Waltair, Madras.

Bhamo, Burma.

Bombay.

Moulmein.

Karachi.

Bombay.

Indore, C. I.

Bombay.

Dehra Dun.

EUichpur, Berar.

Europe.

Ratnagiri.

Europe.

Europe.

Baudra.

. Mone, Burma. *
. Calcutta.
. Europe.
. South Africa.
. Hongkong.
. Coonoor.
, Calcutta.

Poena.
. Europe.
. Bombay.

, Peradeniya, Ceylon.
. South Africa.
, Kurseong, Bengal.
. Cachar.
. Meerut,
. Europe.
. Chitral.
, Bombay.
, Europe.

Habibuddin, S. (c.s.)

Haig, Lt.-Col. P. de H. (i.m.s.)

Haines, H. H. (i.f.s.)

Hale, A. ... .., ...

Hall, Mitchell

Hamilton, R. E. A.... ... ...

Hampson, Sir George F. (Bart.), (f.l.S., f.e.s.)

Hankin, A. C, (c.i.E.)

Hannyngton, W. 0.

Hanson, C. 0. (i.f.s.)

Hanson, R. W.

Hardinge, D.

.. Khamamett.

.. Mean Mir.

.. Europe.

.. Selangor.

.. Jalpaiguri.

se Europe.

.. Europe.

.. Secunderabad.

.. Pyinmana, Burmn.

.. Seoni, Chapara.

.. Bombay.

.. Maubin, Burma.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Hargrave, H. J. B. (c.E.)

Harington, Lieut. E. C.

Haringtou, Major V. (i.m.s.) ...

Harold, Lt. C. F. ...

Harper, E. W. (f.z.s.)

Harris, L. T.

Harter, R. H.

Harvey, W. L. (i.c.s.)

Haslope, Rev. L. M.

Hasted, W. A.

Hatch, Capt. A. E. ...

Hatch, Lt.-Col. W. K. (i.m.s.)

Hate, Vinayek N. ...

Hatherell, Capt. W. G.

Haughton, i:?amuel (c.c.s.) ...

Hauxwell, T. A. (i.F.s.)

Hawks, Lieut. G. A.

Hearsey, T. N. (i.F.s.)

Heath, R. H. (c.E.)

Heeckerenz, Le Baron Von (Hon. Corrpg. Member)

Henderson, Capt. R. S. F. (r.a.m.c.) ...

Henderson, Lieut.-Col. W. G. H. (i.m.s.)

Herbert, Major H. (i.m.s.)

Hickman, R. St. J.

Hide, P.

Hildebrand, Lt. A. B. R. (r.e.)

Hill, F. J. ^.

Hill, H Charles ...

Hla, Maung Fo

Hodges, Capt. H. ...

Hodgson, C. M. (i.F.s.)

Hojel, Capt. J. G. (i.m.s.)

Hole, H. A

Holland, W.J.

Hollis,T.

Hooton, Capt. A. (i.m.s.)

Hope, C. W.

Hope, G. A. (R.A.) ...

Hore, Lt.-Col. W. S.

Hornidge, S. (c.E., i.f.s.)

Hoskyn, Lt. J. 0. M.

Howes, Mowbray

Hewlett, Col. A. (i.s.c.)

Hudson, Capt. C. T. (i.m.s.) ...

Hudson, C. W. M. (I.c.s.) ...

Hudson, L. S.

Hunt, C. B. Holman

Hunt, E. R.

Hunter, Lt.-Col. J. M.

Europe.

Europe.

Ulwar.

Zaila, Somali Coast.

Calcutta.

Vizagapatam.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Deesa.

Waltair, Madras.

Poona.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Quetta.

Colombo, Ceylon.

Europe.

Lucknow.

, Cuddapah, Madras.
, Bombay.
, Java.
, Deesa.
, Europe.
, Bombay.
. Cachar.
, Karachi.
. Europe.

. Yellapur, Kanara.
. Dehra Dun.
. Mingin, Burma.
. Europe.
. Europe.
. Bombay.
. Silchar, Cachar.
. Europe.
. Bombay.
. Poona.
. Europe,
. Ellichpur.
. Europe.
. Ahmednagar,
,. Baroda.
,. Selangore.
,. Bhamo, Burma.
,. Bombay.
,. Ahmednagar.
. Europe.
,. ('eylon.
,. Europe.
,. Rajkote,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Hunter, Lt. W. J. H.
Hutchinson, Lt. C. G.

Hutchinson, F. G.
Hutchinson, F. T.
H3'am, Judah (Life Member)
Hyde- Wilcox, F.

... Poona.

... Banipon, S.

States.
... Bhaynder.
... Bombay.
... Poona.
... Calcutta.

Shan

lohalkaranji, The Hon'ble Narayenrao Govind,aZ/rt.9

Babasaheb Ghorpade, Chief of (Life Memljer)
Imray, Robt. S.

Indore, H. H. the Maharaja Holkar of ...
Inglis, Chas. M. ... "...
Inyerarity, J. D. (b.a-, ll.e.) (Life Member)

Jackson, A. B. (i.f.s.)
Jackson, Col. F. H.
Jacob, Mrs. Arthur
Jacob, G. (r.c.s.) ...
Jamrach, W.
Jam-etji, i^.. Doctor
Janjira, H. H. Sir Sidi

(Life Member)
Jardine, A. J. A.
Jardine, E. R.
Jardine, W. F.

Jayakar, Lt.-Col. A. S. G. (i.m.s.)
Jetfrey, J. A.
Jernn-n, Capt. T. ...
John,^H. C. (c.E.) ...
John, H. E.
Johnson, S. M.
Johnson, W. P. ...
Jones, Major F. W. C. (r.a.m.c.)
Jones, Major J. M. (r.a.m.c.)...
Jones, J\Iajor J. Lloyd fi.M.s.)
Jones, Capt. M. 1). Goring ...
Jowitt, John F.
Jugmohundas V. Bhaisett

Ahmed Khan, Nawab

Kolhapur.
Peermaad, Tra van-
core.
Lidore.
Darbhanga.
Bombay.

... Nilamber, Malabar.

... Europe.

... Mhow, C- 1.

...- Ahmednagar.

... Europe.

... Bombav.

of

... Janjira.

... Bangkok, Siam.

... Rangoon.

... Ratnagiri.

... Muscat.

... Bombay.

... Peshawar.

. . . Europe.

... Bombay.

... Cavvnpore.

... Bombay.

... Kandia, Crete.

.. Deolali.

... Bombay.

... Mandalay.

. . . Bandarwel la,Ceylon.

.. Bombay.

Keams, A. S.
Keary, Lt.-Coh H. D
Keene, Lt. C. W. ...
Kellie, Col. R. H. ...
Kelsall, Capt. fl. J. (r.a.)
Kemball, H. V. (c.E.)
3

... Bangalore.

... Meiktila, Burma-

... Peshawar.

... Deolali.

... Rangoon.

... Poona.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Kondall, C:ipt. C. J. (iu.m.) ..
Kenne.iy, R. M. (r.c.s.)
Kenny, S. D. (i.f.s.)
Kenyon, James

Ker, L. B.

Kerkhoven, E. J. (Hon. Correspg. Member)
Keys, H. W. (i.f.s.)
Khan, Muncherji Franiji

Kliareghat, M.
King, Alfred
Kinsman, F.
Kirtikar, Lt.-(
Knight, D.

Kolhapur, 11. H

Kotah, H. H. the Mahoraja

Knnwar Kushal Pal Singh

P. (i.c.s.)

K. R. (i.M.s.)
the Maharaja of (Life Memher)

.. Bombay.

.. Belgamn.

... Chikalda Berar.

... Karachi.

... Bombay.

... Java.

... Satara.

... Bombay.

... Jiatnagiri.

... Europe,

... Calcutta.

, .. Ratnagiri.

..-. Cawuporo.

... Kolhapur.

... Kotah.

... Narki, Agra Dist.

Lace, John H. (^i.f.s., f.l.s.) ...

Lachlan, Capt. E. M. (r.a.) ...

Laird-MaoGregor, E. G. L. (i.c.s.)

Lamb, Capt. Geo. (i.M.s.)

Lamb, R. A. (i.cs.) (Life Member)

Lambert, J. S.

Land Records and Agriculture, The Director of .

Lang, Walter

Langiey, Brig. -Surg. E. H. ...

Lathi, H. H. the Thakoro Sahib of (Life Member

La Touche, Lieut.-General CD.

Lawrence, Mr^;. E.

Leask, J.

Lee, Lieut. A. W. H.

Lee, P. Henry K. ...

Lees, John

Leggett, S. P.

Leighton, D. E. W.

Lely, Hon'ble Mr. F. S. P. (i.c.s.)

Lennox, Lt. G. M. ..

Leslie, A. K.

Lester, Oapt. CD....

Lewis, Fred ( F.L.S. )

Light, Lt -Col. R. H.

Light, Lieut. W. A...

Lightfoot, S. St. C...

Lindesay, Major E

Lindgren, 0.
Linneli, Fred.
Little, F. A.
Litrledale, Professor H,

,. Simla.
.. Kirkee.
.. Karwar.
,. Bombay.
.. Ahmednaoar.
.. Munmar.
.. Poena.
,. Bombay.
, . Europe,
). Lathi.
,. Europe.
.. Thana.
.. Bombay.

.. Sima, Upper Burma.
.. Bangalore.
.- Cachar.
,. Karachi.
,. Madras.
.. Ahmedabad. .
. Bombay.
,. Bombay.
,. Quetta District.
,. Colombo, Ceylon,
,. Europe,
.. Europe.

,. Mimbu, U. Burma.
,. Mhow, C. I.
. Europe.
.. Rangoon.
,. Europe.
.. Europe,

LIST OF MEMBERH.

Lloyd, Col. K 0. (r.e.)

Loam, Mathew

Loch, Capt. F. R. E. (i.s.u.)

Loch, Col. W. W.

Long, A. M.

Long, G. R. (lf.s.) (Life Member)

Lovegrove, W. H. (i.F.g.) ...

Lowndes, G. R. ...

Lowrie, A. E. (lf.s.)

Luard, E. S.

Lucknow, The Curator & Sec, Provincial

Lumley, Major F. D.

Lye, Rev. S. L. ...

Lynch, C. B.

Lynn, G. R. (c.e.)

Lyons, Major R. W. S. (im.s.)

... Pooua.
... Jllarope.
... Bombay.
.., Nepal. "
... Raipar.
... Moulmein.
... Kotedwara.
... Bombay.
... Coorg.
... Bombay.
Museum Lucknow.

... South Africa.
... Europe.
c. Bombay.
... Baroda.
... Bombay.

Macaulay, L. A. ...
Macanlay, R. H. ...
MacCartie, Major F. (i.ji.s) ...
MacDonahl, Dr. D. (Life Memher)
MacDonald. J.
MacDonald, K. 0....
MacDonald, \\ J. ...
MacMillan, D. A. ...
Mackenzie, Kenneth
Mackenzie, Lt. K. L. W.

Mackenzie, M. D

Mackenzie, M. M

Mackenzie, T. D. (i.c.s.)

Mackinnon, P. W. (f.e.s.) ...

Maclean, Jas.

Macleod, N. (*. ...

Maconachie, Lt.-Col. G. A. (i.M.s.) ...

Macphertson, John...

Macpherson, Col. T. R. M. ...

Mactaggart, H. B.,..

Macwood, F. M. ...

Madras, The Supdt., Govt. Central Museum

Mahaluxmiwalla, K. D.

Mair, A.

Maitland, Major C. B. ,'i.M.s.)

Mallins, Major C. (i.M.s.)

Manders, Major N. (k.a.m.c.)

Maudlik, Narayan V. (Life Member) ...

Manson, C. E. F. ,..

Manson, F. B. ;i.f.s.)

Mant, R. N.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Europe.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Myingyan, Burma.

Calcutta.

Koonjhar, Orissa.

Kurnool, Madras.

Poona.

Jaoobabad.

Chapra.

Europe.

Mussoorie.

( 'hina.

Bombay.

Europe,

Bombay.

Europe.

Negapatam,

Colombo.

Madras.

Bombay.

Calcutta.

Poona.

Europe.

Colombo.

Bombay.

Pyinmana, Burma.

Rangoon.

Bombay.

xk

LIST OP MEMBERS.

Miiries, Cba<.(Hon. Correspg. Member)...

Mavjoribanks, Lt. J. L. (i.M.s.)

Marshall, Capt. T- E. Ui.A.) ...

Marston, G. D. (c.E.)

Marten, James

]\Iartin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald (Life Member)

Massou, D. P. (o.i.E.)

Massv, Major H. S.

Matliew, Lt. C. M. (i.m.s.) ...

Maxwell, F. D. ...

Mc Arthur, Vet.-Surgu. G. W.

McClelland, W. S. (m.i.c.e.) ...

McGlushan, John (c.E.)

Mcintosh, A!es. (c.E.)

Mcintosh, H. J. (i.c.s.)

Mcintosh, R. (i.F.s.)

McKay, Lt.-Col. H. K. (i.m.s.)

McKee, J. A. (i.f.s.)

McKenzie, Alex.

McMullen. Dr. G. C.

McNair, Major J. F. A. (c.m.g.)

McNeil, J. (i.c.s.) ...

Mead, Capt. H. R. ...

Mead, P. J. (i.c.s.) ...

Meade, Lt.-Col. M. J.

Meinertzhagen, Lieut. R.

Merrony, Chas.

Merwanji Pallonji Tahiti

Messent, P. G.

Meyer, Major C. H. L. (i.m.s.)

Mover, 0.

Middleton, T. H. ...

Millard, AV. !S.

J\lillett, G. P. (i.f.s.)

Milne, Capt. O.J. fi.M.s.)

I\Iinniken, G. G- (i.f,s.)

Miraj, Shrhnant Gnngadharrao Ganesh, aiias Babt

saheb Patwardhan, Chief of (Life Member)
Mitchell, Dr. W. ...
Modi, Bomanji Edulji
Moir, E. McArthur (i.f.s.) ...
Monte, Dr. D. A. de
]\IorgHn, A.

Morgan, Lt. E. J. (i.m.S.)
Morison, A. E. F. ...
Morison, W. T. (i.c.s.)
Morris, Capt. D. 0.
Morton, Lieut. J. P. (i.m.s.) ...

Gwallor.
Erinpura,
(^netta.
Bombay.

Dehrai)un,N.-W.P.
Europe.
Lahore.
Lorulai.
Ban^jaloro.
Maubin, Burma.
Rangoon.
Europe.
Bombay.

Shenkottah P. 0.,
Mai 1 ras Presiden cy .
Cabaitta.
Madanapally.
Jabalpur, C. P.
Nagpur, C. P.
Bombay.
Kotri, »Sind.
Eurcpe.
L> bar war.
Deolali.
Ahmedabad.
Bushiie.
Nusseerabad.
Godhra.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Bombay.
Europe.
Bombay.
Nasik. "
( 'ulcutta.
Lahore.

... Miraj,

,.. hurojje,

.. Kaira.

.. Europe.

.. Bandora.

.. Kotagiri.

.. Bombay.

.. Kot;ioiri.

.. Bombay.

.. Ann-aoti, Berar.

,. Europe.

LIST. OF MEMBERS.

XXI

Moscardi, E. H. (i.c.s.)

Moss, Capt. C.

Mo^se, Lt. A. H. B. (i.s.c.)

Moiilvi Syed Ali Belgram

Moylau, W.

Muir, Col. H. S. (i.Ji.s.)

Muller, Professor 0. V.

Mumford, E. G.

Mure, J. 8.

Murray, W.

Surat.

Europe.

Mhow, C. I.

Hyderabad.

Calcuttii.,

Europe.

Europe.

Maubiii, Burma,

Lahore.

Bombay.

Nagpur, The Curator, Central Museum...

Nangle, Lieut. K. E.

Naranji Dwarkadas (Life Member)

Narrotumdas Morarji Guculdass (Life Member) ...

Navanagar, H. H. Maharaja Jam Saheb of

Newliiud, Major A. G. E. (i.m,s.)

Newniiam, Capt. A. (f.z.s.) ...

Niceville, L. de (f.e.s.) (Hon. Correspg. Member)

jSicholson, E. F.

Nicholson, Major R. H. (r.a.ji.c.)

Ni>bett, I.ieut VV. G.

JSorthcote, H. E., Lord

Nurse, Capt. ('. G. (f.k.g.s., f.e.s.)

Nurse, Capt. H. H.

Oakes, George

Gates, E. W. (Hon. Correspg. Member)

O'Brien, Edward ...

O'Brien, Hon'ble VV. T.

O'Callaghan, 1.

O'Connell, J.

O'Conor, J. E. (c.r.E.)

O'Leary, J. L. McCarthy (i.F.s.)

Ogilvie, Cant. E. C. (r.e.) ...

Oldham, F." T. (i;.A.)

Olivier, Lt.-Col. H. D. (k.e.) (Life Member)

Ollivant, Hon'ble Sir E. C. K. ( l.c.s., K.c.S.l. )

Ommanney, H. T. (i.c.s.)

Opiumwalla, Dorab E.

Orr, J. P. (i.c.s.) ...

Osmaston, B. B. (i.F.s.)

Osmaston, L. S. (l.F.s.)

Ozanne, E. C. (r.c.s.)

Palliser, H. G. (c.E.)
Parker, Lt.-Col. J. (i.m.s.)
Parmenides, John ...

Nagpur.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Rajkote.

Europe.

Nasi ra bad.

Calcutta.

Bombay.

Em-ope.

Bhamo.

Bombay.

Europe.

Quetta.

Ootacamund.

Europe.

Amreli, Kathiawar.

Karachi.

Eurojje.

Europe.

Calcutta.

Kurnool.

Quetta.

Europe.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Europe.

Bombay.

Poena.

Chakrata, N.-W. P.

Poona,

Europe.

Karachi.
Bombay.
Europe.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

runatt, F. E. H. ...
Parsons, Hon. Mr. Justice
Partridge, Henry (Life Member)
Pawalla, Jamsetji C
Fearless, S. H.
Pearse, Capt. A. (i.m.s.)
Pearson, E. H. M. ...
Pearson, Mrs. H. C.
Pearson, R. S. (i.F.S.)
Pecliey-Phipson, Mrs. (bi.d.) ...
Peet, A. W. (I.F.S.)
Peile, Capt. A. J. (r.a.)
Peiniger, W. G.

Pelly, C. B. N

Pemberton, E. S. ...
Penton, John E. ...
Pestonji Jivanji

Peters, Lt.-Gol. C. T. (i.m.s.)

Petit, Bomunji Dinshaw (Life Member) •••

Petit, Jehanc,nr Bomanji (Life Member)...

Petters, J.McF. (o.E.;

Plielps, E. L.

Phillips, Mrs.

Phillott, Major D. (J.

Phipson, H. M. (u.M.z.s.) (Life Member)

Pilcher, Capt. A. J. (r.e.) ...

Pilcher, Col. J. G. (i.m.s.) ...

Pilkington, H. S. H.

Pinhey, Capt. A. F.

Pink,H. F. L

Plinston, G. C.

Pollen, Dr. John (i.c.s.^

Pollock, Capt. C. E. (r.a.m.u.)

Polwhele, A. C. (c.e.)

Poncins, Baron Edmond de (Life Member)

Powell, R. M

Prain, Major D. (i.m.s.)
Prall, Capt. S. E. (i.m.s ) ...
Pratt, F. G.(i.c.s.)...
Prentis, Lt. Vt^. S. ...
Preston, F. J.
Price, Lt. E. H. (I.M.S.)

Priestley, Capt. C. E. N

Primrose, Alex. M.
Prior, Major W. ...
Proctor, H. E.

... Chiengmai.

... Bombay.

... Pyiunuma, Burma.

... Bombay.

... Ceylon.

... Europe.

... Europe.

... Castle Rock.

... Dhuliu.

... Bombay.

... Europe.

... Bombay.

... Chiengmai, via

Moulmein.
... Madras.
... Marmagoa.
... Broach.
... Karemnagur, Yol-

gundal District.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Myitkyina, Bunna.
... EurojM.
... Europe.
... Kohat.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Sutna.
... Dehra Dun.
... Bombay.
... Bombay.
... Bareilly.
... Naini Tal.
... Europe.

... Cudda})ali, Madras.
... Calcutta.
... Nasik.
... Ahmedabad.
. .. Fort Stedman.
... 8holaj)ur.
... Parachinar, Kuram

Valley.
... Rangoon. [Sylhot.
... ItaliholaP.O..!South
... Dilkusha, Lucknow.
... Bombay.

LIST OF MEMBERS.
Pundit Jwala Prasad (i.c s.)

... Orai, N.-W. P.

Quicke, Major W. H (i.m.s.) ... ... Bombay.

Q. 0. Corps of Guides, The Mess Prasident.Mardan, Punjab.

Radcliffe, R. C. jT. ...

Rahimtoola Khairaz

Raikes, E. B.

Rambant, B. R. R. (r.a.) ...

Ranger, G. 0.

Rattray, Lieut. H. B.

Rattray, Lt-Col. R. H.

Ravenshaw, Lt.-Gol. G. W. (Life Member)

Rayment, Vet.-Major G. J. ...

Readymoney, N. J.

Rees, J. C. (c.e.) ...

Rees, W. E.

Reeve, R.

Reid, Mj^jor L. H. ...

Reid, M. F.

Renton, Capt. CO....

Reynolds, L. W. (i.c.S.)

Reynolds, P. (c.e.^ ...

Rhodes, T.M.

Rice, Lieut. B. A. ...

Richardson, Vet.-Capr. A. E. ...

Richardson, Cecil ...

Richardson, Miss E. E.

Richardson, Major W. St. John

Rivett-Carnac, L. ...

Robb, Lient.-Col. John (m.d.)

Roberts, R.

Roberts, T. L.

Robertson, B. (i.c.s.)

Robertson, Col. D. (c.s.i.)

Robinson, Capt. G. T.

Rodon, Major G. S.

Rodonachie, Ambrose

Roflfey, T. H.

Rogers, C. G. (i.f.s.)

Rogers, Henry (m.e.cv.s.)

Rogers, Rev. K. St. A.

Rogers, Capt. P. H.

Rogers, Thos.

Rome, F. J.

Roome, Capt. R. E.

Europe.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Europe.

Calcutta.

Mombasa.

Jhelnm.

Oodeypur.

Rawal Pindi.

Bombay.

Pegu, Burma.

Dinapur.

Bombay.
, Rangoon.
, Bombay.
. Hinooli, Deccan.
. Allahabad.
, Bombay.
, Haflong, Cachar.

Poona.

Allahabad.
, Broach.

Bombay.
, Poona,

Bombay.

Europe.

Secunderabad.

Bombay.

Jabalpur.

Bangalore.

Rangoon.

Dharwar.

Europe.

Sibsagar, Assam.

Darjeeling.

Bombay.

Mombasa.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Bombay.
, Quetta.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Roorkee, The Principal, Thomason College

Roosmiile Cocq, Lt. Chas. H. ...

Routli, R. S.

Rundle, Major C. S. (r.M.s.) ...

Rushton, Kenneth C.

Russell, Hon'ble Mr
Rutherford, D.
Ryan, G. M. (i.f.s.).,
Ryder, Major W. J.
Ryves, A. E.

Justice L. P.

Roorkee.

Poena.

Haflong, Cachar.

Thayetmyo, Burma.

Ahmednagar.

Europe.

Europe.

Thana.

Dharanisala.

Allahabad.

Sale, Edward L. (r.o.s.)

Sanjeli, H. H. Kumar Shri Ranjit Singh of

Saone, G. Prier De...

Sargentj H, G. F. ...

Sassoon, Mrs. S. D —

Saunders, Lt. F. W. (r.e.) ...

Savile, P. B

Scindia, H. H. the Maharaja (Life Member)
Scot, J. S. (i.f.s.) ...

Scott, Venerable Archdeacon W. E.

Seal, Dr. C. E

Sealy, Lieut. A. E. ...

Seervai, liustom F.

Sellick, Capt. J. H. (i.M.S.) ...

Sewell, Major J. H.

Sewell, Lieut. R. A. D.

tSharp, Professor W. H

Sharpe, Genl. C. F....

Shaw, F. W.

Sheppard, W. D. (i.cs.)

Shipp, W. E.

Shoubridge, H. 0. B. (c.e.) ...

Silcock, H. F. (i.c.s.)

Simcos, A. H. A. (i.c.s.)

Simpson, J. Hope (i.c.s.)

Sims, E. Proctor

Sims, R. Proctor

Sinclair, W. F. (i.c.s.) (Life Member) ...

Skev, Oapt. F. E. G. (e.e.)

Slade, H. (i.f.s.) ...
Sladen, J. (i.c.s.) ...
Slater, E. M.
Slater, J. Sanders ...

Sly, F. G. (i.c.s.)

Smale3,Chas. B. (i.f.s.)

... Poona.

... Dhulia.

... Bombay.

... Europe.

... Bombay.

... Rangoon.

... Bombay.

... Gwnlior.

... Madanapallp, Cad-

d!i])ah District
... Europe.
... Darjiling.
... Bak.'oh, Punjab.
... Bombay.
... Ranooon, Burma
... Myittha, Burma.
... Jalna, Deccan.
... Europe.
... Briti^h Columbia,

Canada.
... Bombay.
... Poona.
... Ajmir.
... Jacobabad.
... Europe.
... Malegaon.
... Banda, N.-W. P.
.. Bhavnagar.
... Bhavnagar.
... Europe.
... Roorkee.
... Bangkok, Siam.
... Karachi.
... Europe.
... Bombay.
... Europe.
... Shwebo, Burma.

i

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Smith, Lieut. F. A. (i.m.s.) ...

Smith, Capt. S. C. (r.a.)

Smith, Major Stanley (r.a.) ...

Smith, Mrs. Yorke ...

8mythies, Arthur (i.F.s.)

Snuggs, J. F.

South Wales Borderers, The Mess President

Span, Lt. fl. J. B. ...

Spence, L. H.

Spencer, F. A.

Spooner, T. J. (c.e.) (Life Member)

Loralai.
Europe.
Bombay.
Europe.
Nagpur, 0. P..
Harda, 0. P.
Chakrata.
Satara.
Ahmednagar.
Europe.
Mtotowa Udi,
East Africa.

Sprague, Capt. W. 0. (i.m.s.)...

Squire, W. W. (c.e.)

Squires, Mrs. R. A.

Stables, Major Alex. (r.a.m.C.)

Standage, Lt. R. F. (t.m.h.) ...

Standen, B. (i.c.s.) ...

Stansfeld, Lt. H. G.

Stanton, W. C.

Stebbing, E. P. (lf.s.)

Stevens, P. W.

Stewart, Lt. L

Stewart, Lt. J. Johnston

Stewart, R. B. (i.c.s.)

Stigand, Lieut. C. H.

Stirling, G. C. B

Stiven, J. ...

St. John, Lt. J. H. (r.i.m.) ...
Stone, S. J.
Storey, Thos. H.
Storr, Henry

Strachey, Hon'ble Mr. Justice
Sturrock, G. 0. (r.a.)
Sulivan, Col. G. D. F.
Summer*, Thos. (c.e.)
Sutherland, J. (c.e.)
Sutherland, W.
Sutton, F. H.
Swan, H. H.

Swayne, Herbert (Life Member)
Swinboe, Col. C. ...
Swinton, Capt. F. E. (i.m.s.) ...
Sykes, C. M. (c.e.)
Symington. J. \\. ...
Symonds, W. P. (i.c.s.)
Symons, H. S.
Symons, J. L.
i

Europe.

Europe.

Europe.

Poena.

Europe.

Betul, C. P.

Rangoon.

Rangoon.

Calcutta.

Gaya.

Lucknow.

Mauritius.

Godhra.

Aden. [Burma.

, Keng Tung, Upper
, Bombay.

Rangoon.
, MLissoorie,N.-W.P.

Oodeypur.

Europ)^.

Allahabad.

Kirkee.

Rawal Pindi.

Hyderabad^ Sindi

Thibaw, Burma.

Rangoon.
, Calcutta.

Bombay,

Ceylon.

Europe.

Poena.

Jamnagar.

Bombay.

Poona.

Bombay.
, Bombay.

XXVI

Ll^T OF MEMBERS.

Talbot, W. A. (i.F.s.)

Talyarkhan, Maneckshaw J. ...

Tanner, Capt. C. 0. 0.

Tata, Dorabji J. (Life Member)

Tata, Jamsetji N. (j.p.)

Taylor, James H. ...

Taylor, M. D.

Taylor, R. H. Bentley

Taylor, S. B

Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas (Life Member) ...

Temulji B. Nariman, Dr.

Tenasserim Agri-Horticultural Society, The Hon-
orary Secretary of the

Thacker, E. B.

Thackor, AV. ... ...

Thatcher, Lieut.-Col. J. F. C

Thesiger, Hon'ble P.

Thomas, J. C.

Thomas, R. E. S. ...

Thompson, Hon'ble Mr. H. M.

Thompson, H. N. (f.z.s., i.f.s.)

Thompson, P.

Thompson, R. H. E. (i.f.s.) ,..

Thompson, R. M. (c.e.)

Thomson, D. A. (i.f.s.)

Thomson, Capt. D. B.

Thornhill, Capt. J.

Tichborne, Sir Henry TBart.)...

Tighe, Capt. M. J.

Tilly, T. H. (Life Member)

Tod, Alex. M.

Tooth, E. E.

Topham, F. D.

Tottenham, W. F. L. (i.f.s.) ...

Townsend, (^apt. E. C.(r.s.o.)

Traill, John

Traill, W.H

Travers, Q. H.

Trevithick, R. L. (a.m.i.c.e.) ...

Trevor, Sir A. C. ...

Trewby, Miss Lilian (m.d.)

Trivandrum, Hon, Sec, Government Museum and
Public Gardens ...

Trotter, W.

Troup, N. F. T.

Truninger, L.

Trydell, Vet.-Lt. A. S.

Tudball, W. (r.cs.)

Europe.

Bombay

Chaman.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Khorda, Orissa.

Europe.

Kurope.

Karachi.

Bombay.

Bombay.

Moulmein.

Daman.

Bombay.

Quetta.

Eu7'ope.

Mandalay.

Calcutta.

Kurope.

Taunggyi, Burma.

Ootaoamund.

Dehra Dun.

Dehra Dun.

Alilx-g.

Poona.

Jhansi.

Europe.

Europe.

Mingin, Burma.

Bombay

Calcutta ,

Arsikeri, S. M. Ry.

Chiengmai, Siam.

Myitkyina, Burma.

Europe.

Jhansi, N.-W. P.

Chingleput.

Bombay.

Simla.

Amraoti.

Trivandrum.
Jalpaiguri.
Kousanie P. 0.,

Almora.
Rawal Pindi.
Rawal Pindi.
Gazipur.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

xxvu

Turner, Mrs. A. F. ...

Tumor, Hon hie Mr. M. C. ...

Twopenny, CD.

Tydd, F. A.

Tyler, Major-Geueral T. B. (r.a.)

... Bombay.
... Calcutta.
... Eui'ope.
... Cachar.
... Simla.

Ulwar, H. H. Maharaja Joy Singh of (Life Member) Ulwar.
Uniacko, Lt. N. F. ... ... ... Europe.

Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member)... ... ... Bhavnagar,

Vanderzec, Capt. H. F. (r.a.)

Varley, F. J. Tlcs.)
Vaughan, J. P. (l.c.s.)
Velinker, Shrikrishna G.
Viccaji Framji R. (Life Member)
ViGk,'F. H.
Vidal, G. W. (i.c.s.)
Vincent, W. H. H. (i.c.s.) ...
Vithuldas Damodhar Thakersev

... Fort St. George,
Madras.

... Dhulia.

... Karaohi.

... Bombay.

... Bombay.

... Silchar, Cachar.

... Europe.

..^ Burdwan.

... Bombay.

Waddington, C. W.
Walker, A. C.
Wall, Capt. E. W. ...
Wall, Capt. F. (I.M.S.)
Wallace, John (c.E.)
Wallace, W. V. (i.c.s.)
Wallinger, W. A. (i.f.s.)
Walton, Lt. H. J. (i.M.s.)
Wapshare, H.
Ward, Lieut. G. H.
Ward, Rowland
Warneford, Lt. G.
Warner, W. W. B.

Wasey, G. K.

Watson, H. W. A. (i.f.s.) .

Watson, Major J. (r.a.m.c.) .

Watson, Capt. John C.

Watson, L. P.

Watts, Lieut. G. A. R.

Webb, Wm.

Weir, Lieut.-Col. T. S.(i.m.8).

Wells-Cole, Capt. H.

Wendon, H. (c.E.) ...

Rajkote.
Europe.
Mean Mir.
Rangoon.
Bombay.
Taungoo, Burma.
Dharwar.
Bombay.
Hope, Guynd.
Agra
Europe.
Sawantwady.
Mozambique, East
Africa.

Marmagoa, Goa.

Taungoo, Burma.

Darjoeling.

Baroda.

Cawnpore.

Dehra Gazi Khan.

Europe.

Bombay.

Mauritius,

Bombay.

XXVlll

LIST OF MEiMB'ER^.

Westall, J.

WestiTuioott, Geiil. Sir R.
Woiherall, Lieut. E. R.
Whately, Richard ..

Whiffin, F. D

Whitcombe, Capt. E. G. R. (i.m.s.)
White, AV. H. (c.E.)
Whitehouse, Laugford
Whiting, J. E. (c.E.)

Whitley, A. \N

Whittall, Major F. V.

Whittle, A. T

Whitworth, G. C. (i.c.s.) (Life Member)

Whyte, C. W. F

Whyte, Dr. Fredk.
Wickham, P. F. ...
Wilkieson, Lt.-Gol. C. B. (r.e.)
Wilkins,A.V.

Wilkinson, Capt. E. (i.m.s ) ...
Williams, Capt. C. E. (i.m.s.)
Williams, Capt. F. T.

Williams, W. R.

Willis, R. A.

Wilson, A. R

Wilson, Major C. L. (r.a-) ...
Wilson, Lt. H. A. ...
Wilson, Lt. N. F. T. (r.i.m.)...
Wilson, V. S. Fellowes

Wilson, W. G

Winsloe, Lt. H. E. (r.e.)
Winter, E. L. (i.c.s.)

Witt, D. 0. (I.F.S.)

Wodehouse, Lt. F. W.
Wolf-Murray, F. D. 0. (i.c.s.)
Wolseley-Smith, F.
Wood, A. (i.c.s.) ...

Wood, C. W. (c.E.)

Wood, H. F. A. ...
Woodbiirn, A. F. (i.c.s.)
Woodhouse, Lt. C.
Woodrow, G. Marshall
Woodrow, W. R. (i.F.s.)
Woods, M. V.(c.B.)
Wormold, Percy ...
Wright, Fred.
Wright, F. A. (c.E.)
Wright, H. C.

Europe.

Mhow, C. 1.

Jalna.

Broach.
, Rourkela,B.-N. Ry.

Europe.

Morvi, Kathiawar.
, Pakokku, Burma.
, Bombay.
. Europe.
. Jalna.

Wadhwan.
. Karachi.
. Fort Sandemau.
. Europe.
. Mandalay.
. Bangalore.
. Bengbari P. 0.
Mungaldi, Assam.

. Bombay.

. Taunggyi.

. Vizianagram.

. Roorkee.

. Bombay.

. Binsur, A 1 mora.

. Murree.

. Jhansi, N.-W. P.

. Mandalay.

. Trichinoj^uly.

. Bombay.

. Bangalore.

„ Europe.

. Saugor.

. Jetalsar,

. Madras.

,. Banga'ore.

,. Thana.

.. Pollachi, Madras.

. Cuddapah, Madras.

,. Bombay.

,. Loralai.

,. Europe,

,. Dharwar.

., Haflong, N. Cachar.

.. Europe.

.. Secunderabad.

.. Howrah, Bengal,

,. Bombay.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

■^Vrigbt, Major R. W. (r.a.m.c.)
Wroughtou, R. C. (i.f.s., c.m.z.s.)
Wylie, R.

Yeld, Col. J. H

Yeo, Edwin, W. ...

-Yerbuiy, Col. J. W. (r.a.) (Life Member)
Young, A. P.
Young, E. H.
Young, H. G.

Young, John

Young, W. E. ..;

Tule, Col, J. H

Jbansi, N.-W. P.
, Poona.
. Gadecbi.

. Europe.

, Bombay.

. Ezirope.

. Europe,

, Europe.

. Waltair, Madras

Presidency.
. Rangoon, Burmat
. Bombay.
, Europe,

CONTENTS OF VOLUME X//.

PAGE
STATEilEXT OF ACCOUNT FOR THE YEARS 1898-99 iii

List of Office Bearers v

List of Members vi

Indian Ducks and their Allies. Part V. {With Plate V.) By E. C.

Stuart Baker, r.z.s. 1

A Catalogue of the Heterocera ofSikhiji and Bhutan. Part IV.
By Gr. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s. With notes by H. J. Elwes, f.z.s.,
r.E.s., &c., and additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., b.a.,
F.E.S., &c 32

The Birds of North Kanara. Part II. By J. Davidson, i.c.s. ... 43

The Moths of India. Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in

"The Fauna of British India." Part IV. By Sii- G. F.

Hampson, Bart., r.z.s., f.e.s. 1%

Description of a new species of Mns from South India. {With

a Plate). By J. L. Bonhote 99

The Aculeate Hymenoptera procured at Aden by Col. Yer-
bury, R.A., AND Capt. Nurse, i.s.c. {With Plate A.) ByLieut.-
Col. C. T. Bingham, F.Z.S., F.E.S 101

On some New Species of Indian Hymenoptera. (With Plate A.)
By Lieut.-Ool. C.T. Bingham, F.z.s. , F.E.S. 115

On New and Little-Known Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan,
Austro-Malayan, and Australian Regions. {With Plates A',
Y, Z, & A A.) By Lionel de Niceville, r.E.s., c.m.z.s., &c 131

The Flora of Western India. Part V. By G. Marshall Woodrovv,

Professor of Botany, College of Science, Poena 162

On some Superficial Deposits in Cutch. Part I. (With a Plate.)
By the Rev. J. F. Blake, m.a., f.g.s 177

Review. *' The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and
Burma. Birds." Vol. IV. By W. T. Blanford, f.r.s. ... 184

Indian Wild Cattle : The Tsine and the Gaur (miscalled
Bison). By Colonel Pollok 184

Fishing in Indian Waters. The Bahmin. Part I. By Fred, Ord.

Gadsden 194

52035

xxxii CONTENTS.

PAGE
MiSCELLAlTEOUS NOTES—

1^ Birds not recorded from Travancore in the *' Faima of British

India" 202

2^ Tlie -3i^thiopiau Warfc Rog {Phaeoehmnis mihiopims). {With a

Plate) 204

3^ Gome Notes on the Narcondam Hombill, etc. {Ehytidoceros

narcondami) ... ... ••• ... 212

4. _ A voracious Centipede 214

5_ "White spots on the plmnage of a "Woodpecker attacked by a

Parasite •• ... 214

6. — Parasitic Worms in Fish 215

7_ Notes on "Wildfowl in the Tiunevelly District, South India ... 2I5--

j^__Breeding of the Black-breasted fellow-backed Sunbird {/FAho-

pijga saturata) in the Cbutla Bheel, Cachar District ... 21 T
9._0oourrence of the Black-capped Kingfisher [Hakyon jnleata) and
the Black-legged Falconet {Mierolderax Jrimjillarivs) in the

Chutla Bheel, Cachar 217

]0.— Note on the Nidification of the "White-necked Stork (Dissiira

episcopus) ... •.. •.. ... ... ... 217

]1_ — " Does the Brown Bear hybernate ?" 218

12. — Hybernation of the Himalayan Black Bear {Ursus torqmtus)... 219

13.— The Breeding of Moths 219

14. — Notes on a Jackal Cnb .. 220

15^ — Occasional Notes on Nests and Eggs found in the vicinity of

Baroda 221

1 6, —Notes on Sport in Oudh 223

17. — Elephants' Ankle-joints 224

18. — Lion Cubs 225

19. — The Nesting of the K.ed-tailed Chat {Fcmcola cliryfiqiygia) .., 225

20.— Curious conduct of a Panther 226

21.— Query ... 228

22. — A brace of Tigers at one shot 228

23. — Migration of Euplma core 229

Proceedings 230

Indian Ducks AND THEIR Allies. Part YI. {With riote VI.) By

E. C. Stuart Baker, f.z.s 235

DESrRIPTIONS OF SIX NEW SPECIES OF SCOEPIONS FLOM InDIA. Ev

B. I. Pico'^k, of tlio Bviiisli 3[nf-cuin of Niitiiral History 2G2

CONTENTS. xi«iii

PAGE

A Monograph of the Pill-Millipedes {ZephroniiUa:) [Nhabiting
India, Ceylon, and Burma. By R. I. Pocock, of the British
Museum of Natural History. Part 1. {With Plate A.) 269

Birds Collected durino Five Years' Residence m the Hylakandy
District, Cachar. Part VI. By C. M. IngUs 286

A Catalogue of the Heterocera of Sikhim and Bhutan. Part V.
[With PUU I.) By C^. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s. With notes by H. J.
Elwes, F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c , and additions by Sir Cleorge F. Hampson,
Bart., B. A., F.E.S,, &G. « *^^2

The Moths of India. Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in
" The Fauna of British India." Part V. By Sir G. F. Hampson,
Bart., F.Z.S., f.r.s "''^^^

The Ferns of North-Western India, including Afghanistan, the
Trans-Indus Protected States, and Kashmir : arranged and

NAMED on the P.ASIS OF HoOKER AND BaKKR's SyNOPSIS FU.ICUM''

and other works, with new species added. Part I. — Introduc-
tory. ByC. W.Hope 315

Note on the liAND Mollusca of Bombay. By W. T. BIanff>rd, f.r s. 326

Notes on some Huttrrflies from Tenasserim in Burma. {With.

Plate BE.) By Lionel de Niceville, f.e.s., c.M.z.s., &c, ,. ... 329

Birds collected and observed at Thull during five months in
1898, AND Notes on their Nidification. By Major R. H.
Itattray 337

Descriptions of some new or rare Trees from Travancore.
( With six Plates.) By T. F. BourJillon, f.l.s., Conservator of
Forests, Travancore ... 349

The FiiORA of Western India. Part VI. By CI. Marshall Woodrow,

Professor of Botany, College of Science, Poona ... 354

On some Superficial Deposits in Cutch. Part II. (With a Plate.)

By the Rnd. J. F. Blake, m.a., f.g.S 374

The Birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Part I. By

A. L. Butler, f.z.s.. Curator, Selangor State Museum 386

Fishing in Indian Waters. The Mullet and Garfish. Part II.

By Fred. (>. (ladsden, r.i.m. .. ... ... 40+

xxxiv CONTENTS.

PAGE

MlS(^KLLA2vK0Uf^ NOTKS.

1.— A mark on tlie skin of a Msm-eatiiig Tiger 410

2. — A Bush Quail and Raiu Quail laying in the saiue nest ... 410

3. — Notes on 26 specimens of the Pohur, oi' Himalayan Viper

{Andstrodmi himalmimws) ... ... .. ...411

4. — Oco'urreuce of the Alpine Swift {Cfiimhin mplha) m the Dar-

bhanga District, Tirhoot ... ... ... ... ... 414

a. — Breeding of the Whiskered Tern {HydrorMiilon Ityhridci) in the

Darbhanga District, Tirhoot 414

fi, — ^QiQ on the Orange-headed Ground-thrush {Georichla cifrina,

Lath.) 414

7. — Birds tapping at Window-i)anes 415

8. — Early Migration of the Ruddy Sheldrake 410

i). — Bombay Eats 416

lO.—A Waspanda Fly 418

11.— Bull Terrier and Tiger 419

12, — The Nidification of some Malayan Birds 421

1 3. — Occurrence of the Black-winged Kite {Elarnns mrvlens, Desf.)
and the Short-toed Eagle {C/reaetm f/aJJm/s, Gmel), in the

Malay Peninsula 423

14, — TSfote on the White Snake {Coluier tmimrm, Cope) 424

15. — Further Notes on the Varieties of Coluber tmniurus 425

IG, — The 0)l)nifcion of the Wing-lining and Axilleriesinthe Fantail

and Pintail Snipes. ( PF//A r^ P/r/.fe) 427

17. — On an Immature Specimen of the Black-capped Purple King-

fi%\\w {Hah-jjon piUata, ^<m\) 428

X'ji,^ — Ouourrence of the Eastern Stock Pigeon {Columba eversmnnni)

iti the Madhubani Sub-division, Dharbhauga, Tirhoot ... 429
11). — Occurrence of the Clucking Teal (AMfi)fm for)iios//ni) in Guzcrat 429

Proceedings — 429

Indian Ducks AND THEIR Allies. Part VII. [WUli, Plate VTI.) By

K. C. Stuart Baker, F.z.s 437

MONOORAPH OP THE PiLL-MlLIPEDES {ZePHRON IID^) INHABITING

India, Ceylon and Burma. Part II. {With Plate B.) By R. I.

Pocock, of the British Museum of Natural History 465

The Moths oi' India, Supplementary Paper to the Volumes in
•' The Fauna of British India." Part VI. By Sir G. F. Hamp-
son, Bart., r.z.s., f.r.s ,. ... 475

CONTENTS. xxxr

PAGE

The Bieds of North Cachar. Part X. J3y E. C. 8tiuut Baker,

F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. ^86

Lepidoptera taken IX CuTCH. By Capfc. 0. G. Nurse, f,r.g.«., f.e.s... 511
The Flora of Western India. Part VII. By G. Marshall Wood-
row, Professor of Botany, College of Science, Poona 515

The Ferns of North-Western India, including Afghanistan, the
Trans-Indus Pr(jtected States, and Kashmir : arranged and

NAMED on the BASIS OF HoOKER AND BaKER'S SyNOPSIS llLICUMt
AND OTHER WORKS, WITH NEW SPECIES ADDED. Part II. {With

Plates /, //, IIIA^B, IF, F, VI, VII and VIII.) By C. W. Hope 527

Fishing in Indian Waters. Aden and the Adjacent Waters.

Part III. By F. 0. Gadsden, R.I.M 539

The " Lantana bug " {Orthezia jnsignjs, Douglas). By E.

Ernest Green, Honorary Entomologist to the Government of Ceylon. 547

The Birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Isles. Part II. By A. L.

Butler, F.z.s 555

Miscellaneous Notes —

1. — Birds flying against window-panes 572

2.— Food of the Indian Grey Shrike 572

o. — On " Indian Ducks and their Allies " 572

4. — The Courting Dance of the Moonal Pheasant 57 o

.'). — Game in the Waltair District ... ... 574

6. — The Breeding of Moths 575

7. — Birds tapping at window-panes ... 575

6. — Hybernation of Black and Brown Bears 576

'J. — Occurrence of the Nepaul Kali j Pheasant in Kashmir ... 577
10. — Abnormal number of Eggs in a nest of the Bengal Green

Pigeon (C. phmiicopterifs, Lath.)... ... ... ... 577

11. — Note on the Himalayan Yi^v (Amistrodon himalayanm) ... 577

12. — Gecko Cacnibalism 578

13.— A Bird killed by a Mantis 578

14.— The Palm Swift 579

15. — Occurrence of the Rufous- bellied Niltava {Niltava sundara) at

Murree 579

16. — The Red-tailed Chat [Saxiwla (hrysopygia). A correction ... 579

17. — Birds tapping at window-panes ... ... ... ... 580

xxxTi CONTENTS.

PAGE

Miscellaneous Notes — contd.

]8. — Tnwluig in Indian Water-s. The Investigutor's Sucoessfnl

Cruise 580

I'j. — Note on Euiimm wmm, Fiiltr., and Mp(j(irh'de disjunda, Fabr.,

!ind their Parasites Chrz/sis fi/scipe/inis^ BruUe, and Parevmjnx

iibilominidis^ Smith ... ... ... ... ..• 585

2U.— Jungle Notes 587

21.--Food of the King- Cohra and Krait 589

22.— Nesting of the Blaok Eagle 580

2a.— A Flying Snake 589

PllOCEEDrNTiS 590

Indian Ducks AND their Allies. Pai-t VIII. {With Plate VIII.)

By E. C. Stuart Baker, e.z.s. 59a

The Feens of Noeth- Western India, including Afghanistan, the
Trans-Indus Protected States, and Kashmir : arr^inged and
named on the basis of Hooker and Baker's Synopsis filicum,

AND other WORKS, WITH new SVECIES ADDED. Part III. {With
Plates IX, J, XI, XII, XIII and XIV). By C. W. Hope ... H21
Nesting in Kashmir. By Lieut. N. F. T. Wilson, r.i.m lia4

A NEW Sea-Snake OF THE genus />/5r/7?.i, from Kubrachee. {With

a Plate.) By G. A. Boulenger, f.r.s 642

A Catalogue of the Heteroleua of Sikhim and Bhutan.
Part VI, By G. ('. Dudgeon, f.e.s. With Notes by H. J. Elwes,
F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c., and additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Bai-t.,
B.A., F.E.S., &G 64o

The Hill Forests of Western India. By H. M. Birdwood, c.s.i.,
LL.D., M.A., Late Vice-President of the Bombay Natural History
Society 659

Description of a New Amjrosace from the North-Western
Himalaya. By J. F. Duthie 675

Birds collected during five years' residence in the Hylakandy
District, Cachab. Fait VII. By C. M. Inglis 67C

The Birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Part lU. {With
' a Plate.) By A. L. Butler, f.z.s., m.b.o.U., &c., C'urator, Selangor
State Museum 684

CONTENTS. xxxvii

PAQB.

The Moths of India. Supplementaey Paper to the Volumes in
" The Fauna of British India." Parb VII. Bj Sir G. F. flamp-
son, Barfc., F.z.s., f.e.s .. 697

Some Konkan Bats. {With a Plate.) By R. C. Wroughton, c.m.z.s.,

Indian Forest Service ... ... ... ••• ••• ... 716

KisHiNG IN Indian Waters. The Andaman Islands. Part IV.

By F. 0. Gadsden, e.i.m 726

List of Indian Birds' Eggs in the Bombay Natural History
Society's Collection on 1st August, 1899 734

Diagnosis of some Indian Aracbnwa. By R. I. Pocock (Zool. Depfc.,

British Museum) 744

Review. "The Game Birds of India." Part II. By E.W. Gates. 754

Miscellaneous Notes —

1. — Not3 on DiatwiDiia, a pouerine genus of Ants, and on the

finding of a female of D. vagans, Smith 756

2. — A " rare " Bat— an appeal 757

3. — Food of Pprnis cr/xtatus (Cuv.), (the Crested Honey Buzzard)... 758

4. — Birds of the Syaukse District 758

5. — Notes on the HypocoUv^ ampelinus (the Bulbul Shrike) ... 760

6. — Two unusual specimens of Tropidomtus stolatus 765

7. — Duration of Parturition in the Daboia (Vipera rmsellii) ... 765
8. — Occurrence of tlie Green-billed Shear-water {Pufflnus chloro-

rki/mm) on the Mekran Coast 766

'.». — Notes on a very unusual specimen of Simotes violawm or a

possible new species ... ... ... ... ... 766

10. — Protective Powers of scent in animals ... ... ... 768

11. — Cannibalism 769

12.— Food of the Indian Wild Boar , 770

13. — Tapeworms found in a Fish ... 771

14. — The Common Indian Swift ... 771

15. — ^The Nidification of some Malayan Birds ... ... ... 772

16. — Bison, Tiger, and Wild Dogs ... 773

17, — The ^Yhiskeved Tern {Hi/drocheUdm h2/b}'ida) 774

18. — Autimmal arrivals ... ... 774

'.9. — Note on the White-eyed Duck {JVyroca ferruginia) and the

Tufted Duck (iV. >i«//«<fe) 775

xxxviii CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Miscellaneous Notes — contd.

20. — A Plague of Web-making Caterpillars on the " Silang " Tree

(Olea fragrans) 775

21.— Nesting of tlie Black Eagle 776

22.— Food of the Palm Sqiiiirel 777

23.' — Nesting of tlie Large-billed Willow Warliler {AcantlwpnmsU

maijiiirodris) ... ... ... ... ... ...Ill

24. — Occasional Notes on Birds' Nesting in the neighbonrhood of

Poena 778

25.— Wiuter Sleep of Bears 782

28. — Possible oocurreace of the G-reat Snipe {Gdlinarjo major) near

Madras 782

27. — Live Frogs in a Suake... ... ... ... 783

28. — Plumage of the vSuake-Bird { P/o^ws me/«/w//«6'^p/-) 784

21). — The effects of a bite from a Phoorsa {EcMs mrinatu) 784

30,— The Bombay Land i/o?/«sc« 785

31. — An Ovoviviparous Snail ... ^.. 785

32, — Haj'pyiocephalus tiibinaris (^cnWj) ... ... 786

33.— Bear killed by a Tiger 787

Proceedings 787

Index i

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

"VOZ-XJIVIE 2^11.

PAGE
A.ITK.EN, E.H. ; Migration (i/'Euploea

core 229

; Bombay Bata ... 416

; A Wasp and a Fly... 418

Anonymous ; Traivling in Indian
Haters. TIte Investigator'' s Suc-
cessful Cruise 580

; List of Indian Birds''

Eggs in the Bombay Natural His-
tory S'ciety''g Collection on 1st

August, 1899

: Review. The Game

734

Birds of India. ByE. W. Dates.
Part II 754

Baker, E. C. Stuaet, F.Z..^. ;
Indian Duehs and their Allies.
Parts V, VI, VII, and VIII.
(With Plates V, VI, VII and
VIII) 1, 235, 437, 593

; The Birds of North

Cachar. Part X 486

Bartlett, T.W. : Fond of the Palm-
squirrel 777

Barton, E. L. : Occurrence of the
Clucking Ttal (Nettium formosum)
in Guzerat 429

Beaumont, T.L.F. ; Early Migra-
tion of the Ruddy Sheldrake ... 416

Bedford, F. P. ; Gecko Cannibal ism. 578

Betham. Captain R.M., Eighth
Bombay Infantry ; Occasvmal
Notes on Nests and Eggs found in
the vicinity of Bar oda 221

; Occasinnal Nvtes on

Birds'' Nesting in the neighbour-
hood of Poitna 778

Bingham, Lieut.-Ool. C. T., F.Z.S.,
F.E.S., Conservator OF Forests.
The Aculeate Hymeuoptera pro-
cured at Aden' by Col. Terbury,
R.A., and Capt. Nurse, I.S.C.
(With Plate A.) 101

PAGE
Bingham, Liedt.-Col. C. T., F.Z.S.,
F.E.S., Conservator of Forests.
On some Neio Species of Indian
Hymenopteva. (^Vide Plate A,) ..

; Note on Eumenes

conica, Fabr., and Megacliile dis-
juncta, Fabr., and their paiagites,
Chrysis fuscipennis, Brulle, and
Parevastis abdominalis. Smith ...

; Note on Diacamma.

115

585

a ponerine genus of Ants, and on
the finding if a female of D.
vagans, Smith ... ... ... 756

BIRDWOOD, H. M., C.S.I., LL.D.,
M.A., Late Vice-President op
the Bombay Natural History
Society; The Hill Forests of
Western India 659

Blake, the Rev. J. F. , M. A.,F.Ct.S. ;
On some Superficial Deposits in
Cutch. Parts i and II. (V.'ith
two Plates) 177,374

BlanforDjF.E.S. ; Note on the Land
Mnllusca of Bomiay 326

Bonhote, J. L. ; Description of a
neio species of Mus from Sruth
India. (With a Plate) 99

Boulenger, G. a., F.R.S. ; A New
Sea-snake of the genus Distira, from
Kurrachee. (With a Plate) ... 642

Bourdillon, Mary W. ,• Birds tap-
ping at loiiidow-panes 57,-

Bourdillon, T. F., F.L.S., Conser-
vator of Forests, Travancoee ;
Description if some new or rare
Trees from Travancore. (With
Plates I, TI, III, IV, V and VI).... 349

Browne, Major, C. A. R., R.E, ; A
bird killed by a Mantis 579

Buchanan, Captain Kenneth ;
Nesting of the Black Eagle ... 776

xl

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAUE

Buchanan, Captain Kenneth ;
Nesting of the Large-billed Willoto
Warbler (Acantho{>neu8te magai-
rostris) 777

BuBTON, Captain R. G., First In-
fantry, Hyderabad Conting-
ent; Bull Terrier and Tiger ... -119

; Jwgle Notefi. ... 587

Butler, A. L. ; F.Z.S., Curator,
Selangor State Museum;
White spotis on the phiwagc of a
Woodpecker attacked by aparasite. 214

; A brace of Tigers

at one sh-t 228

; The Birds of the

Andaman and Nicobar Inlands.

Parts I, 11 and III. (With a

Plate) 386, 555, 684

; 'The nid\peation of

some Malayan Birds 421

; Occurrence of the

Black-ioing ed Kite (Elarnus cae-
rulenf=, Desf."), and the Short-toed
Eagle (Circaetus gallicus, Gmel.\
in the Malay Peninsula 423

; Note on the White

Snake (Caluber tjeniurus, Cojie) ... 424

; Further notes on

the varieties of Coluber tasniurus. 425
; The coloration of

the loing-lining and axillaries in
the Fantail and Pintail Snipes.
(With a Plate)

; On an immature

specimen of the Black-capped Pur-
ple Eingfislier (Halcyon pileata,
Bodd.) ,

; The nidificiition of

some Malayan Birds 772

■ ; Bear killed by a Tiger 787

427

428

Cholmondeley, E. C. ; DuraMnn of
parturitioji m the Bahota (Vipera
russellii) 765

Cox, Oa pt. P. Z. ; The . Ethiopian
Wart Hog (Pliacochserus aHhiopi-
cus. (VVifh a Plate) 204

Cox, Stephen, District Forest
OFFICER; Game in the JValtair
district 674

PAGE
CUMINO, E. D. ; Birds tapping at

loindotv jjanes 580

CUMMING, W. D., C. M. Z. S. ; Notes

OH the Hypocolius ampelinus (^The

Bulbul Shrike') 760

; Occurrence of the

Green-billed Shear-icater ( Pufflnus

chlororhyncus) on the MekranCoast 766
Daly, W. Mahon ; Nesting if the

Black Eagle 589

; A flying snake ... 589

Davidson, J., I.C.S. ; The Birds of

A^orth Kanara, Part II 43

Dixon, Pi. M. ; Tapevcorms found in

a Fish 770

Donald, C. H. ; ^^ Does thu Brown

Bear hybernate V 218

: Hybernation of

Black and Breton Bears ...
; Occurrence

i76

the Nejjaiil Kalij Phca,mnt in
Kashmir ... 577

Donovan, Captain C., I.M.8., M. B.
0. U. ; Possible occurrence of the
Great Snipe (Gallinago major)
near Madras 782

Dudgeon, G. C, F.E.S, ; A Cata-
logue of the Heterocera of Sikhim
and Bhutan^ with Notes by IT. J.
Ehves, F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc., and
Additions by Sir George F. Ham-
son, Bart., B.A., F.E.S., etc.
Parts IV, V and VI. (With Plate
I.) 32,292,643

; Note on a plague

of tveb-9nahing Caterpillars on the
"Silang''' tree (Olea fra grans) ... 776

DUTHIE, .1. F. ; Description of a
new Androsace ... 675

Eardley-Wilmot, S. : Notes on
Sport in Oudh 223

Ferguson, Harold S. ; Birds not
recorded from Trarancoi' in the
^* Fau)ia of Britifh India^' 202

Ferris, Lieut. -Col. W. P.. ; A
mark on the skin of a man-eating
Tiger 410

Fiss^F.: Cannibal istn 769

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

x!l

PAGE

Fleming, W. N. ; Notes on Wildfoid
■in the Tinnevelly District^ South
India 215

Gadsden, Fred. Ord., r.i.m. ; Fish-
ing in Indian Waters. Thi Bahmin.
The JMullet and Garfish. Aden
and Adjacent Waters. The Anda-
man Islands. Parts I, II, III and
IV 194,404,539,726

Gleadew, F. ; Note on the Hima-
layan Viper (Ancistrodon hima-
layauus) 577

Green, E. Ernest, Honorary En-
tomologist to THE Government
OF Ceylon ; Birds tapping at
window-panes 415

; The *' Lantana

Bug " (Orthezia insignis, Douglas') 547

Hampson, Sir G. F., Bart., F.Z.S.,
F.E.S.; The Moths of India. Supple-
mentary Paper to the Volumes in
^^The Fauna of British India:'
Parts IV^, V, VI and VII ... 73,

304, 475, 697

Harington, Lieut. E. C, K.A.,
Hyderabad Contingent ; A
Bush Quail and Rain Quail lay-
ing in the same nest 410

Heath, R. H., A.M.I.C.E. ; The
effects from a bite from a Phoorsa
(Echis carinata) 784

Hope, C. W. ; The Ferns of North-
western India, including Afghan-
istan, the Trans-Indus Protected
States, and Kashmir : arranged and
named on the basis of Hooker and
Baher''s Synopsis Filicum, and
other works, with new Species
added. Parts I (Introductory), II
and III. (With Plates I, II,
IIIA,B, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX,
X, XI, XII, XIII and XI V)315, 527, 621

INGLIS, C. M. ; Breeding of the
Blach-breasted Yellotv-backed Sun-
bird C^thopyga saturata) in the
Chutla Bheel, Cachar District ... 217
6

page
Ingles, C. M.; Occurrence of the
Blach-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon
pileata) and the Blach-legged Fal-
conet (Microhieras f ringillaiius) in

the Chutla Bheel, Cachar 217

Note on the nidifica-

tion of the White-necked Stork

(Dissura episcopus) 217

Birds collected dur-

ing five years'" residence in the
Hylakandy District, Cachar. Parts
VI and Vll 936, 67&

Occurrence of the

Alpine Swift (Cypselus melba) in
the Darbhanga District, I'irhoot... 414
• ; Breeding of the

Whiskered Ttrn (Hydrochelidou
hybrida) in the Darbhanga Dis-
trict, Tirhoot 414

Note on the Orange-

headed Grround-thrush (Geocichla
citrina, Lath.) 414

; Occurrence of the

Eastern Stock Pigron (Columba
eversmanni) in the 3fadhuhani
Sub-division, Darbhanga, Tirhoot.. 429

: Abnormal number of

eggs in a nest of the Bengal Green '
Pigeon (C. phsenicopterus. Lath. ... 577

; Food o/Pernis crista-

tus, QCuv.), (the Crested Honey-
Buzzard)

- ; The Whiskered Tern

(Hydrochelidon hybrida)^

; Autumnal arrivals ...

; Note on the White-

758

774

774

eyed Duck (Nyroca ferruginea)
and the Tufted Duck (N.fuligula). 775

Kelsall, Captain H. J., R. A. ;
Live frogs in a snake 783

Lester, Lieutenant C. D., 17th
Bombay Infantry ; Curiovs con-
duct of a Panther 226

MACLEOD, N. C. ; Protective power
of scent in animals 7G8

Nash, R. M. ; Food of the Indian
Wild Boar 770

xlii

LTST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE

Nice'villBj Lionel db, F.E.S.,
CM Z.S., &c. ; On mio and little-
knnmn BuUerfiies from, the Indo-
Malayan, Austro- Malayan, and
Australian Regions. (With Plates
X, Y.Zand AA.)

, . ; Notes on some Butter-

flies from Tenasxerim in Burma.
(With Plate BB.)

Nurse, Captain C. G., F.R.G.S.,
F.E.S., Thirteenth Bombay In-
fantry ; Lepidoptera taken in

Cutch

; Birds flying against

131

329

511

loindow-panes

572

Food of the Indian

572

785

785

262

PAGE

Rattray, Major R. H., Twenty-
second Punjab Infantry; Oc-
ritrrence of the Rufous-bellied
Niltava (Niltava sundara) at Mur-

rea 579

The Red-tailed Chat

(Saxicola chrysopygia). A correc-
tion 579

RoDON, Major G, S. ; hybernation
of the Himalayan Black Bear
(Ursus torquatus) 219

; Notes on a Jackal

cub 220

; Lion Cubs 225

Grey Shrike

Pbile, CapT. a. J., R.A. , The Bom-

bay La7id Mollusca

; An ovoviviparous

Snail ... •••

PococK, R. I., OF the British
Museum of Natural History;
Description of six New Species
of Scorpions from India

,. ; A monograph of

the Pill- Millipedes (Zephronii-
dse) inhabiting India, Ceylon, and
Burma. Parts I and II. (With
Plates A and B) 269, 463

, ; Diagnoses of seme

neio Indian Ar&Ghnida, 744

PoLLOK, Colonel ; Indian Wild
Cattle ; the Tsine and the Gaur
{miscalled Bison') 187

Primrose, A. M.; Food of the King
Cobra and Krait 589

Proceedings ... 230, 420, 590, 787

Rattray, Major R. H., Twenty-
SECOND Punjab Infantry ;
Parasitic Worms in Fish 215

— ; The Breeding of

; The courting danoe

of the Moonal Pheasant 573

; Bison, Tiger, and

Wild Dogs 773

; Winter sleep of

Bears ... 782

St. John, Lieut. J. H., Command-
ing, R.I. M.S. " Elphinstonb " ;
Some notes on the Narcondam
Hornhill, &c. (Rhytidoceros nar-
condami) 212

Sewell, Major J. H. ; Birds of the
Xyaukte District 758

Sinclair, W. F,, (late I.C.S.); Re'
view. *' The Fauna of British
India, including Ceylon and Bur-
ma.'' By W. T. Blanford, F. R. S.
Birds. Vol. IV, 1898 184

; Elephants'' anhle-

joints 224

; Query 228

Plumage of the

Moths

219

— ; The nesting of the

Red-tailed Chat (Saxicola chry-
sopygia) 225

■■ ■ ; Birds collected

and observed at ThuU during
flve moriths in 1898, and vnt^s
on their nidifieation ^37

Snake-bird (Plotus melanogaster) 784

Troup, Norman F. T. ; The Com-
mon Indian Swift 771

; A plague of

web-maMng Caterpillars on the

" Silang " tree (Olea fragrans) ... 775

Wall, Capt. F., I. M.S. ; Notes on
26 specimens of the Pohur, or
Himalayan Viper (Ancistrodon
himalayanus) „. ... ... 411

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

xliii

PAGE

Wall, Capt. F., I.M.S. ; The Palm
6'u}ift 579

• ; Ttco unvtval

specimens of Tropidonotus stola-
tus ... ... ... ... ... 765

; Notes on a very

unusual sjiecimen of Sinaotes vio-
laceus or a possible neio species ... 766

Wallace, W. V., Burma Commis-
sion ; The Breeding of Moths ... 575

Wells-Cole, Capt. H., Second
K. O. Yorkshire Light Infan-
try ; A voracious Centipede ... 214

Wilson, Lieut. N. F. T., R.LM. ;
Nesting in Kashmir ■ C3i

page
Woourow, G. Marshall, Peopes-
soR of Botany, College op
Science, Poona ; The Flora of
Western India. Parts V, VI and
VII 162,354,515

Wroughton, R.C, C.M.Z.S., Indian
Forest Service ; Some Konhan
Bats. With a Plate 716

; A " rare''"' Bat — An

757

apjjc

; Harpyiocephalus tubi-

nai'i^ ^Scully) , 786

Young, E. H. ; On ^ Indian Ducks
and their Allies''' 573

LIST OF PLATES.

The Crested or Bronze-capped Teal. Eunetta falcatay Plate V

New or Little-known Heterocera from Sikhim and Bhutan, Plate I ...

A New Indian Mouse. Mus famulus, Bonhote

Indo-Malayan fl^ywe»Oj?^pr«, Plate A

Eastern Butterflies, Plate X

Y
„ „ ,) i ... ... ... ... ...

„ „ )) ^ ... ... ...

V) » »> ^^ •••

The Ran of Cutch ...

The Ethiopian Wart-hog. Phacochoems ntfiiopicus

The Oceanic Teal. Nettion albigulare, Plate VI

Indian Pill Millipedes, Plate A

Teinopalpus imperatrix, Plate BB

fi^fl^'cinja mJpr^i, Bourdillon, Plate I

Dy aoxijlum purpureuWy BonTdiUon,F]a,ie II

Agalia maue, Bourdillon, „ III

Terminalia angustifolia, Roxburgh, „ IV

Canthium pergracile,Bouidillon, „ V

Diospiros humilis, Bourdillon, „ VI

Geological Plate

Plate of Snipes' Feathers

The Marhled Teal. Marmaronetta angustirottris, Plate VII

Indian Pill Millipedes, Plate B ,

Davallia heddomei, n. sp., Plate I

Cheilanthes dubia,n.fi\>., „ II

Cheilanthes albomarginata, C. B. Clarke. Cheilanthes rufa, Don., Plates

IIIA&IIIB

AspUnium tenellum, n. sp., Plate IV ,

Asplenium (§ Athyrium) rupinola, n. sp., Plate V

Aspidiuni duthiei, n. sp., Plate VI

Nephrodium gamhlei, n. sp., Plate VII

Nephrodium repeng,u.?,^.y „ VIII

Baer''s Pochard. iVyrflca Ja«r«, Plate VIII

Nephrodium kingii, n. sp., Plate IX ...

Nephrodium serrato-dentatum, n. sp., Plate X

Nephrodium blandfordii,n. &])., „ XI

Nephrodiu7n papilio,n. sp., » X.II

Nephrodium occultum, n. sp., Plate XIII

Polypod%u'm(^Phegopter%s)laterepens,TTotieT,?\2i.[.e'yilN

Distira gillespi(B. (New Sea-Snake from Kurrachee,)

Asfjur (Jicelospizias') butleri, Gurney

Indian Bats

To face
page
1

32

100

130

>131

I

)
178
204
235
270
328

(350

:i

352

.. 374

... 426

... 437

... 474

*■■ \ 528

530

j 532

(534
593

}623

624

626
628
630
642
684
716

Jo"urrL, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc .

PlateV.

J.5 Keul&irLa.its dei.

Mirtfcei-n. Bro s . Chromo lifcli LonAo

THE CRESTED OR BRONZE-CAPPED TEAL.

Euivetta falcata .
is Nai size

Si

v^\c>i7

00 iT ♦.♦-«*^ V\ ^]

JOURNAL

OF THE

patera! listorji ^0ti%

Vol. XII.

BOMBAY.

No. I.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES.

By E. C. Stuart Baker, F. Z. S.

Part V, with Plate V.

(^Continued from p. 584 of Vol, XI.)

Genus ANAS.
This genus contains seventeen species, some of which are practically
cosmopolitan and others confined to comparatively small areas. India
possesses but two species, Anas boscas and A. pcecilorJiT/ncha, the
former of which is cosmopolitan, whereas the other belongs to our
local avifauna. The genus is recognized by its broad but not spatulat-
ed bill, which is about the length of its head ; moderate tail, of which
the central tail feathers are not lengthened ;
secondaries and dark grey wing coverts.

Ket/ to Species,
Speculum purple-blue or violet ; no white on

outer webs of inner secondaries ...
Speculum metallic-green ; outer web of inner
secondaries more or less white ...

(19) Anas boscas.
The Common Wild Duck or Mallard.
Anas hoschas, Jerdon, " Birds of India," III, p. 398 ; Hume, '' Nests
and Eggs," p. 642 ; id., " Str. Feath.," I, p. 261 ; Scully, ibid, IV.,

its non-chestnut inner

(1) A. BOSCAS.

(2) A. POECILORHYNCHA,

2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

p. 199 ; Hume, iUd^ VIII, p. 119 ; id., Cat. No. 158 ; Barnes, " Birds
of Bombay," p. 402.

Anas hoscas, Hmiie and Marshall, " Game Birds of India," III, p. 151 ;
Hmne, " Nests and Eggs " (2nd ed.), Ill, p. 288; Salvadori, "British
Museum Cat./' XXVII, p. 180 ; Blanford, " Birds of India," IV, p. 435.

Description of Adult Male. — Head and upper neck bright and very
glossy dark green ; a ring, interrupted on the nape, pure white ;
upper back and scapulars brownish-grey, changing into dark brown on
the back and lower neck ; upper back vermiculated with dark brown ;
rump and upper tail coverts and four central rectrices deep black ;
outer rectrices light grey, edged white. Wing coverts dark grey or
grey-brown, the greater coverts tipped black and sub-tipped white,
forming two distinct wing bars ; speculum glossy bluish-purple or
violet ; after this two more bars formed by the black sub-tips and
white ti})s of the outer secondaries ; exposed inner secondaries dark
brown, remaining quills dark brown ; upper breast chestnut ; lower
breast, flanks, and abdomen greyish-white, very finely barred with dark
brown ; under tail coverts rich black.

*' The colours of the soft parts vary. I have found the legs and feet
most commonly reddish-orange, but also coral and vermilion-red, and
again pure orange ; the claws are black or dusky, and more or less
of the webs are often more or less dusky ; the irides are brown, some-
times deep, sometimes comparatively light ; the nail of the bill is black ;
the rest of the bill is normally a rather dingy olive, more yellow at
base, greener at tip ; the lower mandible is generally more or less
orange at the base ; and I have killed l)ird3 (females), with the bills black
on the culmen and a considerable portion of the upper mandible and
orange-yellow elsewhere ; others with brown replacing the black, and
brownish-yellow replacing the orange ; and I killed one male with the
bill a distinct orange-green — a colour such as I never saw in any other
bird."— (Hume.)

*' Bill yellowish-green, black at tip ; under mandible reddish-yellow
at the base ; irides brown ; legs and feet reddish-orange." — (Salvadori.)

Adidi Male in non-hreeding plumage. — Similar to the female, but
usually a good deal darker.

" Length 22'3" to 24*5" ; wing 10-45" to ll'S"; tail from vent 4*2" to
4*8" ; tarsus 1*6" to 1-85" ; bill from gape 2-5" to 2-75" ; weight if in fair

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 3

condition 2 lbs. 8 oz. to 3 lbs., but I have shot them up to 4 lbs." —
(Hmne.)

" Total length about 24 inches ; wing 10'50" to 11-50"; tail 4'41"
culmen 2-2" ; tarsus 1-85"."— (Salvador!.)

Female. — ^Chin and throat pale bufF; remainder of upper and lower
parts dark brown with bufF edges ; on the lower parts the brown
centres are reduced to streaks only ; rectrices brovrn, edged with pale
bufF ; wings as in the male.

The depth of the brown and its tint vary much, as does the boldness
of the edging. In some birds the centres and edges blend into one
another, whilst in others they eonstrast very distinctly.

Length 20*0" to 21-75" ; wing 9-2" to 10-8" ; tail from vent 4*1" to 4-7" ;
tarsus 1-5" to 1*7" ; bill from gape 2-47" to 2-63" ; weight (as above)
1 lb. 10 oz. to 2 lbs. JO oz.

" Young in first plumage resembles adult female, but the male is some-
what darker in colour." — (Salvadori.)

•' Young in down has the upper parts dark brown, with nearly white
spots on the wings, scapulars, and sides of the rump ; the under parts
are pale Ijrown, palest on the belly, and shading into buff on the throat ;
it has a buff stripe over the eye, a dark brown stripe through the eye,
and a dark spot at the end of the ear coverts." — (Seebohm.) Waterton, as
quoted by Hume, describing the change of plumage in the drake
into its post-nuptial plumage, says : *' At the close of the breeding season
the drake undergoes a very remarkable change of plumage. About the
24th of May the breast and back of the drake exhibit the first appear-
ance of a change of colour. In a few days after this the curled feathers
above the tail drop out, and grey feathers begin to appear amongst the
lovely green plumage which surrounds the eyes. Every succeeding day
now brings marks of a rapid change. By the 23rd June scarce one
single green feather is to be seen on the head and neck of the bird.
By the 6th of July every feather of the former brilliant plmnage has
disappeared, and the male has received a garb like that of the female,
though of a somewhat darker tint. In the early part of August this
new plumage begins to drop off gradually ; and by the 10th of October
the drake will appear again in all his rich mag-nificence of dress."

Salvadori thus defines the habitat of the Mallard : " Northern
Hemisphere, rarely north of the Arctic circle ; in Africa extending from

4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII .

the Azores, Madeira, and Canaries on the west to Nubia and Abyssinia
(Riippel) on the e?st ; in Asia during the winter found from Arabia,
through Persia and North India to China and Japan ; in America
extending southwards to Mexico, the West Indies ; and Central America
as far as Panama."

Narrowing ourselves to our own Indian limits, we find that A. boscas
is very conmion only in the extreme north and north-west ; it is a con-
stant but less nmnerous visitor to the whole of the North-West Provinces,
Punjab and Oudh ; and south of this is decidedly rare. It has been
shot occasionally in Rajputana ; and also in the Central Provinces and in
Bombay. It is met with at odd times and places throughout Bengal
and Assam ; and I have myself shot a pair in Jessore which were in com-
pany with a few Gadwall. They were extremely wild, as were all the
ducks, and it was only with considerable difficulty they were approached
and shot. It is not very rare in Cachar, and is occasionally to be seen in
Sylhet. I shot one out of a small flock in Gowhatty in DeGember,1886, and
have had notices of them from Dibrughur, Sadya, Tezpur, and Naogaon.
From Manipur the only record I have is that of Surgeon-Captain Woods,
who writes : " The mallard is extremely rare in Manipur ; in fact, during
the last seven years I have only seen a pair, and that was this year about
the lOth of January. These two birds were along with a large flock
of teal in a small jheel lying about eight miles due north of Imphal. I
tried hard to secure them, but they were very wild and flew away at
the first shot. I returned to the jheel next day, but could find no signs
of them. I also saw a pair on a small jheel in the Namba forest "
(Assam). Lately two notices of its appearance in Burma have been made
in the " Asian." The notices, though initialled and not signed in full,
appear to be authentic. One mallard is recorded as being part of a huge
baf of duck and teal obtained near Mandalay.

In Kashmir they are extremely common, as may be seen from the
following well- written cutting from the "Asian" of the 8th of February
by the pen of " A. E. W." :— " On January, the 18th, I was shooting at
a marsh near the big reserve, having in front of me about five or six
acres of open water and a smaller amount about five hundred yards
behind. The reserve was also being shot by four guns, so that the ducks
were being continually driven towards me. I knew if I could once get
ray punts through the ice I should be in for a good thing. For :in hour-

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 5

and a-half we laboured to get through. By dint of using two heavy poles
we reached the place, and then broke np sufficient of the ice to picket out
four decoy ducks, two mallards, and five tame ducks which were
accustomed to be shot over. The punt was hidden by some grass, and in
it I lay on my back with my shoulders propped up by a large sack of
grass ; there was not sufficient cover to enable me to hide if I had sat
up ; in fact, I had to supplement the little there was by some reeds
which a fisherman took off his roof and sold to me.

'' I could see thousands of ducks on the water in front, looking like a
black mass, whilst the edge of the ice was lined with many more.
By the aid of glasses I could make them out to be chiefly mallards and
red-crested pochards ; of course those birds which had been behind and
tolerably close had cleared off. The second punt was sent back by
the way we came, and was then carried round by land to where the open
water touched the edge of the marsh. In the middle of the pond in front
was a small island ; on to this a hardy duck shikari managed to get
and then lay hid ; his orders were to hide, and when the ducks had
settled to put them up. In addition to the advantages of my post I was
immediately in the line of flight between the Hokasai and Anchar lake.

" I had started early ; the Hokasai party were to begin at noon ; but I
had not been long in position before the fun began. Thousands stream-
ed over and many pitched on my marsh, but as they came to the right
I could not do much when reclining on my back ; soon they began to fly
backwards and forwards over my head, and this they coutinued to do for

hours I counted over-SO birds down before I sat up to eat

my lunch. They were on the ice in every direction ; two or three fell
so close that I could gather them from the boat ; one fell into my
cartridge box. "Whilst eating and having a smoke the birds were flyino-
round, but were left to their own ways ; and then I lay down again, the
ice had thawed in places, and the wounded birds wandered away. I
stopped all I could reach, but that was not many. In the afternoon the
teal began to fly round and looked for open water, but none of the bio-
flights would come near me. Single birds came at short intervals ; my
cartridges were nearly finished ; so I whistled for the men, but they could
not hear me ; the shooting on Hokasai ceased, and nearly all the ducks
left ; now and again a mallard or gadswall came flying round the decoys,
and fell an easy prey to the ... powder.

6 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

" My men did not remember how long it would take to reach me ;
consequently it was nearly dark before I could begin to move, and then
the birds had to be gathered. We collected in all 96, but had to leave
many, for they waddled over the ice and got into pools separated from
us by thick ice and reeds frozen hard together. Curiously enough not
a single red-crested pochard came to the gun ; but 53 mallard were
amongst the slain, and very grand they looked when put in a line on
the deck of the house-boat."

In Sind, in the cold weather only of course, the Mallard is found in
as fifreat numbers as in Kashmir. Here it is said to collect in flocks of
some hundreds ; but this is not usual, and all over its vast range it will be
found more often in small than in large flocks.

About a dozen to some twenty or so is perhaps the number most often
seen together in one flock, and over forty or fifty is well above the aver-
age, whilst flights numbering a hundred will seldom be seen.

They often too are found merely in pairs, whether in the hot plains
of India or in our own cool island. Many, if not most of us, must have,
while wandering along some half-frozen brook, or wholly frozen
broad, put up a pair of wild duck from some sheltered place beneath a
tree or thick cluster of reeds. Generally, even in the depth of winter,
they keep to open water, be it a pool ever so small ; but I have seen them
disconsolately sitting on the edge of a completely ice-bound pond.

As regards their habits generally, I cannot do better than follow
Hume and quote what Macgillivray says : —

" Marshy places, the margins of lakes, pools and rivers, as well as
brooks, rills and ditches, are its principal places of resort at all seasons.
It walks with ease, even runs with considerable speed, swims and on
occasion dives, although not in search of food. Seeds of GraminecB and
other plants, fleshy and fibrous roots, worms, mollusca, insects, small
reptiles and fishes, are the principal objects of its search. In shallow
water it reaches the bottom with its bill, keeping the hind part of the body
erect by a continual motion of the feet. On the water it sits rather
lightly, with the tail considerably inclined upwards ; when searching
under the surface it keeps the tail flat on the water ; and when
paddling at the bottom with its hind part up it directs the tail
backwards. The male emits a low and rather soft cry between a
groak and a murmur, and the female a louder and clearer jabber.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 7

Both on l)eing alarmed, and especially in flying off, quack ; but the
quack of the female is much louder. When feeding they are silent, but
when satiated they often amuse themselves with various jabberings,
swim about, approach each other, move their heads backward and
forward, ' duck ' in the water, throwing it up over their backs, shoot
along its surfoce, half flying half running, and in short are quite playful
when in good humour. On being surprised or alarmed when on shore
or on water, they spring up at once with a bound, rise obliquely to a
considerable height and fly off with speed, their hard-quilled wings
whistling against the air. When in full flight their velocity is very
great, being probably a hundred miles in an hour. Like other ducks
they impel themselves by quickly repeated flaps without sailings or
undulations."

Probably some of us will not agree with what Hume says regarding
the comparative merits of a punt gun and a shoulder gun when he
declares that " There is more skill, knowledge, and endurance brought
into play, and therefore more sport, in one day's big shooting than in a
week of even such shooting as Captain Butler describes." I have had a
little experience of both, and must most emphatically dissent. Of
course a punt gun, especially one of the latest swivel-action, breech
loading, non-recoil guns, will enable a sportsman to bring birds to bao-
that he could not otherwise get ; but it is not that he uses more skill
in approaching, but that there is not the need to get so close. He does
not require a more careful aim, for he takes his shot into the brown
nearly always as they lie on the water. Nor does he require more
endurance. To this most people will agree who have stood behind some
200 shots fired from a 12-bore carrying 3^ drs. of powder. Certainly
getting some one to push you along on a punt cannot be said to
require more work than does the tramping after your birds on foot.

Mallard especially are strong fliers, and I would personally always
feel more satisfaction on hearing the thud thud of a brace of birds on
the gTound in answer to the two barrels of my 12-bore than I should
in seeing five, or even ten times that number, left on the water as the
result of a lucky shot from a punt gun.

In shooting wild duck as they rise before one, it is as well to loose
off one's piece as soon as possible, for, as Macgillivray says, they rise
straight up in the air, whether flushed from land or water, and, whilst

8 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

thus rising, offer wluit is perhaps the easiest shot, and at the same time
they are not increasing their distance.

Mallard have qneer fancies, and often resort to places where one
could least expect them. I well remember a drake which used to
come, year after year, to a tiny pond on a large private garden ; there
were few or no weeds on the water, but it was entirely enclosed by
trees and in very deep shade. As soon as the breeding season was on
he used to go off, presumably to carry on his natural duties as a
husband and a father ; but he never brought back with him either wife
or family. There were sometimes tame duck about the place ; l)ut he
never seemed to care to associate with them, and kept them always at a
respectable distance. What renJered it more curious that he should
have chosen such a place was the fact that the garden was in the county
of Norfolk, and was surrounded by the famous broads and fens where
he might have obtained the society* of any number of his own kind.

Yet another pail- used to resort every winter to a small pond joined
to a moat which ran round an old monastery. These were never seen
ou the moat itself, nor on any of the numerous ponds close to it, but
when disturbed — they seldom were — used to fly straight away, not to
return for some days or so.

In Indian limits the Mallard breeds in vast numbers on the Kashmir
lakes and in smaller numbers on those in Tibet, probably also through-
out the Himalayas in suitable places. Hume suggests that it may also
b;) found to breed on swamps about the foot of these mountains ; but
I can find no record of their ever liaviug done so.

As far as we know, Kashmir is the breeding place par excellence
of our Indian Mallards : here they are found in such great numbers
tliat their eggs form a veritable article of commerce, boatloads at a
time being collected on the shores of those lakes which they princi-
pally affect for Ijreeding purposes.

The nest is a massive affair, composed of all and any materials^
but principally of grasses, rushes, reeds, and similar articles.

The lining of down and feathers varies much. I have seen a nest
into which one could phmge a hand to the wrist into down and feathers ;
and again I have seen others which had not a handful of these in the
whole nest. The normal ])ositi(;n of the nest is on the ground in thick
cover ; often it is pl'.iced in amongst the dense sedges, reeds, and bushes

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 9

growing at the edge of the water; but at other times it is placed at some
distance from the water; and at others again absolutely in the water
itself, amongst some thick cluster of reeds or other aquatic plants.

The nest is not alwaj-s however placed on the ground. Here in India
the natives say that they sometimes find the eggs in nests on trees; but
there seems to be no authentic record of one ever havino- been so found.
In England two such nests have come within my personal experience.
One of these was a huge construction of grass and reeds placed in the
head of a polled willow. There was a deep indentation where the nest
was placed, and the masses of twigs, then in thick foliage, quite con-
cealed the nest from any one on the ground. The duck was however
seen going in and the nest spotted. It contained eight eggs, which
were, I believe, all hatched and the ducklings reared in safety.

The second nest was quite different, A huge tree (I foroet now what
it was), which divided in three quite close to the ground, threw out great
horizontal limbs over a piece of water which lay still and dark and very
deep beneath its shade and that of many other trees equally bio- and
densely foliaged. At the end of one of these boughs, and in a most
perilous position, on a few small twigs and branches, was the deserted
nest of a magpie. It was knocked out of all shape, but still formed a
strong platform of sticks and twigs, on which the duck placed a little
down and a few feathers and laid her eggs. My brothers and I were
small boys at the time, and of course, with the usual curiosity of small
l)oys, paid constant visits to the nest, not in the least resented, as far as
we could tell, by the duck, which never quitted it, or showed any sio-ns
of fear at our presence. The drake was far wilder, and seldom let us
get a view of him. As a rule he was swimming quietly about in the
pond below whilst his mate was employed in incubation; but more than
once we frightened him from the tree itself, where he must have been
perched on one of the Ijig boughs.

The duck, we noticed, always got on one ofthe big boughs, and then
fluttered and scrambled awkwardly into the nest. We got one eo-o- out
of the water, into which slie must have knocked it; but she hatched some
of the eggs, and we once or twice got a glimpse of the ducklings on the
water.

Another curious nest I took was in Warwickshire^ and was orioinally
that of a coot, of whose eggs two still remained in the nest. It was

3

10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIL

placed in amongst the roots of a large tree standing at the edge of a
large piece of water and partly in it. It consisted of a huge mass of
weeds and grass, and was quite invisible from anywhere. The previous
year the coot had been seen swimming to it, and the year the duck took
possession must have again laid her eggs or two of them and then been
driven away by the Mallards : these latter had eight eggs, hard set, but
not so much so as the two coots, which were on the point of hatching :
these latter were under the duck eggs, and had evidently been laid first.
There are many other instances of Mallards taking other birds' nests,
amono'st them one where they seized on the lofty abode of a rook.
In Kashmir it is said to breed sometimes in the rice-fields.
On leaving the nest the duck is said frequently to cover her eggs
with weeds and grasses to screen them from observation. This is how-
ever, I think, the exception and not the rule. I have seen eggs so covered,
but far more often I have found them without any additional cover
at all. If hurried, the bird has not time of course to collect the neces-
sary material; but even when leaving the nest deliberately and not
disturbed in any way, I think she generally leaves her eggs as they lie.

They lay from six to twelve eggs ; the natives say sixteen. I have
never seen more than eleven; and Hume, who through his collectors must
have had records of many hundreds of nests, never knew of more than
eleven, so that anything above this number would appear to be
abnormal.

In colour the eggs when first laid are of various tints, ranging from a
very pale greyish-green to olive-grey and cafe-au-lait. As incubation
proceeds the colour continues to deepen, and the green tinge, which is
the most prevalent colour in the fresh egg, is nearly always lost. I had one
eo-g in my collection which was a deep buff colour ; it was found in East
Prussia and I cannot say how far advanced incubation was when the
eo-cr was taken; but, judging from the size of the hole, the chick could
not have been very large.

The texture is very fine, smooth, close and satiny to the touch,
like most ducks' eggs. There is a faint gloss, sometimes rather pro-
nounced, in the fresh egg, often absent in those near hatching.

They are normally shaped ducks' eggs, i.e., rather broad regular ovals,
sometimes slightly compressed towards the smaller end, sometimes
nearly equal at both ends.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 11

My eggs and those I have records of, all come within Hume's measure-
ments, in length varying between 2"1" and 2*38" and in breadth
between 1-5" and 1*72".

20. Anas tcecilorhyncha.
The Spot-bill or Grey Duck.
Anas pcecilorhynclia^ Jerdon, '* Birds of India," III, p. 799 ; Hume,
"Str. Feath." I, p. 261; Adam, /&/c?, p. 4U2 ; Hume and Davis,
ibidj IV, p. 489 ; Hume, Ihld, VII, p. 507 ; id., ibid, VIII, p. 115 ;
id.. Cat. No. 959; Hume and Marshall, " Game Birds of India," III,
p. 168 ; Legge, " Birds of Ceylon," p. 1073; Gates, " Birds of British
Burmah," II, p. 283; Barnes, «' Birds of Bombay," p. 403; Hume,
"Nests and Eggs" (Gates' ed.), Ill, p. 289; Salvadori, Cat.
" Birds of British Museum," XXVII, p. 209 ; Blanford, '' Birds of
India," IV, p. 436.

Description : Adidt Male. — Crown from forehead to nape dark brown,
a streak of the same colour covering the lores and running through the
eye to the back of the ear; coverts the same colour ; remainder of head
and neck buffy-white or white, more or less centered dusky, with the
exception of the chin and throat ; upper parts brown to brownish -black:
the scapulars paler and edged wdth pale brown, as are some of the feathers
of the back ; rump and upper tail coverts deeper brown still ; tail the
same but darker and more glossy, the feathers edged pale ; lesser and
medium wing coverts grey, the greater ones dark grey, sub -tipped with
white and tipped black ; speculum glossy green, bordered on either
side with black ; secondaries tipped white, and inner secondaries with
the outer webs more or less broadly white, remainder of wings
brown ; upper breast fulvous- white, the feathers spotted with brown ;
abdomen yet darker and browner, and the under tail coverts almost
black.

" Speculum a rich emerald-green in most lights, a lovely rich

blue or purple in others " (Hume). The amount of white on the inner
secondaries varies a good deal and the depth of coloration on the lower
surface, which is sometimes nearly white on the breast. The^ spots seem
to increase in size with age.

Legs and feet deep coral-red ; claws black ; irides light to dark brown :
bill black, terminal one-third or less of the bill varying from yellow to
reddish-yellow or orange; a spot at the base of the bill on either side nest

12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

the forehead orjinge-red to deep coral-red ; lower mandible black
piped, the same as the maxilla.

Length '* 23*8" to 25-9" ; wing 10-6"to 11-2" ;tail from vent 4-7" to
5-8" ; tarsus 1-84" to 1-93" ; bill from gape 2'4" to 2-75" ; weight 2 lbs.
4 oz. to 3 lbs. 5 oz. " (Hume).

Female Adult. — Similar to the male, but smaller and perhaps rather
paler in coloration.

Legs and feet duller red than in the male, as also are the spots on the bill.

*' AVing alwut 10 inches " (Salvadori).

" Leng-th 22-0" to 24'0" ; wing 1-9" to 10-7" ; tail from vent 4-9" to
5'3" ; tarsus 1-7" to I'O" ; bill from gape 2-3" to 2*5" ; weight 1 lb. 14 oz.
to 2 lbs. 12 oz." ( Hume).

Young resemble the adults, but have no red spots at the base of the bill,
and have the feet coloured orange to brick-red. The general plumage is
lighter, the spots fewer in number and less in size, the breast being
unspotted white.

There appears to be no i)Ost-nuptial change in the plumage of the
drake of this species, and inquiries made on this subject elicit no evidence
to show that there is such a change.

Blanford {in loco cit.) shows that the male has 20 rectrices, whereas the
female has but eighteen. This is very remarkable, and it is to be hoped
that other observers will note the number of rectrices in both male and
female, and so ascertain whether the difference is constant.

The closely allied A. zonorhjnclia^ which is found from China to
Japan, may be recognized by the wing, which has far less white on the
inner secondaries and no white sub-tips to the greater coverts ; the specu-
kmi also is more blue than green.

Collectors in N.-E. Burma should be on the look out for this
bird.

The Spotted-billed Duck is found practically throughout the Indian
Empire on the mainland, but is absent from Southern Burma. It does
not seem to have been recorded from the South Konkan ; but as it occurs
in Ceylon, it would naturally be almost sure to ajjpear more or less fre-
quently in the South Konkan also. I have a record of this duck from
Tennasserim, but I am not sure that the identification was correct, and
confirmation of its occurrence there is still requii-ed. Outside India it has
been found in the Shan States, and might possibly, not probably, straggle

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 13

into Cliinu. In tlio Cromwell Road Museum there is a specimen said to
have been collected by Mr. J. R. Reeves in China ; but I see Salvador!
considers the locality as doubtful.

Like all our local ducks, though not strictly migratory in the true
sense of the word, yet they wander about a good deal under the influence
of the weather and the want or otherwise of water. Thus in the drier
portions of its habitat it is only a rainy-weather visitant, appearing only
when the jheels and ponds contain sufl&cient water to satisfy its wants.
In certain parts also, quite independently of the water-supply, this duck
is nuich more common than in others ; thus all round the 24-
Parganas, Nadia, Khulna, Jessore, and the Sunderbunds generally it
is decidedly rare, but gets more coimnon as one works further north or
west. It is even more rare in the extreme north and north-east,
but common all over Central India, getting more rare again towards
the south.

In Ceylon itself it does not seem at all rare, for though Legge never
met with it, he writes of others having done so not infrequently. Ho
seeins, however, to believe it to be only a winter visitant, but it will very
likely be found eventually to be a resident.

In Manipur it is very common. Surgeon -Captain Woods says {in
epistola) ; '' This (the Spotted-billed Duck) is a very common duck in
Manipur, though in the rains and in the nesting season, owing to the
dense grassy jheels to which it resorts, it is seldom seen."

Hume seems to think that it never ascends the hills to any height ; but
it is found in Manipur up to 3,000 feet. Mr. Woods records it from the
Tankul hills at heights over 3,000 feet. I have seen stragglers hero in
valleys up to about the same height ; and it has been recorded from the
Darjeeling Terai up to about 4,000 feet.

The Spotted-billed Duck is not a sociable bird, either with its own kind
or with other species of duck ; often it is found singly or in pairs, and
the flocks seldom number much over a dozen, though in rai"e instances
they run up to as much as forty. Indeed Major MacMroy, as quoted
by Hume, had frequently observed flocks of at least a hundred, and
these he had seen both on the wing and at rest.

If they ever have to associate with other ducks, Hume says that they
give the preference to teal or Shovellers ; and Woods writes to me : " 1
have often seen an old solitary Spotted 'bill piloting a flock of teal across a

14 JOURNAL, BO}PBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

jheel und jungle." In such cases the Spotted-bill may have had the
company of the teal thrust upon him whether he desired it or not.

Their haunts seem to vary much ; but probably they prefer tanks,
jheels and small pieces of water which are well covered with weeds ;
they seldom resort to large, open pieces of water. Thus in Manipur
I am told that the Spotted-bills do not as a rule frequent any of the larger,
clearer sheets of water ; and that on the Logtak it is quite a rare duck
when compared with the others which are found on that lake. They
inhabit the smaller jheels, which are surrounded near the margin by
iuncrle and here they may be seen all asleep, except one or two which
are on sentry duty near the edge.

They are also found, though I think but rarely, on small quickly-
flowinf^ streams in forest. On the other hand, on some of the bigger
rivers they are not uncommon. Hume has " shot them several times
both on the Ganges and Jumna (on both of which however they
are rare), while on the Jhelum, Chenab, and Indus they are quite

common."

Woods has " shot numljers of them on the banks of the Irrawaddy
close to Sagaing." They are found, though not frequently, on
the Brahmaputra, but they have been reported to me as being
common on that river on the part which runs through Sadiya. I
have no record of their occurrence on the Megna,' Sunma, Barak, or
anv other of this network of rivers, though it is probable in the
extreme that they may l)e met with here and there on any of them.
It appears to be entirely a fresh-water duck, and this would be sufficient
to account for its comparative absence from the Sunderbunds and their
tidal and brackish waters. Whether it occurs on the Chulka lake, also
of brackish water, I cannot say.

The Spotted-bill is, in every sense of the word, one of the finest and
most o-ame of our ducks. Even larger on an average than the
Mallard it fully rivals that bird for the table, and is, I think, more
uniform in its o-ood condition ; this no doubt is due to the fact that it has
not to overtax its strength in long migrations.

It is a stron'T flier, though less quick in rising and not so speedy in
p-ettino- under way as is the Mallard. When it just rises Hume
compares it to an old hen, such a noise and flurry does it make, but
the pace it puts on, once it is fairly started, compensates for its

INDIA N D UCKS A ND THEIR A LLIES. 15

slowness at first. It is perhaps an easier bird than most of its size
and weight to bring down when hit owing to its phimage being rather
less dense than that of many other ducks. Even when brought down,
however, it is not necessarily brought to bag at once, as it is a most
expert diver and is one of the ducks which dive and grasp the weeds
under the water, and so keep hidden below the surface : more often
though they rise, but only high enough to allow of the tip of the bill
protruding. Hume, Butler, and others have recovered birds quite dead,
drowned through holding on to the weeds a little too long below the
water. If winged so as to render diving either painful or impossible
(a twisted wing prevents most ducks from diving), it will make for
the nearest cover ; and Woods informs me that he has found that the
majority of those he has wounded without killing outright have taken
this means of trying to avoid capture ; at the same time he adds that
they both dive and swim well.

Most writers agree that the voice of the Spotted-bill and of the
Mallard are very much alike ; but Hume considers that the quack of the
former is the more sonorous. I cannot say that I have noticed any
difference between the two.

They are not shy birds, and can generally be approached near enough
for a shot fairly easily.

They are principally vegetable feeders, and do a good deal of damage to
rice, both when young and when in the ear, trampling down a great deal
more than they eat ; they also at times eat all sorts of miscellaneous
food, such as water mollusca, frogs, worms, insects, etc. Woods
observes that the places where they feed can generally be detected at
a glance from the state of the much-trampled blades of rice and
the numerous feathers l}ing about. He says that he has had good sport
by concealing himself in such places on bright moonlight nights and
shooting the birds as they fly over. He has also been successful in
getting capital sport with them over a decoy. The Mussalman Mani-
puris catch numbers of the flappers with spears and nets; and they
sometimes form part of the bag when the natives in other parts of India
have a duck drive into nets.

In Southern India (Mysore ?) Mr. Theobald says that the shikaris get
within easy shot of these ducks by making bundles of rushes and weeds
and pushing these along the surface of the water in front of them, the

16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII.

bundles affording a floating rest for their guns and also concealing the
approach of the shooter.

Hume says ; *' The breeding season varies a great deal with locality.
In the North-West Provinces, Oudh, and the eastern portions of Raj-
putana and the Punjab, it only In-eeds, so fur as I yet know, once a year,
paying during the latter half of July, August, and the first half of
September. In Sind it lays in April and May and again in September
and October. In Guzerat it certainly lays in October, and in Mysore
in November and December, though whether in these two last-named
provinces also it has a second spring brood I have not yet ascertained."

In Bengal, I think, it lays principally in July and August ; but a few
birds are earlier, and these may liave a second brood, for nests have been
taken as late as October.

As a rule the nest is rather a compact, well-made structure, of a broad
rather irregular cup-shape, made principally of grasses, rushes and
weeds, and lined in almost all cases with down taken from the breasts
of the ducks themselves. Sometimes there is no down at all, as
in the nests taken by Captain Butler at Langraij between Deesa and
Ahmedabad.

Captain G. F. L. Marshall gives the dunensions of a nest taken by him
as follows : " About inches across, 3 inches deep, and the sides
fully 2 inches thick." This is perhaps a trifle smaller than the average
nest, as the size depends so nnich on the compactness with which it is
built.

Surgeon-Captain Woods sends me very interesting notes oa the breed-
ing of this duck. He writes : " Here the birds generally pair about
the beginning of April ; but I have found a nest in a flooded dhan khet
as late as Octolier. The nests are composed of grass and feathers, the
latter of which the parent birds pluck from their own breasts.

" I have found as many as 14 eggs in a nest, though the usual
number is 10. The parent bird sits very close when incubating, and
when alarmed feigns injury to a wing, as do others of the family.

" Towards the end of the rains both old and young birds frequent more
open water and the flooded rice-fields. A place called the Kurram path,
about 18 miles from Imphal, is a favourite breeding-ground, and towards
the end of the rains the ducks may there be seen in hundreds with flap-
pers in every stage of development."

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 17

In anothei' letter he remarks on the curious foot that though the normal
number of eggs laid is about 10, yet one never sees a family party con-
taining more than six or seven young ones, so that the percentage of
addled eggs or of accidents to the young after birth must be very great.

Mr. Doig found on one occasion that otters had been responsible for
the destruction of a nest of eggs. He found a nest at Narra in Sind
on the 1st of May which had contained 10 incubated eggs, but these,
with the exception of one, were all scattered about and broken. Before
reaching the island on which the nest was placed he had noticed a family
of otters playing about, which all bolted at his approach, and which
were doubtless the culprits concerned in the pillage of the nesi.

The greater number of nests are placed on the ground, well concealed
in rushes and grass, often at the edge of some piece of water or stream,
frequently on islands, and not seldom in patches of grass well away from
water. The ridges between rice-fields seem to be favourite places for
them to make their nests upon, the proximity of the food-sup})ly
doubtless being an incentive to the birds to make use of such spots.

Hume thus describes the first nest taken by him. It *' was [)laoed on
a drooping braiKdi of a tree which hung down from the canal bank into
a thick clump of rushes growing in a jheol that, near the bridge, fringes
the canal. The nest was about 9 inches aljove the surface of the
water, was entirely concealed in the rushes, and was firmly based on a
liorizonttd bifurcation of the bough. It was composed of dry rush,
had a good deep hollow, in which down, feathers, and fine grass were
intermingled. The nest was at least a foot in diameter, perhaps more, and
I suppose 2 inches thick in the centre and 4 inches at the sides. It
contained three fresh egos."

The number of eggs laid seeins to vary considerably ; but from about
8 to 10 may be taken as the normal number lai(l, often less, but not
often more, though they may occasionally number as many as 14.

They are much like the eggs of the Mallard in appearance, though
rather broader on an average as well as a little shorter. Hume's dimen-
sions for the eggs of this duck are, length from 2'08'' to 2*3", breadth
l-eS" to 1-18", and the average of fifteen 2-15" X I'TO".

The eggs in my collection are of two rather distinct iy\)Q9,, the one a
broad regular oval, the other a narrower egg with one end very much
smaller than the other and distinctly pointed. The texture is the

18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI T ,

same in botli kinds and the colour also, generally a pale buff drab, miTclx
stained as incubation progresses. The two ty}>es average respectively
2-05'' X ]-G2" and 2-18'' X 1'60".

They do fairly well in captivity, bnt are difficult to tame, and gene-
rally clear off as soon as they can fly. They have been known to breed
in confinement; those in the Calcutta Zoologioixl Gardens did so in 1885»
They will also interljreed with the domestic duck ; and there is a sj)ecimen
in the British Mnseum collection of <a hybrid between A. -pG^cllor-
hyncha and A. hoscas.

The l)irds are very good parents, the duck sits close, and both she and
the drake show the greatest consternation when tlieir nests are discovered.
Sometimes the disturber of their peace is tempted away from the vicinity
of the nest by the duck pretending to be wounded, and fluttering about;
a short distance aliead, leading him to believe capture to be aia easy
matter until the capture is really attempted. Sometimes the birds'
wheel round and round in the air just above the nest, and refuse t©
leave even after its contents have been rifled. They also show great
affection to one another, and one of a pair killed, the remainmg one has
been known to refuse to leave the spot until he or she, as the ctise may
be, has fallen a victhn to its constancy.

Genus EUNETTA.

The genus Eunetta may be at once distinguished from Anas by tlK?
sickle-shaped inner secondaries in the male, and by the remarkable-
length of lx)th upper and lower tail coverts, which extend beyond tho
rectrices.

From Chaulilasmus, Eimetta may be distingnished by the number of
rectrices, which is 16 in the former and only 14 in the latter„
The females however of C. strepevus and -E. falcata are so much alike
that these differences are given in full below. There is only one species
in this genus, E. falcata, which occurs throughout Eastern Asia. ,

21. Eunetta falcata.

The Bronze-capped Teal. ■ ■

■ Anas falcata, McLeod, " Str. Foath." X, p. 168.

Querquedula falcata^ Hmne, " Str. Feath.," IV, p, 225; id.y
fh'ul, VII, i>. 491 ; Ibhl, Vni, p. 115 ; id.^ Cat. No. DGG, l)is ; Hume
and Marshall, " Game Birds of India," 111, p. 231 ; Reid, "Str.
Feath.," X, p. 84,

INDIAN DUCKS AND TEEIR ALLIES. 19

Eunetta falcata, Salvadori, Cat. " Birds of British Museum," XXVII,
p. 218 ; Biunford, " Birds of India," IV, p. 438.

JJescriptlon : Adult MaU. — " Crown deep oliestnut ; sides of the Lead
bronze-purple, greener posteriorly ; a long green mane on the buck of
the nape ; throat and upper part of the nape white, intersected below by a
green collar ; mantle and upper scapulars with narrow crescentic bands
grey and blackish ; rump blackish ; basal upper tail coverts grey, vermi-
oulated with black, the longer ones black and eJitirely hiding the tail ■;
upper breast w^aved with alternate crescentic bars of black and white, pro-
ducing a regular scaly appearance ; lower breast wbitish, each feather
with black bars, one of which is sub-terminal ; sides, flanks, and abdomen
waved with narrow black and greyish bands; under tail coverts black, very
long and reaching beyond the tail ; on each side of the tail coverts a distinct
buff patch, the bases of the feathers being black, showing a beautiful black
bar, which separates the bufFy patch from another silky-white band formed
by the tips of the lowest iltink feathers ; scapulars grey, narrowly edged
with black, tmd more or less distinctly whitish on the edges ; a black
patch on the outer scapulars ; wing coverts grey, the last row whitish •;
wing speculum on the secondaries dark glossy green, banded below by
a narrow whitish band at the tip of the secondaries ; tertials very long
and ntirrow, sickle-shaped, with the shafts whitish ; the webs velvety
glossy black, the edges and part of the inner webs grey ; quills dark
grey, almost blackish towards the tip ; under wing coverts wlute, but
the greater ones grey ; axillaries white ; tail feathers grey, with narrow
white edges ; bill greenish-black ] feet dull blue-grey, darker on the
web ; iris brown. Total length 19" ; wing 10" ; tail 3" ; culmen 1'8" ;
tarsus 1-35" " (Salvadori).

" Irides deep brown ; bill perfectly black ; legs and feet drab with
nn olive tinge ; the webs, except immediately alongside the toes (where
"they are unicolorous with these), and claws dusky black.

" A frontal spot ending in a point on the culmen, about O"!:" long and
O'S" wide, pure white. Of another Indian-killed male the wing also
measures 9-5"" (Hume and Marshall). "Bill from gape 2-1""
<Blanford).

Female. — " Head and neck brown, streaked with whitish, mach paler
'beneath ; back and scapulars brown with concentric pale rufous bands ;
iower back and rump blackish ; upper tail coverts browii, with con-

20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

centric pule bunds ; tail feathers hrown ; qnills brown ; speculum black,
slightly glossed with green ; wing coverts greyish-brown, with pale
edges, especially the greater coverts ; upper breast and sides dull rufous
with concentric brown bars ; abdomen whitish, with a few bars or spots;
under tail coverts rufescent, with brown marks " (Blanford).
*' Bill, feet, and irides as in the male " (Salvadori).
" Wings 9-85" to 10-06" ; tails 3-23" to 3'57" ; bill at front 1-75" to
VU"; tarsi 1'40" to 1-62"" (Schrenk).
" Length 16-0" ; wing 9'0" ; tail 3-4" ; tarsus 1-2"" (Dresser).
The strict habitat of this little duck is Eastern Asia, whence it ranges
occasionally west, sometimes entering Eastern Europe. It breeds
throughout Eastern Siberia, and lately I have received notes of its breed-
ing from Manchuria. In the winter it descends south, and is common
in China and Japan, and of very rare occurrence within our limits.
8eebohm says ( " Birds of the Japanese Empire " ) : " The Falcated
Teal is a winter visitor to all the Japanese islands. The Peny Expedi-
tion found it to ])e one of the most abundant of the water-birds of Japan,
and noticed it at various j)oints during the voyage."

In India few specimens have been obtained since Hume's time, more
probabl}' owuig to no notice l)eing taken of them than for any other
reason, although their occurrence is of course very rare. Hume notes
five specimens which came into his possession : of these, two were caught
liy fowlers near Lucknow, and given to him by Dr. Bonavia ; Major
C. H. T. Marshall shot a male at Kumal, 70 miles north of Delhi, in
Feliruary ; another was shot in the same month, aliout 30 miles from Delhi,
by Mr. "VY. M. Chill ; and the fifth was obtained by Hume himself in the
Calcutta bazaar, and this he says was caught in the immediate vicinity.

Sliortly aftiu- this General McLeod recorded that he had shot a female
at Feroza, Bhawalpur, in December, IfJ 79; and G. Reid in the same
volume of " Stray Feathers" as that in which this record is made states:
"Two years ago I myself saw tsvo or three in the possession of a native
fowler, who would not part with them except at a fancy price, saying he
meant to take them with a lot of others he had to the ex-King of Oudh,
wlio woukl pay him handsomely." He does not say whether the " lot
of others" were of the same species, presumably not.

Another young male, without the sickle-shaped inner secondaries, was
obtained by a friend in the ( Jalcutta Ijazaar; a specimen has been shot iu

INDIAN DUCKS AND TIIETR ALLIES. 21

Purneah ; two specimens — an adult male and a young bird of tlie same
sex— are in the Lucknow Museum, and were, I believe, obtained near
that place. Besides these, one was lately obtained in Upper Burma, near
Bhamo, and is the only one 1 can find recorded from Burma except
Anderson's. Major Cowley, of the 4:3rd Gurkha Regiment, obtained one
in Manipur, and, as far as I can ascertain, this is the only one ever seen
in that vState.

In addition to these, recorded above, the only other specimen I have
ever heard of was one, a young male, shot by my father, E. B. Baker,
in Jessore.

There is no reason however that sportsmen in Upper Burma should
not meet with this bird more often than would seem to be the case, for
N.-E. Burma is well within the range of its annual migratioiis, and
doubtless when men wake up to the fact that records of rare ducks are
still desirable, we shall have a good many from that quarter. Anderson
obtained specimens on the Taipeng river in Upper Burma ; but I
cannot ascertain how many he got.

The Bronze- capped Teal, when found within our limits, appears always
singly or in pairs, perhaps veiy rarely in small parties. In places
where it is more numerous it collects in flocks, as a rule rather small,
consisting of about twenty to thirty individuals, but at other times in
very large flocks ; and they are said to arrive at the borders of other breed-
ing-grounds in immense flights.

It has the reputation of being a very sociable, if not highly gregarious,
bird, and their small flocks frequently, indeed generally, seem to mix much
with larger flocks of other species of teal and duck, with whom they feed
and sleep in perfect hannony.

The flight is said to be swift and teal-like, and the bird to be very
strong and active on the whig. I can find no record concerning these
birds' s^vimming and diving powers, so that we may expect to find that
these are neither aljuormally developed nor yet much less in extent than
they are in other teal.

Its cry when on the wing is noted as a " tolerably loud and piercino-
whistle" (Pejeralski) ; and it has also been heard to give vent to a chuc-
kling quack as it swims about feeding.

Its diet seems to be principally, if not wholly, vegetarian, but very
little has been written on this point.

22 JOURNA L, BOMB A Y NA TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

The female Bronze-oapped Teal is so like the female Gadwall that
both Hume and Salvadori give the points l)y which they may be discri-
minated. They are these : The principal difference lies in the wing
speculum ; in the Gadwall " the entire visible portions of the later secon-
daries are pure white, the terminal portions of their layer coverts white.

" In fiunale falcata the visible portions of the later secondaries are
black, with more or less of metallic-green reflections, narrowly tipped
with white ; and the terminal portion of their greater coverts are black."

The maxilla also of the Gadwall is only dark along the culmen,
whereas the whole of the upper mandible of the Bronze-cap is dark ; so
also there is always more or less of an orange or yellowish tinge on the
feet and legs of the Gadwall, whereas there is no trace of this colour in
those of the other duck, in which they are more or less of a light slate
colour. These last differences however will not be very noticeable in
the dried skin, not at all in very old specimens, and can only be of use
in discriminating birds in the flesh. It should be always borne in
mind bv anyone wishing to ascertain the identity of a bird that it is
infinitely easier to do so whilst it is in the flesh than afterwards, when it
has become a dried stiff" specimen : the colours of the soft parts are then
undiscernible, more often than not small marks of feathers, such as rings
round the eyes, indistinct supereilia and similar marking's are seldom as
distinct as in the fresh bird, and often, if roughly handled in the skinning,
become totally lost. Thus if it is possible the bird sliould be identified in
the flesh as soon as ])ossi])le and, if it cannot be, the colours of the soft
parts must be carefully noted, and a rough note made also of anything
remarkable in the coloration.

The Bronze-ca])ped Teal breeds throughout Southern Siberia to the
east and centre, Ijut rarely to the west ; it has been found breeding on all
four shores of Lake Baikal, but even there more plentifully to the east
and south ; it breeds also in the Amur, and probably a good deal further
north. Middendorf says that it " breeds plentifully in the Stanaway
mountains, and nearly to the tops of the ranges," and, as Hume points
out, if it selects sites at as high an altitude as this, it is sure to extend
considerably further north in the plains.

In Manchuria, where my informant took several nests, they are said to
make them on low-lying parts, along the l)anks of the larger rivers, which
are more or les> in the condition of swamps. The nest appears to I)e a

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 23

rather well-built affiiir of rushes and reeds, rather more compactly jiut
together than are most ducks' r,ests, and lined very ))l0ntifully with
down, presumably taken from the lireasts of the jiarent birds themselves.
So thick is this down that in some of the nests, the cups of which were in
some cases as much as six inches deep, it filled them completely to the top,
hiding the eggs which were inside. The nests were placed in thick tufts
of grass, beds of sedges, or, more rarely, under and amongst bushes ; they
w^ere not very carefully hidden, and, but for the treacherous nature of the
ground in which they were found, not particularly hard to get. The duck
is a close sitter, and is assisted, at least occasionally, by the drake, which
is seldom fomid far from the nest. They lay from sis to nine eggs,
beginning to lay in the end of May, and continuing through June and
the early pai-t of July.

The eggs are said to l)e like those of the Conamon Teal, but whiter and
a great deal larger.

Dybrowski {vide Hume) says that in Western Dauria, and the country
to the south of Lake Baikal, " the Crested Teal arrives in great nimibere
during the latter half of April; but in the Darasun region it is more com-
mon. The female makes her nest among the bushes of swamps, collecting
diy reeds and grass, and lining it thickly with down. At the beginning
of June she lays eight eggs, sits closely, and only rises at your feet.
They remain in autumn as late as the 27th December.

Taczanowski in describing the eggs taken by the alx)ve naturalist
writes : "The eggs are decidedly smaller than those of the Mallard, and
in colour resemble those of the Gadwull, though the yellow tmge is
somewhat more pronounced. They vai-y from 2*1" at 2 '3" in length
and from 1*52" to nearly 1'7" in breadth."

Dresser, quoted in Hume and Marshall, describes the eggs as l>eing
of a creamy- white colour, like the eggs of the Common Widgeon, and of
a very smooth texture.

Genus CHAULELASMUS.

This genus is remarkably close to Anas^ and might almost more con-
veniently come between Anas and Eunetta rather than between Eunetta
and Mareca or Nettion. It diffei*s from Anas in having the bill propor-
tionately rather shorter and smaller, from Euneita in not having the
long inner secondaries sickle-shaped, and from Mareca and Nettion in
having the lamelhe of the maxilla or upper niaudil'le very promineuL ;

24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII ^

it is also of oourso, as far as the Indian species is concerned, a bigger bird
tlian an}' of the two last-mentioned genera.

There are only two species of the present genus, onr bird, the Gadwall,
and Ch'ndelasmns coues'i^ a mucli snitiller bird, confined to the Washing-
ton and New York Islands and the Fanning group, a bird of which very
little is yet known.

22. Chaulelasmus strbpertts.
Tlte Gaihcall.

Chaulelasmus slrepevus. — Jerdon, "Birds of India," Ilf, p. 802;
Hume, " Str. Foath." VII, p. 115 ; id., Cat., No. 901 ; Scully,
"Str. Feath." VIII, p. 3G2 ; Hume and Marsliall, "Game
Birds," III, p. 181 ; Gates, " Birds of British Burmali," II, p. 283 ;
Barnes, "Birds of Bombay," p. 405; Salvadori, "Birds of British
Museum," XXVII, p. 221 ; Blanford, " Birds of India," IV, p. 440.

Description: Adult Male. ~ Head and neck whitish, rufous- white or dull
rufous, densely speckled with brown, except on the chin, which is almost
pure white in highly plumaged birds ; the anterior portions of the head
nearly always lighter than the posterior in ground-colour, which shades
otf' into the brown of the nape, on which the darker spots hardly show ;
lower nook, back, and scapulars deep blackish-brown to dark rufous-brown,
every feather beautifully waved with white crescentic lines ; lower back
darker, with fewer and finer venniculations, sometimes almost
unmarked, changing into the black of the rump and upper tail coverts ;
central rectrices gro}', outer ones rufous-grey with almost white edges,
generally increasing in width to the outermost ones ; breast, sides of the
body and flanks like the back, but the breast more holdhj marked with the
dark and light, an(l the vent portion flanks more finely so ; rest of the
abdomen, etc., white ; under tail coverts typically the same velvety-
black as the upper, but often splashed with patches of black and white
vermiculations ; the smallest wing coverts like the scapulars; the median
and primary greater coverts chestnut, with the bases brown and white,
sometimes showing ; greater coverts nest the secondaries black ; secon-
daries pure grey, silvery towards the tips ; a speculum formed by the
outer secondaries, four or five glossy velvety black and throe with hroad
pure white outer webs, the one next the black often with a narrow black
edge ; primaries brown-grey, darkest at the tips ; shoulder of wing and
under winii coverts white.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 25

The colours, as with nearly all ducks, vary considerably ; the abdomen
is sometimes as pure white as freshly-fallen snow, often tinged with
rufous and sometimes wholly of that colour. In the same way the c lours
of the head vary much also. 1 have a fine drake before me now in which
the rufous head contrasts strongly with the blacker })reast ; and again
another drake in which the two colours blend with one another.

Maxilla dark slaty brown, black or brown ; mandible jaler and } ellowish
or red'.Iish on the gonys and tip ; irides dark brown ; legs yellow,
browiii^li-yellow to dull orange ; claws almost black.

" Legs and toes orange-red, less bright after the smnmer moult; claws
black ; webs dusky orange-red."

Length 19-5" to 21-5 "; wing 10-5" to 11-75" ; tail 3-4" to 4'3" ; tareus
about 1-5" ; bill at front 1-90" to 2-00" and from gape 2*05" to 2*25" ;
weight from 1 lb. 7 oz. to 2 lb. 4 oz.

Female. — General colour above brown, the feathers with buff or rufous
margins, and the head and neck more or less spotted and streaked on a
light groimd ; the scapulars unmarked dark brown; rump and upper tail
coverts brownish-black ; wings as in the male, but the chestnut, if not
altogether absent, is present only on the outer webs of some of the median
coverts ; below the breasts and sides are pale rufous, sometimes rather
darker, spotted with brown ; under tail coverts and feathers about vent
the same ; remainder of lower parts white, more or less tinged with rufous.

Irides and legs the same as in the male ; bill dull orange to yellowish-
brown; the culmen and tip brown.

Length about 18" to 20-1" ; wing 9" to 10" (10-2" Hume) ; tail S'O" to
4-0" (3-7" to 4-5" Hume) ; tarsus 1-37" to 1*42" ; bill at front 1-8" to
1-95" and from gape 1*95" to 215"; weight about 1 lb. to If lb.

" Young in first plumage closely resembles the adult female, but
there is no chestnut or black on the wings ; the white on the secondaries
is dull ; and the whole of the feathers on the under parts have obscure
ill-defined brown centres." (Salvadori.)

Young in down are like those of the Mallard, " but there is a more
pronounced golden tinge on the throat and cheeks, the streak through
the eye is more defined, and there is a small dark spot at the junction of
the mandibles which the Mallard has not.'' (Yarrell.)

After the breeding season the drake assumes a plumage similar to that
of the duck, returning to his full dress attire before the winter has fairly

23 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

set in, though a few males may stiU be fomul in the female garb as late
as the middle of November.

Outside India the range of this fine duck may roughly be said to be
the Northern Hemisphere. It breeds practically right across its habitat
in the sub-Arctic region, and in the winter ranges down to Northern and
Central Africa, and perhaps even further south, almost the whole of
Southern Asia, and again as far south as Mexico and Jamaica in America.

Within India it is easier to say where it is not found rather than to
enumerate all those places in which it does occur. Eoughly speaking,
it is found in vast ninnbers fro in the Himalayas, throughout Sind,
North Bombay, the North-West Provinces, Punjalj, and Bengal ; from
here it gets less common as it wanders south, until in Southern India,
south of Mysore, and in Madras it is not found at all.

Throughout Assam, Manipur, Tipperah, and into Burma it abounds;
and it is plentiful also in the Sunderbunds. Of course in some places
it is more exceedingly abundant than in others. Thus in 1882-83 in
Bengal we found that the Gadwalls numbered at least two to every one
of ail other kinds of ducks lumped together. Of a magnificent bag
made by three guns in the Moolna bheel (Sunderljunds), out of 140
couple of duck and teal I think at least 4U couple, if not more, must
have been Gadwall, and of the rest probably 70 or 80 couple were teal
of sorts. W oods speaks of patches of water in Manipur " looking black
with the number of Gadwall assembled on them." They begin to arrive
there, according to him, about the 1 5th October, and though in
Kashmir and along the Himalayas a few birds may arrive earlier,
this will be found to be about the earliest date for Northern
India.

In Mysore they do not arrive until the end of November as a rule,
and at intervening places will be obtained on intervening dates. In
Lower Bengal we never expected to pee many Ijefore December ; and
I think they were most common in late December and early January.
Hume says re the birds again leaving : "In the south they leave by the
end of March or early in April. Farther north they are somewhat
later (it depends a good deal on the season); and both in Sind and the
Western and North- Western Punjab they are frequently shot in the
first week of May." The dates are, I think, too late for Bengal and
Assam, where there are few birds left after the first vseek or so in March,

INDIAN DCCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 27

When out snipe shooting in that montli on extensive jheels and
similar pieces of water, a few Gadwall may still be put up ; but nearly
all that are seen will be hurriedly making their way north.

Surgeon-Captain Woods says that even in Manipur they leave about
the end of Maroh.

An interesting fact noted by this close observer is that many, perhaps
the majority, of the ducks pair off before leaving their winter quarters.
He says most of them pair in March, but that he has noticed some
pairing as early as February. No one seems ever to have noticed these
birds arriving at their breeding-groimds in pairs, so it is to be presumed
that, their preliminary courtship completed, the pairs re-assemble in
flocks which remain together until they reach their nesting haunts.

The Gadwall ranks very high up in the table of duck precedence.
There are so many good points about it which atti-act favourable notice.
As an article of diet few ducks are better. Some people would give the
prize in this respect to the Mallard, others perhaps to the Pintail, but
take the Gadwall all round it is hard to beat on the table. Personally
I'have never known the duck to have a fishy or other unpleasant flavour,
nor have I met any Bengal sportsman who has charged it with this
crime. But the northern presidencies have held men sometimes who have
complained of this flavour when they first arrive. They ought to be all
right, as they are almost entirely vegetable feeders, subsisting much on
wild and cultivated rice, water weeds, etc., and seldom varying the diet
with animal food. A drake shot in Silchar was found to contain a mass
of small white worms in addition to some water berries and half ripe rice,
but this in no way affected the flesh.

Before cooking however he has to be shot, and though not as a
rule a very shy ])ird, yet he is quite wide awake enough to make the get-
ting within shot of him an int-eresting, if not difficult, job. Where too
he has been much shot at all, one's ingenuity and perseverance will be
required before the game bag can be made to assume the bulgy appear
ance it ought. Then, when you have got within shot, the Gadwall
proves a thoroughly sporting bird : he is quick off the water, rising
rather straight up into the air, and getting very soon well under way,
and in full flight the Gadwall is even faster than the Mallard and, as
many writers have observed, reminds one much of teal ia the manner
of flying and the swish-swish of the wings as the flock hurtles over-

28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

head, leaving, let ug hope, two birds in response to the right and
left with which it has been greeted.

Shooting in the old days over the vast j heels in Khulna and Jessore,
thouo-h teal might and generally did form the majority of the birds got,
yet we always hoped that Gadwall woiddj and it was certainly these
birds that gave us the most sport.

In some places the jheels themselves, vast stretches of water, shallow
in the cold weather and much overgrown all round their borders with
weeds, reeds and lilies, were surrounded with rice-fields, and through
these wandered shallow waterways, some natural and others artificially
made either for drainage or irrigation.

Daybreak would see us making our way from one of the main rivers
up such a waterway, which we might have to traverse for some two or
three miles before reaching the piece of water which formed our destina-
tion. Our boats were the light flat-bottomed kundas, or canoes, used
so universally all over North-Eastern India ; and our seats were low
momhsj or cane seats, which enabled us to swing round and get shots
to our rear as well as in front and both sides, which a seat right across
the boats would have prevented. We had not however to wait until we
got to the jheel for our shooting, for snipe constantly got up to our right
and left ; teal rose within shot in a manner far beyond what could be
hoped for later on ; moreover the feeding flocks were scattered, and one
bird down another shot might well be hoped for. Here and there too
a Gadwall would find its way within range, these only getting up from
patches of rice more than usually dense and thick. Less often a few
Pintails would flash across us, but rarely within shot ; also Pochards,
White-eyes, and Shovellers were all to be seen at intervals. Whilst
it was still cool, and a few wisps of gently quivering mist were
still lino'ering on the top of the water, loath yet to dissolve their ghostly
lives into nothingness, we were generally well into the jheel and had
scattered out into a long line. Snipe we now allowed to get up unheeded,
though as yet there were but few, for not until the sun rose high and hot
did they forsake the rice-fields and take to the deep water and the cool
shade of the lily leaves. Whistling Teal swarmed in all directions, and
kept circling round everj^where in countless myriads ; Purple Coots flus-
tered and fluttered across the tops of the reeds and through the rushes ;
the little Water-rail scurried across the surface of the water plants :

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 29

and other undesirable birds, such as "Water Hens, Jacanas, etc.,

were en evidence in every quarter ; still the continuous popping of the

guns along the line showed that all the birds were not undesirable ones.

Amongst the "Whistlers overhead there would appear a flock of swifter,

more quickly wheeling, birds, as the Blue-wing Teal came through them

roused by one of the other boats, or a flock of Common Teal, flying in

much the same manner, would rush down nearly the whole line, a splash

or two in the water marking the members of their mess whom they had

left behind. The duck however got up in front and went straight away,

seldom wheeling within reach of even the outermost boats, though now

and then a flock sweeping past high overhead would ofi^er a difficult and

often useless shot. The Gadwall, which were generally only in small

flocks, were usually found where there was a certain amount of cover

which, assimilating with the green screens on our boats, allowed us

often to get within shot. They dive and swim very well when only

wounded, and many a ten minutes was spent in retrie-\ing such, for

whose sake we generally kept a stock of No. 8 cartridges ready at hand

to use instead of the No. 4 or 7 we used for the others. About 10 a.m.

our boats all worked in towards some fixed point, and from about 11 a.m.

to 1 p.m. was given up to lunch and smoke and an examination of the

bag. Between 1 and 2 p.m. we would again embark, and the same

routine was gone through, only reversed, and the shooting through the

rice-fields was the finale, not the commencement, of the afternoon's

programme. It was seldom on such days that the three guns,

who were generally out, could not get their fifty couple of game

birds, by which I mean that Whistlers, Cotton Teal, and even

snipe did not count towards the bag. As a rule the comparative

number of snipe would be small, as they were not shot at except

at the commencement and end of the day's shooting ; and we always

considered the bag good or otherwise according to the number of

Gadwall, Pintail, and other big duck contained in it.

I have no record now of what we got, but certainly we often got fifteen
couple of Gadwall, and sometimes over thirty, whilst on one occasion,
I think, the three of us got over forty couple.

The Gadwall did not seem to mind much what sort of water it was
in ; early in the mornings and late in the evenings they were to he
found in the rice-fields, generally, as I have already said, in some corner

30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

where the cover was denser than elsewhere : an hour after light they
left the rice-fields, and were theu found swimming about in semi-open
pieces of water, but seldom in the large open expanses in the centre
of the lake. It was very noticeable that in the rice-fields the birds
were constantly seen either singly or in pairs, yet as soon as they left
these thev were very seldom found in pairs, and practically never alone
but in flocks numbering ten to twenty, sometimes as many as forty.
They seem to put on fat quicker than any other duck, or perhaps they
feel the exertion of migration less. Of course the Mallard, which
miorates often from parts very close to us, arrives fat ; but I have noticed
early in the season, when other ducks are very poor, the Gad wall is in
quite a plump condition.

The Gadwall has not yet been found to breed within our limits in
spite of Hume's hopes to the contrary. That these are not groundless
however is shown by the fact that a duck shot in Cachar contained eggs
in the ovaries as large as a big marble ; and surely this bird could not
have meant to have migrated far for the purpose of breeding ! This bird
was shot in the end of April. Again a pair of birds were reported as
havino" been shot in Kashmir in June (date ?), but the person who shot
them, finding the ovaries " very attenuated" jumped to the conclusion
that the birds could not have been breeding. Is it possible that the
esss had been laid ?

It has been noted as breeding in the British Isles, and also in Norway
and Sweden ; indeed it has been found to nest as far north as Iceland,
and there is a doubtful record of its having been found in Greenland.
Its usnal breeding habitat is however far more south ; throughout
Southern Europe from Spain to Russia, not in Northern Africa as far
as we yet know, in North-West Asia, in the sub-Arctic regions and in
North America, where it has been found during the breeding season as
far south as Texas.

Its nest is much like that of the Mallard or of the Spotted-billed Duck,
but, unlike the former, I have never heard or read of its breeding in trees.

The nest is generally placed at the edge of the water in amongst
dense sedge, reeds or bushes, and appears to be carefully concealed as a
rule ; it is made of reeds, grass, or any similar material, or sometimes
a few twigs, and is more or less lined with down from the birds
themselves.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 31

The eggs are said by various authors to number five to fourteen ; but
probably six to eight or ten is the normal clutch.

The eggs vary much in colour, from an almost pure white to a
greenish-drab. As with most eggs of ducks, as incubation advances the
colours get duller and darker, and eggs which are white with a clean
yellow or green tinge when laid become a dull grey or drab with the green
tint dulled and sometimes quite lost. In texture and shape they do
not vary from th(;S0 of the Mallard, except in being slightly smaller.

Thirteen eggs of Hume are said to have averaged 2'62X1"'51", but
this is probably a mistake for 2"26"xl*51".

The Gadwall seems to thrive well in confinement, and has often bred
under these conditions, including several times in the Zoological
Gardens.

{To be continued.)

32

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND

BHUTAN.

By G. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s.,
With Notes by H. J. Elvves, f.z.s., f.e.s., &c.,

AND

Additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Babt., b.a., f.e.s., &c.

Part IV.
(^Contimied from page 634 of Vol. XT.)

Genus Notodonta, Ochsen.

289. N. albifasciaj Moore.

Sikhini. I have only two specimens. (Taken by me at Darjeeling in
July at light.—//. J. E.)

290. A\ (jlgantea, Elwes.

Sikhim, 6,800 feet. I have one specimen. It has a wide range,
apparently having been found in Kulu and also in the Klusia Hills,
(The only specimen I ever saw from Sikhini was the type, a female,
which I took at light on the 26th of August in Darjeeling. (Since then
I have received the undescribed male from the Khasia Hills. These
specimens are smaller, 85 mm., in expanse, have the hindwing much
paler, and the pectinations of the antennse extending for two-thirds
the length only. — H. J. E.)

291. N, mooi'eij Hmpsn.

Sikhim. This was taken by Mr. Knyvett in May according to Mr.
Elwes. I have one specimen, taken in Darjeeling in July at light,
292. N. sikhima, Moore.
Sikhim, 10,000 to 12,000 feet. I have a specimen, taken at Lingtu
by my collectors. The antenna of the male has the branches stiff, with
fascicles of cilia at the end of each branch. This type of antenna is
also found in Fentonia apicalis^ Moore, Antheua servula, Drury, Spatalia
argentifera, Wlk., and Hyperceschra tenehrosa, Moore (in the latter very
slightly). It is very distinct from the ordinary pectinate form. Mr.
Elwes has taken this species at light on Tongloo, 10,000 feet, in July.
Genus Hyper^schra, Butl.
294. H. pallida, Butl.
Sikhim. I have only one specimen, which is a female. The antenna3
have the branches long.

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 33

296. //. tenebrosa, Moore.
Sikhim. I have obtained this through my collectors in September ;
I have only seen the male.

297. H, basalis, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 7,000 feet. This is not an uncommon species in
July at light. (Occurs also in May at low elevations, I believe. — H. .7. E.)
298. H. nigribasis, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. The only specimen I have obtained is now in the British
Museiun collection ; the type is in Mr. Knyvett's collection.

300a. H. trichostricha, Hmpsn., Journ. Bo. N. H. Soc, Vol. XI,

No. 2, p. 283. (Plate I, Figs. 16 and 16a.)
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I obtained two specimens of this, one of which
was taken in December; the type specimen was, I think, taken in
October by me and is in the British Museum. It belongs to a separate
section of the genus.

Sir George Hampson's sectional divisions on the form of the antennae
of the female should, I think, be again sub-divided thus —

Section I. — Female with antennas pectinate (this sex only being
available for study).

H. pallida, Butl.
Section II. — Female with antennae ciliate.

(a) Male loith antennce pectinate for two-thirds, terminal third

serrate; branches thick and short loith minute tufts oj cilia
at extremities.

H. tenebrosa, Moore.

(b) Male loith antennce blpectinate for two-thirds, terminal third

serrate ; branches slender loithout terminal tufts.
H. basalis, Moore.
H, nigrtbasis, Hmpsn.
Section III. — Forewing much broader ; antennae of male bipectinato,
with branches long and reaching almost to the tij:).
H. trichostricha, Hmpsn.
Genus Lophopteryx, Steph.
301. L. saturata, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 to 10,000 feet. The specimen which I
took in September at 2,5<)0 feet at Fagoo at light was probably a
straggler, its proper range is from -IjOOO feet upwards. It occurs in
5

34 JO URNAL, BOMB A Y NA TUBAL HISTOR Y SOCIETY, Vol. Xtt.

August and September in Bhutan, and is not uncommon. Mr. Elwes
has ttiken it at Darjeeling in July and August.

302. L. atroficsa, Hmpsn.
Sikhini and Bhutan. My only specimen was taken in Bhutan in
June. Mr. Elwes remarks that it has been taken in September.

303. L, Jlavistigma, Moore.

Sikhim. I have two specimens which I originally placed under this
name, but which I now believe are L. crenulata, Hmpsn., the outer
raaro-in of the forewings being deeply crenulated, especially below vein 4.
303a. L. crenulata, Hmpsn.

Yatong, Sikhim, and Bhutan. One of my specimens was taken in
July near Gipmochi in Bhutan, and the other, I believe, at a nrach lower
elevation in March. The Gipmochi specimen has the forewing uniform
pale rufous, with a waved fuscous antemedial and two postmedial lines ;
the mark at the anal angle of the hind wing obscure: the other has
the basal third of the forewing rufous, the medial third suffused with
fuscous, and the outer third beyond the postmedial line variegated with
ferruginous patches palest at the costa, a small whitish patch at the
origin of the outer postmedial line on the inner margin ; the hindwing
with the mark at the anal angle prominent and whitish.

304. L.feri'uglnosa, Moore.
Sikhim, I have never seen a specimen.

Genus Megaceramis, Hmpsn.

305. M. lamprolepis, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 7,000 feet. I do not know this. (Two males of this small
species taken by me at light in July in Darjeeling. — H. J. E.)
Genus Spatalia, Hiibn.

307. S. argpMifera, Wlk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 feet. Mr. Elwes remarks that this occurs
in May and October at low elevations only. I do not think it goes lower
than 3,000 feet, as 1 have never taken a specimen at my lights below this,

308. S. gemm'ifera, Moore.

Sikhim. I do not know this species. (Must be very rare, as I have
only a single specimen from Mr. Kuyvett. — H. J. E.)
309. >S'. costalls, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 and 3,000 feet. This and S. alb>fasciata,
Hmpsn.j I pointed out belonged to the second section of the genus, viz.,

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 35

Male with branches of antenna) long ; but, as Mr. Elwes was inclined
to donbt the correctness of my identification, I sent a specimen of each
of my species of Spatalia to Sir George llampson, who agrees with me
that my identification and division are correct, and says that females
only were available when he had the species under examination. It
occurs in May and July.

310. S. argentata.^ Moore.
Sikhim. I do not know this species. (Not uncommon in Darjeeling
in July.—//. J. E.)

311. S, cdhifasciata, Hmpsn.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 and 3,000 feet. Two specimens only
have been taken by mo in Se])tember and October, both at light. It
was origiually described from the Nilgiris.

312. S. auritractata^ Moore.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have only one specimen, which I took at light in
May. It is slightly greyer than S. argentifera^ Wlk., and except for the
form of the antennae is otherwise indistinguishable. (I have never taken
it myself, but it seems to be not uncommon at low elevations. —
H. J. E.)

313. S. plusioides, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 to 3,000 feet. This is rather a variable
species. I have a male from Sikhim with the triangular silver spot in
the cell represented by a white outline only ; two females from Sikhim
and Bhutan have no marginal series of white specks, and the patagia
are yellow.

The sectional division of the genus should stand as under : —
Section I. — Antennse of male with the branches short, with a fascicle
of cilia at the end of each branch.

S. argent/fern, Wlk.
<S. gemm/feraj Moore.
S. argentata^ Moore.
Section II. — Antennae of males with branches long, with no fascicles
of cilia at their ends.

S. costalt's. Moore.
S, albifasciata, Hmpsn.
S. auritractata, Moore.
S* phsiohles, Moore,

36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

Genus Besaia, Wlk.
314. B. ruhiginea^ Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,700 feet. The only specimen in my collection
I took settled on some palings at Pasheteng in September. It is appar-
ently rare.

Genns Ichthyuea, Hiibn.
316. /. anachoreta^ Fabr.
Sikhim, 5,500 feet. 1 reared two males from pupas taken at Tukvar.
The cocoons were formed of the leaves of Salia; halnjlonlca drawn
together, on which tree the larva probably feeds. The moths emerged
in November. Mr, Elwes has specimens taken in February and May.
317a. /. trcmsecta, n. sp. (Plate I, Fig. 6.)
^. Fuscous-brown; head and medial part of collar black. Forc-
wing irrorated with fuscous ; a pale oblique sulibasal line bent outwards
en median nervure ; a pale oblique slightly sinuous antemedial line ;
a pale oblique line across the apical area angled below vein 4, then
inwardly oblique and sinuous to inner margin ; a dark brown patch on
the apical area, leaving the costa and margin pale brown, and with an
irregularly dentate edge, crossed by an obscure dark sinuous line in
continuation of the sinuous part of the postmedial line, and a submar-
ginal series of dark specks.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). Exp. 40 mm. Type in British
Museum. Sir George Hanipson has kindly allowed me to make use of
ibis description.

319. /. rcsthura, Wlk.'
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 5,500 feet. I have taken the larva of
this commonly feeding on the leaves of Salix Jiah/flonica, a non-indigenous
tree. It occurs in the perfect stage in June, July, August and Octo-
ber. This species is variable, two males and two females have the
medial outwardly-curved line replaced by an oblique line from the
middle of the antemedial line to the postmedial line at the inner
margin. This is possibly the form described by Mr. Moore as I.ferru-
ginea from North-east Bengal.

Genus Acidon, Hmpsn.
321a. A. paradoxa, Hmpsn.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1 ,800 to 2,500 feet. I have taken four males
only of this species ai light in May and August, It does not look like

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 37

any other species of the Notodonttdce ; the length of the third joint of
the palpus, the tufts on the proximal segments of the abdomen, and
the abnormal neuration of the forewing make its position uncertain.
Genus Cyphanta, Wlk.
322. C. .vanthochlora, Wlk.
Sikhim, 9,000 feet. This, it would appear, is not uncommon at the
elevation named, where Dr. Pilcher seems to have obtained several
specimens. I have two males taken in July. Mr. Elwes remarks that
it is probably a local insect, as his collectors never procured it.
Family CYMATOPHORIDiE.
Genus Habrosyne, Hiibn.
324. //. derasa, Linn.
Sikhim, 5,500 feet ; var. fmterna, (Moore), Yatung, 12,000 feet
(^Tayloi'), It is found in October, and does not seem to Ijc common.
I receive<l one specimen of the \[iv\eiy fraterna, (Moore), from Yatung,
which agrees exactly with Mr. Butler's figure.
325. II. pJag/osa^ Moore.
Sikhim. I have never received this species.

327. II. argeiiteipuncta, Hmpsn.
Sikhim and Bhutan. My only specimen was taken below Lingtu at
6,000 to 7,000 feet in August.

328. H. sangu'inea, Moore.
Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen.

Genus Thyatira, Hiibn.
329. T. hatJs, Linn.
Sikhim, 5,000 feet. I have taken this species at 5,000 feet in
October ; Mr. Elwes took it at Darjeeling in May and July,
329a. T. decorata^ Moore.
Sikhim. Sir George Hampson suggested that this was a distinct
species, although he included it with T. hatis, probably not having
sufficient material to determine. Mr. Elwes has four specimens which
do not show any variation, and he agrees that it is perfectly distinct
from T, balls.

Genus Gaurena, Wlk.
330. G. Jlorens, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 to 7,000 feet. My specimens were
pbtained in August, September and October, but it probably occurs

38 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

throughout the warmer months. Mr. EUves remarks that it is one of
the commonest moths in June and July in Darjeeling.
331. G. aurofasciata, Hmpsn.
Sikhini, 10,000 feet ; Yatung, 13,000 feet. The form from Yatung
which I have called fulgurita differs from typical G. aurofasciata in
heing larger (44 mm.), the golden markings replaced by silvery-white
ones, the subbasal band on the forewing narrower, the submarginal series
of spots present though small, and the marginal series of lunules white
and complete. Typical G. aurofasciata I have from Tongloo taken in
August. (Taken on the Goompahar at light in July and August, but
not in Darjeeling itself. — H. J. E.)

332. G. prescens, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 5,500 to 8,000 feet. This is almost as common
as G. Jiorcns^ "Wlk., and occurs with it. I have spechnens taken in June,
July and October.

332«. G. tenuis^ Hmpsn.
Yatung, Sikhim, 13,000 feet. The type was obtained by Col.
Binsham and is in the British Museum collection.

3325. G. argentisparsa, Dudgn. (Plate 1, Fig. 19.)
Yatung ; Sikhim, 13,000 feet. Two specimens of this species were
obtained by Mr. Taylor of the Chinese Commission, and were given to
me hy Mr. Lister of Darjeeling. Tliey have the forewing silvery-grey
irrorated with fuscous, the markings somewhat as in G. Jlorens, but
siivery-white, not in the least yellowish. The typos are in the British
Museum and my own collection.

334. G. lichenea, Hmpsn.
Sikhim, 4,500 feet. I received a very fine specimen of what I
believe to be this species from Mr. Walter Weston, which he took below
Kurseong in September. The medial area of the forewing is somewhat
rufous as in G. solena, (Swinh.), but tlw hindwiiig is white with a broad
fuscous marginal band. Exp. 42 mm. (Apparently a very rare species.
A single specimen from Moller's collection is all I have seen from
Sikhim.— iy. J. E.)

Genus PoLYPLocA, Hiilm.
334/>. P. hifasciata^ Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen. (Taken at Jorepokri by
Ivnyvett in March.—//. .7, E)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 39

335. P. orhiGularis^ Moore.
Sikhim. I have not received this. (Occurs in March at 7,000 to
8,000 feet.— iy. J. E.)

338. P. albidisca, Warr.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,400 feet. I took a single specimen of this at
Rissoom in October ; Mr, Elwes has three specimens without indication
of date or elevation from Sikhim.

339. P. cuprina, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 0,400 feet. I have one male which I took at
Rissoom in April. (Three specimens taken on August 26th at light in
Darjeeling.— ^. J. E.)

339rt. P. polt/ch?'omata, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. I do not know this species. (The type of this pretty species
is the only one I have seen ; it was procured by one of Moller's collectors,
probably in the interior. — H. J. E.)

dB%. P. re?ialisy Moore.
Sikhim (^Hampson). I do not know it.

Genus Paldipsestes, Hixbn.

340. P. albicosta, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,400 feet. I took a single male of this in
September at Rissoom, the costa of the forewing is white, suffused with
greenish-yellow and pink. (Not uncommon at 7,000 to 8,000 feet in
July and August. — H. J. E.)

341. P. albibasis, Hmpsn.

Sikhim {Hampson), Neither Mr. Elwes nor I have seen a specimen
from Sikhim.

Genus Nemacerota, Hmpsn.

343. N. altemata^ Moore.
Sikhim. I have not received it. (Rare at about 7,000 feet in May
and June. — H. J. E.)

Genus Toxoides, Hmpsn.

344. T. undulata, Moore.
Sikhim, 7,000 feet. I have only seen one specimen of this species,
which was taken by Dr. Pilcher at light in Darjeeling. (My only
specimen was taken on the 25th June.— ^. J. E.)

40 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NA TUBAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xll

Family SESIID.E.

Genus Trilochana, Moore.

350. T. scoUoides^ Moore.

Sikhim. I have never seen a specimen. Sir George Hampson

remarks that there is no locality on the type speoimen in ooUection

Atkinson, and it may not be from Sikhim.

Genus Sciapteron, Staudgr.
355. S. atkinsoni, Moore.
Sikhim. This has never been brought to me. (Taken by me near
Darjeeling in July. A specimen from Moller's collection was procured
in the Terai in June. — H. J. E.)

357. S. sikkima, Moore.
Sikhim. Neither Mr. Elwes or I have seen a specimen, the type of
which is in Dr, Staudinger's collection.

Genus Sesia, Fabr.
372. *S'. tricincta, Moore.
Sikhun, 5,500 feet. I have one specimen which I took at Tukvar on
the 21st August.

373. S. Jlava, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have two specimens taken in May,
they, however, do not correspond exactly with the description given.
The antennae are blue-black ; no yellow on vertex of thorax ; abdomen
deep blue-black, with segmental yellow bands j anal tuft yellow and blue-
black ; frons pure white ; apex of the forewiug broadly yellow, also the
outer edge of the disco-cellular bar. E.vjy. 19 millim.
Genus Melittia, Wlk.
387. M. earytion^ Westw.
Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 feet. Common ; affects ordure and
is often found on decaying animal matter. It occurs in July and

August.

388. M. indica, Butl.
Sikhim. Common in May, June, July and August, found in similar
places to the last.

389. M. grandiSf Hmpsn.
Sikhim. This is apparently the largest of the Indian species. Possibly
the specimen in my collection, identified as M. fjigantea^ Moore, by Mr.
Moore is the same. It, however, does not expand more than 44 millim.

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 41

and as the abdomen is -vranting, there is no probability of rightly
identifying it.

390. 31. neioara, Moore.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have only one specimen of this
taken in August. It has the curious habit, in common with other
species of the genus, of rubbing its hiudlegs together when on the wing.
493. M. gigantea, Moore.
Sikhim, 5,500 feet. One specimen which 1 took in September was
identified by Mr. Moore as belonging to this species.
394. jy. chaldformis, Fabr.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 3,000 feet. I have six specimens which
apparently belong to this species taken in June, July and August.
395. M, nepcha, Moore.
Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have two specimens taken at light in July
and August at Punkabaree.
Key to the Sikhim species.

A. — Hindwiug with patch of blue or greenish-blue scales at the
inner margin,
(a). Hindlegs black ; tibia with tufts of pale yellow hairs on the
upper side and whitish marks beneath ; tarsus black with
whitish marks beneath.

M. indica, But!.
(b). Hindlegs black ; tibia ivith spare tufts ofivhite hairs On the upper-
side^ bhnsh-white tufts on the underside of tibia and tarsus.
M. nepcha, Moore,
(c). Hindlegs black ; hairs on the outside of the tibia and all those
clothing the tarsus fiery orange.

M. grandis^ Hmpsn.
B. — Hindwing with patch of dull golden-yellow scales at the inner
margin,
(a). Hindlegs black ; tibia and upper joint of tarsus clothed with
chocolate-brown hairs on the outside, with whitish hairs above
and whitish marks below ; tarsus black.
M. eurytion, Westw.
(b). Hindlegs black ; tibia and tarsus tufted on the outside with yellow
and fulvous hairs, bluish-iohite or yellowish marks beneath,
a\ Of large size {44 millim.) ; the costa of foi'ewlng ochreous.
6

42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

M. gigantea, Moore.
b\ Of smaller size (^32-36 millim.) ; the costa of the forewing
dark.

M, chalciformis, Fabr.
(c). H'mdlegs hlafh ; tuft ofjMle yellow hairs on the upper side of
tibiaj With slight reddish tuft near joint of tarsus and tibia ;
underside ivith bluish-white marks on tibia^ and slight yellow
tuft on tarsus.

M. neioara, Moore.

Genus Lenyra, Wlk.

396. L. astaroth, Westw.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 feet. I took a single male at the foot of

the Baling hills in Bhutan in July, and I have a female from Sikhim

without indication of elevation or date of capture. The antennae of the

female have the club nmch longer and more gradual than in the male.

Its flight is mueh slower than Melittia^ but it has the same habit of

rubbing the hindlegs together when flying ; I do not know, however,

that it affects ordure in the same way.

(7o be continued.^

43

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA.
By J. Davidson, i.c.s.
Fart II.
(^Continued from page 679, Vol. AT.)
1010. Thereiceryx viridis, Bodd.
This bird is very common everywhere in Kanara except the extreme
north-eaat corner. It breeds everywhere from the end of February to
the end of May, and is 30 common that one can find half a dozen nests
in a morning.

1019. Xanthol^ma h^macephala, P. L. S. Mull.
Common along the coast round the villages from Karwar to Bhutkul ;
also in the forests above Ghats east of Sirsi. Absent from the central
belt of forest and the sides of the Ghats. It breeds in February, March,
and the beginning of April.

1020. Xanthol.ema malabarica, Blyth.
This barbet takes the place of the preceding one in the central belt
of country and also along the ridge of the Ghats. It also overlaps it a
little to the east of Sirsi, and extends through all the heavy forests below
Ghats. It is, however, never found in or among villages, except when
in deep forest. I have taken nests with eggs in January, February
and March, but have always found the nests diflficult to find, ajid con-
sidering how common the bird is, the number of eggs I have taken is
disappointing. The nests are in very similar situations, and the eggs
similar to those of X, hcemacephala, though I think the shells are
generally stronger.

1022. CoRACiAS INDICA, Linn.
The Indian roller is very common in the cold weather, everywhere
along the coast. It, however, leaves the coast completely about March.
Above Ghats it is nowhere common, but a few breed in Supa, Sirsi,
Yellapur and Halyal in March and April.

1024. CORACIAS GAERULA, Linn.
I shot a single specimen of this bird in November, 1893, at Majali,
five miles north of Karwar. I have never seen the bird again.
1026. Merops viridis, Linn.
Very common in the cold weather, and till March below the
Ghats. It probably breeds there in the end of March and April, but
I have no record to that efi'ect, and I have not noticed it in Karwar

44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII.

during the rains till the end of September. Above Ghats I have
seen it at all seasons, and it breeds abundantly there in March and
April.

1027. Merops PHILIPPINUS, Linn.

This bee-eater appears in Karwar in the end of September, and is
fairly common in particular places below Ghats till March. It is, how-
ver, as far as I know, restricted to a few places ; one near Gokern and
another near Kutgul are almost certain to have a few about any time
during the winter. Above Ghats I only saw the bird once or twice in
March and April. They were merely passing and were gone by next
day. I do not think the bird breeds anywhere in the district.
1030. Melittophagus swinhou, Hume.

Generally distributed through the thicker forest portions of the dis-
trict both above and below Ghats. Not, however, very common any-
where. It breeds singly in March and April in the banks of the various
rivers and nullahs.

1031. Nyctiornis athertoni, Jard. & Selby.

This is a very shy bird, and were it not for its noisiness would be
constantly passed over. I have seen it however along all the roads
crossing the Ghats from Nilkund to Anshi as well as in many cases
through the forests above Ghats in western and central Kanara. I
have taken a good many nests. They are, as a rule, made in banks along
the roads (though I have seen one or two in those above streams), and
are often five or six feet deep. As soon as the bird begins to lay, the
tunnel contains fragments of bees and beetles, and the eggs are laid
among a quantity of these. The eggs are generally completely covered
with debris, and I cannot understand how the young are not suf-
focated. I have taken eggs from the end of March to the middle of
April, but the birds have commenced excavating their nests as early as
January. I took two nests on the little road between Karwar and
Godhalli on the 22nd March, 1896, just before leaving the district.
The eggs, four and three in number, were fresh, and the two females
allowed me to dig them out. The road coolies are very fond of these
birds, and habitually dig out their nests and eat old and young. Cobras
are also partial to them, and it is necessary to be cautious in putting
your hand into these deep holes. I had a fright once, a snake (not a
cobra) coming out when I had half dug into a hole.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA, 45

1033. Ceryle varia, Strickl.

By no means common in Kanara. Occasionally noticed, however,
along the rivers below Ghats from Ankola southwards ; also in the
extreme east of the district. I took a nest with five eggs near Honawar
in January.

1035. Alcedo ispida, Linn.

Common throughout the district. It breeds abundantly about Karwar
in July, and above Ghats in March and April.

1036. Alcedo BEAViNi, Wald.

I have no right to include this species as 1 have never procured a
specimen. I feel, however, certain I saw a single specimen near Nil-
kund in January, 1896. It flew out of a thick ferny bank above a
small stream bordering a supari garden, surrounded on both sides by
dense evergreen forest. It was quite close to me when it flew out, and
as I had a gun in my hand I might have shot it flying, but I was very
anxious to kill it, and did not like to risk a shot. It only flew sixty
or seventy yards and lit on the bank among the thick ferns. It sat
there till I was quite close and darted round a corner before I could
cover it. Where it went I could not discover, and though I waited
an hour or so it never came back. Its small size and bright pale
colour were very striking, and I have no doubt as to its having been
correctly identified.

1043. Pelargopsis gurial, Pears.

A fairly common bird everywhere in Kanara, except the extreme
east. I have taken eggs near Sirsi in April,

1044. Halcyon smyrnensis, Linn.

Intensely common everywhere in Kanara. It is a grasshopper
eater, and is often found breeding far away from any water. Half a
dozen nests may be taken any day in March or April almost any
place above Ghats.

1045. Halcyon pileata, Bodd.

This handsome kingfisher is rare in Kanara, and I cannot be quite
sure whether it is or is not a permanent resident. The few specimens
I have seen have all been single, but they have practically been at all
seasons but the very hot weather. I have notes of the following : —

Chitakuli (three miles north of Karwar on the coast). Two speci-
mens shot on different days and at different places in November, 1894.

46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Karwar. — A single specimen seen once or twice in August or
September, 1889.

Amdalla (ten miles south of Karwar on the coast). — A single
specimen on 20th February, 1894.

Near Kumta on the Tudri river. — A single specimen on 25th
November, 1893.

Talan (five miles due east of Bhutkul). — A single specimen on
20th December, 1893.

At the Gairsoppa falls (at least 20 miles as the crow flies from the
sea), A single specimen on the 30th December, 1893.
1051. DiCHOCEROS BicoRNis, Linn.

Sparingly found through all the large forests immediately below the
Ghats, and occasionally in the central forests above Ghats. The bird
appears invariably to breed in the same nest ; but though I have been
told of others, I only know of one. This is about three miles from
Kutkul in the Kumta taluka ; I was first shown it on the 12th February
1890. It was in a very tall branchless tree in evergreen jungle. A
hus:e branch had been torn from the trunk about 40 or 50 feet from
the ground and had formed a ragged cavity, and in this the birds,
I was told, had bred for many years, and each year when the young
one was half grown, the villagers dug it and the mother out and
devoured them. To this circumstance they attributed the numerous
tribe of children inhabiting the village. A small stump of a branch
remained four or five feet below the hole, and after some three hours
work by tying bamboo ladders one above the other, two villagers
climbed up, and standing on the stump, after a considerable struggle
stabbed the old hen on her nest, which contained one fresh egg, and
which could not be obtained till after the old one bad been killed.
I visited the nest again on the 4th March, 1894, but it then contained
a single small young one, and in the end of January, 1895, the birds
had not laid.

1052. Anthracoceros coronatus, Bodd.

This hornbill is a good deal commoner than the last, and habitually
at all seasons goes about in considerable flocks. It is most common
in the deciduous forest in the east of Halyal, Yellapur, Mundgode
and Sirsi ; but I saw a pair at Bhutkul in January, 1889, and a flock of
some twenty near Kutgul in January, 1894. I also saw others near

THE BIRDS OB' NORTH KANARA. 47

Arbail in February, 181'3. The only egg I obtained was taken on the
9th March, 1893, a few miles east of Sirsi, and was brought to me
with the old bird which had been caught on the nest.

1062. LOPHOCEROS BIROSTRIS, Scop.

This hornbill is found sparingly along the east of the district from
Halyal to Runwasi (east of Sirsi). It is not found, as far as I know,
further than about twelve miles from the eastern frontier. It breeds
in March and April, and I found several nests about Ekambe (east of
Sirsi), and no doubt, had I taken any trouble, I could have found them
in other places also.

1063. LoPHocEROs GRisEUs, Lath.

This is the common Kanara hornbill, and it is common everywhere
from the coast to within ten or twelve miles of the eastern border.
It there meets L. birostris^ and in some places Iioth species occur. I have
taken many nests Avith eggs from the end of February to the beginning
of April ; they generally contained three eggs, but I have found four
in a few cases.

1066. Upupa epops, Linn.

A cold weather visitor both above and below the Ghats .; noticed
occasionally from November to March.

1067. Upupa indica, Reich.

A permanent resident above the Ghats, but scarce except in the

forests of Mundgode, Yellapur, and Halyal. I took a nest with five

eggs much incubuted in the Yellapur taluka on the 6th April, 1894,

and I have seen other nests but in places it was troublesome to cut out.

1068. Cypselus melba, Linn.

A permanent resident. Enormous numbers breed in cracks in the
cliffs near the top of the Gairsoppa waterfall. They breed in Febru-
ary and probably later, and no doubt the specimens seen at all seasons
come there to roost, as in the evenings they pour in long afler dark.
1072. Cypselus leuconyx, Blyth.

This is the common Kanara swift, and may be known on the wing
from C. affinis by the tail being forked, making the bird look much larger.

It appears in large flocks occasionally at Karwar during the rains,
and all along the coast it may be found in the cold weather for two or
three evenings consecutively when it disappears for often lengthened
periods. I have seen it in considerable numbers on the ridge of the

48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Ghats close to the Dudsagar station on the Portuguese railway at all
seasons I have been there ; they seemed to fly in and out of some caves
in the cliffs above the station-master's house. I have never been able
to visit the place, and it is to be hoped someone at Castle Rock will
manage to do so and see if there are nests. April, I should think,
would be the most likely month.

1073. Cypselus affinis, Gray & Hardw.

Noticed occasionally about Karwar in the rains, and common about
Halyal. In the latter place large numbers breed under the bridges
near Alnawar and in the veranda of the forest bungalow in Halyal.
]075. Tachoenis batassiensis, Gray.

Found all over the district. Wherever a Borassus is found, there
are sure to be a number of these swifts. They however, I am sure,
sometimes breed on the supari palm, as I found them to do in Mysore,
as the bird is constantly seen in places where no " tar " trees are
found.

1078. Centura indica, Hume.

This fine spine-tail is, I believe, a permanent resident in Kanara,
and I have numerous notes of having seen them from January to the
end of May in many places above Ghats. During the rest of the
vear I have generally been on the coast or at all events below
Ghats, and I cannot tell whether at that season they are also to be
found above Ghats. I noticed a few flying round some castellated
rocks near Ulvi in Supa in the middle of March, and the villagers
declared they bred there in the rains. They are by far the fastest
flyino' birds I have ever seen, and must fly about twice as fast as
the Alpine swift ; indeed, sometimes a flock has passed over and is gone
before one has made up his mind to risk a shot at them. I shot four
with some twenty shots at Sirsi in April, 1894 ; all were males, and none
showed any signs of breeding.

1079. Ch-Etura SYLVATICA, Tick.

This pretty little spine-tail is distinctly local, but a few may be found
regularly in many places. They keep to the evergreen jungle and the
neighbourhood of dead " baini " palms. I have little doubt they breed
in holes in these, but I have never been able to prove it. At Manchi-
keri in the Yellapur taluka I came on a large flock flying out and in-
to the trunk of a huge tree, which divided into three large stems, two

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA. 49

of which were hollow throughout. After much labour I cut a, hole
large enough to put my head into, and could see everything between
myself and the large hole they entered, but no trace of a nest of any
description was visible. Some years afterwards I visited the tree again,
but there were no swifts about it. Again in March, 1893, I saw a
number flying round some dead palm trees near iSirsi, and striking one
of the trees with a stick, I started a swift from the second hole in it,
some thirty feet from the ground. This tree leant against a stout ban-
yan which crossed it twenty feet up, and consequently a boy easily
climbed up. He got to the hole immediately below the hole the swift
came from and some four feet below it, but though a plu'?ky youngster,
he objected to go higher, saying the tree was quite rotten, and it shook
and cracked so ominously, I did not like to press him further, and as I
had some idea of propping up a ladder, I did not cut the tree down,
a thing I now much regret, as I could not find time to come back, as
I intended, in the afternoon. However in 1896 at Kukbarada in Supa
I cut down a " baini " tree, round which two pairs habitually circled,
but there was not a trace of nest or egg shells.

1081. COLLOCALIA FUCIPIIAGA.

This swift breeds in considerable numbers on Nitrani (Pigeon
Island), off the coast of Honawar in March and April, and I have had
nests brought from tbere for me. I have seen large flocks at Mur-
deshwar and also at Gairsoppa in the cold weather.

1086. Macropteryx coronata. Tick.

Generally distributed in Kanara and really common in the opener
jungle along the coast and in the east portion of the district. I have
taken the nest with young as early as 29th January at Godhalli close
to Karwar, but as a rule eggs are not found till well on in February,
and may be got any time afterwards till near the end of April.
So common is the bird in the hills east of Ankola, that having taken
one or two eggs there in March, in an evil moment I promised one of
the villagers a rupee for each egg he could find for me. He turned up
at my camp fitty miles off in the end of April with a small basket,
which, on examination, proved to contain 46 eggs of this species. As
it only, of course, lays one egg and takes a long time to build, at the
smallest computation this represented the nests of at least 23 pairs.
The bird is common during the rains at Karwar.

50 JOURNAL., BOSfBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

1090. Capkimulgus monticola, Frank.

This nightjar is fairly common above the Ghats from Halyal to
SidJapur, and I have obtained specimens both at Ankola and Bhutkul
It breeds in the end of March and beginning of April, and I have taken
a good many nests in the neighbourhood of Sirsi. Its cry is a long
wailing cry like an owl, and it appears at dusk and flying high, sails
up and down over the forest, occasionally alighting high up on a tree.
1091. Capkimulgus asiaticus, Lath.

This nightjar shuns the forest. It is common in the open country
about Halyal and Mundgode, and also fairly abundant in the open
parts along the coast. I have never seen it in the centre of the dis-
trict. Its note is " tuk-tuk-tuk-tookuraluk." It breeds in March.
1093. Capkimulgus mackurus, Horsf. form atripennis, Jerd.

This is the sm.all form of this bird, and the Kanara specimens do not
vary from each other in size, and look absolutely insignificant and
absurdly different from the large specimens of C. alhonotatus, Tick.,
which I have received from Mr. Stuart Baker from Cachar. This bird
is very common in Kanara, and its almost metallic cry of four notes is
heard nightly from February to May. I have taken many nests in
March, April and May. The eggs differ a good deal in size, were all
cream-coloured with round spots of black or purple, quite different from
those of any other nightjars I know, and quite different from the eggs
of the form alhonotatus which I received from Sikhim from the late
Otto M oiler.

1095. Capbimulgus indicus, Lath.

This is the rarest of the Kanara goatsuckers, but I have obtained
specimens and heard its easily distinguishable call pretty well all over
the district in the thick forest. Its call is either " tuk tuk " constant-
ly repeated, or this with an occasional " tukkoo tukkoo." I have
taken eggs in the Sirsi talnka in April.

109;). Batrachostomus moniliqek, Lay.

This bird is confined to the evergreen forests on the Ghats and just
below them, but I do not think it is very rare, as I have constantly heard
its wailing cry round my camp at Anshi, Nilkund, Kutgul, Gairsoppa,
and other places where there are evergreens. It never begins to call,
however, till it is almost quite dark, and at that time sits in the thick-
est trees or bushes. I have again and again followed it unsuccessfully

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANAKA. 51

in the moonlight, and have only once sucoeeiled in shooting it. On
another occasion I could have killed one, but it was within sis yards,
and the shot would have blown it to pieces. I have twice come across
it in daylight, but on neither occasion had I a gun with me.
1100. Harpactbs fasciatus, Penn.
A permanent resident generally distributed over all the forest area
except the extreme eastern portion. It is common in the evergreens
at Karwar in the rains. I have taken numerous nests : the earliest
was iu March at Kutgul, but above Ghats the end of April and May
are the commonest months. The nest holes were all large openings and
generally in very rotten wood, and the heights varied from ten to
about twenty feet. The cock sits on the eggs as well as the hen, and
they are very shy at returning to a nest when any one is about, though
they keep in the neighbourhood. I remember one case at Supa when
1 had started a cock from some tree (I could not see which), I watched
him for over an hour, during which tim.e he mostly sat without mov-
ing; he then flew away. As I had seen nothing of the hen, I con-
sidered that there was no use waiting longer, and strolled on in the
direction he had come from. I noticed a broken branch on a tree
about nine feet from the ground, and as it was so low, I climbed up
and put my hand on the branch, which broke clean off the moment my
fingers touched it, and left three beautiful fresh eggs on the top of a
heap of rotted wood, which fortunately prevented their falling to the
ground. All the eggs I have found have been a rich cream colour.
llOi. CucuLus CANORUS, Linn.
The common cuckoo is a rare bird in Kanara. I have only twice
shot it ; both were in the Kumta taluka in November. I also once
heard its note at Nilkuud in February.

1107. CucuLUS MiCROPTERUS, Gould.
This cuckoo is generally distributed in the forest portion of the
district from February to May, and is probably found at all seasons.
It is however a shy bird, and would generally be passed over were it
not for its clear four-noted metallic cry, one of the finest I know, and
always connected in my mind with the long solitary wait one frequent-
ly has hid when beating for big game. In the north of the Sirsi
taluka on the 4th April, 1894, I obtained an egg I consider to belong
to this bird. It was in the nest of a malacocercus, and is clearly a

52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

cuckoo's. It is of a bright blue colour, not nearly so dai-k as the egg
of Hieroccoccyx varius. I was camped at the place for several days,
and though I saw and heard C , micropterus constantly, I never saw any
other cuckoo in the neighbourhood.

1109. HiEROCOCCYX VARIUS, Vahl.

A permanent resident, fairly distributed all over the district, and
not uncommon about Karwar in the rains.

1112. Cacomantis passerinus, Vahl.

Very common in the Northern portion of the district, viz., Halyal,
Supa, and Karwar and as far south as Ankola. I have only once come
across it in the cold weather at Sirsi and once at Kumta. In the rains
at Karwar across the Kalauuddi its note practically never ceases, and
there were always a couple on the little hill in which the Collector's
bungalow at Karwar is situated. I have taken many of their eggs.
They were laid in every case in the nests of Orthotomus sutorius. On
one occasion 1 noticed a pair flying about most excitedly round a bush
in which I knew there was a nest of O. sutorius^ aud on waiting till they
had left, examined the nest, which I found to contain three blue eggs of
the ordiuary type, and a white one considerably but not very strikingly
larger, and very similarly marked with brown spots. The majority
of 0. sutorius in Kanara lay eggs with a blue ground, and although
I have taken this cuckoo's eggs eight or ten times in their nests, in every
case whether the tailor-bird's eggs were blue or white, the cuckoo's
had a white ground. This is remarkable, as all the previous records
of the egg of this cuckoo are to the effect that the egg has a blue ground.
1114. Penthoceryx sonnerati, Lath.

This cuckoo is a permanent resident, but is not nearly so com-
mon as the last. In the rains it is fairly common about Karwar,
and I have noticed it occasionally at all seasons all over the distrio":. It is
a very noisy bird with a clear call somewhat resembling that of ^. varius^
but not so loud or long, and omitting the very high notes at the end.
In Augnst, 1894, I saw a young one being fed by a pair of loras, and
in April of that year I found at Sirsi a nest of . fuscicauiata containing
two eggs of an ordinary bright coloured type and also a dull red Qgg of
quite a different texture. This belonged, I have no doubt, to this bird,
as it is alinc«t similar to one from the Barnes' colloctiou which was
extracted from a shot bird.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA. 53

1117. SuRNicuLUS LUGUBRis, Horsf.

This bird is a permaueut resident in Kanara, and I do not think very
rare, but it is often passed over owing to its similarity to a kingcrow.
I do not, as a rule, want to shoot kingcrows, but I have on two occasions
shot one of these birds when I intended to kill a Buchanga. It is
occasionally seen in Karwar in the rains, and has a fine clear note. I
have shot it in various places along the coast and also in the Siddapur
taluka. On one occasion (26th May, 1889), I saw three sitting on a
huge silk-cotton tree : they were calling shrilly, and spread their wings
and tails, showing the white bar distinctly.

1118. COCCYSTES JACOBINUS, Bodd.

I have only once obtained this species in Kanara. It was an im-
mature specimen shot at Gairsoppa in October, 1893. I remember see-
ing another across the river from Karwar in the beginning of the rains.

1120. EUDYNAMIS HONORATA, Linn.

Generally distributed all over the district. I have dbtained eggs
above Ghats in the month of March from nests of Corvus macrorliyncJiMs.
1122. Rhopodytes viridirostris, Jerd.

Common everywhere, both above and below the Ghats, where there
is forest. I have taken several nests about Karwar in the month of
August, and in other places (both above and below the Ghats) in x4pril.
The nests were, as a rule, built in thick low bushes some three or four
feet from the ground, but in one case I found a nest in a very thick
bamboo clump in open forest about twenty feet from the ground. The
nests are slight, composed of twigs and lined with green leaves. In one
case I obtained three eggs, but in all the others there were only two.

1129. Taccocua leschenaulti. Less.

This is a very rare bird in Kanara. Aitken obtained a specimen
north of Karwar, and I saw one near Honawar in December, 1888, or
January, 1889.

1130. Centropus sinensis, Steph.

The crow pheasant is generally distributed all over Kanara, and is
fairly common every svhere. It breeds in March and April.
1133. Centropus bengalensis, Gmel.

I have never obtained a specimen of this bird, but I saw one at Kumbar-
wada in Supa on 1 2th March, 1896, and I feel certain I have also seen it at
Anshi. Mr. Aitken also saw it at Castle Rock still furtbernorth in Supa.

54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.
1134. PALyEORNIS EUP ATRIA, Linil.

I have never managed to shoot this bird in Kanara, so cannot be sure
whether it is this form, or, as in Khandesh, P. nipalensis, Hodgs., which
is obtained. It is very rare, and I have only seen the bird twice. They
were both in the south of the district. On the 18th December, 1889, I
saw a pair at Siddapur in tbe large evergreen grove on the Bunwasi
road, and again on the 30th December, 1895, 1 saw a single bird at
Kodkani flying over the Gairsoppa falls.

1138. Pal-eornis torqtjatus, Bodd.

By no means a common bird in Kanara. A few may be found along
the coast from near Karwjir to Bhutkul, being commoner about
Gokern and Honawar. The bird is also moderately common about
Halyal and in the east of the district as far west as Sirsi. I have found
it breeding in February along the coast.

1139. Pal^ornis gyanocbphalus, Linn.

By far the commonest parroquet in Kanara, being found everywhere
from north to south and east to west. It breeds abundantly in
February and March.

1143. Pal.eornis columboides, Vig.

Common through all the thicker forests in Kanara, both above and
below the Ghats, becoming scarce towards the east, and absent from
the extreme east of Mundgode and Halyal. It breeds in February
and March generally in a hole in the top of a pollard tree adjoining
thick forest. The eggs vary in size, but are very similar to those of
P. torquatus.

1150. LORTCULTJS VERNALIS, Blyth.

A permanent resident, but shy and silent and would be frequently
overlooked if it was not for its pretty little cry as it flies off from
some thick tree. I have found it everywhere except in the extreme
east of the district. I have taken a good many of its nests ; all were
in supari palms left dead in the gardens, and they were in holes in the
rotten wood. The eggs are very round and glossless and much dis-
coloured by the rotten wood ; they vary from two to four in number.
1152. Strix flammea, Linn.

The only specimen of this owl I have ever seen in Kanara was sent
to roe alive from the light-house opposite Karwar. It flow into this
during the rains of 1889.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA. 55

1157. ASIO ACCIPITKINTJS, Pall.
I saw a single specimen of the short-eared owl at Halyal on the
12th Februar}', 1896, among some long grass.

1160. Syrnium INDRANI, Svkos.
I have only seen this owl in the neighbourhood of Kntgul, and
while beating for game. I shot a specimen on the 1st April, 1 893, and
I have seen others in later years.

1161. Syrnium occellatum, Less.
This owl is only found in Kanara along the extreme east of the
district. There are always a pair which breed in the fine mango avenue
at Bunwasi, east of Sirsi, and I have seen others at Halyal, Mundgode,
and while beating in the forests near Dasinkop.

1161. Ketuba. ceylonensis, Gkel.
Distributed all over the district both above and below the Ghats. It
is really common along the numerous forest streams. I have taken
eggs in January and February below the Ghats.

1168. Bubo bengalensis, Frankl.
Not common in Kanara. A pair are generally to be found on the
side of the hill at Sadasheogarh, north of Karwar. I obtained a young
one unable to fly at Bunwasi. I have also heard the note of what I
took to be this owl in other places.

1170. HuHUA nipalensis, Hodgs.
I have seen a large horned owl, which was probably this bird, at
Anshi in the Supa petta, and beard its call in other places. The onlv
one that ever came within shot of me flew into a tree close to me
while I was sitting up for a panther with a rifle in my hand. It was
too dark to see the bird distinctly.

1 1 78. Scops bakhamcena, Penn.
This little owl is rare. I have only seen it in the neighbourhood of
Karwar, where I took a nest with three eggs on the 29th January,
1893. It was in a hole in a tamarind tree on the edge of the forest,
and about ten feet from the oi'ound.

1180. Athene BR AMA, Temm.
This little owlet is found occasionally on the coast from Karwar to
Bhutkul. It is a permanent resident, but not common anywhere. It
is also found in the extreme north-east of the district, but is absent from
all the central portions.

5G JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

1184, Glaucidium radiatum, Tick.
This is a common owl throughout the district wherever there is
forest. I have taken eggs from February to April in many places.
A pair used to breed every year in a hole in a small cocoanut tree in
front of the Forest bungalow at Kudra.

1187. NiNOX SCUTULATA, Raff.
This owl is, I think, by no means very uncommon throughout
Kanara, but is very shy and does not como out till it is almost quite
dark. In the breeding season it is a very noisy bird with a clear cry,
which can be heard for miles. It is generally uttered by both birds
together, and resembles " coo ooo, coo, ooo, coo ooo," repeated very
fast. It is a denizen of thick jungle generally on the hills. The
birds flit about like nightjars. I have never taken eggs in Kanara,
but they must breed in March as proved by dissecting specimens shot.
]189. Pandion HALiAETUS, Linn.
Noticed occasionally on the coast, and also on the large rivers below
the Ghats. I have only noticed it between October and February.
1191. Otogyps ualvus, Scop.
Noticed occasionally at all seasons in all parts of the district. It must
be a permanent resident, but in Kanara I have never come on a nest.
1194. Gyps indicus, Scop.
Noticed on a very few occasions in various parts of the district, but
on only one occasion were there more than two or three together.
There are many suitable cliffs in the district, but only once have I
seen the bird apparently breeding. This was on the 30th December,
1893, and a puir kept entering a sort of hollow in the cliff half way
down below the bungalow on the British side of the Gairsoppa falls.
With a glass I could discover what looked like a nest, but, of course, in
a quite unapproachable situation.

1196. PsEUDOGYPs BENGALENsis, Gm. (Syst. Nat.)
This vulture is very common everywhere in Kanara. It breeds in
December and January, sometimes singly and sometimes several to-
gether in the forest. I have seen hundreds of nests.

1197. Neophron giNginianus, Lath.
Moderately common along the east of the district, where it breeds
in February. Occurs also as a straggler along the coast occasionally
at Honawar and Kumta, and I once saw it at Nilkuud on the edge of

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA, 57

the Ghats. It is, however, absent from by far the oreateat part of the
district.

1203. Aquila yindhiana, Frankl.

I obtained a single specimen of this eagle at Dasinkop iu the
extreme east of the district on the 7th March, 1890, and have once or
twice seen specimens, I consider to have belonged to this, also in the
extreme east.

1205. Aquila maculata, Gmel. (Syst. Nat.)

I have never obtained a specimen of this eagle. I have, however,
several times in the east of the district seen a dark eagle with some
white on its back and wings. They were in the neighbourhood of
tanks, and I have noticed them from January to May. This eagle
may, however, possibly have been A. hastafa^ which I have shot from
the nest in the adjoining Mysore ten-itory.

1207. lilERATUS FASCIATUS, Vieill.

I saw a single male specimen of this bird at the Gairsoppa Falls in
December, 1895. I saw it several times and possibly its mate may
have been sitting somewhere among the cliffs around.

1208. HiERATUs PE^-NATUs, Gmel. (Syst. Nat.)

Seen occasionally along the coast in the cold weather. I have also
on three occasions seen specimens above Ghats.

1210. ICTINAETUS MALAYENSIS, EeinU.

By no means uncommon along the southern portion of the coast
about Bhutkul, and occasionally seen all along the line of Ghats.
A female I shot at Manki on the 26th January, 1890, would have laid
in a very few days, and a fine male I shot near Bhutkul in December,
1893, was also breeding. I have, however, never come across a nest.
The bird is however a cliff- builder, and in Kanam cliffs are sun'ounded
by dense jungle and difficult to get at.

1211. Spizaetus ciERHA'ius, Gmel. (Syst. Nat.)

This eagle is common in the forests below Ghats, and also in those
to the east of the district. I have taken its nest several times, generally
in silk-cotton trees, and found in every case one egg or young. The
eggs were taken in January and February.

1216. CiRCAETUS GALLicus, Gmel. (Syst. Nat.)

Noticed occasionally along the coast and in Siddapur, in the cold
weather, and about Halyal in the hot weather, I have seen no signs
of this bird breeding,
8

58 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

1217. Spilornis cheela, Lath.

By far the commonest o£ the hawk eagles in the district and found
at all seasons in all the moist forests, never being found far from
water. Its nests are hard to find, being mostly in very thick forests
along a stream. The form we get in Kanara is the smaller form with
faint barring on the breast called by Sharpe S. melanotis. An egg
believed to belong to this species was figured in volume 3 of this
Journal by the late Mr. Barnes. I think, however, some mistake must
have occurred as the egg is indistinguishable from eggs in my col-
lection of Perms cristatus, and is not nearly large enough for the
species.

1220. BuTASTUR TEESA, Frankl.

A migrant to the district found very commonly along the coast,
and very sparingly elsewhere, from November to March when it
disappears.

1224. Hali/Etus leucogastar, Gmel. (Syst. Nat.)

The white-bellied sea-eagle is very common along the coast and
some distance up all the rivers below the Ghats at all seasons. They
seem invariably to breed in the same nest yearly. At Karwar a pair
breed in the Caserina plantation, another pair at Karwar head, another
pair on a peak beyond Godhalli, while there are generally four pairs
on the various islands in the harbour. It is the same all the way
down the coast as far as Bhutkul. I have never been able to land
at Nitrani (Pigeon Island) myself, but I have several times sent there
for eggs, and the most I have ever received at a time has been seven
pairs, and the boatmen said there were never more than a dozen pairs
breeding on the Island. I have always got my eggs from there in
October, and even at that date many were much incubated. I have,
however, got eggs at Karwar as late as the beginning of February.
The bird brings a perfectly wonderful amount of food to its young.
At Gokern, where there used to be a large nest close to the bungalow,
the birds constantly an-ived with food, and the villagers declared had
a strong partiality to their chickens, and objected to their breeding
there.

1226. POLIiETUS ICHTHY^TUS, Hoi-sf.

I have only seen this bird about the small tanks at Yellapur and to
the east of Mundgode. It is shy and I only obtained one specimen,

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANAKA, 59

but I invariably saw the bird at the Sanwalli tank near Mundgode
whenever I visited it.

1228. Haliastur indus, Bodd.
The Brahmany kite is common along the coast from north to south
and noticed occasionally thronghout the above Ghat portion. It
remains all through the rains at Karwar. I have seen the birds
building as early as the end of October, but all the eggs I have taken
have been in January.

1229. MiLVUs aoviNDA, Sykes.
The kite is generally distributed through Kanara, being a per-
manent resident above the Ghats, at all events in the east of the
district. At Karwar it leaves about the end of May, and none are
seen till September. It breeds anytime from November to March.
1230. MiLvus MELANOTis, Temm. and Schleg.
I have only seen this kite on three occasions in Kanara. I obtained
a very fine male at Halyal on the tank on the 6th February, 1896,
with a wing of 19^ inches and a total length of 24i inches. I also
twice (January, 1890, and December, 1895,) saw a single specimen on
the coast to the south of Honawar.

1232. Elanus c^ruleus, Desf.
This pretty little kite is very rare in Kanara. I saw a pair on the
25th March, 1895, at the Gangawati tank, whicli, from the way they
were chasing other birds, were apparently breeding, though I could
not find their nest. I have seen the bird singly some eight or ten
times in Halyal, Mundgode and along the coast.

1233. Circus macrurus, S. G. Gmel.
Moderately common during the cold weather from November to
March both above and below the Ghats wherever there is open
country.

1234:. Circus cineraceus, Mont.
Less common than the preceding except about Siddapur, where it
is abundant in the cold weather. Elsewhere only noticed occasionally
on the coast from Ankola to Bhutkul.

1237. Circus aeruginosus, Linn.
The marsh harrier is very common along the coast wherever there
is swampy land. Above Ghats it is occasionally seen about tankg
and rice helds.

GO JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

1239. BuTEO FEKOx, S. G. Gmel.

I have perhaps on half-a-dozen occasions seen this bird ; they have
all been between November and April, and have been either on the
coast or in the east of the district.

1244. AsTUR DADIUS; Gmel. (Syst. Nat.)

Generally distributed through the district, but by no means
common. I have taken nests in March and April. I have no
recollection or record of having seen it at Karwar in the
rains.

1246. LopHOSPiziAS TRiviRGATUs, Temm.

Thia fine bird is not common in Kauara. It is, however, a perma-
nent resident in all the forests above Ghats from the extreme north to
the south of Siddapur. I once saw in the distance on the river below
Gairsoppa a bird, I believe, to have been this, but except this doubtful
cage I have never seen it bolow the Ghats. In 1893, I obtained
three nests ; the first was on the 7th April at Sampkund in the Sirsi
taluka, and the nest was high up on a tall, almost branchless tree in
the large evergreen " kan." It was a dreadful tree to climb and I
was much surprised to find a man casuallj' passing willing and able to
climb it. The second was on the 15th April in a village near Man-
chikeri in the Yellapur taluka. This was about 40 feet up a leafless
tree outside a " kan " of very tall trees. A villager brought me the
eggs, and hours afterwards when I went to the spot, the hen was
sittiDg on the empty nest, and refused to leave it till many stones had
been thrown at her. The nest was a massive structure of sticks, and,
the man said, was not lined with leaves. The third nest was at Birchia
in Supa, and was in bamboo jungle on a branchless tree about forty
feet from the ground, and quite unapproachable if a tall bamboo had
not crossed the tree close to the nest. It was found on the 8th May,
Each nest contained two eggs, but in that of the 8th May, the eggs
contained dead and rotten young birds which ought to have been
hatched at a much earlier date.

1249. Pernis cristatus, Cuv.

To my surprise I have always found the honey buzzard rare in
Kanara, and I have seen no signs of its In-eeding. 1 have noticed
odd specimens from December to May both above aufl below the
Ghats.

The birds of north kanara. el

1254. Falco PEREGRiNUS, Tuustall.

A few peregrines visit the district from November to February.
I have seen them only on the coast and about the tanks in the north-
east of the district.

1255. Falco peregrinator, Sundev.

A pair of these falcons kept about the Gairsoppa falls at Christmas,
1893. I also saw a female at Sirsi on 1st May, 1889, and a male at
Ankola on the 2nd June of the same year.

1262. Erythropus amurensis, Gurney.

This pretty little falcon appears in some years in immense scattered
flocks in November and December. All seen have been along the
coast, and the years 1891 and 1895 were years of great abundance,
though I saw a pair in 1893. As a rule they do not show till the
evening, when one after another appears and flies over and over the
rice fields catching moths and beetles. They fly very fast, and continue
flying till it is almost too dark to shoot.

1265. TiNNUNcuLUs ALAUDARius, Linn.

The kestrel visits Kanara both above and below Ghats from Nov-
ember to March, but it is not common and avoids all the thick forests.
I have seen none on the cliffs in April and May, at the time they were
breeding in fair numbers in the Nassic districts further north, and I
do not think any remain in Kanara to breed.

Crocopus chlorigaster, Blyth. (Hume's Cat., No. 773.)

This pigeon is not common in Kanani, but a few are found through
the up-Ghat portion of the district towards the east and north. I
have also noticed them below the Ghats at Agsar and Kudra. I have,
above Ghats, taken their eggs from February to Mav.

OsMOTRERON BiciNCTA, Jerd. (Hume's Cat., No. 774.)

This pigeon is very local in Kanara and I have only seen it at a few
places along the coast from Ankola as far south as Murdeshwar. Its
cry is a hoarse one and not like the musical notes of C. cldorigaster and
0. malabarica. It Ijreeds in February and March. I have seen more
in the neighbourhood of Mirzan than in any other place.

OsMOTRERON MALABARICA, Jerd. (Hume's Cat., No. 775.)

This is the common green pigeon of Kanara, and is found in numbers
from the coast to about as far ea^t as Birchia. It is rare in the east
of Sirsi, and 1 have not seen it in Mundgode or Haljal. It breeds

62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

irom January to April, making its nest as a rule in the tops of the
pollard trees about fifteen feet from the ground.

Carphoga aenea, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 780.)

Well distributed over the central portion of the district as far north
as Yellapur and as far east as Sirsi. It is also found commonly below
the Ghats among the hills from Kutgol to Sunksal, and I have seen
numbers in Febraary iu the Arbail Ghat. As a rule, however, it avoids
the ridge of the Ghats. I obtained an egg at Siddapur in February,
1889, and I took two nests on the 12th and 13th March at Tyagli in
Sirsi. The nests were in a pollarded tree iu evergreen " betta," and
were one twenty and the other twenty-five feet from the ground. The
nests were slight and composed of thin twigs, and there was of course
only one egg in each nest. I have had other eggs brought to me.
Carpophaqa cuprea, Jerd. (Hume's Cat., No. 781, bis.)

This fruit pigeon, which has no metallic green back and is larger, is
not so generally distributed as C. aenea. It is as a rule restricted to the
face of the Ghats from Gairsoppa to Anshi. I have noticed it also
about Kutgul, but never-any distance from the crest of the Ghats
inwards. While on the wing this species much resembles the last, but
its note is quite distinct, and somewhat resembles the cry of the com-
mon Kanara monkey. It breeds in February, and I have obtained
eggs at Devimane, and on the edge of the Ghat near Manchikeri. The
egg is very similar- to that of C. aenea.

Palumbus ELPHiNSTONii, Sjkes. (Hume's Cat., No. 780.)

This pigeon is rare and I believe restricted to the north-west corner

of Supa. I have only come across the bird at Juggulbet and between

Anshi and Kumbharwada in May. Mr. Aitken however informs me

it is more common further north about Digi on the Portuguese frontier.

CoLUMBA intermedia, Strickl. (Hume's Cat., No. 788.)

The Indian blue-rock is very common at the Gairsoppa falls, where
hundreds breed on the cliffs and afford capital shooting. They are
also found on some of the islands along the coast and at Halyal.
TuRTUR MEENA, Sykcs. (Hume's Cat., No. 793.)

The large Indian turtle dove identified by me as the form ineena,
is common above Ghats from November to April. I also once saw a
small flock near Ankola. I once started one out of a thick small tree,
and ibund in it a pigeon's nest with one egg v/hicli may have belonged

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA. G3

to this bird. It is, however, larger than others I have received from
elsewhere. It certainly does not generally breed in the district.
TuRTUR suRATENSis, Gm. (Humo's Cat., No. 795.)

A very common bird everywhere, building from February to May.
TuRTUR RisoRius, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 796.)

I have only noticed this bird about Halyal in the extreme north-
east portion of the district. It was common in February, and I saw u
few specimens in April. It is absent from the rest of the district.
TuRTUR TRANQUEBARicus, Hern. (Humo's Cat., No. 797.)

On two occasions I saw this bird near Halyal in February, and Mr.
Aitken informs me he saw a small flock at Ankola in January, 1894.
Chalcophaps indica, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 798.)

Fairly common through all the forests except those in the extreme
east of the district. It has a mournful wailing call which is audible
for a long distance. I have taken eggs at Sirsi in March, and at
Karwar in the end of the rains. They may lie known from the eo-o-s
of all the other doves by their pink colour, almost the shade of a
trogon.

Pavo ceistatus, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 803.)

Peafowl are rare in Kanara and are undoubtedly disappearing. They
used to be common along the Digi Ghat, but the Custom Sepoys have
shot them out. There are still a few in the east of the Mundoode
Petta, and I have seen or heard a few at various places both above and
below the Ghats. I got some eggs near Karwar in September,
1894.

Gallus sonnerati, Tern. (Hmne's Cat., No. 813.)

Jungle fowl are still common everywhere in the forests above and
below Ghats, and v;ould increase enormously if they were not snared
round almost every patch of rice. They breed from February to May
but appear to lay very few eggs, the most I have ever found beino- five.
These, oddly enough, were laid on the top of a dead stump two or three
feet from the ground.

Galloperdix spadiceus, Gm. (Hume's Cat., No. 814.)

Very common in every portion of forest in Kanara. It breeds
from March to May, and out of some fifty nests I have never found
more than four eggs in a nest, and only on one or two occasions have
J found more than three.

G4 JOURNAL, BO.VnJY NATTTiAL lUSTOnY SOCIETY. Vnl. XII.

Francolinus PICTU8, Jard. & Selby. (Hume's Oat., No. 819.)
Found sparingly along the extreme east of tlio district from Halyal
to i^iddapur, but I do not think thoy occur in any |)lace more than ten
miles from the border.

Ortygornis pondicerianus, Gm. (Hume's Cat., No. 822.)
A rare bird in Kanara. There are a few in the neighbourhood of
Ankola on the coast extending some five or six miles north of it, and
I once saw a single specimen at Sirsi.

Perdicula asiatica, Lath. (Hume's Cat., No. 826.)
I have shot this quail in the forests east of Halyal, and I have seen
what was either this or the next species at Bhutkul. Bush quail are,
however, very scarce in Kanara.

Microperdix erythrorhynchus, Rykes (Hume's Cat., No. 828.)
This quail I have only found in the neighbourhood of Bunwasi, in
the east of Sirsi. I obtained eggs from there taken in September.
GoTURNix COMMUNIS, Bomi. (Hume's Cat., No. 829.)
This quail visits Kanara in the cold weather, and a few may be
obtained along the whole east portion from Halyal to Siddapur.
Below Ghats it is rare. I have seen it once or twice at Karwar,
Kumta, Honawar, and both above and below the Malemane
Ghat.

CoTURNix COROMANDELICA, Gm. (Hume's Cat., No. 830.)
This quail is abundant at Halyal, where it breeds in September. I
have also obtained it occasionally in the east of the district as far south
as Siddapur. I once saw it below the Ghats at Kumta on the 10th
February, 1889.

TuRNix TAiGOOR, Sykes. (Hume's Cat., No. 832.)
A permanent resident, being occasionally seen and often heard at
Karwar during the rains. I have noticed it all over the district in
, he cold weather. I have several times obtained eggs at Hal3'al.
TuRNix JOUDERA, Hodgs. (Hume's Cat., No. 834.)
Seen once or twice in thick patches of high grass among the forests
in Supa and Halyal in April and May.

TuRNix DTissuMiERi, Tcm. (HuHie's Cat., No. 83/).)
Obtained once at Halyal in April.

Sypiieotides aurita, Lath. (Hume's Cat., No. 839.)
I have once or twice shot florican at Halyal in April.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA. 65

CuRSORius coROMANDELicus, Gm. (Hume's Cat., No. 840.)
Rare in the district. la the cold weather I have seen a few in the
bare rocky hills at Gokern and Bhutkul. Above Ghats I have seen
the bird at Halyal and Sirsi ; at the latter place I obtained fresh eggs
in April.

Squatarola helvetica, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 844.)
I saw large flocks of this bird in December, 1889, and J 895 at Hona-
war. 1 also saw some in December, 1893, at Bhutkul, and in February,
1894, at Belikeri.

Charadyius fulvus, Cuv. (Hume's Cat., No. 845.)
The eastern golden plover is fairly common all along the coast
from Karwar to Bhutkul. I have also seen flocks near Siddapur also
in the cold weather, and in April and May I have seen a few at Halyal
in nearly full summer plumage.

^GiALiTis GEOFFRovi, Wagi. (Hmne's Cat., No. 846.)
1 shot a pair of this plover out of a large flock at Honawar on the
21st December, 1895. I think I saw a flock once at Karwjir in
October, but did not obtain a specimen.

/Egialitis mongola. Pall. (Hume's Cat., No. 847.)
I shot 7 birds out of a large flock of this species at Honawar on the
8th December, 1895, and have seen flocks also at various other places
on the coast.

iEGiALiTis GANTIANA, Lath. (Hume's Cat., No. 848.)
In December, 1895, I saw a large flock of this bird at Murdeshwar,
and I obtained specimens in December, 1890, at Bona war.
^Egiaiitis Dubia, Scop. (Hume's Cat., No. 849.)
This plover I have occasionally seen on the banks of tanks and in
the marshes along the coast from December to the beginning of April.
LoBivANELLUs iNDicus, Bodd. (Humo's Cat., No. 855.)
Common all over the district, breeding abundantly in March and April.

LoBiPLUviA MALABARICA, Bodd. (Hiune's Cat., No. 846.)
This plover is, as might be expected, rather scarce in so thickly
wooded a district. I have seen a small flock in the rains in Karwar,
and a few both above and below the Ghats in the cold weather and
also in the hot. I have taken eggs in April and May on several
occasions. For two consecutive years I took a clutch at Halyal, which ,
instead of being normally coloured, were a rich pink marked with
9

66 JOURNAL, BO^fBA Y NA TUBAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

darker pink and reddisli-brown. They were no doubt the produce of
one pair of birds as they were obtained in the same field. I once
obtained two similarly coloured eggs at Sirsi.

OEdicnemus scolopax, S. G. Gm. (Hume's Cat., No. 859.)
This bird is found along the coast, but is rare there. In the east of
the district, especially about Halyal, it is more common. I once obtain-
ed a nest with two eggs. It was at Halyal on the 28th April, 1895.
Scolopax kusticola, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 867.)
I have only once seen a woodcock in Kanara. This was on the 11th
March, 1896, while beating for big game at Kumbharwada in tSupa.
I have heard of some four or five others being seen. It is however a
very rare visitor.

Gallinula sthenura, Kahl. (flume's Cat., No. 870.)
Gallinula c(elestis, Cuv. (Hmne's Cat., No. 871.)
Kanara is not a good district for snipe. On the coast they come
iu about the third week of October ; there are a few places from the
north of Karwar to Bhutkul where moderate bags can be made till
the middle of February. From ten to fifteen brace is considered a
very good bag.

Above Ghats they are on the whole scarcer, but a few may be got in
almost any of the late rice crops, the best time there for them
being from the middle of January to the first week of April. Pintails
are commoner on the coast and about Sirsi than fantails, and I find
107 pintails recorded against 22 fantails. About Halyal, however, In
February, 1896, I shot 25 fantails and only one pintail. The latest
date I have seen snipe in Kanara is the 25th April.

GALLiNAf^o gallinula, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 872.)
Jack snipe are much scarcer than either of the preceding. A few
are however found both on the coast antl above Ghats.

Rhynch^a capensis. (Hume's Cat., No. 873.)
The painted snipe is not common. I have, however, shot a few both
above and below the Ghats from November to February. I have
never however found them breeding in Kanara.

Terekia GiNBREA, Guld. (Hume's Cat., No. 876.)
I have only once juot with this bird. It was on the 10th Uecora-
bor, 1^95, and 1 shot one out of a small flock at Honawar. They were
on a sand bank in the Gairsoppa river.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANAKA. 67

NUMENms LiNEATUS, Cuv. (Hume's Cat., No. 877.)
I have once or twice seen the cnrlew along tne coast in the cold
weather, hut is very scarce.

NuMENius PH.EOPUS, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 878.)
Not very uncommon along the shore from Aukola to Gokern. I
have several times shot them there.

Machetes pugnax, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 880.)
A rare winter migrant. I shot one at Honawar out of a small flock
in November, 1889.

Tringa minuta, Leisl. (Hume's Cat., No. 884.)
Rare. I have however several times seen it in marshes near the
coast.

AcTiTis GLAREOLA, Liun. (Hiune's Cat., No. 891.)
A common winter migrant, being found in small numbers all ovei'
the district both above and below the Ghats. I saw one specimen at
Supa as late as the 15th May, 1893.

ToTANUs oCHROPus, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 892.)
Much less common than the last, but equally distributed.

Tringoides hypoleucus. (Hume's Cat., No. 893.)
This bird arrives in Karwar very early, and I have seen a specimen
there as early as the 3rd August. There it haunts the seashore, par-
ticularly the rocky portions. It is also generally distributed sparingly
over the whole district, and I have seen it at Karwar as late as the
15th May.

ToTANUs GLOTTIS, Liuu. (Hume's Cat., No. 894.)
Noticed only on the coast, and sparingly from November to February.

ToTANus STAGNATiLis, Becbst. (Hume's Cat., No. 895.)
Once obtained by me at Honawar on 10th November, 1889.

ToTANUs Fuscus, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 896.)
I saw three specimens of this species in the Kumta taluka in Nov-
ember, 1890.

ToTANCJS CALiDRis, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 897.)
I once noticed this species at Majali, near Karwar, in November,
1893.

Parra indica. Lath. (Hume's Cat., No. 900.)
Very abundant in all the tanks above Ghats, breeding in the latter
part of the rains.

68 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL BISTORT SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Scop. (Hume's Cat., No. 901.)
Equally common with the last in the tanks in the east of the district
breeding also in the rains.

PoRPHYRio poLiocEPHALus, Lath. (Hume's Cat., No. 902.)
Common in some years on the tank at Halyal, and that of Mavinkop
in the same neighbourhood.

FuLiCA ATRA, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 903.)
I have only twice come across the coot in Kanara. I shot one on
the 8th December, 1893, on the river near Honawar, and I saw a pair
in January, 1896, at Siddapur.

Gallinula chloropus, Linn. (Hume^s Cat., No. 905.)
Very common in all the tanks in the Halyal taluka in the cold wea-
ther.

Erythra phcenicura, Penn. (Hume's Oat., No. 907.)
Common everywhere throughout the district. Breeds in Karwar in
the rains.

Rallina euryzonoides, Lafr. (Hume's Cat., No. 912.)
I have only noticed this bird in the neighbourhood of Karwar. A
pair used to live in the jungle there below the Collector's bmigalow.
Their note, ii very extraordinary one, was generally uttered after dark,
but occasionally in the early morning. Again and again, in the grey
morning, I have tried to stalk them, but only once managed to get a
shot and lost the bird though wounded. I obtained a single specimen
however at Sadasheogarh, which took refuge in the bungalow there on
the 6th June, 1894, during a severe thunderstorm. The bird no doubt
breeds in Kanara, and I obtained eggs at Karwar which I have little
doubt belonged to the bird, but of course useless being imauthenti-
cated.

HYPo-TiENiDiA STRIATA, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 913.)
Is common about Karwar in the rains, and I have occasionally come
across it while snipe shooting in the cold weather. Above Gliats it
breeds in the " wangan " or summer rice, and I took two nests at Supa
with seven and six incubated eggs in May. I have also taken many
nests about Karwar in July and August.

Leptoptilus argalus, Lath. (Hume's Cat., No. 915.)
I have once noticed this bird in the east of Sirsi in the cold
weather.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH EANARA. 69

DissuKA EPiscoPA, Bodd, (Hume's Cat., No. 920.)
Occasionally noticed in the east of the district from Febrnary to
April. Also once noticed at Gairsoppa (below the Ghats) in October, and
at Sant_£;al in Knmta in January. 1 do not think it breeds in the district.

Ardea cixerea, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 923.)
Noticed occasionally and generally singly at various places both
above and below the Ghats from October to April.

Adrea purpurea, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 924.)
Noticed on some seven or eight occasions singly both above and
below the Ghats.

Herodias intermedia, Hass. (Hume's Cat., No. 926.)
Occasionally noticed in the cold weather, singly at Halyal, and on
one occasion at Siddapur, and once at Gokern.

Herodias garzetta, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 927.)
Moderately common from November to April, both above and below
the Ghats.

Demiegretta gularis, Bosc. (Hume's Cat., No. 928.)
1 have noticed this bird in November and December once or twice
on the coast near Kumta and Honawar.

BUBULCUS coromandus, Bodd. (Hume's Cat., No. 929.)
Noticed in large flocks about Halyal, in February and Ai)ril, and
at that time throughout the Sapa Petta. It does not however breed
in the district.

Ardeola grayi, Sykes. (Hume's Cat., No. 930.)
Common everywhere from October to May, leaving the district in
the rains for breeding purposes.

Butorides javanica, Horsf. (Hume's Cat., No. 931.)
Sparsely distributed through all the district from October to Mav,
I have never noticed it anywhere in the district during the rains, but
I think it is probably resident then.

Ardetta flavicollis, Lath. (Hume's Cat., No. 932.)
While vainly trying to get a shot at a pair of Goisakius at Kudra
on the 2lst May, 1894, I came on a single specimen of this bittern and
shot it. I have never seen or heard of any others in the district.
Ardetta cinnamomea, Gm. (Hume's Cat., No. 933.)
This bird is generally distributed in the rice fields in Kanara. It is
a permanent resident and breeds in large numbers about Karwar in

70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

the rains, mfiking .1 small rough grass nest in the rice fields in July
and August and laying four or five eggs.

BoTAURUs STELLARis, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 936.)

I shot a single specimen of this bird in the Kumta taluka on the
1st December, 1890.

GoiSAKius MELANOLOPHUS, Rafil. (Hume's Oat., No. 936 pis.)

This bird is a permanent resident in Kanara and I do not consider
it an extremely rare bird. It is, however, the shyest bird I know,
keeping to small nullahs and streams surrounded by evergreen woods.
When disturbed it flits noiselessly through the thick forest, and though
alighting only a short distance off, again rises before one can get with-
in shot. For four or five days I continually endeavoured to secure a
pair at Kudra which kept to the little stream beside the bungalow
but failed to get a shot. The first time I saw one there it rose from
my feet from the little water hole close to the road and lit some eighty
yards off in a thick tree. I followed it from tree to tree without
success, and I was equally unsuccessful in trying to stalk or drive the
pair on other occasions. 1 have seen the bird at Supa, Anshi, and
Kumbharwada, all in the Supa petta and at Siddapur, all in May, and
at many places round Karwar in the rains. I have seen its nest
several times. In all cases it was placed in a small tree overhanging
a nullah (then, i.e., the rains) full of water. It is a small structure
much resembling that of Ardeola grayi and generally built of light
coloured sticks. It is not concealed at all and generally from fifteen to
twenty feet from the ground. In one case I found four eggs hatching
(indeed one egg was hatched and the shell under the tree), and in the
others two eggs or young. The eggs are white with a faint bluish shade
and slightly pointed towards the smaller end. They are laid in the end
of July or the beginning of August. When breeding the birds are
bold and come freely to the nest.

Nycticorax griseus, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 937.)

A rare visitor to Kanara. I saw a large flock one evening in April,
1894, at Yellapur, and I have seen them on the coast in November and
December, and at Halyal in April.

Tantalus leucocephalus, Forst. (Hume's Cat., No. 938.)

I have only seen the pelican ilns in the neighbourhood of Halyal in
February, and this only on two occasions.

THE BIRDS OF NORTH KANARA. Tl.

Anastocus oscitans, Bodd. (Hume's Cat., No. 940.)
I saw a single shell-eater at the tank in Halyal on 30th April, 1895.

Inocotis papillosus, Tern. (Hume's Cat., No. 942.)
I have seen this species in the Sirsi taluka in the months of Febru-
ary and April.

Falcinellus igneus, S. G. Gmel. (Hume's Cat., No. 943.)
I saw a single specimen of this bird near Siddapur on the 7tli Jan-
uary, 1894.

Phcenicopterus ANTiQUORDM. (Hume's Cat., No. 944.)
A large flock of immature birds came in October, 1893, to the
neighbourhood of Karwar. They alighted on the shore and were so
fatigued that several were captured alive, being unable to rise again.
This is the only instance of the occurrence of the flamingo in Kanara
I have ever heard of.

Nettopus coromandelianus, Gm. (Hume's Cat., No. 951.)
Common on all the tanks above Ghats ; I have only seen it in the
cold and hot weather, but it no doubt breeds there in the rains.
Dendeocygna javanica, Horsf. (Hume's Cat., No. 952.)
Common on all the tanks above Ghats and also in places along the
coast. It no doubt breeds both above and below Ghats in the rains.
Spatula clypeata, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 957.)
I saw a single specimen of this duck on the Hebatti tank (Sirsi) on
fhe 18th March, 1889, and three others on the Murkwad tank near
Halyal on the 9th February, 189G.

Anas pcecilorhyncha, Forst. (Hume's Cat., No. 959.)
Noticed once or twice on the tanks in the east of Sirsi and Mund-
gode ; probably a permanent resident there.

Chaulelasmus streperus, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 961.)
I have only twice seen Gadwall in Kanara ; a small flock on the
Murkwad tank (Halyal) in February, 1896, and a single bird near
Mundgode in March, 1895.

Dafila acuta, Linn. (Hume's Cat., No. 962.)
I saw five pintail at Honawar in November, 1889, and a single bird
at Halyal among a flock of teal on 9th February, 1896.

Mareca PENELOPE, Linn. (Hum«'s Cat., No. 963.)
I saw a single wigeon at Karwar in September, 1889, und a small
flock on the sea outside the bar at Honawar in December of that year.

72 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NA TUBAL HISTOBY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

QuERQUEDULA CRECCA, Liim. (Hume's Oat., No. 964.)
I have twice seen flocks of teal below the Ghats. They were near
Kmntti and at Honawar in November and December. I have also
seen them m some numbers at Buuwasi in the east of Sirsi in March,
1889 and 1890.

QuERQUEDUliA ciRciA, Linu. (Hume's Cat., No. 965.)
Fairly common in all the tanks to the east of the district in the
cold weather, and I have twice seen tliem near Honawar on the coast
at the same season.

FuLiGULA NYROCA, Guld. (Hmne's Cat., No. 969.)
I shot a single specimen of the white-eyed duck at Honawar on
3rd December, 1895.

PoDiCEPS MINOR, Gm. (Hume's Cat., No. 975.)
Common on all the tanks in the east of the district in the cold and
hot weathers.

Larus Brunneicephalus, Jerd. (Hume's Cat,, No. 980.)
Not uncommon in the cold weather along the coast from Karwar
down to the very south of the district.

Sterna bergii, Licht. (Hume's Cat., No. 989.)
Common in the cold weather along the coast.

Sterna an..etheta, Scop. (Hume's Cat., No. 992.)
Large numbers of these terns appeared on the coast at Karwar in
May, 1890, and many were so weak that they could be caught with
the hand. In the rains I have several times seen a larger grey tern
at the mouth of the Kalanudi, but have never managed to shoot one.
SuLA cyanops, Sund. (Hume's Cat., No. 999 bis.)
I obtained a specimen of this bird at Sadasheogarh on the 23rd
June, 1895. It was blown ashore in a great storm and captured alive.
Phalacrocorax fdscicollis, Steph. (Hume's Cat., No. 1006.)
I saw two birds of this species at Halyal in April, 1894.

Phalacrocorax ptgm^us. Pall. (Hume's Cat., No. 1007.)
Noticed at several places above GLats from January to April.
Plotus melanogaster, Penn. (Hume's Cat., No. 1008.")
1 saw two '* snake birds " on the Sanwalli tank near Mundgode on
the 29th March, 1895.

( To he continued. )

73

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE "VOLUMES IN

" THE FAUNA OP BRITISH INDIA."

PART IV.

By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., f.z.s., f.e.s.
(Continued from page 124: of Vol, XT.)
Genus Proomphe.
Proomp/i^, Warr., Not. Zool., iii, p. 316(1896).
T>/pe. — P. lobata, Warr.
Range. — Sikhim.

Palpi smoothly scaled, porrect, and hardly reaching beyond the frons,
which is rounded ; antennae of male minutely ciliated ; hind tibia with
tuft of long hair from base on outer side, bent just Ijefore the medial
spurSj and with the terminal spurs minute. Forewing with the costa
lobed at middle ; outer margin crenulate ; vein 3 from before angle of
cell ; 5 from above middle of discocellular ; 6 from upper angle ;
7, 8, 9, 10 stalked from before angle, and 11 anastomosing with them to
form n single areole. Hindwing with vein 7 from upper angle of cell,
which then runs out to an acute angle at 6, then back to the angle of
discocellulars ; vein 2 short from before angle ; 3, 4, 5 from angle ; the
lower part of cell short.

3594a. Proomphe lobata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 316.
$. Pale rufous. Forewing with subbasal and antemedial chestnut

triangular spots on costa, the
latter at the lobe, and with the
pale sinuous antemedial line
arising from it ; a pale oblique
Froo^he lobata. $ {. ^^'^'o'^^ postmedial line from

below apex. Hindwing yellowish-fulvous.
Habitat. — Sikhim. E,rp. 32 mm.

Genus Emmesomia.
Emmesomla, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 113 (1896).
Palpi porrect and hardly reaching to extremity of frons, which is
smooth and rounded; antennse of female somewhat laminate ; hind
tibise with two pairs of spurs. Forewing with the costa arched, the
apex produced and acute, the outer margin deeply excised below apex
and greatly excurved at middle ; veins 3-4 from angle of cell j 10
10

74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII

anastomosing with 11 and then with 8-9 to form a double areole. Hind-
wing with the outer margin produced to a point at vein 7 ; veins 3-4
from angle ; 6-7 stalked ; 8 connected with the cell by an oblique bar.
3597a. Emmesomia BiLmEATA, Warr., Nov. Zoo]., iii, p. 118.
$ . Yellowish-grey, thickly irrorated with pale fuscous. Forewing

with oblique olive-yellow ante-
medial line with fuscous outer
edge arising from a pink and
dark brown costal spot, which
is angled inwards ; an erect
olive-yellow postmedial line
Emmesomia Ulineata $ -|. with fuscous inner edge arising

from a pink and dark brown costal spot ; costal edge chestnut ; a
marginal black mark in the sinus below apex ; cilia chestnut at base.
Hindwing cream-colour towards outer margin ; an indistinct medial
fuscous line prominent on underside, which is rufous with the post-
medial line and veins black.

Habitat. — China; Khasis. Exp. 46 mm.

3600a. Cryptoloba olivawa, Swinh., A. M. N. H. (6) xix, p. 1G5.
$. Olive-grey. Forewing with black specks and striae on edge of
costa ; an indistinct olive-brown sinuous antemedial line with short
black line on it at costa ; a more prominent postmedial line slightly
angled beyond cell, and with bla(;lv lines on its inner edge, from costa to
vein 6 and veins 5 to 2. Hindwing with postmedial straight
fuscous line, the area beyond it suffused with fuscous. Underside of
forewing fuscous, the apical area and whole hindwing striated with
fuscous.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 16 mm.

3604a. LoBOGONiA olivata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 119.
Hindwing with the outer margin hardly produced to an angle at
vein 4. 9 . Pale olive-brown, irrorated with dark brown. Forewing
with the base and area beyond the lines suffused with darker olive ;
straight erect ante-and postmedial dark brown lines ; a discocellular
blackspeck ; a submarginal black spot below vein 6 and speck below
vein 2. Hindwing paler and more thickly irrorjited ; a curved post
medial fuscous line.

Habitat , — Khasis, Exp. 34 mm.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 75

P. 339. Under SyzeuxiS insert (syn.) Aphanloloba^ Wurr., Nov.
Zool., iii, p. 117 (1896).

3605. Syzeuxis Trinotaria, insert (syn.) Aphantoloha nigrmotatUf
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 117.

An olive-green form with the black markings stronger, especially the
triangular patches on costa of forewing.

3618a. ScoTosiA sericata, But!., A. M. N. H. (5) iv, p. 444 ;
Trijihosa corrasata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 73.

$ . Silky gi'ey ; head and prothorax suflfused and marked with
fuscous ; abdomen with the first two and anal segment tinged with
fuscous ; paired dorsal black points on first three segments. Forewing
with two subbasal and an antemedial double black line interrupted
below cell and less prominently below costa, towards which they are
dilated, the second line with rufous middle ; traces of two pinkish
waved postmedial lines, becoming black near costa, and the outer
expanding into a large black costal patch, and followed by a series of
black points on the veins, incurved at vein 5 ; a double submargiual
black line filled in with rufous and widely interrupted below costa and
middle ; a marginal series of black lunules. Hiudwing with two
waved subbasal and two indistinct medial lines ; a postmedial crenulate
line with points on the veins ; an indistinct double-waved submar-
giual line interrupted below middle, prominent and filled in with
rufous towards inner margin ; a marginal series of black lunules.
The S from Japan has the markings slightly more connected and
distinct.

Habitat. — Japan ; Khasis. Exp. 58 mm.

3619. ScOTOSiA RUBRiDOTATA, insert (syn.) Triphosa acutipennis,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 387, and Triphosa pallescens, Warr., Nov.
Zool., iii, p. 387.

3636a. CiDARiA contortilinea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 121.
$. Grey, suffused with fuscous ; abdomen with grey segmental lines.
Forewing with the base fuscous ; two waved and curved fuscous
antemedial lines ; a discocellular spot ; a minutely waved postmedial
line, strongly excurved beyond cell and with a broad fuscous band
beyond it, with a similar line beyond it ; outer area fuscous, narrowing
from costa to inner margin, and with the pale waved submargiual line
on it. Hiudwing with two antemedial lines ; a discocellular spot ; two

76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

postmedial lines slightly angled at middle and with a fuscous band
between them ; outer area fuscous with traces of a waved submargiual
line.

Habitat. — Khasis. E.cp. oO mm.

3655a. CiDARiA sub^nescens, Warr., Nov. Zoo]., iii, p. 121.
$ . Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous and rufous. Forewing
brown ; two antemedial white lines with blue grey suffusion between
them, the inner angled in cell, the outer acutely angled on vein 2, then
incurved ; the medial area with four pale waved lines forming annular
marks towards inner nuirgin ; a curved white postmedial line emitting
some teeth inward on the veins ; the area beyond it blue-grey ; two
dark submarginal lunules below costa ; a larger dark subapical
marginal lunule defined by a white line ; a ferruginous lunule above
outer angle ; a marginal series of dark points. Hindwing whitish
suffused with fuscous ; traces of numerous waved lines ; a black
marginal line ; cilia brownish ; miderside much greyer with black cell
spot.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 3i mm.

3672. CiDAKiA FLUVlATA, insert (syn.) Ochyria incospicua. Warr.,
Nov. Zool., iii, p. 122.

3679a. CiDARiA plumbeotincta, insert (syn.) Perizoma rubri-
disca, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 386, Sikhim.

3680. CiDARIA OBFUSCATA, insert (syn.) XanthorJwe subbncnescens,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 31 5.

3704. Larentia affinis, insert var. fulvistriga, Warr,, Nov. Zool.,
iii, p. 3y6.

3715. Larentia decorata, insert (syn.) Perizoma quadrinotata,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 122.

3771a. Larentia triplagiata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 123.

Differs from L. lacernigera in the forewing having the postmedial tri-
angular patch on costa much larger and more prominent ; a distinct
crenulate white submarginal line, with the area beyond it grey, the
rest of wing ferruginous-white.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. $ 24, 9 28 mm.

3720a. Larentia tenuifascia, Warr., Nov. Zool, iii, }>. 123.
Grey ; head and thorax black-brown ; abdomen with white band at
base, followed by a black Ijiind and series of dorsal black spots. Fore-

THE MOTH a OF INDIA. 7,7

wing with the base black-browii with oblique outer edge ; a medial
black-brown band with waved edges, wide at costa, below which its inner
edge is angled, narrow at inner margin, its outer edge angled at
middle ; a marginal series of black points. Hind wing with fuscous
medial line angled at middle.

Habitat. — Khisis. Exjy. 24 mm.

3724. Larentia tmncata, insert strigulata, Fabr., Eut. Syst.,
3, 2, p. 192 (1794), and var. albimedia, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 317 ;
and yar. Jlavifusa, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 387.

3724a. Larentia canaliculata, Wai-r., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 384.
(Pi. A, fig. 18.)

(J. Grey, irrorated with ferruginous-red ; thorax suffused with
brown. Forewing with ferruginous and brown patch at base of costa ;
the basal half with traces of highly waved lines, three at middle having
a ferruginous patch on them at costa, then acutely angled on median
nervure, where they meet some of the strong dentitions of the post-
medial lines ; a ferruginous patch on costa towards apex, crossed by
the lines of outer area, which are very oblique from costa to vein 5, then
become ferruginous and strongly dentate inwards. Hindwing white.

Habitat. — Sikhim. Exp. 36 mm.

P. 391. Under ChloroclystiS, insert (syns.) Sesquiptera, Warr.,
Nov. Zool., iii, p. 126 (1896); Gymnopera, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 126
(1896) ; yEtheolepls, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 124 (1896) ; Sijacosmia,
Warr., Nov. Zool, iv, p. 70 (1897); and ^yw/;ei/<e.i', Warr., iSov.
Zool., iii, p. 390(1896;.

3756a. ChloroclystiS nigroviridata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii,
p. 124.

$. Head and thorax green with some black markings; abdomen
fuscous, the anal tuft rufous. Forewing bright green, a maculate sub-
basal black band dilated on costa ; a medial black band defined by
white lines, expanding below vein 2 and conjoined to the postniedial
band, which is dentate on inner and outer sides beyond cell, and below
vein 4 is incurved and obsolescent ; cilia rufous, intersected with fus-
cous. Hindwing whitish, tinged with fuscous and rufous ; cilia rufous.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 26 mm.

[Syncosmia.) Hindwing of male with a spatulate valve folded over
on upper surface of wing at anal angle.

78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

3762a. Chloroclystls patinata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 71.

(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen green (fading to ochreons) and black.
Forcwing green, with numerous rather indistinct waved black lines,
except on outer area ; an autemedial black bund ; a fine marginal line,
cilia pale, mixed with black. Hindwing ochreous-white.

Habitat. — K basis. Exp. 20 mm.
S76Sb. Chloroclystis griseorufa, n. sp. (PI. A., fig. 6.)

$ . Dark bluish-grey ; head and collar rufous. Forewing with the
basal half of costal area suffused with bright chestnut- red ; an
indistinct antemedial dark line acutely angled outwards on subcostal and
medial nervures ; a medial black line defined by white on outer side
and angled outwards on vein 4 ; a faint submarginal dark shade.
Hindwing irrorated with some white and black scales on the veins ; a
medial line angled outwards on vein 4, the area before it darker.
Underside streaked with white, especially beyond the medial line.

Habitat. — Sikhim, 1,800 feet (Dudgeon). Exjy. 16 mm. Type. — In
British Museum.

3763c. Chloroclystis coronata, Hiibn Samml. eur. Schmett.
(figs. 372-373). ^Eikeolepis pajnllosa, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 424,
and iv, p. 6S.

$. Yellow-green ; patagia and base and extremity of abdomen
marked with black. Forewing with numerous waved lines, the
antemedial, postmedial, and a submarginal line with a series of black
points on it ; two black marks above inner margin before the ante-
medial line ; the postmedial line more or less- strongly defined by brown
on inner side from casta to vein 4 and angled on veins 6 and 4 ; cilia
chequered green and fuscous. Hindwing pale brown. 9 • With the
outer area green ; numerous indistinct waved lines, the postmedial
and submarginal most prominent ; cilia chequered.

Habitat. — Europe j Sikhim j Khasis. Exj). 20-26 mm.
3770a. Chloroclystis lbucopygata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 389.

^. Dark brown with a reddish tinge and suffused with fuscous ;anal
tuft whitish. Forewing with numerous indistinct pale waved lines, two
forming an obscure antemedial band ; the postmedial pale waved lines
dietinot, angled inwards below costa and outwards on veins 5 and 4,
then inwardly oblique ; a black discocellular spot ; tubmarginal
blackibh blotches on costa and above middle ; the indistinct submarginal

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 79

waved line with series of white specks. Hindwing with numerous
indistinct waved lines, the postmedial rather more prominent and angled
on vein 4 ; a submarginal series of white points. Underside grey with
patches of fuscous suffusion ; prominent black cell spots and a very
highly and irregularly dentate strong postmedial line.

Habitat. — Khasis . Exp. 30 mm.

(Eriopkhex.) Antennge of male clothed above witli thick sliort hair
directed towards the base.

3771a. Chlokoclystis lanabis, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 391.

Pale brown irrorated and suflf'used with fuscous ; wings with nu-
merous indistinct waved lines. Forewing with rather more promiment
antemedial, postmedial and submarginal lines. Hindwing with disco-
cellular speck and prominent medial waved line, dentate inwards beyond
the cell.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 16 mm.

Hindwing of male with the outer area above thickened by closely
set scales.

a. (Gymnopera.) Hindwing with the discocellulars angled, vein 5
from below the angle.

Sn2a. Chlokoclystis rubroviridis, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 127.

$. Pale green. Forewing with numerous waved white lines
occupying the greater part of wing, the ante-and postmedial being
strongest ; some dark marks on inner margin before middle, and some
dark points on outer edge of antemedial line ; a pale red mark beyond
discocellulars, followed by a fuscous mark. Hindwing pale bluish-
green, the thickened outer area greyish.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 22 mm.

b. {Sesquiptera.) Hindwing with the discocellulars oblique, vein 5
from middle.

37726. Chloroclystis in^quata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 126.

$. Pale green. Forewing with traces of numerous waved lines ;
some black marks on inner margin before the middle ; the ante-and
postmedial lines black, angled, and the latter produced to an acute
point below costa, the area between them suffused with fuscous ; a
marginal series of black striae. Hindwing greyish, the outer area
dark brown.

Habitat, — Khasis. Exp. IS mm.

80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

3781. EupiTHECiA RAJATA, insert, (syn.) Tephroclystia tenuisquama,
Warn, Nov. Zool., iii, p. 317.

3784a. EupiTHECiA NiGRiLiNEA, Warn, Nov. Zool., iii, p. 317.

$ . Differs from E. lathnedia in having no rufous tinge. Forewing
with the postmedial line slightly excurved beyond the discocellular
spot from costa to vein 2. Hindwing with the postmedial line less
oblique from beyond middle of costa to above anal angle.

Habitat. — Kasauli. Exp. 22 mm.

37956. EUPITHECIA biviridata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 125.

Differs from E. cMorophora in the base of forewing being green to the
antemedial line ; the outer area green without any dark patches ; the
outer area of hindwing green.

//a6?'/;af.— Khasis. Exp. 16 mm.

3795(?. EuPiTHECiA SEMiFUSCA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 123.

Head, thorax and abdomen fuscous. Forewing pale brown suffused
with fuscous to the postmedial line; subbasal, antemedial, medial and
postmedial black lines, the last defined by white on outer side, indented
beyond cell and incurved below vein 2 ; outer area pale reddish-brown
with traces of several waved lines ; an irregular submarginal fuscous
patch from costa to vein 5, and some fuscous suffusion on margin.
Hindwing yellowish-white with a rufous tinge ; traces of three medial
lines more distinct on underside ; outer area fuscous.

Habilat. — Sikhim; Khasis. Exp, 20 mm.

3799a. Trichopterygia ustimargo, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 121.

9 . Head ocbreous, palpi black. Forewing pale green ; the inner
area suffused with black ; the disk with purple and pale red scales :
traces of waved antemedial, medial and postmedial lines, the last with
an oblique black striga on it below costa, then a series of black points ;
a marginal series of fuscous points. Hindwing yellowish- white with
fine dark marginal line.

Habitat.— Khi%\s. Exp. 34 mm.
3799&. Trichopterygia nigrosculpta, Warn, Nov. Zool., iv, p. 68.

White ; palpi black at sides ; ])atagia tipped with black ; abdomen
with black dorsal line. Forewing with slight reddish tinge ; a curved
black subl)asal lino ; antemedial and medial lines highly excurved in cell
and incurved below it, with a black costal striga between them ; a black
discocellular lunulo ; a double postmedial line excurved below costa and

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 81

incurved below lower angle of cell, with ii costal striga and series of
black points on the veins beyond it ; a double submarginal line excurved
and interrupted below costa and at middle and incurved below vein 3,
and with some black marks beyond it ; a series of short streaks on the
veins before the margin ; a marginal series of pairs of points.
Habitat. — Sikhim. Exp. 44 mm.

Genus Hypocometa.
Hypocometa, Warr., Nov. ZooL, iii, p, 319 (1896).
Differs from Phthonoloba in the hindwing having vein 2 absent ;
hind tibise with the spurs absent, a large tuft of hair on lower side of
first joint of tarsus and no tuft from femero- tibial joint.

3806a. Hypocometa clauda., Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 119.
^. Differs from P. decussafa in the forewine; havinsr the black

markings rather more extensive; a
series of small V-shaped marks on
the margin.
\y Habitat. — Kha'sis. Eay. 42 mm.

Hypocometa clauda^ $ \.

38126. Saueis BicoLOR, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 12U.

$. Yellow-green ; antennae and abdomen ochreous. Forewiug with
numerous pale waved lines almost forming bands and occupying the
greater part of wing, the most distinct being a medial band from costa
to middle of discocellulars and a dentate submarginal line ; the area
below the cell and the disk up to vein 5 pale brown with a vinous
tinge. Hindwing brownish ; the medial lobe fuscous, the cilia rufous.

Habitat. — Khasis. E.tp. 4U mm.
3815a. Sauris nigrifusalis, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 120.

Hind tibiae and abdomen of male without tufts of hair. Green.
Forewing with black basal point and waved black subbasal line
excurved below costa, and with small patches of purplish-fuscous
suflPusion on its outer edge ; numerous indistinct waved lines from
middle to outer margin, the whole of this area being suffused with
purplish-fuscous, except a large apical patch and some green between
the waved submartrinal lines. Hindwing browcish-fuseous.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 38 mm,
11

82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

3829. Hydrelia tlumbeolineata, insert (syu.) Agnibesa venvsta^
TVarr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 65.

A form with the fulvous much more extensive on the costal area of
forewing, the outer area fuscous-hrown, leaving a white patch on costa
towards apex and the inner area white from outer margin above outer
anole to inner margin near base.

3836. AsTHENA PLURILINBARIA, insert (s}'n.) Laciniodes denigrata,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 316.

3837a. AsTHEXA livida, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 116.
$. Dark purplish grey-brown ; frons dark chocolate. Forewing
crossed by seven waved chocolate lines, the two outer more crenulate ;
a discocellular black speck. Hindwing crossed by four lines, the first
nearly straight, the second sinuous ; the two outer crenulate ; both
wings with fine marginal crenulate black line. Underside greyer, with
distinct elongate discal points to each wing.
Habitat. — Khasis. Exjj. 28 mm.

P. 419. Under CambOgia, insert (syn.) Onagrod(?s, Warr.,
Nov. Zool., iii, p. 125.

(Onagrodes.) Forewing with the apex rounded ; male with circular
patches of ochreous scales on underside of forewing at Ijase of vein 2
and on upperside of hindwing below middle of costa ; veins 3 and 4
well separated at origin.

3843a. Cambogia obscurata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 125.
$. Dark red-brown, Forewing with traces of ochreous ante- and
postmedial lines. Hindwing slightly redder, with the ochreous patch
prominent.

Habitat. — Khasis. E.vp. 20 mm.

P. 426. Under Craspedia, insert (syn.) Symmacra, Warr., Nov.
Zool, iii, p. 116 (1896).

3861. Craspedia walkeri, insert (syns.) Crasjyedia hyjyhenophora,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 310 ; Caspedia nigrldentata^ Warr., Nov.
Zool., iii, p. 310.

3862. Craspedia fluidaria, insert (syn.) Ptychopoda Inangulata^
Wan-., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 314.

3880. Craspedia aspilataria, insert (syn.) Vtycliopoda quinque-
striata^ Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 314,'

TBE MOTHS OF INDIA. 8B

3883. Craspedia remotata, insert (syns.) Cmspedia straminea,
Warr., Nov. ZooL, iii, p. olO ; Craspedia suhcarnea, Warr., Nov. Zool.,
iii, p. 311 ; Craspedia pv.lverosa, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 311 ;
Ptychopoda albijlava, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 313 ; Ptycliopoda
complanataj Warr., Nov. Zool, iii, p. 313 ; Ptychopoda consimilata^
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 313 ; Craspedia aggravata, Warr., Nov.
Zool., iv, p. 50.

3383a. Craspedia unilineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. ol 5.

9 . Differs from remotata in the antemedial line of forewing being
more erect ; the second line medial, diffused, and enclosing a whitish
discocellular speck ; the submarginal line bent inwards, and with dark
mark on it below vein 6, then almost straight. Hindwing with the
antemedial line less oblique ; the second line fine, evenly curved and
medial.

Habitat — Khasis. Exp. 22 mm.

{Symmacra.) Hind legs of male fully developed, with fold contain-
ing a large tuft of hair, a terminal pair of spurs.

3887a. Craspedia regularis, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 116.

<J. Reddish- brown, suffused with fuscous; frons dark-brown;
vertex of head and shaft of antennse white. Forewing with the costal
area darker fuscous ; sinuous fuscous ante- and postmedial lines ; a
discocellular black point ; a crenulate submarginal line and marginal
series of pale points. Hindwing with dark edged white discoidal point ;
a sinuous medial and crenulate postmedial line ; a marginal series of
pale points.

Habitat. — Khasis. E.ip. 24 mm.

3889. Craspedia defamataria, insert (syn.) Craspedia mollis,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 373.

3894. Acidalia chotaria, insert (syns.) Ptychopoda grisescens,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, 313 ; Arhostla persimilisj Warr., Nov. Zool.,
iii, p. 109 ; Janarda ruptifascia, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 112.
389 5a. Acidalia maculata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 311.

$ . Pale dull yellow-brown ; frons black ; abdomen marked with
black. Forewing with an antemedial baud represented by some black
scales on costa and others below the cell ; medial black marks on costa,

84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

at lower angle of cell, and on inner margin ; postmedial spots on costa
and inner margin and a submarginal irregular series of small spots, the
spot below vein 6 with a smaller one beyond it ; a marginal series of
specks. Hind wing with subbasal and medial black bands, the latter
dentate outwards below cell ; a postmedial band of irregularly dentate
marks and irregular submarginal and marginal series of small spots.
{Legs hroken.')

Habitat, — Khasis. Exp. 16 mm.

3900. AciDALiA ACTIOSARIA, insert (syns.) Ptycliopoda obliqui-
linea, Warr,, Nov. Zool., iii, p. 115; and Ptycliopoda semiaericea,
Warr., Nov. Zool, iv, p. 60.

3900rt. Acid ALIA semilinea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 314.

Differs from A. actiosarla in being browner. Forewing with the
medial line obsolescent ; the postmedial reduced to a prominent
regularly curved series of black specks, with three dentate dark marks
beyond them at costa ; a marginal series of specks. Hind wing with
the antemedial line very strong and black ; the postmedial reduced
to a series of black specks ; a marginal series of specks.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 20 mm.

3901. AciDALiA LEUcozoNA, insert (syu.) Ftychopoda luteata,
Warr,, Nov. Zool., iii, p. 118, Khasis.

3906. AciDALiA TNSUAVis, insert (syn.) Eats costiguttata,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 311.

3907a. AciDALiA ptyonopoda, insert (syn.) Ptycliopoda
rubellatUj Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 115, Khasis.

3912a. AciDALiA rubridentata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 112.
$. Hind legs wanting ; forewing with the apex acute. Purplish-
pink ; vertex of head white ; antennae ochreous ; anal tuft yellow.
Forewing with the costa purple ; oblique sinuous antemedial and
medial purplish lines ; a postmedial sinuous line excurved to near
margin at middle ; a waved })urplish lino just inside the margin ; the
margin and cilia golden-yellow. Hindwing with oblique medial and
curved postmedial lines ; a waved line just inside the margin, the
margin and cilia golden-yellow.
Habitat. — Khasis. E.rp. 18 mm.

3913. Acidalia permutans, insert (syn.) Eois Jlavisinxiata,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 111. Khusis.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 85

3918a. Chrysocraspeda pbrpicta, Warn, Nov. Zool., iii, p. 109.

$. Head, thorax, and abdomen pinkish- white, suffused in parts with
red. Forewing yellow, irrorated with red ; the costal and inner areas
suffused with pinkish- white : a white discocellular speck on a reddish
patch ; traces of a red submarginal line incurved to costa. Hindwing
yellow ; the basal and costal areas strongly irrorated with red ; a promi-
nent white red-edged discoidal spot ; an obscure red medial band on
inner area ; a purple blotch on inner area before anal angle ; the margin
suffused with purplish-white ; a purple marginal lino ; cilia yellow.

Habitat. — Khasis. jEJjcp. 28 mm.
3919a. Chrysocraspeda sanguinba, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 110.

$ . Bright pink ; thorax and abdomen suffused in parts with purple.
Forewing with purple suffusion on costal and apical areas and outer
margin ; a dark discocellular spot conjoined to the purplish costal
area ; cilia golden-yellow. Hindwing with white discocellular spot ;
the margin purple ; the cilia golden-yellow.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 24 mm.

39236. Chrysocraspeda subangulata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii.,
p. 110.

$ . Ochreous, irrorated with |)ink and suffused with purplish. Fore-
wing with obscure dark antemedial line very acutely angled below
costa : a black discocellular point ; a sinuous postmedial line excurved
below costa and ending near outer angle ; the margin purple angle
outwards into the golden-yellow cilia at middle. Hindwing with
subbasal purplish line ; a white discocellular point ; a purplish
sinuous postmedial line ; the margin purple ; cilia golden-yellow.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 9A mm.

P. 445. Under Ephyra, insert (syn.) Anisephyra^ Warr., Nov.
Zool., iii, p. 369 (1896).

3925a. Ephyra rufaria, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 370.

Head and thorax reddish-brown ; abdomen paler. Forewing pale
brown, suffused with red and mottled with fuscous ; obscure inter-
rupted fuscous ante- and postmedial lines angle inwards and stronger
at costa. Hindwing paler ; inner area suffused with reddish, the outer
area with fuscous ; an obscure fuscous postmedial line, ^ome speci-
mens are much more ochreous than others.

Habitat. — Jubbulpore ; Ajmere. Exjy. 24 nun.

86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

P. 446. Under Anisodes, insert (syn.) Phryssosceles, Warr., Nov.
Zool., iii, p. 114 fl896).

392C)a. Anisodes mediusta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 114.

$. Differs from A. obrinaria in being much yellower; both wings with
a diffused sinuous purplish-fuscous medial line.
Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 34 mm.

(Fhryssosceles.) Hind femora of male with large fringe of scales
pink at extremity, above the tibia fully developed and without the
medial spurs, frons with deep groove.

3928a. Anisodes argyromma, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 114.

(^. Yellow, irrorated with pink. Forewing with the costa fascous ;
an indistinct waved autemedial line, with two black specks on it j
dentate, medialand postmedial lines, the latter with a series of black
specks on it; a marginal series of specks. Hindwing with large
silvery-white cell-spot, edged by a fine black line ; traces of a subbasal
line ; dentate, medial and postmedial lines ; a marginal series of specks.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 44 mm.

3929. Anisodes interpulsata, insert (syn.) Perixera flavispilaj
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 312.

3932. Anisodes pallida, insert (syns.) Perixera rufidorsata^ Warr.,
Nov. Zool., iii, p. 312 ; and var. perscrip)ta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 376.
3936. Anisodes obstataria, insert (syn.) Perixera imbuta,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 58.

3939. Anisodes monetaria, insert (syn.) Platisodes jocosa, Warr.,
Nov. Zool., iii, p. 114.

A form with very i)rominent small black spots on all the lines ; the
black ring of annulus of hindwing broad the centre small. (Hindlegs
wanting).

3944. Organopoda carnearia, insert (syn.) Discoglypha
variostiffma, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 311.

P. 452. Under Erythrolophus, insert (syn.) Biscoghjpha, Warr.,
Nov. Zool., iii, p. 110 (1896) for Section I. B.
3950a. EuYTHROLOPHUS aureifloris, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 111.

(J. Deep purplish-red ; vertex of head whi^e. Forewing with
antemedial, postmedial, and submarginal waved fuscous lines, the second
angled on vein 4, then incurved ; a black discocollular point ; a mar-
ginal series of small white points. Hindwing with larg<5 yellowish- white

TEE MOTHS OF INDIA. 87

discocellnlar spot, indented on both sides at middle and emitting a
small spatulate process on underside ; indistinct medial and postmedial
dentate fuscous line ; a marginal series of minute white specks.

Habitat.— ^hiii\?,. Exp. 30 mm.
39506. Erythrolophus inflammatus, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 111.
$. Head deep pink ; the vertex white ; thorax, abdomen, and wings
red-brown. Fore wing with fiery-red streaks in, beyond, and below the
cell ; the costal area fuscous ; an oblique subbasal line ; a discocellular
point ; medial and postmedial waved lines, the former angled at vein 4,
then incurved, the latter dentate inwards below vein 2. Hindwiug with
pure white black-edged triangular cell-spot : medial and postmedial
dark lines, the former angled at middle, the latter curved and dentate ;
red streaks in cell and towards outer margin.

Habitat.- -YLhkiA?,. Exp. 30 mm.
3950c. Erythrolophus sangdinatus, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 113.
$. Orange, suffused in parts with red ; head dark brown. Fore-
wing w^ith the costa dark brown ; antemedial, medial, and postmedial
waved red lines ; a black cell- spot ; the red suffusion chiefly between
end of cell and outer angle ; some submarginal patches of red, with a
black spot on one above middle. Hindwing with the red suffusion
occupying most of wing ; a black cell-spot ; an indistinct irregularly
dentate postmedial line ; both wings with marginal series of black
specks.

//aJefaf.— Khdsis. Exp. 30 mm.

3953. Erythrolophus pallivittatus, insert (syn.) Craspediopsis
incequatttj Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 109.

3963. Rhodostrophia herbicolens, insert (s\ti.) Rhodostrophia
muricolor^ Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 61.

3971. TiMANDRA RESPONSARIA, insert (syn.) Timandra strigulata,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 116 ; Timandra ohsoleta, Warr., Nov.
Zool., iv, p. 63 ; and Timandra ruptilinea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv,
p. 64.

P. 463. Under Somatiua, insert (syn.) OrtJioserica^ Warr., Nov.
Zool., iii, p. 113 (1896).

(Orthoserka.) Antennae of male bipectinate ; hind femora with
large tufts of long hair from extremity ; the tibioe shortened and with-
- out spurs ; the tarsus dilated and fringed with hair.

88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

3988a. SoMATiNA rufigkisea, WniT., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 113.

$. Bright red-brown ; head blackish ; collar grey ; abdomen with
grey segmental lines. Forewing with the costal area grey to beyond
middle, omitting an antemedial blotch nearly met by a blotch on
inner margin and an irregular medial blotch ; a large grey blotch
on costa before apex ; both wings with dentate postmedial line, oblique
on forewing, curved on hindwing; a sinuous submarginal line
excurved at middle and with grey spots beyond it, continuous towards
outer and anal angles. Hindwing with the base grey ; a black disco-
cellidar point.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 40 mm.

400(Ja. PsEUDOTERFNA sUBViRiDis, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 308.

$. White, mostly suffused with rather grey-green. Forewing with
highly crenulate ante- and postmedial lines, the area between them
rather whiter, and with a large discocellular green spot and darker
costal patch beyond the postmedial line ; both wings with rather
irregularly dentate white submarginal line, and some red irroration on
inner margin, and more distinct spot at anal angle of hindwing.
Underside white, suffused with yellow towards base ; forewing with
purplish disGoidal spot ; both wings with broad deep purple sub-
marginal band, running out to the margin above middle and outer
angle of forewing, below apex, and above middle and analangle of
hindwing.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 48 mm.

4015a. PsEUDOTERPNA FUNEBROSA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 308.

$. Differs from P. apicalis in the colour being fuscous-brown, ver}'
slightly tinged with green, and not variegated with green and refons ;
the head and subbasal band of forewing greyer-green, the white patch
not extending up to apex ; the series of submarginal white specks
more complete. Underside white instead of orange ; only the ajiical
white marginal patch. Hindwing without discocellular spot, and with
the white on margin only broken at middle.

Habitat, — Khasis. Exp. 50 mm.

P. 482. Under Olllorodontopera, insert (syn.) Camptolophia,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii., p. 102 (189()); Chloromianta, Warr., Nov.
Zool., iii, p. 104, for Sect, ii B., and Ehomborista, Warr., Nov. Zool.,
iv, p. 45 (1897).

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 89

4034a. Chlorodontopera marmorata, Warr., Nov. ZooL, iii.,
p. 102. (PI. A., fig. 16.)

$. Frons pink ; antennse ochreous ; vertex of head green; thorax
green with a patch of purplish-rufous and ochreous on vertex; abdomen
greenish-ochreous with the dorsal tufts reddish. Fore wing with the
outer margin slightly crenulate and produced to small points at veins
4 and 6 ; dark green thicldy irrorated with yellowish-white ; the costa
yellowish ; a crenulate whitish antemedial line and sinuous postmediai
line ; a black speck on discocellulars ; the greater part of outer area
yellowish-white ; some dark stri?e and pale orange streaks below apex,
and some dark striae above outer angle ; an ochreous and red spot
on inner margin at postmediai line ; the veins whitish. Hindwing
dark green to the sinuous whitish postmediai line ; the discocellulars
and veins beyond the cell whitish ; the inner margin ochreous and red,
with two white striae before middle ; the outer area variegated with
purplish, red, green, black and yellow, and with fine dark striae ;
a dentate whitish line beyond the postmediai line running out to a
long point filled in with black below vein 3, and with green between
it and postmediai line below vein 4 ; blackish patches near apex
and a large yellowish patch on outer medial area. Underside white ;
two black submarginal patches on forewing, and a broad somewhat
irregular postmediai black band on hindwing.

HaUtat.—'Khi\?>\^. Exp. 42 mm.

4040a. Chlorodontopera megaspilaria, Gruen., Phal., 1, p. 371;
Comibcena uniplaga, Wlk., xxii, 578 ; Rhomhorista semipurpurea,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 45.

Differs from C. pannosa in the blotch at outer angle of forewing being
very much larger, extending up to vein 5, and without white centre.

The form semipurpurea from Chittagong has the blotch extending
up to the costa, leaving an apical green patch ; the postmediai rufous
line of hindwing prominent.

Hahitat. — Chittagong ; Shevaroys ; Borneo ; Java. Eap. 30-38 mm.

4041a. Chlorodontopera ferruginata., Warr., Nov. Zool.,
iii, p. 104.

(J. Yellow-green, frons red; vertex of head and antennae white ;
abdomen with the dorsal tufts pink. Forewing with the costa white ;
an indistinct waved rufous antemedial band ; a large purplish

12

90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

submarginal blotch from vein 5 to inner margin, with yellowish strias
above it and on its edges, which are irregular, and a black patch on
inner margin ; cilia yellowish. Hind wing with rufous patch on inner
margin before middle ; a blackish apical patch crossed by a rufous
line ; a yellowish postmedial band with waved rufous edges and rufous
striae on it ; cilia yellowish.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 36 mm.

4U46. Agathia beata, insert (syn.) Agathia suldeleta^ Warr.,
Nov. Zool., iii, p. 102.

A variety with the dark markings very much reduced.
P. 497. Under Eucllloris insert (syn.) Chlorochromodes, Warr.,
Nov. Zool., iii, p. 103 (189G), and Comostolodes, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii,
p. 308 (1896), for Sect. i. C.

4078a. EucHLORis convallata, Warr., Nov, Zool., iii, p. 108.
9 . White suffused with pale rufous ( ? faded from green) ; frons
rufous ; vertex of head white. Forewing with oblique rufous anteme-
dial line slightly angled below cell ; a discocellular white-centred
lunule ; an oblique rufous postmedial line with white outer edge.
Hindwing with white-centred discocellular rufous lunule ; an oblique
medial rufous line with white outer edge.
Hahitat, — Khasis. Exp. 38 mm.

4081a. EucHLORis tenera, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 103.
Hindwing with veins 6-7 stalked. Yellow-green. Forewing with
the costa white ; an oblique antemedial white line from cell to inner
margin ; a postmedial series of white specks on the veins ; both wings
with rufous discoidal point ; a fine black marginal line and the
cilia white.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. $ 26, $ 30 mm.

4083. EucHLORis DISPANSA, insert (syn.) Comostolodes albkatena,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 309.

4086. EucROSTEs subtiliaria, insert, (syn.) Comostola mundata.

Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 105.
4086a. EuCROSTES albifimbria, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 105.
$. Forewing with the discocellulars straight, veins 3, 4, and 11 from
cell. Yellow-green ; frons rufous ; vertex of head and shaft of antennae
white. Forewing with the costa rufous ; pale crenulate ante- and post-
medial lines ; a purplish-brown discocellular spot and lunulate marginal

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

91

w

Helkopage hirundinalis^ $

line ; cilia yellow. Hindwing with pnrplish-brown discocellular bar and
lunulate marginal line ; a pale crenulate postmedial line ; cilia yellow.
Habitat. — Kliasis. Exp. 20 mm.

4100. Eucrostes disparata, insert (syn.) Hemithea puncti fimbria,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 366.

Genus Helicopage.
Helkopage, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 106 (1896).
Type. — H. hirundinalis (Warr.).
Range. — North-east India.

Palpi with the second joint upturned to above vertex of head, and

fringed with hair on
both sides, the third
long, porrect and spa-
tulate at extremity ;
irons smooth ; antennse
bipectinate, the apex
simple ; hind tibiaj of
male with fold and tuft,
two pairs of spurs pre-
sent ; abdomen without dorsal tufts. Forewing with the outer margin
slightly crenulate ; 7 from upper angle ; 8, 9, 10, stalked. Hindwing
with the outer margin highly crenulate and produced to an angle at
vein 4 ; veins 3, 4, 6, and 7, from angles of cell ; male with a fovea
at base between costal and subcostal nervures ; the retinaculum a long
corneous bar curled round at extremity.
4104a. Helicopage hirundinalis, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 106.
$. Bright emerald-green irrorrated with pale fuscous ; palpi and
antennse pale ochreous. Forewing with fuscous patches near base of
costa and inner margin, an antemedial series, double in cell ; a spot
at upper angle of cell ; three claviform black marks beyond the cell,
with ochreous on their outer edges on a fuscous patch ; two obscure
postmedial series of lunulate marks ; a large subapical patch and a
spot above vein 2. Hindwing with basal patch ; a spot at upper
angle of cell ; medial spots on costa and inner margin ; obscure
postmedial and submarginal series of spots ending in an irregular
patch near anal angle.

Habitat. — Sikhim ; Kh^sis. Exp. 46 mm.

^2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

4114. Thalassodbs opalaria, insert (syn.) lodis imimhmta,
Wurr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 107.

4115. Thalassodes griscoviridis, insert (syns.) lodis delicatula,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 309 ; lodis iridescens^ Warr., Nov. Zool.,
iii, p. 108 ; lodis ccerideata, Warr., Nov. Zool, iii. p. 107.

4115o. Thalassodes anxulifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 107.
$. Greenish-grey ; frons rufous ; vertex of head white. Forewing
with the costa ochreous ; a waved white antemedial line ; a diamond-
shaped white mark with green centre at end of cell ; a dentate white
postmedial line bent outwards between veins 3 and 4. Hindwing with
waved white antemedial line ; discocellular unnulus ; postmedial
dentate white line angled outwards at veins 3 and 4. Underside
white.

Hahitai, — Khiisis. Exp. 22 mm.

4120a. Thalassodes anomala, Warr., Nov. Zool, iii, p. 106.
(PI. A, fig. 11.)

Hind tibias of male with one pair of spurs, dilate and with tuft of
hair ; antennae ciliated. Blue-green ; frons rufous ; vertex of head
white ; abdomen white. Forewing with the costa white ; a curved
antemedial white line; a nearly straight postmedial line. Hindwing
with slightly sinuous m.edial w'hite line ; cilia white at tips.

Habited. — Hunza ; Masuri ; Kulu. E.rp. $ 32, $ 34 nnn.

4127. Thalassodes obnupta, insert (syn.) Acrortha jlexicosta,
Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 3G1.
• Al27a. Thalassodes contracta, Warr., Nov. Zool, iii, p. 107.

$. Forewing with vein 11 given off from 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and anas-
tomosing with 12 ; 3-4 from cell. Yellow-green; vertex of head and
shaft of antennai white. Forewing with waved olive-yellow ante- and
postmedial lines. Hindwing with discocellular spot and waved olive
medial line ; underside whitish, with fuscous postmedial shade deepest
near inner margin of forewing and costa of hindwing.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 20 mm.

4130a. Thalassodes discolor, Warr., Nov. Zool, iii, p. 108.

$. Forewing with the apex strongly produced and falcate, the outer
margin excised from apex to vein 4, where it is produced to a point ;
the margin of both wings slightly crenulate. Head, thorax and abdo-

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 93

men greenish-ochreous ; vertex of head white ; legs banded with
brown ; wings dull greenish suffused with opalescent-purple. Fore-
wing with traces of sinuous antemedial line ; an ochreous-white
postmedial patch between veins 1 and 3 ; cilia white at the ex-
cision. Hindwing with broad yellowish-white band of disintegrated
patches irrorated with fuscous, with a much-interrupted waved line
beyond it, and some of the patches forming an ocellus below costa.
Underside with the whitish patches more prominent.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 58 mm.

P. 514. Under Thalera, insert (syn.) Chloromma, Warr., Nov.
ZooL, iii., p. 104(1896).

{Ckloromma.) Hindwing with veins 3, 4 and 0, 7 shortly stalked, the
margin produced to a long point at vein 4.

4138a. Thalera mimica, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 105.

$. Dull-green ; frons pale brown, vertex of head white. Forewing
with indistinct sinuous antemedial line ; a black discocellular spot ; a
Granulate blackish postmedial line. Hindwing with diffused black jiost-
medial blotch and crenulate black postmedial line, bent outwards at
veins 3 and 4.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 32 mm.
4139a. Thalera rectilinea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 309.

$. Hindwing with veins 3-4 stalked. Blue-green; frons rufous;
vertex of head white ; abdomen white, with white-spotted pink dorsal
band. Forewing with the costa white, speckled with rufous ; a fine pale
oblique antemedial line slightly bent below cell, and with crimson speck
on inner margin ; both wings with oblique postmedial line slightly bent
below vein 2 of forewing, and with crimson spot on its inner side at inner
margin, bent inwards to costa of forewing ; both wings with maculate
vi^hite marginal line defined by crimson on inner side ; the cilia
pinkish.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 30 mm.

PYRALIDiE.

Vol. iv, p. 4. Genus Stenachroia.
Stenachroia, Hmpsn, Rom. Mem., viii, ined.
Type — S. elongella (Hampson).
Range. — Assam. ,

94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII.

Palpi of male small, upturned and tufted with hair ; maxillary

palpi minute ; proboscis well deve-
loped ; frontal tuft large, truncate,
and hollowed out, below ; antennse
short, simple, the basal Joint tufted
Stenachroia elongella, $ \. ^ith hair. Forewing long and

narrow ; the costa nearly straight to near apex, which is rounded ; the
outer margin short : the cell rather long ; vein 2 from half its length ;
3 from angle ; 4-5 on a long stalk ; 6 from npper angle ; 7-8 stalked
from before angle; 9 absent ; 10-11 from cell ; male with a glandular
swelUng at base of costa below ; a fringe of upturned scales in middle
of cell above mediaa nervure. Hindwing with the cell open ; veins 3
and 5 stalked from 2 ; 4 absent ; 6-7 stalked; ; 7 anastomosing with 8.
4142a. Stenachroia elongella, Hm})sn., Rom. Mem., viii, ined.,
pi. 54, f. 20.

^. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish-white. Forewing yellow-
ish-white irronited with a few black scales; a diffused whitish streak
in cell ; a point of black scales in middle of cell and another on dis-
cocellulars ; a fuint oblique fuscous postmedial band: a marginal series
af black specks. Hindwing semi-hyaline whitish, the veins and a mar-
ginal line fuscous.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. 28 mm.

DoLOESSA (Zell., Isis., 1848, p. 860), has precedence over Thagora.

4143. DoLOESSA CASTANELLA. lusert (syn.) Carcinoptera ochrociliella.
Rag., Rom. Mem., vii, pi. viii, f. 24.

4144. Insert Doloessa viridis (Zell., Isis, 1848), p. 860, which
has priority ; $ without streaks of the black scales.

4144a. Doloessa constellata, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii, ined.,
pi. 54, f. 12.

9 . Head ochreous- white ; thorax green ; abdomen white. Fore-
wings bright apple-green ; an antemedial fine dark line angled inwards
in cell and on veia 1 and outwards below cell ; a cluster of four points
of raised white scales on fuscous spots in end of cell in the form of an
oblique letter \/ ; the postmedial line fine, dark, dentate, oblique from
costa to vein 5, then bent outwards and again oblique from vein 2 to
inner margin ; outer margin whitish. Hindwing pure white.

Habitat — Khasis. Exp. 30 mm.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 95

Genus Melissoblaptes.

Melissoblaptes, Zell., Isis., 1839, p. 180 ; Faralipsa, Butl., A. M
N. H., 1879, p. 455.

Type. — M. hipunctanus. Curt., from Europe.

Range. — Nearctic and palsearctic regions ; China ; Eastern Hima-
layas ; Ceylon ; New Guinea.

Palpi of male minute, upturned, and tufted with hair ; proboscis

small ; antennae short, ciliated,
the basal joint dilated and tufted
with hair. Forewing rather long
and narrow, the costa arched ; the
apex rounded ; the outer margin
Melissoblaptes gularis, 9 y- short ; the discoceUulars an<rled;

vein G from below upper angle,
7-8 stalked from 9 ; 10-11 from cell. Hindwing with vein 2 from
angle of cell ; 3 and 5 stalked ; 4 absent ; the discoceUulars angled
back, almost to base ; 6-7 stalked ; 7 anastomosing with 8. 9 . With
the palpi porrect, down curved, and projecting about the leno-th of
head.

Section I (ParaZ^^psa).— Forewing of male with the cell clothed below
with fine close-set scales, the lower angle produced upwards and
outwards, veins 3, 4, 5 at intervals ; female with vein 3 from well
before angle ; 4-5 from angle.

41446. Melissoblaptes gularis, Zell., Hor. Ent. Ross xiii
p. 72, pi. 1, f. 26 ; Paralipsa tenehrosus, Butl., 111. Het., iii, p. 78,
pl.60,/.l.

$. Grey-brown with a yellowish tinge and strongly irrorated with
black. Forewing with an ochreous streak from base on median
nervure expanding into a triangular patch towards end of cell and
sending three teeth outwards ; a black speck edged with ochreous in
cell ; the discocellular stigma oval, black edged with ochreous ; traces
of a postmedial ochreous line on costal area ; a marginal series of black
points. Hindwing fuscous with a yellowish tinge ; the apical area
darker ; a dark marginal line. 9 . Yellowish-brown with a purple
tinge ; an obscure antemedial sinuous line defined by pale ochreous •
the postmedial line angled outwards at middle ; no spot in cell ; the
discocellular stigma very large, black and subtriangular.
Habitat , — Japan ; Sikkim. Exp. 30-32 mm.

96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Section II. (Melissohlapfes).—'FoTewmg of male with the cell
normtil ; vein 3 from near angle ; 4-5 shortly stalked or from a point
in hoth sexes.

4144c. Melissoblaptes odontella, Hmpsn., Eom. Mem., viii,
ined., pi. 54,/. 18.

^. Head and thorax grey-brown ; abdomen brownish. Forewing
pale brown irro rated with black scales ; the basal half of inner area
whitish, extending into the cell beyond the antemedial lines, which is
fine dark and very strongly dentate, especially below the cell ; a large
irreo-ular brown stigma in end of cell, dentate on outer side ; the
postmedial line fine, dark and regularly dentate ; a series of black
streaks on the veins of outer area, ending in points. Hindwing fuscous-
brown, slightly darker towards outer margin.

Habitat. —Ceylon. Exp. 1 8 mm.

P. 5. Genus Mucialla, insert Tirathaba, Wlk., Cat., xxx
p, 961 (1864), which has precedence ; and Harpagoneura, Butl.,
A. M. N. H. (5), XV, p. 242 (1885).

4145. Tirathaba rufivena, insert (sj'-n.) Melissoblaptes rufovenalis,
Snell., Tijd. v. Ent, 1880, p. 243, and 1883, pi. 5, fig. 10.

4145a. Tirathaba grandinotella, Rag., Rom. Mem., viii, ined.,

pi. 45, f. 17.

$. Head and thorax purplish-red ; a small tuft of white scales over-
lapping base of forewing ; abdomen brownish. Forewing dark purpHsh-
red ; a small annulus in base of cell, a larger one at middle, and a
discocellular annulus with black margins and purple-red centres ; the
outer margin red, with some dark suffusion inside it at costa ; some white
points on costa towards apex and a marginal series. Hindwing fuscous.
9 . AVith a patch of grey scales in the cell between the annuli, a diffused
patch of yellowish- grey scales round the discocellular annulus, and a
series of quadrate grey marks just inside the margin. Hindwing pale
yellowish, the apical half fuscous,

//a^/<af.— Khasis; Amboyna. E.vp. 28-38 nmi.

Section II {IJarpagoneura).— 'Forewing of male with the lower angle
of cell produced to near outer margin and upwards almost to hxel of
upper angle, the discocellulars extremely oblique, veins 3, 4, 5 widely
separated, short and parallel ; the cell clothed below with fine silky hair,
the glandular swelling at base of costa very large. In the typical
species complexa from the Pacific there is also a small glandular swelling
belcw veins 6, 7, 8, and the margin of the wing is atrophied.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 97

4147a. TiRATHABA ROSELLA, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii, ined.,
pi. 54, f. 8.

$ . Head and thorax pale reddish-brown ; abdomen pinkish. Fore-
wing pale reddish-brown irrorated with black scales ; an indistinct
blackish autemedial line, very oblique from costa to middle of ceil, then
angled inwards below the cell ; four or five black points below subcostal
nervure towards end of cell ; a very indistinct postmedial line, oblique
from costa to vein 6, strongly angled outwards to origin of vein 4,
then bent inwards along median nervure ; a prominent marginal
series of black points. Hindwing dull reddish-pink, the cilia greyish ;
the apex produced and somewhat acute.

Habitat. — Khrfsis. JSxp. 34 mm.

P. 6. Under Lamoria, insert (syn.) Maraclea, Wlk., Cat., xxvii,
p. 88.

4149. Lamoria planallsj insert Pern pel ia adaptella Wlk., Cat.,
xxvii, p. 74, which has precedence ; and (syn.) Lamoria ohscurellus,
Saalm., Jahr. Senek. Nat. Ges., 1880, p. 308 ; Rag., Rom. Mem.,
viii, pi 45, f. 12.

4150. Delete Pempelia adaptella, and insert (syn.) Lamoria
joniams, Rag., Rom. Mem., viii, pi. 46, f. 5.

4150a. Lamoria virescbns, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii, ined., pi.
53, f. 1.

$. Head, thorax an 1 abdomen pale brownish. Forewing pale browti
irrorated with dark br jwn, and with a slight olive tinge towards outer
margin, the costal area browner, and with ill-defined dark patches at
middle and towards apex ; the outer area more fuscous ; a black point
at base of cell and another at middle ; an ill-defined discoidal aunulus;
a very indistinct antemedial line, oblique from costa to below cell, where
it is obtusely angle!; the postmedial line strongly dentate ard
excurv'ed at middle ; a mirginal serie-i of black points. Hindwing
whitish, tinged with fu3Cou>. 9- With the base of forewing
strongly suffused with black, especially below cell ; the antemedial line
more distiuct and angled inwards on vein 1 ; the outer area more
distinctly grejnish, with the veins streaked with black.

Habitat. — Sikkim. Ex/>. $ 24, $ 27 mm.
13

98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

4150?;. Lamoria infumatella, Hmpsu., Rom. Mem., viii, ined.,
pi. 53, f. 5.

9 . Head, thorax and abdomen grey-black ; the thorax and base of
abdomen brownish. Forewiug pale brownish, almost entirely suffused
with black, which is deepest at base and in cell ; an indistinct
post medial line, strongly dentate and oxcurved at middle ; a marginal
series of black points. Hindwing brownish-fuscous, the cilia grey.

Habitat. — Sikkim. Exp. 50 mm.

4151. AcARA MOROSELLA. Insert, (syn.) Galleria macroptera, Snell.
Tyjd. V. Ent., xxiii, p. 249.

P. S. Under Galleria, insert (syn.) Vindana, Wlk., Cat., xxxv,
p. 1,706 (1866).

4152. Galleria mellonella. Insert, (syn.) Vindana ohliquella,
Wlk., Cat., xxxv, p. 1,706.

P. 9. Genus Embryoglossa.

Emhryoglossa, Warr., A. M. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 225 (1896).

Proboscis rudimentary ; palpi porrect and slender, extending about

two aad-a-half times the length of

the head; maxillary palpi extremely

minute ; frons rounded ; antennse

short, ciliated, with a large tuft of

hair on basal joint in female ; in

T7 7 7 ^^^ . ^ male minutely serrate, with tufts of

iLmbryogiossa vanegata, $ \. , ... ^ . -, ^

long ciha. i^ orewuig with the outer

margin evenly curved ; vein 3 from before angle of cell, veins 4-5 from

angle ; 6, from uj^por angle ; 7, 8, 9, stalked ; 10-11, free. Hindwing

with veins 3, 4, 5, from angle of cell ; 6-7 from upper angle ; 8 free.

4152a. Embryoglossa variegata, Warr., A. M. N. H. (6), xviii,
p. 226 ; Rom. J\Iem., viii, pi. 53, f. 8.

Head rufous ; palpi with some black above ; thorax and abdomen
rufous and black. Forewing green, suffused with rufous and black,
especially on basal area and between lower angle of cell, vein 2, and
apex ; the basal area bounded by traces of a pale, waved, antemedial
line ; a very prominent discocellular black lunule ; an indistinct pale
doiitat(i postmedial line, oxcurved from costa to near margin at vein 3,
then inwardly oblique, the area from it to outer angle rufous. Hindwing
silky fuscous ; the cilia ochreous.

Habitat. — Khasis. Exp. $ 28, $ 44 mm.
(To be continued.)

99

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF MUS

FROM SOUTH INDIA.

By J. L. BoNHOTB.

iWith a Plate.']

{Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on lUli June, 1898.)

Owing to the kind intervention of Mr. E. Thurston, of the Madras
Museum, the British Museum has been presented by Mr. Charles Grey
with a specimen of a mouse which he obtained at Coonoor on the
Nilgiri Hills. Being at present interested in j^siatic mammals,
Mr. Thomas has handed it to me to work out. It proves to be a new
species, distantly allied to Mus musculus, and I would propose for it the
name

Mus FAMULUS, sp. n.

Allied to M. musculus, but larger, and with, as far as can be judged
from the skin, a proportionately shorter tail. Fur long, soft, and
close. Ears moderate and rounded, with a few short hairs on the
inner side. Colour above dark chocolate-brown, evenly sprinkled
with fulvous, below brownish-yellow, not sharply marked off from
the colour of the back. Each hair on the back is slatey-grey at
the base, shading into dark brown or ending in a light tip. Hands
and feet dark brown. Tail of the same colour as the back, rather
lighter below, and covered with short hairs.

The skull is similar in general shape above to that of M. musc\dus,
but the muzzle is more elongated, and the bony palate does not extend
so far back. The pterygoids are nearly parallel, and do not converge
anteriorly. The auditory bulla is rather more elongated. The vertical
plate of the zygoma has a straight anterior margin, and is unusually
inclined outwards, making the infra-orbital opening considerably wider
above than in the allied species. The incisors are simple and flattened
laterally ; molars as usual.

Dimensions of the type, an old specimen, probably a male, measured
in skin —

Head and body 100 mm.; tail 71 mm. ; hind foot 20 mm. ; ear 12 mm.

Skull. — Basilar length 20 mm. ; basal length 21 mm. ; breadth 12'5
mm.; interorbital constriction 4*5 mm. ; nasals 9x2 mm. ; henselion

100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI I.

to back of palate 11mm. ; diastema 7 mm. ; molar series 4 mm. ;
palatal foramina!5x2 mm. ; breadth of zygoma at root 2 mm.

Bahitat — Coonoor, Filgiri Hills, S. India. Altitude 5,000 feet.

Tjipe. — British Museimi 97-11-12-1. Collected and presented by
Mr. (Charles Grey.

Although, as above noted, this mouse has a skull resembling in a
general wav that of M. mvsculns and its allies, yet the detailed cranial
differences are very marked, while in colour it is absolutely different
from any species as yet known from India.

Jerdon's Mns mlagirkiis (Jerdon's " Mammals of India," p. 203, 1867),
which also has a yellow body and comes from the same district, is, as
he supposed, clearly a Vandeluria^ and is considered by Blanford
as a synonym of V. oleracea, (Sykes.)

Joiirn..BoTnbayNat.-Hist .Soc . Vol .XII

J.Sinit deletlith.

MinternBros-Chz-orno Loivd-oii..

A NEW INDIAN MOUSE.

101

THE ACULEATE HYMEN OP TERA PROCURED AT ADEN
BY COL. YERBURY, R.A., AND CAPT. NURSE, LS.C.

[Witli Plate J.]

By Lieut.-Col, C. T. Bingham, f. z. s., f. e. s.
{Read before the Bombay Natural History Society^ on 'dOfh Sej^t., 1897.)

The two collections kindly submitted to me for examination by
Lieut.-Col. Yerbury and Capt. Nurse contained one hundred and seven
species, of which four I believe to be previously undescribed.

The preponderance of Palreartic species is noticeable, wdiile, as
w^as to be expected, both Ethiopian and Indian forms are represented
in lesser numbers.*

Family MUIILLID.E.

1. MUTILLA CHRYSOPHTHALMA, Kluo.

Mutilla chrysophthalma, King, Symb. Phys., Dec. 1, No. 3, t. 4, f. 3.
Aden (Co/. Yerbury), one worn $. Occurs also in Egypt and
Ceylon.

2. Mutilla arabica, Oliv.
Mutilla arabica, Oliv., Encycl. Meth., viii, p. 59.
Aden (Col. Yerbury).

3. Mutilla aurea, Kluo-.
Mutilla aurea, Klug, Symb. Phys., Dec. 1, No. 13, t. 4, f. 13.
Shaikh Othman (Col. Yerbury).

4. Mutilla ^stuans, Gerst.
Mutilla cBstuans, Gerst., Pet. Reise Mozamb,, v, p. 487, pi. 31
fig. 6, $.

Aden, Lakej, Hanthaburi (Col. Yerbury), Ceylon.
The ^ has not been described in my Vol. I, " Hjmienoptera of
India. " Col. Yerbury took $ and 9 in cop. at Aden.

Desc. $» Head, thorax and abdomen closely but not strongly pmic-

tured, a space on the middle of the 2nd abdominal segment above

• close to its posterior margin highly polished and shining, impunctate ;

head not so wide as the thorax, front below the ocelli raised, almost

tuberculate, scutellum raised, produced into a sharp cone ; median

* The original M.S. of this paper was posted in London, but apparently never reached
the office of this Journal. The present list of the Hymenoptera of Aden has been compiled
from pencil notes made by me at the British Museum while 1 was working out Colonel
Yerbury's and Capt. Nurse's collections.

102 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

segment broad, rounded above, truncate posteriorly, the face of the
truncation coarsely rugose ; abdomen long, longer than head and
thorax united, apical segment bearing a broad smooth medial longi-
tudinal carina ; basal ventral segment strongly longitudinally keeled,
the keel slightly emarginate in the middle. Head, thorax and base of
the 1st abdominal segment black, remainder of the abdomen bright
ferruginous-red, the clypeus, face checks, scape and basal joint of the
flagellum of the antennae, the pronotum above, the mesopleurse, the
median segment above and the legs covered with silvery pubescence,
which is thick and matted on the clypeus and front, and on the median
segment ; posterior margin of the 2nd and the whole of the remain-
ing abdominal segments clothed with rich glistening ferruginous
pubescence ; wings fuscous, the forewings beyond the area of the
cells much darker.

Length «-13 ; Exp. 17-27 mm.

5. MUTILLA TESTACEA, Klug.

Mutilla testacea, Klug, Symb. Phys., Dec. 1, No. 15, t. 5, f, 4.
Shaik Othman (Col. Yerhury).

Family SCOLIID^.

6. TiPHIA BREVIPENNIS, LucaS.

TipJiia hrevipennis, Lucas, Expl. Sc. Alger., iii, p. 299, t, 15, f. 9.
Aden (Capt. Nurse).

7. Myzine guerinii, Lucas.
Myzine guerinii, Lucas, Expl. Sc. Alger., iii, p. 283, t. 15, f. 5, $ .
Lahej {Capt. Nurse).

8. ScoLiA (Discolia) dispar, Klug.
Scolia dispar, Klug, Symb. Phys., Dec. iii, t. 26, f. 10 $ and 2 9 .
Shaikh Othman, Lahej {Capt. Nurse).

9. ScoLiA ( Discolia) rufipes, Smith.
Scolia rufipes. Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M., iii, p. 95, $.
Lahej {Capt, Nurse).

JO. ScoLiA (Discolia) erytheocephala, Fabr.
Scolia erythrocephala, Fabr., Ent. Syst., Suppl., p. 255, 16.
Aden {Col. Yerbury).

11. Scolia (Discolia) micromelas, Sichel,
Scolia micromelas.^ Sich., Sauss. and Lich. Cat. Scol., p. 82. 9 & 6 .
Aden {Col. Yerhury).

THE ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA PROCURED AT ADEN, 103

12. Elis (Trielis) aliena, Klug.

Scolia aliena, Klug, Symb. Phys., Dec. iii, No. J 2, p. 27, fig. 3.
Lahej {Col. Yerhury').

13. Elis (Dielis) collaris, Fabr.
Tiphia collaris, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 354.

Aden and Lahej ( Col. Yerhury^

14. Elis (Dielis) ccelebs, Sicbel.

Elis ccelebsj Sich., Sauss. and Lich. Cat. Seal., p. iSi ; id., app., p. 297
Shaikh Othman and Lahej (Capt. Nurse).

15. Elis (Dielis) ciliata, Fabr.
Scolia ciliata, Fabr., Mantissa, ii, p. 279.

Lahej (Capt. Nurse).

16. Elis (Dielis) fasciatella, Klug.
Scolia fasciatella^ Klug, Symb. Phys., Dec. iii, t. 27, f. 8.
Shaikh Othman {Capt. Nurse).

Family POMPILID^,

17. Salius (Priocnemis) brunneus, Klug.
Pompilus brunneus, Klug, Symb. Phys., Dec. iv, No. 2, t. 38, f. 2.
Aden {Col. Yerhury).

18. Salius (Priocnemis) rubescens, Smith.
Pompilus rubescens. Smith, Cat. Hym, B. M., iii, p. 136.
Aden {Col. Yerbury).

19. Pompilus anticus, Klug.
Pompilus anticus^ King, Symb. Phys., Dec. iv, No. 10, t. 38, f. 10.
Lahej {Col. Yerhury).

20. Pompilus gracilis, Lepel.
Pompilus gracilis^ Lepel, Hymn., iii, p. 420, 6.
Lahej {Capt Nurse). One specimen which is indistinguishable from
specimens from France so labelled in the British Museum.
21. Pompilus vagabundus. Smith.
Pompilus vagabundus, Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc, 1858, p. 92.
Huswah {Capt. Nurse). Another species which I identify with
doubt. If it is really P. vagabundus, the insect has a very wide range^
from Borneo to Aden.

22. Pompilus vespiformis, Klug.
Pompilus vespiformis, Klug, Symb. Phys., Dec. iv, No. 3, t. 38, f. 3.
Aden, Lahej {Col. Yerhury and Capt. Nurse).

104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL niSTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

23. PoMPiLus CANDIDLS, Smith.
Pompilus candidus, Smith, New Sp. Hym. B. M., p. 142, 9. 9 .
Lahej {Col, Yerhury).

24. Pompilus unifasciatds, Smith.
Ponijnlus unifasciatus, Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M., iii, p. 145, 133.
Aden ( Col. Yerbury). A widely distributed species.
Family SPHEGID^.

25. Tachytes albocincta, Lucas.
Tachytes albocincta, Lucas, Expl. Sc. Alger., iii, p. 246, 211.
Lahej (CoZ. Yerbury), Shaikh Othman (Capt. Nurse).

26. Tachysphex filicornis, Kohl.

Tachysphex filicornis, Kohl., Deutsche Ent. Zeits., xxvii (1883),
p. 169.

Aden ( Col. Yerbury).

27. Tachysphex pygidialis, Kohl.

Tachysphex pygidalis. Kohl., Deutsche Ent. Zeits., xxvii (1883)}
p. 176. ^ and 9 •

Aden {Col. Yerbury).

28. Tachysphex panzeri. Van d. Lind.

Tachytes panzeri, Vand. Lind., Nouv. Mem. Acad. Sc. Bruxell., v
(1829), p. 20, 4. $ and 9.

Aden, Lahej {Col. Yerbury).

29. Tachysphex psilopus. Kohl.

Tachysphex psilopus, Kohl., Verh. d. k. k. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch. Wien,
xxxiii (1883), p. 371, 3, $, pi. xvii (a), figs. 2 and 3.

Aden {Col. Yerbury).

30. Tachysphex fluctuatus, Gerst.

Lyrops fluctuatus, Gerst., Monat. Verh. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch.,
Berlin, 1857, p. 510.
Aden, Lahej, Shaikh Othman {Col. Yerbury and Capt. Nurse).

31. Notogonia pompiliformis, Panz.

Larra pompiliformis, Panz., Faun. Ins. Germ., 1808, Heft. 17,
p. 106.

Aden {Col. Yerbury).

32. Liias HOEMORRHOiDALis, Fabr.
Pompilus hmmorrhoidalis, Fabr. Syst. Pie/-., ]). 198, 55.
Aden [Col. Yerbury).

THE ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA PROCORED AT ADEN. 105

33. Ammophila incana, Dahlb,
Ammophila incana^ Dahlb., Hym. Europ., i, p. 21.
A.den (Col. Yerhury and Capt. Nurse).

34. Ammophila insignis, Smith (Var. ?).
Ammophila insignis, Smith, Cat., iii, p. 213, 30. ^ $ .
Aden {Capt. Nurse)^ Lahej (Col. Yerhury).

35. Ammophila holosericea, Fabr.
Sphex holosericea, Fabr., Ent. Syst., ii, p. 205, 27.
Aden {Col. lerbury)^ Lahej {Capt. Nurse).

36. Sceliphron spirifex, Linn.
Sphex spirifex, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 942, 9.
Aden, Lahej {Col. Yerhury and Capt. Nurse).

37. Sceliphron violacbum, Fabr.
Sphex violacea, Fabr., Ent. Syst., ii, p. 201.
Aden ( Col. Yerhury and Capt. Nurse).

o8. Sphex uMbrosus, Christ.
Sphex umhrosaj Chr., Naturg. Ins., p. 293, t. xxix, f. 2 9.
Aden {Col. Yerhury and Capt. Nurse). i\.ll the specimens belong to
the variety S. metaliica, Taschenb.

39. Sphex axirulentus, Fabr.
Sphex aurulenta, Fabr., Mant. Ins., i, p. 274.

Aden ( Col. Yerhury). The one specimen in the collection belongs to
the variety S. lineola, Lepel.

40. Sphex nigropectinatus, Taschenb.
Sphex nigropectinatus, Taschb., Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Naturwiss. Holle.
xxxiv (1869), p. 409.
Aden {Col. Yerbury).

41. Sphex v^iduatus, Christ.
Sphex viduata, Chr., Naturg. Ins., p. 305, t. xxx, f. 4.
Aden {Col. Yerhury and Capt. Ntirse).

42. Nysson scalaeis, Illig.
Nysson scalarisj Illig., ed. Faun. Etrusc, ii, p. 157.
Lahej {Col. Yerbury).

43. Helioryctes assimilis, Bingh.
[Jelioryctes assimilis, Bingh., Faun. Brit. lud. Hym., i, p. 271.
Aden {Col. Yerhury).
U

IOC JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

44. GoRYTES coARCTATUs, Spin.
rjorytes coarctatus, Spin., Ins., Lig., ii, p. 245, t. v, f. 24.
Shaikh Othman (Capt. Nurse).

45. Stizus vespoides, Walk.

Larra vespoides, Walk., List of Hym. coll. by J. K. Lord in Egypt,
fee, p. 25, 224.9.
Aden (Col. Yerhmj and Capt. Nurse).

46. Stizus discolor, Handl.

Stizus discolor, Handl., Sitz. d. k. Akad. Wissens. Wien. (1892),
p. 78, 44.

Aden (Capt. Nurse).

47. Stizus prismaticus, Smith.
Larra prismatica, Smith, Jour. Linn. Sec. (1858), p. 103.,^ $
Aden (Col. Yerhury).

48. Stizus klugii. Smith.

Larra apicalis. King (nee Guer), Symb, Phys., Dec. V, 40, p. 13.
Larra Mugii^ Smith, Cat, Hym. B. M., iv, p. 345, 33.
Aden (Col. Yerhury).

49. Bembex olivacea, Fabr.
Bemhex olivacea, Fabr., Mant. Lis., i, p. 285, A.$.
Aden (Col. Yerhury and Capt. Nurse).

50. Bembex chlorotica, Spin.
Bemhex cldoroiica, Spin., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1838), p. 469.
Aden (Capt. Nurse), Lahej (Col. Yerhury).

51. Bembex dahlbomii, Handl.

Bemhex daldhomii^ Handl., Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. Wissens. Wien.,
oii ; (1893), p. 806, 62.

Aden (Col. Yerhury).

52. Philanthus yerburyi, n. sp., pi. A, f. 2.
$ . Head wider than thorax, finely and closely punctured, clypeus
slightly convex, much broader than high, the anterior margin waved
and fringed with a line of dense pubescence, eyes distinctly convergent
towards the vertex below, reaching down to the base of the mandibles,
vertex broad, ocelli in a triangle situated somewhat anteriorly, cheeks
broad, well developed ; thorax shining, mesonotum with a few fine
scattered punctures, median segment above only slightly convex, almost
flat, bearing fine longitudinal striae, its sides and apex roundly

THE ACULEATE UYMENOPTERA PROCURED AT ADEN. 107

truncate ; legs without pubescence, the intermediate and posterior tibise
and tarsi thickly spinose, claws of the tarsi simple ; abdomen longer
than the head and thorax united, smooth, pygidial area flat, elongate
triangular, the sides and apex margined, the surface very finely and
closely rugose punctate. Head and thorax black, the basal two-thirds
of the mandibles, the clypeus, a triangular mark along the inner orbits,
the posterior margin of the pronotum, an oval spot on the scutelium
and a transverse line on the post-scutellum yellowish-white, legs dull
Indian-red, the anterior femora beneath pale yellowish- white ; wings
hyaline, nervures testaceous-brown, tegulse pale yellow, the posterior
half brownish ; in the anterior wing the basal nervure is nearly
interstitial, the radial cell elongate, narrow acute at apex, the 1st
recurrent nervure is received in the 2nd cubital cell about one-third
of its length from base, the 2nd recuiTent nervure is received by the
3rd cubital cell close to its base. Abdomen dull Indian-red, segments
1 to 5 with broad transverse pale yellowish-white stripes on their poste-
rior margins, each stripe bi-marginate anteriorly.

What seems to be a variety of the same insect differs in having the
abdomen of a brighter red, and the transverse pale yellow stripes on the
segments above reduced to two spots on the 2nd and an iiTegular
medial mark on the posterior margin of the 3rd segment,
9 . Length 10-12. Exp. 19-25 mm.
Aden {Col. Yerhury).

53. Tkachypus subconcolor, n. sp., pi. A, f. I.
9 . Head wider than the thorax, finely and closely punctured,
clypeus slightly convex, its anterior margin arched in the middle, waved
at the sides, eyes slightly convergent towards the vertex, below reaching
almost to the base of the mandibles, their inner orbits emarginate, the
vertex and cheeks broad and well developed. Thorax : the pronotum'
smooth and shining, the mesonotum and sides of the thorax very
coarsely but not very closely punctured, the scutelium, post-scutellum,
and median segment shining with a few scattered coarse punctures, the
last subtriangular, above smooth, with a medial short longitudinal groove,
which, as well as the well-marked sutures between the scutelium an d
post-scutellum and between the latter and the median segment, is
densely and closely punctured ; legs sub-pilose, the anterior tibipe
ciliated with long spines, the intermediate and posterior tibise and tarsi

108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XlL

thickly spinose, claws of the tarsi simple ; abdomen about as long as
the head and thorax united, the posterior margin of the 1st segment
constricted, pygidial area smooth, shining, convex. Head, thorax and
abdomen dark yellowish-brown, a small crescentic spot above the base
of each antenna, an arched stripe across the vertex over the region
of the ocelli ; the mesonotum, irregular shadings on the sides of the
thorax, the sutures between the scutellum, post-scutellum and median
segment and the short longitudinal groove on the last black, the
mesonotum with two parallel, longitudinal, short, ferruginous-red
stripes; wings hyaline, tegulse and uervures pale testaceous.
9. Length 11. Exp. 18 mm.
Shaikh Othman (Col. Yerhury).

54. Trachypus nursei, u. sp., pi. A, f. 3.
9 . Head finely punctured, shining, about as broad as the thorax, cly-
peus broad, slightly convex, very slightly arched anteriorly, eyes strong-
ly converging towards the vertex, the inner orbits emarginate, front
broad, with a short shallov/ vertical furrow below the anterior ocellus,
cheeks narrow, little developed. Thorax shining, the mesonotum
coarsely punctured, the scutellum, post-scutellum and median segment
above smooth, shining, with a few scattered punctures, the sutures bet-
ween the mesonotum, scutellum, post-scutellum and median segment
deep, well marked and finely punctured, as is a medial, short, shallow
longitudinal furrow on the median segment above, the tibiae and
tarsi of the leg spinose, the claws simple. Abdomen shining, finely
punctured, about as long as the head and thorax united, the base of
the 1st segment attenuated, its posterior margin deeply constrictedj
pygidial area convex, smooth and shining. Black, the basal two-thirds
of the mandibles, the scape and basal two joints of the flagellom of the
antennae in front, an oval transverse spot on the front, two contiguous
spots on the vertex behind the ocelli, a broad line on the cheeks, the
posterior half of the pronotum, the tubercles, two spots behind them on
the mesopleurge, the scutellum and post-scutellum, a round spot on each
side at the posterior angles of the median segment, the apical half of the
anterior tibiaj, a transverse band on the upper side of the 1st abdominal
segment, and the whole of the second segment bright yellow, the apex
of the mandibles ferruginous, the clypeus, a triangular spot along the
inner orbits, the anterior tarsi, the intermediate and posterior tibiae and

THE ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA PROCURED AT ADEN, 109

tarsi, the posterior margin of the 4th abdominal segment above, and the
whole of the apical segment, laoteous-white ; wings hyaline, nervures
testaceous, tegula3 yellow.

$ . Similar, the apical abdominal segment black, the 6th segment with
a narrow medially interrupted line on the apical margin above pale yellow.

9 . Length 9. E,rp. 1 7 mm.

$. „ 8. „ lb „

Lahej and Shaik Othman {Capt. Nurse).

55. Cerceris pulchella, Klug.

Cerceris pulchella^ Klug., Symb. Phys., Dec. v, t. 47, f. 14. <^.

Huswah (Capt. Burse).

56. Cerceris vidua, Klug.

Cerceris vidua^'Klng., Symb. « Phys., Dec. v, t. 47, f. 11. $.

Shaikh Othman {Capt. Nurse),

57. Cerceris spinipectus, Smith.

Cerceris spinipectus^ Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M., iv, p. 443, 30. 9 . (J,

Shaikh Othman {Capt. Nurse).

58. Cerceris insignis, Klug.

Cerceris insignis, Klug, Symb. Phys., Dec. v, t, 47, f. 12. 9.
Aden {Col. Yerburu).

59. Oxybelus ARABS, Lcpel.
Oxyhelus arahs, Lepel., Hym., iii, p. 213, 3.
Aden {Col. Yerhury and Capt. Nurse).

Family EUMENID^.

60. EuMENES TiNCTOR, Christ.
SpJiex tinctor, Christ., Naturges, p. 341, t. 31, f. 1.
Aden {Capt. Nurse), Shaik Othman {Col. Yerhury).

61. EUMENES DIMIDIATIPENNIS, SaUSS.

Eumenes dimidiatipennis, Sauss., Mon. Guep. Sol., p. 51, 23.
Aden, {Col. Yerhury), Liahej [Capt. Nurse).

62. Eumenes lepeleterii, Sauss.
Eumenes lepeleterii, Sauss., Mon. Guep. Sol.; p. 4524, t. 10, f. 3. 9
Aden, Lahej, Shaikh Othman {CoL Yerhury and Caj t. Nurse)
Common.

63. Rhynchium cyanopterum, Sauss.
Rygchium cyanopterum, Sauss., Mon. Guep. Sol., p. 108-9.
Aden {CoU Yerhury) , Lahej {Capt. Nurse).

no JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL niSTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII .

64. Hhynchium brunnkum, Fabr.
Vespa brunnea, Fabr., Ent. Syst., ii, p. 264, 41.
Aden {Col. Verbury).

65. Rhynchium oculatum, Fabr.
Vespa oculata, Fabr., Spec. Ins., i, p. 463.

Aden {Col. Yerburij).

&&. Rhynchium synagroides, Sauss.
Rhynluum synagroides^ Sauss., Mon. Gucp. Sol., p. 103, 1. t.
14, f. 2. $

Lahej {Capt. Nurse).

67. Odyneeus chloroticijs, Spin.

Odynerus chloroticuSj Spin,, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1st ser., vii,
p. 500.
Shaikh Othman {Capt. Nurse).

68. Odynerus eumenoides, Smith.
Odynerus eumenoides, Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M., v, p. 71, lo4.
Aden {Capt. Nurse).

69. Odynerus fervidus, Sauss.

Odynerus fervidits, Sauss., Mon. Guep. Sol., SuppL, p. 288, 174.
Shaikh Othman {Capt. Nurse).

70. Odynerus fastidiosus, Sauss.
Odynerus fastidiosus, Sauss., Mon. Guep. Sol., p. 189, 85.9
Aden {Col. Yerbury and Capt. Nurse).

71. Odynerus biphaleratus, Sauss.
Odynerus Biphaleratus, Sauss.,-Mon. Sol., p. 134, 14, t. 16, f. 2.
Lahej {Col. Yerbury)^ Shaik Othman {Ca^yt. Nurse).
Family VESPIDy?^.
72. Icaria anarchic a, Sauss.
Icaria anarchica, Sauss., Mon. Guep. Sol., p. 34, 12, t. 4, f. 5.
Aden, Lahej {Col. Yerbury and Capt. Nurse).

73. Icaria cincta, Lepel.
Epipona cincta, Lopel., Hym., i, p. 541, 2.
Aden {Capt. Nurse).

74. Polistes marginalis, Fabr.
Vespa margtnalts, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 367, 24.
Lahej (Col. Yerbury and Capt. Nurse).

THE ACULEATE HT3TEN0PTERA PEOCVRED AT ADEh'. 11 1

Family MASARID^.

75. Celonites fischeri, Spin.
Celonites tiscJien, Spin., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (18S8), p. 505.
Aden (Col. Yerhury and Capt, Nurse.)

No specimen in either collection is typical, all being mneh lighter
in colour than specimens of this species in the British Museum. One
$ taken by Col. Yerbury is exceedingly small, measuring only 5^ mm.
Capt, Nurse notes that he bred the insect from cylindrical mud nests.
Family COLLETID^.

76. Prosopis feateena, n. sp.

Closely allied to and resembling P. adsoluta, Cam. (Mem. Maneb.
Lit. & Phil. Soc, XLI, p. 92) ; diffprs in sculpturing and consi-
derably in colour and size.

$. Head, thorax and abdomen finely and closely, median segment
coarsely and rugosely punctured, clypeus slightly convex, vertically
oval, its anterior margin rounded : space between the antennae smooth
and shining, with a very short fine vertical furrow, mesonotnm stronojy
convex, with three abbreviated parallel longitudinal furrows on the diso
anteriorly; median segment with a smooth and shining Y-shaped furrow;
legs slightly pilose ; abdomen about as long as the head and thorax
united, the apical margin of the first segment slightly constricted
Black, the base of the mandibles, the clypeus, a spot above it, the sides
of the fixce, the scape of the antennae in front, a line on the pronotum
and the tibia? and tarsi of all the legs pale yellow ; the flagellum of the
antennae in front pale, the tubercles and tegulas dark ferruo-inous ; a
narrow line of dense grey pubescence on the posterier margin of the 1-4
abdominal segments, that on the 1st segment broadly, on the 2nd segment
narrowly, interrupted in the middle, ; wings hyaline and iridescent.
9 . Length 4. Exp, 9 mm.
Aden (Col. Yerhury).

77. Peosopis scutellata. Spin,
Prosopis scutellata^ Spin., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 'ind Ser., i, p. 506.
Aden (Col. Yerhury).

Family APTD^.
78. Halictus jucundus, Smith.
Halictiia. Jucundus^ Smith, Cat. H^tu. B. M., 1, p. 5G, Qyt, 9 ^ ^
Aden^ Lahej^ Shaikh Othman (Capt, ^urse).

112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

79. Halictus senescbns, Smith.
Halictus senescens. Smith, New sp. Hyra. B. M., p. 30. 9.
Lahej {Capt. Nurse).

80. NOMIA TRIDENTATA, Smith.

Nomia tridentata, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. (1875), p, 64, 2G. $.
Huswah {Capt. Nurse), Aden (Col. Yerbury).

81. Nomia zonaria, Walk.
Nomia zonaria^ Walk., List of Hym. Coll. by J. K. Lord in Egypt ,
&o., p. 346.
Aden (Capt. Nurse).

82, Nomia lamellata. Smith.

Nomia lamellata, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. (1875), p. 65, 28. 9 <?•
Aden (Col. Yerbury and Capt Nurse).

83. Nomia tegulata, Smith.

Nomia tegulata, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. (1875), p. 69. 9 •
Lahej, Shaikh Othman (Capt. Nurse).

84. Nomia oxybeloides, Smith.

Nomia oxybeloides. Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1875, p. 42. ^ $.
Aden, Shaikh Othman (Col. Yerbury).

85. Megachile ^egyptia, Lepel.
Megachile agyptia, Lepel, Hym., ii, p. 331.
Aden (Col, Yerbury).

86. Megachile basalis. Smith.
Megachile basalis, Smith, Cat. Hym., B. M., i, p. 159. 9.
Lahej (Col. Yerbury), Shaikh Othman (Capt. Niirse),

87. Megachile eurimera. Smith.
Megachile eurimera, Smith, Cat. Hym., B. M., i, p. 163. 9.
Lahej (Capt. Nurse).

88. Megachile barbata, Smith.
Megachile barbata, Smith, Cat. Hym., B. M., i, p. 162. ^.
Lahej, Shaikh Othman (Capt. Nurse).

89. Megachile rufipes, Fahr.
Apis rufipis, Fabr., Ent. Syst., ii, p. 328, 62.
Aden, Shaikh Othman {Capt. Nurse).

90. Anthidium pulchellum, King.
Anthidium pulchellum, King., Symb. Phys., Dec. iii. No, 11, t. 28; f. 11.
Aden, Shaikh Othman (Capt. Nurse),

THE ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA PROCURED AT ADEN. 113

91. Anthidium cinctum, Klug.
Anthidium cinctum, Klug, Symb., Pbys., Dec. iii, No. 8, t. 28, f. 8.
Huswah [Capt. Nurse).

92. Anthidium afrum, Lepel.
Anthidium afrum, Lepel., Hym., ii, p. 387, oo.
Aden, Shaikh Othman {Col, Yerbiiry).

93. Anthidium oudinatum, Smith.
Anthidium ordinafwii, Smith, new sp. Hym., B. M., p. SQ. $ $.
Lahej {Col. Yeiimrij).

94. Ceratina viridis, Guer.
Ceratina viridis^ Guer., Icon. R. An. Ins., p. 444, t. 73, f. G.
Lahej {Capt, Nurse).

95. Crocisa scutellaris, Fabr.
Nomada scutellaris^ Fabr., Ent. Syst., ii, p. 346, 2,
Lahej, Shaikh Othman {Col, Yerlniry and Capt. Nurse).

96. Anthophoea fallax, Smith.
Anlhophora fallax. Smith, new s[). Hym., B. M., p. 120, 3. 9.
Aden {Col. Verburif).

97. Anthophora incana, Khig.
Megilla incana, Khig, Symb. Fhys., Dec. Vt. 49, f. 12. 9 .
Aden {Capt. Nurse).

^d^. Anthophora torrida. Smith.
Anthophora torrida. Smith, new sp. Hym., B. M., p. 120, 2 9.
Lahej {Capt. Nurse).

99. Anthophora nurica, Lepel.
Anthophora nuhica, Lepeb, Hym., ii, p. 33, 8. 9.
Lahej, Shail^h Othman {Col. Yerhury and Capt. Nurse),
100. Anthophora ferruginea, Lepel.
Aiithophora ferruginea^ Lepel., Hym., ii, p. 78, 45.
Aden {Col. Yerhury).

101. Anthophora quadrifasciata, de Vill.
Apis quadrifasciata, de Vill., Ent., iii, p. 349, 90.
Aden {Col. Yerhury).

102. Anthophora niveo-cincta, Smith.
Anthophora niveo-cincta^ Smith, Cat. Hym., B. M., ii, p. 337, 92.
Shaikh Othman {Col, Yerhury).

15

114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

103. Anthophoba fakinosa, Klug.
Megilla farinosa^ Klug, Symb. Pliys., Dec. Y, t. 50, f. 2. 5 .
Huswah {Capt. jS'ur^e).

104. Xylocopa ^estuans, Liun.
Apis tB.'^i?<6ms, Linn., Lyst. Nat., i, p. 961, 53, ^,
Aden, Shaikh Othman {Col. Yerhuryj.

105. Xylocopa hottentotta, Smith.
Xylocop>a hottentotta, Smith, Cat. Hym., B. M., ii, p. 349, 26. 9 .
Aden (Coh Yerbury).

106. Xylocopa calens, Lepel.
Xylocopa calensj Lepel., Hym., ii, p. 196, 40. <^.
Aden {Capt. Nurse).

107. Apis indica. Fabr.
Apis indica, Faur., Ent. Syst., Suppl., p. 274.
Lahej {Capt. Nurse).

115

ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA.

Br LiBUT.-CoL. C. T. Bingham, f.z.s,, f.e.s.
(Vide Plate A.)

{Read before the Bomhay Natural History Society on 28th Feb., 1898).

In the review in Nature on Volume I of my " Hymenoptera of India,"
issued as one of the " Fauna of India" series, the writer remarked that
close on one thousand species of wasps and bees are described in that
volume, and stated that probably more thjin two thousand
species would ultimately be found within the limits treated
of in my work. This forecast seems more than likely to come true.
in a collection of Hymenoptera recently made at Deesaand at Simla by
Captain C. Nurse, and kindly sent to me to work out, I find among the
bees and wasps alone no less than 23 species new to the Indian fauna,
out of which number, so far as I can make out, 22 species have not
hitherto been described.

I give below a description of these as well as of a few presumably
new species of Tenthredinidce, Ichneumonidce, and ChrysididcB , received
some from Mr. F. Moller, of Tukvar, Darjiling, and some with the bees
and wasps collected by Captain C. Nurse in Simla and Deesa. My
best thanks are due to both these gentlemen for their kind loan as well
as presents of collections.

Family TenthrediniD^e, Leach.
1. Allantus incognitus, sp. n.

$. Head above and thorax finely and closely punctured granular ;
abdomen smooth and shining ; clypeus smooth, emarginate at apex,
the emargination rounded and ending in acute teeth one on each side.
Black, the labrum, the base of the mandibles, large lateral spots on the
clypeus, the posterior angles of the pronotum, the apex of the scutel-
lum, a spot above the posterior cox?e on each side, the anterior femora
and tibi?e in front, and a broad line widening laterally at the base of the
abdomen, lacteous-white ; the apex of the posterior femora, the posterior
tibise, and the apical margins above of the 3rd to the 5th abdominal
segments ferruginous-red; wings hyaline, the front wing anteriorly
stained with dark fuscous, the tegulse and nervures brown.

$. Length 11 ; exp. 22 mm.

Hab. Simla.

Allied to Allantus simillimus, Smith, but is abundantly different.

11 G JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Family IcHXEUMONiDiE, Leach.

2. Coleocentms mollerii, sp. nov., pi. a, figs. 4, 4a, 4b.

9 . Head with a few shallow punctures on the vertex ; antennae long,
filiform, the scape swollen, deeply emarginate on the outer side, the
joints of the flagellum ol)li(]ue at their apices ; mesonetum oval, convex,
transversely plicated and rugose, scutellum punctured, postscutellum
very small, compressed ; median segment flat on the sides, rounded pos-
teriorly, and obliquely sloped to the apex ; abdomen shining, the basal
two segments impunctate above, the remainder finely punctured at
base above ; basal segments depressed, flattened, apical segments
sub-compressed ; the ovipositor long, longer than the rest of the head and
body united, emitted from the apical segment, which with the next
three segments, looked at from the ventral side, are ensheathed one
within the other. Black, the clypeus, the face below the base of the
antennse, a spot on each side above the latter, the front of the scape, the
cheeks, the pronotum in front and on its posterior lateral angles, two
abbreviated parallel longitudinal lines on the disc of the mesonotum,
the tegulse, the mesopleura?, the base of the scutellum, a spot on each
side of it, the whole of the median segment, a large spot on the
raetapleurse, the front of the coxa3, trochanters and femora, and the whole
of the tibife and tarsi of the anterior legs, a spot on the coxse, another
on the basal joint of the trochanters posteriorly, a line on the outer side
of and the apical one-third of the femora, and apical half of the tibise
of the intermediate legs, a spot on the coxas, another on the basal joint
of the trochanters posteriorly, the apical half of the femora and the
middle of the tibia3 of the posterior legs, and sub-apical bands on all
but the apical abdominal segment above, yellow ; the bands on the 4th
and 5th segments are widened laterally, while that on the 6th segment
forms a transverse diamond-shaped spot ; ovipositor and tarsi reddish-
brown ; wings deep brownish-yellow, nervuros dark brown.

9 . Length 33, of ovipositor 51 ; exp. 64 mm.

Hal), Sikhim ; Tenasserim.

3. Xylonomus elizahetlue, sp. nov., pi. A^ figs. 5, 5a.

9 . Head smooth, polished and shining ; antennae filiform ; thorax
rugose, the mesonotum long and oval, the parapsidal grooves deeply
marked ; median segment rounded posteriorly, rugose, with four irre-
gularly-waved longitudinal carinte, the inner two of these reaching the

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA. 117

apex of the segment and ending in a well-marked tooth ; tibige of the
anterior and intermediate legs constricted at base ; basal abdominal
segments sub-depressed, the 2nd and 3rd marked above with V-shaped
depressions, apical segment sub-compressed. Dark shining blue, a broad
stripe on each side of the face, interrupted by the scape of the antennae,
white ; the anterior four legs, the base of the coxse, the trochanters,
femora, tibise and tarsi, except at their apex, the base and a band across
the Ist abdominal segment, a band across the 2nd, and the apical margins
above narrowly of the 3-5 segments, honey-yellow ; antennae black,
the 10-16 and the apical four joints of the fiagellum white ; the apex of
the posterior coxffi, femora and tibia3, and the claw-joint of the tarsi of
all the legs black ; ovipositor black, the side sheaths with a broad
sub-apical ring white ; wings hyaline, a fuscous spot on the forewing
at the junction of the radial with the cubital cells, tegulje and nervures
testacious.

9» Length 17, of ovqjositor 13 ; ewp. 27 mm.

Hab. Sikhira, 1,000 to 4,000 feet.

Family Chrysided.e, Leach.

4. Chrysis cupreiventris, sp. nov.

9. Head, thorax, and abdomen densely and rather coarsely punctured,
granular ; eyes slightly convergent below, front broad, with a fine
T-shaped carina between the eyes ; abdomen with a medial longitudinal
carina on the 2nd and 3rd segments above, 3rd segment ending in
four well-marked dentations with a row of six sub-apical fovea above
the dentations ; head and thorax brilliant steel-blue, the face below
the base of the antennpe, the posterior margin of the pronotum, the
tegulae, borders of the thorax above, the sides beneath the wings, the
pectus and the coxse, femora and tibia3 of the leg, golden-green ; the
antennse and the tarsi black, the scape of the former golden- oreen
above ; the clypeus, front cheeks, and sides of the thorax covered with
somewhat long, soft, white pubescence ; abdomen coppery-red, the 2nd
segment above in the middle steel-l:)lue, abdomen beneath blue-green,
the 2nd segment with a large lateral rounded spot at base ; wings hyaline,
slightly fuscous on the disc of the forewing, nervures dark brown.

9. Length 10 ; e.rp. 21mm.
Hab, Simla.

118 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Nearest to C. zoheidaj Du Buyss, of ^vhich it may be an extreme
variety; but it is apparently distinct from a specimen of C. zoleida
from Aden given me by Colonel Yerbury.

Family Mutillid^, Leach.
5. Mutilla fumipennisy sp. nov., pi. A.f. 6.

t. Head and thorax somewhat coarsely punctured, the clypeusj
front sides of the face, cheeks, sides of the pronotum and median seg-
ment above with dense matted pubescence, the front above the base of
the antenna raised, tuberculate, giving to the face close to the lower
portion of the inner orbits and the sides of the clypeus an appearance
of beino- hollowed out, a short vertical carina from the anterior ocellus
not reacbino- the base of the antenupe ; mesonotum with two medial
lono-ltudinal furrows, scutellum excavate at base, produced posteriorly
into a cone, the apex tuberculate, shining ; median segment strongly
depressed with the sides somewhat flat, above meeting along the medial
line of the segment at an angle and forming a well-marked longitudinal
carina ; legs and abdomen thinly pubescent, the 2nd segment of the latter
finely and evenly punctured above, the remaining segments obsoletely
punctured towards their apical margins, apical segment with a faintly
defined medial longitudinal carina, 1st ventral segment with a highly
raised longitudinal carina forming a thin sub-triangular plate the
anterior edge of which is deeply emarginate. Black, the pubescence
silvery forming a broad medially interrupted band on the apical
maro-in of the 2nd abdominal segment, the 1st and basal four-fifths
of the 2nd segment of the abdomen red ; wings, basal half of forewing
deep yellow, of hind wing clear hyaline, apical portions of both wings
deep fuscous, tegulre black, very large, smooth and shining, nervures
yellow on the yellow or hyaline and fuscous on the dark portions of
the wings.

$. Length 12 : crp. 21 mm.

Ilah. Deesa.

Family Pompilid^, Leach.

6. Pseiidagenia glabra, sp. nov.

9 (^ Head, thorax, and abdomen smooth, brilliantly polished and

shining, entirely impunctate ; clypeus transverse, slightly convex, its

anterior margin straight ; mesonotum wide, convex ; median segment

rounded posteriorly with a gentle slope to the apex, which is emargin-

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAX IIYMENOPTERA. ll'j

ate ; abdomen narrow, about the length of the head and thorax united.
Jet black, the clypeus and sides of the face with dense, he sides of the
thorax and of the median segment with short, thin, silvery pubescence;
wings hyaline, tegulte and nervures black.

9 . Length 9 ; exp. 18 mm.

^. Length b-^; exp. 11-20 mm.

Hah. Simla, Sikhim.

7. Ponipilus deperditusj sp. nov.

9 . Head, thorax, and abdomen smooth, shining, and entirely
impunctate in certain lights, with a fine silky pruinose look, head not
quite so wide as the thorax ; clypeus convex, transversely truncate
anteriorly, labrum extended, well marked ; eyes with the inner orbits
slightly arched outwards in the middle, front and vertex broad, i-ouuded,
steeply sloping back to the occiput, this latter emarginate posteriorly :
pronotum somewhat long, anteriorly rounded, posteriorly emar-
ginate ; median segment with the sides slightly bulging, flattened,
above rounded, the apex depressed, gently emarginate ; abdomen
massive, slightly longer than the head and thorax united. Black, the
clypeus, sides of the face, cheeks ^ sides of the thorax and of the median
segment and the base of the segments of the abdomen in certain lights
covered with a thin plumbeous bloom ; wings hyaline with light fns-
cous clouds along the basal nervure, in the radial, 2nd cubital and 2nd
discoidal cells of the fore wing, and along the apical margins broadly
of both wings, nervures and tegul^e black.

9. Length 11-12 ; expj. 22 mm.

Hab. Simla,

Somewhat resembles P. Umhatus, Smith, but apart from the colour of
the wings, it differs from the latter in the much more massive and
longer prothorax, in the median segment not bearing a medial longi-
tudinally impressed line, and in the inner calcar of the hind tibise being
short, only about half the length of the metatarsus. In P. Umbatus
this calcar- very nearly equals the metatarsus in length.
Family Sphegid^, Leach.
8. Tachytes hospes^ sp. nov., pi. A, f. 7.

9 . Head and thorax anteriorly smooth, median segment rounded
above, truncate posteriorly, not so long as the thorax, bearing a medial
slightly marked longitudinal furrow from which fine divergent strise
radiate obliquely backwards, curving over the sides ; abdomen massive,

120 JOURNAL. BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII.

smooth, dull and opaque, with only n few fine scattered punctures ;
pygidial area densely pubescent ; head, thorax, the coxre and tro-
chanters of the legs, and the median segment, black ; the femora, tibiae
and tarsi, and the abdomen dull deep red ; the clypeus, the face in
front as higli nearly as the vertex, the cheeks, the prouotum, the
mesouotum, except on the disc, the sides of the thorax and pectus, the
back of the anterior femoi'a and the front of the coxffi, the sides of the
scutellum, the postscutellum, and the sides and apex of the median
seo-ment, covered with a dense matting of fine short silvery pile, the
pygidial area with golden pile ; wings fusco-hyaline, their apical
margins darker, teguloe and nervures red.

$ . Length 20 ; i\rp. 32 mm.

Hah. Deesa.

9. Cei'cet'is himala'/ensh, sp. nov.

f^ . Head, except the clypeus and the region immediately round the
ocelli, thorax and abdomen closely and somewhat coarsely punctured
and granular; clypeus smooth, shining, highly polished, convex almost
circular, its anterior margin not dentate, cordate, space at the base of
the median segment longitudinally striate, remainder of segment
coarsely punctured, the punctures running into irregular strife on the
sides ; abdomen long, longer than the head and thorax, basal segment
narrowed, 2-4 segments strongly, 5th segment slightly, constricted at
base, 5th and 6th ventral segments with prominent well-marked lateral
teeth on their apical margins. Black, the mandibles except at apex, the
clypeus and face to n. little above the base of the antenncie, the scape of
the latter in front, a large spot on each side on the posterior margin
of the pronotum, the postscutellum, the greater part of the legs, and
transverse bands emarginate in the middle above on the apical margins
of 1-6 abdominal segments, yellow, the basal three joints of the flagel-
lum of the antennae, the apical three joints of the tarsi of the inter-
mediate legs, the apex of the femora, the tibiae and tarsi of the posterior
lo<Ts, and the lateral dentate processes on the 6th abdominal segment^
ferrufrinous, the apex of the mandibles and a mark on the femora of
all the legs posteriorly l)lack; wings hyaline, fuscous at apex and
along the outer margin, the costal margin of the forewing stained deep
yellow, togulsG and nervures yellow.

$ . Length 1 1 ; e.rp. 20 mm.

IJah. Simla.

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA. m

10. Crabro grassator^ sp. nov.
$, Head broad, broader than the thorax front, vertex, pro- and
mesonotum finely and very closely punctured, with an opaque and
somewhat granular appearance, scutellum, postscutellum, and median
segment more coarsely punctured, the last with a medial deep trans-
versely striate and somewhat broad furrow, meeting in T-fashion a
furrow running between the postscutellum and median segment ;
abdomen smooth, polished, elongate, oval in shape, the basal segment
gradually broadening from base to apex. Black, the base of the man-
dibles, the scape of the antenn?e in front, a medially interrupted line
on the posterior margin of the pronotum, tha tubercles, the greater
part of the legs, and ovate spots at the base of the 2nd, 4th, and
5th abdominal segments above yellow, the spots on the latter two
segments having a greenish tinge ; the clypeus, which is sub-porrect, and
front of the face covered with dense silvery pile, the coxse and greater
part of the femora of the legs black, the tarsi stained ferruginous >
wings hyaline, lightly sub -fuscous, nervures and tegulai dark brown.

$. Lenylh 9; iwp. 16 mm.

Hab. kSimla.

Closely allied to C. odontopliornsi^ Cam., and C. xxnkns. Cam.,
but diffeving from both in mafkings, and vei'y conspicuously in structure
nnd sculj'ture.

Family Eumenid.e, Westro.
11. Eumenes antenriata, sp. nov., pi. A, f;, 8.

$. V^ertex of the head, the mesonotum, the petiole of the abdomen,
and 2nd abdominal segment above coarsely punctured, remahider of
the head, thorax, and abdomen smooth but dull and opaque in appearance;
clvpeus elongate scutifbrm, deeply emarginato at apex ; scape of the
antenna3 very thick and massive; petiole of abdomen narrowed at base,
sub-tubetculate on the middle laterally. Black, the mandibles, clypeus,
iiice in front, the emargination of the eyes, a line behind them, the sc5\po
of the antennrc, the pronotnm, two cresceutic spots anteriorly on the
mesonotum, two smaller quadrate spots on the same in the middle, the
scutellum, a line posteriorly on the postscutellum, the whole of the
median segment, except a small triangular spot at its base, the meso-
pleurse, the legs, two spots at the base, two laterally on the midille and
the apes broadly of the petiole, and the greater part of the rest of the
16

122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL IlfSTOFiY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

abdomen yellow ; the back of the femoru, apex of the tibiic, and the tarsi
of the posterior legs reddish-brown, tlie base narrowly, and a transversely
elongate diamond-shaped spot on the 2nd abdominal segment above,
with the bases of the 3-6 segment and the whole of the apical segment
black ; the apical three joints of the flagellum of the antennae reddish-
yellow j wings hyaline, tegnlojyellov;, nervures testaceous, the ciypeus
covered with silvery pile, very bright and glistening in certain lights.
$. Length 10; exp. 18 mm.
Hab. Deesa.

12. Odynenis nursei, sp. nov., pi. a, f. 9.
9 . Head .-and front above the base of the antenure veiy finely and
closely punctured ; olypeus nearly circular, very convex, smooth and
dull, with only a few scattered fine puncture?, the anterior margin bent
downwards and produced slightly into two tee'h ; thorax oval alx)ve,
on the sides somewhat finely and distantly, and on the postscutellum
and median segment above very densely and coarsely punctured ; disc
of mesonotum with two parallel longitudinally impressed lines ; median
segment posteriorly truncate, the face of the truncation smooth ; legs
smooth, shining, slightly pruinose in certain lighis ; abdomen highly
polished and shining, the basal segment and base of the 2nd coarsely
and cribrately punctured and rugose, the former narrowed at base,
anteriorly abruptly truncate, with a transversely impressed fun-ow along
the margin of the truncation, remaining abdominal segments lightly
punctured ; the 1st ventral segment coarsely reticulate, the margin
smooth ; base of the 2nd ventral segment depressed, bearing coarse
longitudinal strife with deep fuiTows between, the remainder of this and
the following ventral segments highly polished, smootli, and shining.
Black, a crescentic spot at the base of the ciypeus, a spot on each side on
the pronotum, a spot beneath the base of the wings, the apical margins
of the 1st narrowly, of the 2nd broadly alx)ve and on the sides, and of
the ord and 4th abdominal segments nan-owly in the middle above,
yellow, legs blaok ; the apex of the femora, the tibiae and tarsi testaceous-
brown, the tibias of the intermediate and posterior legs with a black
stain on the underside ; wings light fusco-hyaline, nervures and tegulse
reddish-brown.

9 . Lenfjth ] 2 ; e.qy. ZO mm.
Hub. Suula.

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMEN OPTERA. 123

Fuinily Apid^, Auct.
13. Spliecodes Indicus, sp. nov., pi. A, f. 10.

$. Head closely und finely punctured ; antennae elongate ; somewhat
moniliform ; thorax anteriorly shining sparsely ; the median segment
densely and very coarsely punctm-ed, the pmictures running into reticu-
lations, the segment rounded above, the apex truncate, and margined
and hearing a medial longitudinal carina ; legs and abdomen smooth,
polished and shining, rather finely and delicately punctured, a constric-
tion between the 1st and 2nd segments of the latter, with the margin
oi" the 2nd segment depressed. Jet black,, the front, the clypeus,
cheeks, sides of the thorax beneath wings, and the legs covered with a
thin silvery-white pubescence, most dense on the clypeus and front of
the head below the base of the antenme, very sparse on the legs, where
on the tarsi it turns into a ferruginous-brown colour ; wings hyaline at
base, sub-fuscous on their apical two-thirds, nervures and teguloe black.

^. Length 7 ; exp. 15 mm.

14. Halictas asperatus^ sp. nov.

9. Head above, thorax and abdomen very minutely and- densely
punctured ; the face on each side of the clypeus and along the inner
orbits to as high as the base of the antenna? rugosely striate, the strite
irregular and obliquely divergent ; clypeus finely and somewhat sparsely
punctured, anteriorly transverse ; median segment short, abruptly trun-
cate posteriorly ; the cordate space at base broad, concave, and with fine
oblique divergent strite ; abdomen massive, longer than the head and
thorax united. Black, the apical margins of the basal three abdominal
segments reddish-brown ; the head, thorax, legs and transverse narrow
bands, on the apical margins of the 1-4 segments of the abdomen,
with hoary-white pubescence ; the pubescence inclines to fuscous on the
head and face in front, is very bright and glittering with a yellow tinge
on the legs, and is snow-white on the abdomen ; anal rima reddish-brown,
with a fringe on each side of fuscous hairs ; wings hyaline, very faintly
fuscous on their apical margins, the tegdie and nervures brown.

9. Length 11 ; exp. 23 mm.
Hah. Simla.

This large and handsome species can be easily distinguished hx its
remarkablv rugose face.

124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCLETY, Vol. XII.

15. Ualictus (h/nasks., sp. nov.

9 . Head a1x)ve and in front to the base of the antenn.'B very finel}r
punctured, the punctures seemnig to run hito stri^ in certain lights ;
clypeus and median segment more distantly and coarsely punctured ;
al)domen above finely aciculate ; median segment roundeil posteriorly,
with the cordate space at base concave, and with fine divergent strite-.
Black, the pubescence on the head and thorax fuscous, on the legs pale
and glittering, and on the abdomen hoary- white, forming a narrow
transvei-se band at the base of the 2nd and 6th segments, and a very
broad and conspicuous one at the base of the ord segment, anal rima
reddish-brown, fringed with fuscous hairs on each side ; wings very
broad and ample, hyaline, tegute black, nervures brown.

9 . Length 10 ; e^cp. 21 mm.
IIai>. Simla.

Resembles H. ducalis, Bingh., but themedran segment is rounded, noi
truncate posteriorly, the cordate space at its base being striated, not
punctured, and the broad band of pubescence is at the base of the 3i\ly
not the 2ud abdominal segment.

16. Halictus nivTeus, sp. ncyv.

(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen polished and shining, extremely
minutely punctured, the punctures on the face in front seeming, in certain
lights, to run into very fine longitudinal strite ; median segment round-
ly truncate posteriorly, the cordate space at base reticulate; abdomen with
the apical margins of the basal two segments distinctly depressed. Jet
l)lack, thinly covered with a short pale pubescence all over, most dense-
on the femora, tibiaj, and tarsi of the logs ; the apical margins of all the
abdominal segments, and the tibise and tarsi of the legs, testaceous ;
wings hyaline, nervures and tegulse pale testaceous.

$. Length 8-9; exp. 17 mm.

Ilab, Simla.

17. Halictus himalayensis^ sp. nov., pi. A, f. 11.

$ , Head and ihoras in front closely and very finely punctured ;
median segment rounded, slightly truncate posteriorly, the cordate
space at its base depressed, bearing divergent fine oblique stria3 ; abdo-
men massive, smooth, and saining ; head and thorax black ; the greater
part of the abdomen blood-red ;. the face in front, the sides of the tho-
I'as, the sides and apex of the median segment, and tho legs covered-

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BYMENOPTERA. 125

with somewhat dense glittering pale yellow pubescence, forming a tiift
on the tubercles, and specially dense on the femora and inside of the
tibial of the posterior legs ; the base of the 1st and the apical two
segments of the abdomen blackish, the anal rima pale testaceous ; wings
hyaline, tegulfe and nervures testaceous.
9. Length 7 ; exp. 14 mm.

ITab. Simla, Mussoorie, Sikhim.
18. Nonila tegulata, Smith.

Nomia tegulata. Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. G9.

An Arabian and African species not previously recorded from Indir*.
Specimens vary somewhat in size and in the colour of the tegulaa, but can
be easily distinguished from all others by the remarkably laro-e
development of the latter. I give Smith's original description : —

" Female. — Length 2| to 3|- lines. Black and thinly covered with
short cinereous pubescence, that on the tarsi and posterior tibiag pale
fulvous. Head : the flagellum fulvous beneath towards the apex ;
the clypeus rather strongly and closely ])unctured. Thorax : the
metathorax smooth with the sides pimctured. Wings hyaline with their
apical margins clouded, the nervures testaceous, the tegulse laro-e and
pale testaceons, having anteriorly a rufo-fuscous spot ; the posterior
tibiag and all the tarsi pale ferruginous ; abdomen, at the basal
margins of the segments a fascia of pale pubescence, over which is a
thin fringe of pale fulvous hairs on the apical margins."

Hah. Sierra Leone, Aden, Deesa.

Specimens vary in length from 2| — 4^ lines ( 6 — 9 mm.) and in
the colour of the tegnlse from white to dark testaceous-yellow.
19. Megachile creusa, sp. no v.

9. Head, thorax, and the bases of the abdominal segm^ents strono-Iy
but finely punctured ; head very large and maasive, broader than the
thorax, emarginate posteriorly ; clypeus slightly convex, broader than
high, its anterior margin transverse ; median segment very short,
smooth, and impunctate at base : abdomen about as long as the head and
thorax united ; the apical margins of segments 2 — 5 strongly depressed
the anterior border of the depressed bands bisinuate. Black the
flagellum of the antennas, and the femora, tibiag, and tarsi of all the
legs dark blood-red ; the front and clypeus, sides of the thorax and of
the median segment, covered with long, the margins of the abdominal

126 JOURNAL, BOMDA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XII.

seo"ineuts 1-5 with sliort, white pubescence; pollen brush fuscous-white,
wino-s hyaline, shaded with fuscous on the apical half of the forewing,
nervures and tegular brownish-red.

$ . Lenrjth 1 2 ; e.rp. 23 mm.

Hah. Deesa.

20. Megacldle ccelioxy sides, sp. nov.

9 . Head, thorax, and abdomen extremely, minutely, and closely
punctured and densely pubescent, the pubescence soft and short on the
aljdomen, forming apical bauds on segments 1 — 5 ; head about as broad
as the thorax ; clypeus broad, convex, its anterior margin transverse,
notched in the middle ; abdomen tapering sharply from base to apex, as
in the genus Coilioxjjs. Black, the pubescence snow-white, ferrugin-
ous on the inside of the metatarsus of the posterior legs, antennae
castaneous, claws pale testaceous ; pollen brush snow-white ; wings
hyaline, nervures and togulaa testaceous.

9. Length 10; e.rp. 17 mm.

Hal). Deeaa.

21. Megachile stwUosa, sp. nov.

9 . Head, thorax, and abdomen finely, evenly, and somewhat closely
punctured ; the clypeus and front, the cheeks, sides of the thorax, sides
of the median segment and legs clothed with long soft pubescence ;
clypeus much broader than high, slightly convex, its anterior margin
transverse or even slightly emarginate ; abdomen strongly convex
jibove the 3rd and 4th segments, with a conspicuous transversely-
impressed line above, posterior to which on the dth segment the
surface is smooth, shining, impunctate. Black, the pubescence snow-
white, ferruginous on the inside of the ])osterior tarsi ; pollen brush
snow-white ; wings hyaline, nervures and tegulaa black.

9. Length 9 ; exp. 17 mm.

Hab. Simla.

The latter two species somewhat resemble each other at first sight ;
but apart from the diflt'erence of the puncturing, the remarkable shape
of the abdomen of 2L cmlkvvysides distinguishes it at once from
M. sludiosa, and in fact from any species of Megachile known to me.
22. Antlddium desidiosum, sp. nov., pi. A, f. 12.

9 . Head and thorax dull o])aque, looking densely and very finely
punctured, and covered with somewhat long sparse pubescence ;

XEW SPECIES OF INDIAN ITYMEXOPTERA. 127

abdomen more finely but not quite so densely punctured, non-pubes-
cent and slightly shining ; all the abdominal segments with their
apical margins very narrowly smooth and polished. Black, the
clypeus, the sides of the face, a transverse line on the occiput broad-
ened at each end, the m.argins of the tegulse, the posterior margins
very narrowly of the scutellum, the tibiffi anteriorly, and the tarsi of
the legs, and elongate spots on each side at the base of all the
abdominal segments above yellow, the pubescence fuscous, the pollen-
brush yellowish-white ; wings hyaline, broadly fuscous along their
apical margins.

9 . Length 10 ; exp. 21 mm.

Hab. Deesa.

23. Ceratlna incognita^ ?p. nov.

$ . Head and thorax finely and closely, abdomen more coarsely,
punctured, shining ; the clypeus, the disc of the mesonotum and of the
scutellum nearly impunotate, polished ; median segment rounded pos-
teriorly ; the lunate space :it base concave, coarsely punctured and
rugose. Black, the clypeus, the tubercles, the knees and the tibiae
anteriorly of all the legs ; elongate lateral spots on abdominal
segments 2 — 4, smaller lateral spots on segments 1 and 5, and two spots
medially above on the apical margin of the 1st segment above,
reddish-yellow or orange ; tarsi testaceous-yellow ; wings hyaline ;
uervures and tegulte dark brown.

$ . Length 8 ; exp, 16 mm.

Hah. Simla.

24. Ardhophtrra l/riope^ sp. nov.

^. Head, thorax, and abdomen covered with dense long pubescence,
forming on the last broad transverse bands on the apical margins
of segments 1 — 5 ; clypeus sub-porrect, with a deep square emargina-
tion anteriorly, the v-ertex of the head and the base of all the segments
of the abdomen densely punctured. Black, the base of the mandibles,
the labrum, and the clypeus whitish-yellow ; the margins of the labrum
and of the clyjieus, and the apex of the mandibles, testaceous-brown,
the sides of the clypeus tov/ards the base black, the antenna)
castaneous, the pubescence on the vertex, on the thorax above, and
on tlie posterior lateral angles above, of the median segment,
ochiaceous, that on the clypeus, cheeks, thorax beneatb, on the

128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATUPxAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

outside of the anterior log?, on the outside of the cox.t, femora?,
tibise, and metatarsi of the intermediate and posterior legs, and the
transverse hands on the abdomen, snow-white ; on the inside of the legs
and on the apical joints of the intermediate and posterior tarsi is
jet black in conspicuous contrast ; wings hyaline, with an exceed-
ingly pelncid glassy look, norvures and tegul;i3 testaceous.

$. I.enrfth 10 ; e.rj?. 19 mm.

Ilab. Deesa.

25. Anthopliora iole, sp. nov.

^. Allied to and closely resembling the last but structurally
different ; head on the vertex above and the liases of all the
abdominal segments extremely, minutely, and closely punctured,
the puncturing much finer than in the preceding species ; clypeus
convex, sub-porrect, its anterior margin transverse not emarginate.
i31ack, the labrum, clypeus, the face on either side and above
below the base of the anteunap, and the scape of the last in
front, pearly-white ; two spots at the base of the labrum ; a broad
oblique line on each side of the clypeus, and the margins narrowly both
of the clypeus and labrum, black ; the back of the scape and the flagel-
lum of the antennae dark castaneous ; the head above the l)ase of the
antennas, the thorax above the median segment, and the basal abdomi-
nal seo-ments clothed with dense long ochraccous pul)escence, with the
tips of the hairs fuscous-l)]ack ;the cheeks, pectus, sides of the thorax,
le^s on the outside, and abdomen with dirty fuscous-white pubescence,
which on the abdomen forms somevvhist thin but broad transverse
bands on the apical margins of segments '2 — 5, the inside of the legs,
especially the inside of the posterior metatarsi, clothed with dense black
pubescence ; wings hyaline, nervures and tegulre brown.

$. Length 10 ; ej-p. 20 mm.

Hah. Simla.

26. Anthophora antiope, sp. nov.

9 . Head, thorax, and abdomen finely and closoly punctured, pubes-
cent ; clypeus convex, subporrect, anteriorly roundly emarginate, front
below the ocelli depressed, a conspicuous medial vertical carina from
the anterior ocellus to the apex of the clypeus; anal segment of the
abdomen raised and Hat above, compressed at the sides. Black, the
pubescenoe on the front, the sides of tho thorax, the median

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTEBA 12^

segment, and base of 1st abdominal segment, fuscous-white, on the
cheeks, pectus, legs in front, and abdomen it is snow-white, forming on
the last narrow transverse bands above and below on segments 1 — 5
pubescence on the tarsi, and the tibial calcaria and apical joints of the
tarsi, castaneous ; wings hyaline, tegute testaceous, uervures dark
brown.

$. Length l^',e:cp. 28 mm.

Hah. Simla.

27. Apis kstacea., sp. nov,

9 . H«ad, thorax, and abdomen smooth, dull, impunctate, covered on
ihe head and thorax with a very thin sparse pubescence ; clypeus very
slightly convex, its anterior margin truncate, front with a conspicuous
medial furrow from the base of the antennae to below the anterior
ocellus, where it forks and passes in Y-fashion to behind the posterior
ocelli ; median segment rounded posteriorly, with a medial longitudinal
forrow ; abdomen massive, longer than the head and thorax united; head,
flagellum of the antennae, except the basal joint, and the whole of the
thorax and median segment, castaneous brown ; the scape and basal
joint of the flagellum of the autennse, the legs and the abdomen, pule
honey-yellow, the whole insect having a pelucid semi-transparent
appearance, pubescence snow-white ; wings hyaline, vitreous, tegulaj
and nervures honey-yellow.

9. Length 9; £a'p. 8 mm.

Hah . Deesa.

Knowing the extreme variability of the three common species of
honey bees found in India, it is with no little hesitation I describe and
figure this remarkable form sent me by Captain Nurse. It is so differ-
ent from any specimen oi Apis indica or of A. florea that I have ever
come across that I venture to describe it as new. It is to be hoped
that Captain Nurse will be able to find a comb of the species, and
procure the queen and the drones.

17

130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII

EXPLANATION OF PLATE A,

(a) Aden Hymenoptbra.

Tracfiypus suheoncolorj sp. nov. ... ... ... Fig.

Fhilanthus yerhuryl, sp; nov. ... ... .^ „

TracJiypiis nursei^ sp. nov. ... ... ... ,j

(h) Indian Hymenoptera.

Coleocenifus moUerii, sp. nov. ,„ ... ... „

„ „ view underside of last four

abdominal segments ... „
,r y, basal 4 or 5 joints of tbe

antenna

JXyhnomus elizahethcSjSp.noY. ...

„ „ foreleg showing attenuated

base

MutMa fumipennis^ sp. nov. ... ... .,.

Tachytes hospes^ sp. nov,,..

Eumenes antennata, sp. nov.

Odynerus nurse/', sp. nov. ... ,.. „,

Sphecodes indicuSy sp. nov. „. ...

Ilalictus himalayensis, sp. nov. ... ... ,,,

Aniliidiuni desidiosum, sp. nov.,,, ,,. .„

1, p. lOT,

2, p. 106.

3, p. 10^.

4, p. 116>.
4a, p. 116.

)>

4&,

p. 116.

)>

5,

p. 116.

jy

l)a

, p. 116,

If

6,

p. 118.

iy

7,

p. 119.

»»

K

p. 121,

>'

9,

p. 122.,

)>

10,

p. 12a.

)j

11,

p. 124.

7»

12,

p. 12Cv

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Plate A.

B.L.Dos. del. Calcutta.

V/est Newman imp

INDO- MALAYAN HYMENOPTERA.

de NICEVILLE, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol.XII.

Plate X.

C CkukrabTirtbr del

WestjNewman chromo.

EASTERN BUTTERFLIES.

L. de NTCE^vTLLE . Jcnjrn. Bomb. Nat. Hist. So c Vol. XII

Plate Y

CliukraBurtty del

West.Ke-wman ciiromo

EASTERN BUTTERFLIES.

L.de NICEVILLE, Jo-urn. Bomb- ISlat. Hist. Soc.Vol. XII

Plate Z

^hukiaburtW del.

West,Re''''TiM .

E A3 TEF ''•- H T TT TTT T^' ^-T , [V

L de' NICEVILLE , .Jo-urn. B omt, Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XII.

Plate AA.

1 & C. ChulcraJcur^ly oLe»

/VL.;*,,JS'evraQaii chrome.

i

EASTERN BUTTERFLIES.

131

O^ NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES FROM

THE INDO-MALAYAN, AUSTRO-MALAYAN, AND

AUSTRALIAN REGIONS.

By Lionel db Niceville, f.e.s., c.m.z.s., &c.

[With Plates 1, r, Z, <£• AA.]

{Read hefoy^ the Bomhay Natural History Society on lM,h June, 1898.jf

Family NYMPHALID.E.

Subfamily Danain.e.

1. EtrpLCEA [Crastia) core, Cramer, pi. X, figs. 1, 2, (^.
Papilio cure, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iii, pi. cclxfi, figs. E, F (1780).

The specimen figured is from Sikkim, and has been kindly lent to mo
by Mr. Paul Mowis. The left-hand side of the insect is much smaller
than the right-hand side, so that at first sight it appears to be
a bilateral gynandromorphous specimen ; but on examination closely
the forelegs are found to be both masculine, and there is the usual
male brand on both forewings in the middle of t!ie submedian inter-
space, the brand on the smaller left-hand wing being only 4 mm.
in length, while that on the opposite wing is 9 mm. long, or more than
twice the length of the other. The number of spots on both pnirs of
wings on the upperside is the same, but on the underside the larger
forewing has three additional violet spots, one each in the first and second
subcostal, and the third in the lower discoidal, intei^paces. On the
larger hindwing also there are five additional violet spots, a large
apical one in the subcostal interspace, and seven instead of three,
placed one in each interspace beyond the discoidal cell. The specimen'
is altogether a very remarkable one ; it is not an ordinary aberration
or " sport," nor is it gynandromorphous, -so it is difficult to know how
to clas-sify it. Owing to the diff'orence in the size of the white markings
on the upperside of the forewing, the smaller left-hand wing may be
said to be true E. core, while the larger right-hand wing, with its dispro-
portionally larger markings, is a typical E. vermiculata, Butler, the latter
name applying in the writer's opinion to the dT3'-season form of E. core,
true E. core being the wet-season form {vide this Journal, vol xi,
p. 214, n. 7(1897).

2. EUPLCEA (Trepsichrois) LTXN.EI, Moore, pi X, figs. 3, 4, $.
Trepgichrois linntsifMooTQ, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p.286, n. 1, pis. xxix»

fig. i, female ; xxx, fig. 1, male.

1.^2 JOURNAL, BO^rn AY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

The rcmerkable aberration or " sport " here figured was taken
in Sikkim, and lias been kindly lent to me by Mr. Paul Mowis,-of Dar-
jillng. From typical specimens of the species from the same region it
differs in the shape of the forewing, wliich has the outer margin fronn
the lowest discoidal uervule to the apes produced and truncated, and
the neuration is highly abnormal, not being even the same on both
wings ; the left-hand wing has five instead of the normal two discoidal
nervules, nuinbei*s one, three, four, and five counting from behind
forwards arising from the disco-cellular nervules, and number two
arising from number ane close to its base ; in addition to this, numbers-
three and five give off anteriorly near the middle a sliort spur or
additional veinlet ; the subcostal nervure instead of reaching the outi^r
margin of the wing just below the apex of the wing stops short a little
before reaching the outer margin ; lastly the discoidal cell is abnormally
broad outwardly, with several additional disco-oellular nervnles closing
it, from which spring two (instead of the normal one) spure running a.
short distance into the ceil ; the right-hand wing also has five discoidal
nervules, but they differ froui those in the opposite wing, in that number
five does not give off a spur, while number three instead of giving off a.
spur anteriorly does so posteriorly, which spur at its apex bifurcates and
is continued a short distance right and left at right-angles^ to its basal
portion ; the subcostal nervure is the same as in the opposite wing, its
terminal portion ( often called the fifth subcostal nervule) not reaching
the outer margin. The left-hand hindwing (when the specimen is
turned once) is abnormal, as it has two instead of one discoidal nervules,
and the discoidal cell is unusually broad ; the right-hand wing also
possesses this extra veinlet, but in addition it gives off anteriorly a third
discoidal nervule. The markings also are abnormal, the forewings
on the upperside having each six bluish-white spots beyond the-
discoidal cell instead of three, the three additional spots owing their
existence to the presence of three additional internenndar interspaces,
there being three extra discoidal nervules ; these spots all reappear on
the underside of the wings, l)ut are as usual much smaller than on the
upperside. The hind wings on the upperside are normal ; but on the
underside the discoidal cell bears outwardly four bluish- white dashes ;
normally there is one or at most two such markings ; the submarginaL,
marginal, and di-cal series of dots and streaks are also more numerous-

I

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 133

than usual, as there is an additional discoidal interspace on one side and
two on the other.

The coloured drawing shows the upper- and undersides of the left-
hand wings only ; the unooloured drawing shows the underside of
all the wings.

Subfamily SATYRlNiE.
Genus Mycalesis, Hiibner, subgenus Physcon, nov.

Male. Forewing, costa regularly and evenly arched ; ajiex well
rounded ; outer marc/in almost straight, slightly convex only ; anal angle
rounded ; inner margin a little convex ; costal nervure swollen at the base,
ending on the costa far beyond the apex of the discoidal cell ; first sub-
costal nerviile arising about one-fourth before the end of the cell, termi-
nating on the costa about opposite to the origin of the third subcostal ;
second subcostal originating far beyond the end of the cell, ending on the
costa at about opposite to the origin of the fourth subcostal ; third
subcostal arising about midway between the second and the fourth, termi-
nating on the costa well before the apex of the wing ; fourth subcostal long,
terminating on the costa before the apex of the wing ; terminal portion of
the subcostal nervure longer that the fourth subcostal nervule, ending on
the outer margin below the apex of the wing ; upjyer disco-cellular
nervule short, straight, upright ; middle disco-oellular concave, strongly
inwardly oblique, twice as long as the upper disco-cellular ; lower
disco-ceilular very long, at first strongly inwardly oblique, then boldly
curving romad towards the outer margin, the posterior portion strongly
outwardly oblique ; median nervure swollen at the base ; tliird median
nervule arising at the lower end of the cell, strongly curved ; second
median arising long before the lower end of the cell ; first median
arising a little beyond the middle of the median nervure ; submedian
nervure swollen at the base, straight ; a large tuft of black hairs arises
from the middle of the sutural area on the upper surface of the wing ;
these hairs are directed outwards and forwards, their tips lying
on the submedian nervure. Hindwing, costa arched at base,
then slightly convex to the apex of the wing ; apex acute ;
outer margin angled at the termination of the third median nervule,
very slightly scalloped ; anal angle rounded ; abdominal margin
convex ; prop^costal nervure sin: pie, concave, directed towards
the apex of the wing ; fi'rst subcostal nervule curved, arising well

134 JOURS AL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

before the upex of the cell, terminating on the costa far before the
apex of the wing ; second subcostal terminating at the apex of the wing ;
dlscoldal cell long, reaching to about the middle of the wing ; discocellular
7iervid-es sinuous, outwardly oblique, the upper about half the length
of the lower ; third median nervale very strongly curved throughout its
basal half ; third and second medians arising together just beyond the lower
extremity of the cell ; suhmedian and internal nervm'es straight ; a tuft of
long ochreous hairs arises at the base of the cell on the upperside of the
wing, and is projected outwards and forwards. Eyes hairy. Antennce a
little less than half the lengih of the costa of the forewing, with a lengthen-
ed rather slender club. Type, Mycalesis (Plujseon] pandcea, Hopffer.

Mr. !Moore in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S80, p. 155, when breaking
up the Asiatic species of Mycalesis into subgenera, was unacquainted
with M. pandcea, Hopffer, or he would probably hav3 made a new
genus for its reception. As far as I am aware, only two of his genera —
Loliora and Loesa — have the second subcostal nervule of the forcM'ing
emitted beyond the apex of the discoidal ceil as in M. pavdaa ; but I
am unacquainted with his g^enus Nasapa^* in the diagnosis of which no
reference is made to the position of this veinlet. Lohora has no
secondary sexual characters at all on the forewing, while Loesa has a
glandular patch of androconia on the underside of tbat wing, which is
entirely lacking in Physcon, while Fhysron has a tuft of hairs on the
sutural area of the forewing on the upperside, which is found in a differ-
ent form in the subgenera Virapa, Samundra, Gareris^ Satoa,
Sadarga^ Dalapa, Suralaya and Orsolricena, but not in Loesa. It would
appear therefore that Physcon has secondary sexual characters in the
male on both wings as in Mr. Moore's Group I (1. c, p. 155), while as
regards the neuration of ihe forewing it agrees with one genus in his
Group II (1. c, p. IGl), and with his Group III (1. c, p. 177).
3. Mycalesis [Physcon^ pandjra, Hopffer, ph Y, fig. 9, $.

3f. pandfsa^'SoYiSev, Stet. Ent, Zeit., vol. xxxv, p. 39, n. 116 (1874); id., Moore,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend., 1880, p. 177 ; 31. deianirina^ FruliBtorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch.,
vol. xlii,p. ll7a89")•
HABITAT : Celebes {Hojyfcr and Moore); Toli Toli, North Celebes,
Nov. — Dec, 1895, H. Fruhstorfer (Friihstorfer and coll. de Nkeville).

* Ilerr (Jeorge Semper in Schmett. Philipp., p. 55 (1887) sinks the genus Kasapa nnder
Nebdara. The latter has the secaiid subcostal nervule of the forewing emitted before the
end of the discoidal cell.

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 135

This species hus a remarkable superficial resemblance to M. (Lohora)
ophthalmmis, Westwood, J/. (Lohora) de.vamenus^ Hewitson, M. (Lohora)
dinonj Hewitson, J/. (Lohora) deianira, Hewitson (= 21. dora, Hewitson)^
all of which occur in the same island ; but the secondary sexual
characters of the male will distinguish that sex from all these. The
female is unknown, and will probably be difficult to discriminate.
Mr. Francis A. Heron of the British Museum has kindly examined
the drawing here reproduced, and informs me that it does not quite agree
with Hopffer's description of his unique male example, but that it
certainly represents the J/, deianirina of Fruhstoi-fer, described from
Toll Toll in North Celebes. There can be but little doubt, I think,
that Hopifer's and Frohstorfer's species are one and the same. Herr
Fruhstorfer has at my request compared the types of the two species in
Berlin, and has kindlv furnished me with the followinor note regarding
them : — '' 31. deianirina is almost a synonym of M. pandcea, at best it is
only a local race. The type of the latter species bears the unsatisfactory
label ' Celebes, A. B. Meyer.' M. deianinna differs, as also does a second
specimen in my collection, from M, pandcea in having waved instead of
straight marginal and submarginal lines on the underside of the
forewing, and those lines on the hindwing are black instead of brown ;
the apex of the hindwing bears a lilac band, which is not found in
M. pandcea ; my species has eight while Hopffer's species has six ocelli
on the hindwing ; my species has broader and darker brown median
lines on both wings than J/, pandcea.^'' I do not understand M. Fruhs-
torfer's remark tbit M. pandcea has six ocelli and M. deianirina eight
on the hindwing, as my specimen has only four.
Subfamily Elyjixun.e.

4. ELYsrsTAS (Mehjnias) exclusa, de Niceville, pi. X, fig, 5, $.
E. (.l/eZy «<■«.?) (wolutay de .Niceville, Joarn, A. S, B., vol. Ixvi, pt. 2, p. 631, n. &8
(1898).

Habitat : Bali, 2,000 to 4,000 feet, March, 1896 (Doherty).

Expanse : c?, 3'0 inches.

Description : " Male. Differs from the same se^x of E, casiphone
prcetextata, Fruhstorfer, from the low country of Bali and from Lombok,
in having the UPPERSIDE of the /o/'gM;/;2^ entirely deep uniform velvety
black, without markings, in that species the ground-colour is fuscous
becoming outwardly much paler, with a submarginal series of six bluish-

136 JOURNAL, BOMDA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

white spots. Hindioing difFor? also in hjiving the ground-colour much
darker, with a submarginal series of four prominent transversely-
elongated oohreous-white spots pl.iood between the veins, these being
obsolete in that species ; it is heavily clothed on the disc with long black
hairs. Underside, both wings much as in that species. Differs from
E. erinyes^ de Niceville,* from the Battak Mountains of North-east
Sumatra, in the forewing being shorter, less elongated, and on the
upperside of the hindwing in not having a series of perpendicularly-
elongated pale streaks between the veins. Diflfers from JL. kamara.
Moore,t from Java [Moore), and Lombok (Fruhstorfet'), only in having
on the UPPERSIDE of the hindwing a single series of narrow ochreous-
white spots, instead of a second and third series anterior to the first
extending towards the base of the wing. Female unknown."

" In de Niceville and-Elwes' collections are single males." (de Biceville,
1. c).

5. Elymnias (Mehjnias) NEOLAis, n. sp., pi. X, fig. 6, $ .

Elymnias Inis, Kheil (nee Cramer), Khop. Nias, p. 20, n. 29 (1884).

Habitat : Nias Island, near Sumatra.

Expanse : <^, 2*9 ; 9, 3*3 inches.

Description : Male. Almost exactly the same as true E. lalsy
Cramer, from Java, but on the upperside of both wings the pale
greenish-ochreous streaks between the veins are somewhat narrower
and darker. On the underside of both wings it differs from E. laisidis,
de Niceville, :{ from North-east Sumatra, in having all the dark markings
much larger and of a deeper colour, therein agreeing with E. lais.
Female. Upperside, foreioing has a large triplicate subapical white
patch divided only by the veins and sti'ongly glossed with violet, this
gloss barely extends beyond the white patch. In E. lalsidis the violet
gloss is of much greater extent, and reaches to the submedian interspace,
and is also much wider, reaching the discoidal cell. E. lais has no violet
gloss whatever. In outline it is nearest to E. lais, but the wing is rather
longer, though it is not as long as it is in E. laisides. The hindu'ing has
the pale streaks between the veins less wide than in E. laisiais, still loss
wide than in E. lais.

• Jonrn. Bomb. Xat. Hist. Soc, vol. x, p. 19, n. 5, pi. R, figs. '.), male ; 10,Jhnale (I8y5)_
t Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. x, n. 20, pi. B, fii?. II, iiKtle (IS'.io)..
: Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiv, pt. 2, p. 390, u. 96 (189G),

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 137

Described from five males and one female, all received from Mr. H.
Fruhstorfer. I have figured for comparison the females of E. lalsidls
and E. lais on pi. Y, figs. 7 and 8 respectively.
Subfamily AMATHUSHNiE.

fi. DiSCOPHOKA DEO, U. Sp., pi. Y, fig. 10, $,

Habitat : North Shan States, Upper Burma.

Expanse : $,c>'b\ 9> 4*0 and 4'2 inches.

Description ; Male. Uppeeside, loth ivings deep indigo-blue.
Forcioing with a broad curved disonl orange band, of nearly equal width
throughout, its edges rather irregular, commencing on the costa broadly,
and ending on the first median nervule, not reaching the outer margin,
broken posteriorly by a spot of the ground-colour which reaches from
the first median nervule to the middle of that interspace; the orange
band is continued beyond the first median nervule to the middle of the
submedian interspace by an obscure orange spot ; the costa is narrowly
orange for some distance on either side of the discal band ; the outer
margin is also very narrowl}^ orange. Hindioing with the usual velvety
rounded deep black sexual patch in the middle of the wing ; a series of
ouier-discal most obscure pale spots between the veins ; the outer margin
narrowly orange. Underside, both unngs deep ochreous, spotted, streak-
ed and mottled with black as in the Indian form of D. celiyide, Stoll
{D. contlnentalis, Staudinger). Hindwing with two small and obscure
ocelli. Female. Indistinguishable on both surfaces from the same sex
of D. continentalis from North-east India.

This species is based on the male sex alone, and is the only species of
the genus hitherto described with a broad discal orange band on the
upperside of the forewiug in that sex. In the D. celinrie group the
females possess a similar though broader band. The female of I), deo
is quite indistinguishable from the same sex of D. continentalis. It is
possible that D. deo is the dry-season form of the Upper Burmese race
of the lust-named species ; bnt in the region where J9. deo was obtained
no collections have been made in the rainy season.

Described from one male taken in January and two females in March
at Hsipaw, North Shan States, by Major F. B. Longe, R. B., to whom
I am indebted for the gift of the specimens. In the collection of
the late Captain E, Y. Watson are other examples from the same
region.
18

138 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Subfamily Nymph ALiN.f:.
7. Cethosta narmadoides, de Niceville, pi. Y, fig. H, $.

C. narmadoiries^ de Niceville, Joi;rn. A. S. B., vol. Ixvi, pt. 2, p. 6^3, n. 85 (.1898).
Habitat : Bali {TJolierty).
Expanse : ^,2-9 and o*2 inches.

Description : " ]\Iale. Upperside, both icings differ from the same
sex of C. 77armaffa, Frnhstorfer, from Lombok, in having the oiiter-
maroinal black areas much narrower, thus leaving the discal and
basal red areas much larger, these occupying the whole of the dis-
ooidal cell in the forewing instead of the posterior half only ; and in the
hindwino- leaving quite free the outer-discal series of round black
spots, instead of extending right up to and more or less including ihem.
Forewing has the subapical oblique series of markings reddish-ochreous
instead of whitish ; they are conjoined, much larger and more numerous
than in C. narmada, in the latter the anterior of tho three subapical
spots is widely separated from the two posterior ones. Underside,
hoth icings have the ground-colour much paler, in C. narmada it is
heavily suffused with black, and the discal pale oohreous band is much
broader in the present species. Female unknown."

" The figure of C. narmada * does not agree with the specimens of
that species in my collection received from and named by Mr. H.
Fruhstorfer. Instead of having on the upperside of the forewing three
subapical spots only, there is a nearly complete series as in C, narmadoi-
des ; and on the hindwing the outer-discal series of black spots is free of
the marginal black band, thereby agreeing with C. narmadoides, instead
of being absorbed in the band. It is described from two male speci-
mens taken by Mr. W. Doherty in tho low country of Bali in
April, 1896. There are other specimens in Mr. H. J. Elwes' collection."
{de Nia'v'dle^ I. c).

8. JSote on Neptis j)raslini, Boisduval, and some species allied to it.
In the Journal of the Asititio Society of Bengal, vol. Ixvi, j)t. 2,
pp. 533 — 541 (1897), I published a short paper entitled " Description of
JS^eptis pfasllni, BoisduviU, and some species allied to it." Dr. A. G.
Butler, of tho British Museum (Natural History), has kindly examined
proofs of tliroo of the woodcuts therein published, and has given me

* Cetoaia [-.iG I] n'innidi, Eruhatori'er, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xli, p. aSO, pi. is, fig. 2,
vwle (l!<'.»7).

NE W A ND L TTTLE-KNOWX B UTTERFLIES, ] 39

notes ou tlism, wliicli prove that my identifioations of some of the species
were iucorreGt. No. I, which I followed Dr. 0. Staudinger in consi-
dering to be the true " Limenitis'" prash'ni of Boisduval, described by
the latter from New Ireland, and redescribed and figured by me from
Northern Australia, is not that species, and reijuires a new name ; and
1 propose N. staudingereana for it, as it was figured by the learned doctor
from Northern Australia. No. 2, Neptis lactana, Butler, is correct,
Dr. Butler noting that there are exactly similar specimens in the
British Museum from N.-E. New Guinea. No. 3. Neptis nausicaay
de Nioeville, is the iV^/i^/s j;>^p?ia of Oberthiir, and there are specimens
in the British Museum from Dorey, New Guinea, says Dr. Butler, so my
name fulls as a synonym to Oberthiir's. The latter author himself
stated that he considered his N. papua had better sink to N. prasUni,
in which I followed him, but it seems to be quite distinct. No. 4, Neptis
nemeu!^, do Nicevillo, is typical N. j^t't^slini, Boisduval, so my name
falls as a synonym, Dr. Butler noting that it is in the British Museum
from New Irehmd, my specimen being from New Britain.

9. Rhinopalpa callonice, Fruhstorfer, pi. Y, fig-. 12, ^.

R. polt/'iice, Kheil Qnec Cramer), Rhop. Nias, p. 22, n. 41 (1884); B. fulvay
idem («?<;) Feltler), n. 42 ; R. pulynice callonice^ Fiuhstorf«r, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch.,
vol. xli;, p. 330 (1898).

Habitat : Nias Island, near Sumatra.

Expanse: $, 2-7 inches.

Description : Male. Nearest to R. elpinice, Fekler, * from Java,
from which it ditfers on the uppep.side of the Jorea-ing in the outer black
border being narrow, only 6 mm. wide, where it crosses the snbmedian
nervure, instead of 10 mm.; the black border is consequently outwardly
oblique instead of almost upright. Hindioing also with the outer black
border very much narrower, nearly half as wide, and of a much less
intense black colour, thereby allowing the black ocelli of the underside
to appear on the border as oval blind intensely black spots. Underside,
both ic/ngs have the ground-colour much paler, thereby allowing all the
markings to appear more prominently ; the rufous markings greatly
obliterated, entirely so on the outer margins and tail ; the violet markings
also are obsolete,

Herr Napoleon Kheil records both E. pohjnfce^ Cramer, and R.fidi-a^
Felder, from Nias ; but ihese two names represent one species, which ia
• Eurh'-ma c'ipinice, Yelder, Reifse Norara, Lep., vol. lii, p, 105, n, 606 (1807).

140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

found in Assam, Burma,, the IMalay Peninsula, and Sumatra. " Vanessa '
eudoxia, Guerin, from the Malay Coast, is without doubt the female of
i?. poll/nice. A third synonjon is the E. polynke hirm'xna \_slc !] of
Fruhstorfer, 1. c, p. 331, from Lower Burma (Fruhstorfer). R. dpinice^
Felder, occurs in Java aud Bali, R. megahnice, Felder, in Celebes,
and R. stratonice, Felder, in most of the islands of the Philippine
Archipelago.

Described from a single male received from Horr H. Fruhstorfer.
The above description was written long before Herr Fruhstorfer's descrip-
tion of the species appeared, but may be allowed to stand. In a copy
of his paper lately received from him he changes the name of the species
in manuscrijit to " callinicer

10. Chakaxes keianus, Rothschild, pi. Z, figs. 13, $ \ 14, 9 .

C. 2>yrrhns heiztius, Kothschild; Nov. Zool., vol. iv, p. 508, n. 2 (1897); id., de
Niceville and Knhn, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Isvii, pt. 2, p. 262, n. 42 0898).

Habitat : Ke Isles.

Expanse : (J, 3*8 ; ?, 4*3 inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, foreioing differs from the same
sex of C jvpiteTj Butler,* from Port Moresby in New Guinea, Dory in
New Guinea (the type), and Duke of York Island, in the discal pale
yellow band being broader throughout ; the quadrate spot in the
second median interspace nearly twice as large, and placed much nearer
the base of the interspace ; with a considerable-sized spot anterior to
the latter in the lower discoidal interspace, touching or almost touching
the lower disco-cellular nervule, this spot in C.jupiier being reduced to
a mere dot. Ilindioing has (contrary to that of the forewing) the
discal pale yellow band very considerably narrower, almost half as wide.
Underside, both loings with tbe same differences as above. Female.
Differs only from the male in being larger; lotli lohnjs on the upper-
side with tbe submarginal series of spots more prominent.

From the male of C. attila, Grose Smith,! from Guadalcanar, the
same sex of C. keianus differs on tbe Upperside of the foreioing in the
discal band being of quite a different shape, and in the liindaing in the
discal band being far narrower, produced posteriorly to a point ; in
C aff/Za it is of the same width throughout. Dr. A. G. Butler (Journ.

^Cjuyiler, Butler, Lep. Ex., jj. 14, n. 4, pi. v, figs. 4, 7, male (180'J).

t C.nnHn, Grose Siuitli and Kivliy, Rhop. Fx., pi. Charuxi^s v, figs. 1, 2, ))i<ih (18'J1).

NEW AXD LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 141

Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. xxv, p. 387 (1896), reduces C. att'ila
to the rank of a '* var." of C. jupiter, but it is really more distinct from
that species than is C /;^2a?jz«. As these insular local races appear to
be constant where each occurs, they are in my opinion worthy of full
specific rank.

Described from three males and two females received from Herr
Heinrich Kiihn, after whom I had intended to name it had not Mr.
Rothschild published his description first from specimens from Kei
Toeal and Great Kei.

Family LYC.EXIDiE.
11. Gerydus longeana, n. sp., pi. Z, figs. 15, (J ; IG, $.

Habitat : Upper Burma.

Expanse : <J, 1-4: to 1-8 ; 9, 1-2 to 1'6 inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, forewmg dull brown at the basej
the outer half dull fuscous ; a curved discal whitish band divided into
five parts by the dark veins, the anterior Dorcions divided by the
third median and lower discoidal nervules elongated, the two posterior
portions placed behind the outer posterior end of the portion anterior
to them small and nearly quadrate ; base of the third median nervule
swollen and bare of scales. Hindwing rounded, varying in colour,
sometimes entirely pale bro\^^^, with the costa broadly dull fuscous,
sometimes the posterior two-thirds stone-colour. Underside, both
loings ochreous-brown, with the annular markings as in specimens of
G. hoisduvali, Moore, from Sikkim. Forewing with a broad cun-ed discal
white band, of equal width throughout, extending from the upper
discoidal nervule to the inner margin, its inner and outer edges
irregular. Hindwing with a transverse discal dark brown fascia ;
the submarginal series of black dots not very conspicuous. Female.
Upperside, both icings creamv-white. Forewing with the apex broadlv,
the outer margin decreasingly, dull fuscous, sometimes with a small
black patch in the middle of the wing placed on the bases of the first and
second median nervules. Hindwing slightly angled at the termination
of the third median nervule, with the costa broadly pale fuscous ; this
fascous area is larger in those specimens with the discal black patch in
the forewing than in those without it. Underside, both loings very similar
to those of the male, but the ground-colour is more ochreous and much
paler.

142 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Apparently uourost to (L boisdarali, uifforiiig tUerofroni in the male in
the upperside of both wings being of two shades, dull brown and black
instead of forruginous throughout, and in the discal markings of the Ibre-
wino- being much larger, whitish, and altogether more conspicuous. The
female differs from the same sex of G. boisduvall in having both wings on
the upperside mostly creamy-white instead of ferruginous. The only des-
cribed species from the Malay Peninsula and India I have not seen aro
G. hemeleionj Doherty, from Perak, which has in the male on the upper-
side of the forevving a " slaty [bluish] gloss " as in G. symetltus^ Cramer ;
the markings also differ in detail ; and 6-'. irroratus, Druce, [y^eete
G. hoisduvali, Moore, as G. Irrovatus is a synonym of G. hoisdu-
vali], var. assamensis, Doherty, from the Dhansiri Valley, Naga
Hills, but that species has only a very small longitudinal pale area around
the base of the third median nervule on the upperside of the forewing.

Taken commonly at Hsipaw, in the Northern Shan States, Upper
Burma, from December to February, by Major F. B. Longe, R.E.,
after whom I have much pleasure in naming it.

1 may note here that my remark in " The Butterflies of India, Burmah
and Ceylon," vol. iii, p. 22 (1890), that in the genus Gerydxis " The males
have no secondary sexual characters " is partially incorrect. In my
collection the following species in the male have the base of the third
median nervule of the forewing swollen and bare of scales : — Gerydus
si/mi'thus, Cramer (=Cr. panda, Horsfield), G. leos^ Guerin {-=G.
hoisdamlii, Butler, nee G. hoisduvali, Moore, and G. teos, Doherty), G.
max'nnus, Holland, G. zmdenii,Fe\dev, G. gopara, de Niceville (probably
equals G. Uggsii, Distant ), G. gigantes, de Niceville, G, ancon, Doherty,
G. hoisduvali, Moore (=G.irroratus, Druce), G. chinensis, Felder,
G.pliilippus, Staudinger, G. cemmensis, Ribbe {==G. acragas, Doherty),
G. melanion, Felder, and G. longeana, de Niceville. The following species,
which I have not seen, are said by their describers to have the same male
secondary sexual character : — Gerydus irrovatus, var. assamensis^
Dolierty, G. gigas, H. H. Druce, G. vincida, H. H. Druce, G. impro-
bus, H. H. Druce, and G. luracleion, Doherty. The following species in
my collection have the base of the third median nervule of the forewing
simple (not swollen) and covered with scales : — Gerydus croton, Doherty,
G. gcesa, de Niceville, and G. innocens, H. H. Druce. The absence or
presence of male secondary sexual characters in the following species

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 143

is unknown to the writer— (a) owing to females only having been des-
cribed : Gerydus petronius, Distant, O. gallus, de Nieeville, G. gatulus,
de Nieeville— (?^) owing to no mention by the describers of any male
sexual characters : Ger/jdus biggsii., Distant, G. dfucei, Semper, G.
lean-hus, Folder, G. stygianns^ Butler, and (?) G. plant us, Fabricius.

12. LOGANIA WATSONIANA, n. sp., pi. Z, figs. 17, $ ; 18, 9.
Habitat : Upper Burma.

Expanse : $, 1*1 to 1*4 ; 9, 1'l to I'd inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, forew'mg with the basal two-thirds
greyish-blue, the apex and outer margin broadly black ; an oval out-
wardly-oblique discal white patch just beyond the discoidal cell, crossed
by the third median nervule, which, as in some species of Gerydus, is
swollen at the base (though not quite to the same extent) and bare of
scales. Hlndifing with the costa as far as the subcostal nervure and second
subcostal nervule black, the rest of the wing greyish-blue. Underside,
forew'mg dull fuscous, the apex mottled with ferruginous, the outer
margin broadly black ; a broad discal cur\ed white fascia, of about
oijUal width throughout, connnencing about the subcostal nervure and
ending on the inner margin. Hindwing fuscous, profusely irrorated
with ferruginous. Female. Upperside, foreio'mg differs from the
male in having the discal white patch less prominent, and merged into
the oreyish-blue basal area. Otherwise much as in the male.

This species in the only Logania known to me which has a broad
discal curved white fascia on the underside of the forewing in both
sexes. L. sriica, Distant, aad L. malayica. Distant, are the only two
species in my collection which have the base of the third median
nervule in the male not swollen.

Described from six pairs in Major F. B. Longe's and my own
collection, taken at Hsipaw in the Northern Shan States, roughly
between Lat. 22° and 23° and Long. 97°. I have u'lmed this species
after the late Captain E. Y. Watson, from whom I first received it,
who had made a speciality of the butterflies of Burma.

13. Cyaniris cara, n. sp., pi. Z, figs, 19, $ ; 20, 9.
nAB]TAT : South Celebes.

Expanse : (J, 1-0 to M ; 9, 1*0 to 1*2 inches.
Description : Male. Upperside, loth wings dark plumbeous-purple,
exactly the same shade as in typical species of the genus Nacaduha. Fore-

141 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

wing with an anteciliary black thread. Hlndwing with two submarginal
subanal black dots between the veins, and a marginal black thread. Cilia
of the forowing anteriorly black, posteriorly and of the hindwing white,
at the terminations of the veins black. Underside, hoth wings pale
French-grey, with all the markings of a slightly darker grey than the
ground-colour, and outwardly defined with a narrow white line. Fore-
wing with a large quadrate spot at the end of the discoidal cell ; a discal
series of tive rounded conjoined spots, the anteriormost spot nearer the
base of the wing than the others ; a submarginal lunular band, and a mar-
ainal series of linear spots between the veins. Hindwing with the base
metallic-o-reenish ; the usnal spots across the base, a large one at the end
of the cell, a highly irregular discal series, the marginal markings as in
the forewing, except that the submarginal lunular band is more deeply
indented and is a little further removed from the margin. Cilia of both
wino-s French-grey, in the hindwing bearing a black dot at the end
of each vein. Female. Uppeeside, hoth icings shining bluish-purple,
but of a much lighter shade than in the male. Foreining with the costa,
apes and outer margin broadly black ; a prominent wedge-shaped
black spot at the end of the discoidal cell, beyond which the ground-
colour is just touched with white. Hindwing with a narrow black
disco- cellular streak ; sis marginal oval black spots between the veins,
outwardly defined with pale blue ; a prominent anteciliary black
thread. Underside, both icings marked as in the male.

Apparently nearest to C. miisina^ Snellen,* from Perak, Sumatra,
Java and Lombok, from the male of which (the female I have not seen)
it differs on the upperside of both wings in being of a still deeper plumbeous
colour, and on the underside in having none of the spots black, and the
discal series on the forewing forming a continuous chain instead of the
spots being placed in echelon. The markinris on the underside of
C. cava are highly peculiar, and are unlike those of any species of Cyaniris
known to me, in that they are all uniform in colour, pale French-grey,
none beint^ black. They are wonderfidly like those in Nacaduha
nelides, mihi, from N.-E. Sumatra and W. Java, vide 1. c, p, 280, n. 16,
pi. 0, fig. 24, male. It is also near to C. lugra, H. H. DruGe,t from

*Vid& de Miciiville, Jouvn. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. ix, p. 275, n. 12, pi O, fi?;. 19, male
(1895).

t Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1895, p. 573, pi. xxxii, fig. 5, male.

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 145

Kina Balu, Borneo; but the coloration of tlie upperside is Jififerent, that
species being " dnil grepsh silvery blue," and the hindwing on the
underside in that species has some blackish spots. Mr. Henley Grose Smith
has described a Cyaniris hjce * from South Celebes, but the description
is very short, and no characteristic points are brought forward, so
without a figure the description is useless for recognition.

Described from two pairs captured by Herr H. Fruhstorfer at Bua-
Kraeng, in South Celebes, at an elevation of 5,000 feet, in February,
1896, and kindly given to me by that gentleman.

14. Lampides lunata, n. sp., pi. Z, figs. 21, ^ ; 22, 9.

Habitat : Toli Toli, North Celebes.

Expanse; $, 9, 1*2 inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, both icings pale milky bluish-
white, with a slight gloss ouly ; cilia black tipped with white. Face-
wing with a rather broad subm.arginal, and au equally broad marginal,
fuscous band, which are separated from one another by a narrow
band of the ground-colour. Hindwing with a S-ibmarginal series of
prominent fuscous lunules placed between the veinsj beyond which is a
series of oval fuscous spots increasing in size from the apex of the wing
to the anal angle, each spot surrounded by a fiue line of the ground-
colour ; a fine antemarginal black thread ; tail black, tipped with white.
Underside, loth icm^^pale brown; with a fine antemarginal black thread.
Forewing with two pairs of white dots on the costa ; the first and
second fine white lines on the disc counting from the base forming a Y,
the third line continuous from near the costa to the submedian
nervure, the fourth line also continuous from near the costa to the second
median nervule ; two submarginal waved white lines, enclosing a
series of prominent black spots, with a marginal series of oval black
spots between the outer of the two submarginal white lines and a fine
marginal white thread. Hhidiclng wi:h the usual basal and discal fine
white lines ; a highly irregular submarginal white line ; beyond which
is a series of large black spots, the second from the costa the largest
of all ; a marginal series of oval black spots, surrounded by a fine white
line, the black spot in the first median interspace the largest of all,

* Nov. Zoo ., vd. ii, p. oOti (1>S96)
19

14r, JOUHNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

at its two lower corners betiring niotallic silvery-blue scales, and
crowned with u fine oi-ange line ; with another fine orange line at the
anal ano-le, outwardly marked with a few blue scales. Female,
Upperside, both icings fuliginous. Fwewlng with a large disoal bluish-
white patch. Hlndioing with the base slightly bluish- white ; the marginal
markings much as in the male, except that the inner series of black
lunules are inwardly defined by a fine white line. Underside, hoth
wings as in the male.

Apparently nearest to " Plehelus " snelleni, Rober, Iris, vol. i, p. 54,
pi. iv, fig. 9, male (1888), from Bonthain in South Celebes and
Tomboegoe in East Celebes, from which the male diffei-s in having a
submar{);inal fuscous band on the upperside of the forewing ; and both
sexes differ in the disposition of the wJiite bands on the underside of
the forewing ; in Lamp'uUs snelleni the inner pair of lines are parallel
to on^ anolher, and both are continued to the submedian nervure not
fonnuig a Y, while the outer pair of lines form a Y, instead of the third
line reaching the submedian nervure, and the fourth line the second
median nervule. The markings of the underside of L. lunata agree
better with those of L. snelleni^ var. hatjenensis^ Rober, 1. c, pi. iv,
fig. 10, female, from Batian ; but the female of the present species
has the white areas on the upperside of both wings very much
smaller.

Described from three males and two females kindly sent to me by
Heir H. Fruhstorfer.

15. LvciENESTHES TURNER!, Miskiu, pi. Z, figs. 23, (^ ; 24, 9.

L. tumeric Miskio, Proc. Linn. Soc. New 8outh Wales, second seriei?, vol. v, p. 39
CL89i) ; id,, de Niciville, Journ, A. S. B., vol. Ixvii, pt. 2, p. 267, in 5y CISTS').

Habitat ; Ke Isles ; Northern Australia.

Expanse : ^, 1"5 ; 9, 1*1: inches.

Description ; Male. Upperside, hoth lomgs shining plmnbeous-
purple, with a fine anteciliary black thread. HhuiwUig with the costa
and abdominal margin broadly pale fuscous. Underside, hoth wings
pale French-grey or stone-colour, ^^■ith bands and spots barely if at all
darker than the ground-colour, but defined by outer fine white lines.
Forewing with the disco-callular nervulos defined by a white line, with a
similar line on either side of it ; a rather broad regularly curved discal
uiil)r.)k(!n biinil from the costa to the submedian nervure, widest on the

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 147

costa, f:;niJnally tapsring posteriorly ; two submargiual lunulas lines.
Hlndw'mg orossad by tinea highly irregular bands ; two subniargintil
l'.n9S more de3ply lunular than lathe fore wing ; the usual round black
spot in the iirat median interspace crowned narrowly with dark orange ;
a fine black anteciliary thread, defined with an equally fine white line
on either side. Female. Ui'PERSIDe, hoih icings pale duU fuscous.
Forewhig with the discoidal cell and the basal half of «he wing posterior
to th') coll dull blue ; an oval discal white patch, inwardly bounded by
th'i disco-cellular nervules, anteriorly by the lower discoidal nervale,
posteriorly almost reaching tlie sulmiedian nervure. Hindaung with
streaks of dull blue between the veins not nearly reaching the margin,
the outer end of each blue streak excavated and whitish ; the margin
bears a highly lunular pale bkie line, enclosing outwardly a series of
spots of tbe ground-colour, except the one in the first median interspace,
which is deep black ; a fine anteciliary blnck thread, defined on Ijoth
sides by an equally fine white thread ; the c'dla devolojied into three
short tooth-like tails from tlie terminations of the median nervules.
Underside, forewhig with the white patch smaller than above, the
discal band more prominent than in the niaie. Otherwise as in
the male.

The male of this species is very .similar to that sex of L. emolus,
Godart, from the Ke Isles, differing, however, in its larger size, distinctly
narrower (less broad) hindwing, with no submargiual black spots on the
upperside ; in L. enwlm from Ke there are three or four. On the
underside of the forewing the discal band is continuous, evenly curved
and evenly tapering, in L. emolus it is very irregular, of the same width
throughout, its two lowest portions placed in echelon. The female is, as
far as I am aware, unique in the genus, being the only one with a large
white patch in the middle of the forewing.

Described and figured from a male and two females received from
Herr Heinrich Kiihn from the Ke Isles. I have also received a pair of
specimens from Mr. Rowland E. Turner from Mackay in Northern
Australia, with which the examples described above entirely agree. L.
turnei'i was originally described from Cape York, Cardwell and Mackay,
all in tropical North Australia. Mr, W. H. Miskin described the
female only, but called it the male. The descrif»tion of the male of
L. tasntcmlcusj Miskin (I.e., p. 401 agrees fairly well with tho male

148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIL

of L. turneri, except that on the underside of both wings the transverse
bands are not '' durk reddish-brown," nor are the bases of the wings
'• dark In'own." In 1891 Mr. Miskin says he received it fi-om Cairns
in Northern Australia, and doubted the recorded habitat of his type
specimen, which is said to have come from Tasmania.

16. CaMENA CAMBRIA, n. sp., pi. Z, fig. 26, S'

Habitat : South Celebes.

Expanse : ^, 1'6 inches.

Description ; Male. Very near to C. cannfnfalis, de Niceville,
from the Khasi Hills, the Shan States in Upper Burma, and Kias,* but
considerably larger. U pperside, foreicing has The blue coloration less
extensive, not reaching so near to the outer margin, of a lighter shade of
blue, and highly iridescent, in some lights being almost invisible, which
it never is in C. carmentalts. Hlndwing with the black sexual basal
patch as in that si>ecies, the blue patch beyond it of the same shade as
in the forewing, but not so iridescent and more restricted to the base of
the wing. Underside, 6oi/i -(w^^s of a paler, more silvery, shade than
in C. carmenialis, an indistinct submarginal fascia, the disco-cellular
nervules deSned by a fine dark line ; the discal line much more
prominent and further from the out«r margin, on the hlndwing out-
w^ardly defined by a white fascia. The sexual tuft of hairs on the
underside of the forewing the same as in C. carmentalls.

Described from a single specimen kindly given to me by Herr H-
Truhstorfor, taken by him in February, 1896, at Bua-Kraeng in South
Celebes at 5,000 feet elevation.

17. Deudorix g.etulia, de Niceville, pi. A A, fig. 27, $ .
If. gestulifi, de Nicdville, Jouru. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soe., vol. vii, p. 338, n. 15,
pi. H, fig. 12, male (1892).

Habitat : Kh:vsi Hills ; Burm;%.

Expanse : 9 > 1*8 inches.

Description : Female. U pperside, hoth wings glossy pale hair-
brown, becoming darker towards the margins. Forewing unmarked.
Hindicnuj with a large anal white patch divided by the dark veias from
the third median nenule to the submedian nervuro, the portion in the
seconil median interspace small, the one in the first median interspace
the largest, tlie one in the submedian int;)rspace also large ; a promi-

• Jouru. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, voL vii, p. 836, u. 12, pi. H, lig. 10, male (18tfJ).

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 149

nent anteciliary black line, which becomes lost in the ground-colour of
the wing after it has passed the anal white patch ; anal lobe black in the
middle, outwardly defined with white. Tail twice as long as in the male,
white, with a narrow black centre. Cilia of the hindwing white, very
long on the abdominal margin, becoming hair-brown towards the apex
of the wing ; of the forewing hair-brown. Underside, both wiiigs dnW
silvery-grey. Forewing with the oosta narrowly, the apex somewhat
broadly, the outer margin deoreasingly, pale cupreous. Ilindioing with
an outer-discal series of black spots outwardly dofi ned with white, the
three anterior ones small, round, slightly increasing in size, the one in the
submedian interspace crescentio, with a minute dot placed against it in
the internal interspace, with another dot anterior to it on the abdominal
margin ; an oval black spot near the margin in the first median inter-
space ; the submedian interspace near the margin sprinkled with black
scales ; the anal lobe black ; a prominent anteciliary black thread from
the anal lobe to the disooidal nersule, also extending along the abdo-
minal margin for a short distance anterior to the anal lobe.

The specimen described is in the collection of Major F. B. Longe, R.E.,
who captured it on the 8th January, 1887, at Ngokgale, near Hsipaw,
Korth Shan States, Upper Burma. Males appear to be fairly oommion in
the Khasi Hills of Assam, and vary in size from 1"5 to 1*9 inches in
expanse ; they are also very variable in the extent of the markings oil the
underside, many of those described by me in the type being frequently
obliterated. I may note here that the Deudorix calderon, Kheil, Rhop.
Nias, p. 33, m. H6, pi. iv, fig. 25, nude (1884), appears to be closely
aWied to T). gee tid la and to ^' Eapala^' hyj^argi/ria, ^Iwe'ri, Proc. Zool.
SoG. Lend., 1892, p. 64:3, pi. xliii, fig. 7, male, from the Karen Hills in
Burma ; but I have seen no specimens of D. calderon from Nias, though
the same species a[)pears to occur in Java, a male from thence in
Mr. Frubstorfer's collection having been sent to me for identification.
The three species above named are all very closely allied.

18. ZiNASPA ZANA, u. sp., pi. AA, fig. 28, ? .

Habitat : Western China.

Expanse : 9 , 1*3 and 1'5 inches.

Description ; Female. Upperside, loth icings pale brown, with a
slight vinous gloss ; cilia cinereous. Foreu'ing with a small basal
purple area reaching from the subcostal to the submedian norvure.

150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

occupying the wliolo of the disooidal cell. H'mdwing unmarked ; tail
very short, reduced to a mere tooth. Underside, loth wings dark grey,
with slightly darker markings outwardly defined with white. Fornviiig
•with a very irregular discal fascia, and an indistinct marginal fascia.
Hindwing with a highly irregular discal fascia, and some very indistinct
maro-inal markings ; a small round black spot in the first median inter-
space well removed from the margin, faintly surrounded with ferru-
ginous ; anal lobe bearing a small black spot.

Mr. J. H. Leech in Butt. China, vol. ii, p. 346 (1893), records this
species as Z. distoHa, de Nic^ville, from Ni-tou and Huang-mu-chang
in Western China, with these remarks : — " My collectors found this
species rather common. They differ from the Sikkim type in M oiler's
collection in being smaller, and in having the purple colour of the
upperside darker in tone, while the underside is grey intead of ferru-
ginous." My specimens differ from the same sex of Z. distorta from
Sikkim, the North Shan States and Sumatra in having the purple colour
of the upperside of the fore wing less than half as extensive, and entirely
wanting on the hindwing ; the tail a quarter as lono; ; and the ground-
colour of the underside of both wings dark grey instead of dull
ferruginous or cinnamon-coloured, with no vinous gloss ; and on the
hindwing there is no basal line.

Described from two specimens from Western China kindly sent to
me by M. C. Oberthiir. I have not seen the mrde.
19. Hypothbcla honos, n. sp., pi. Z, fig. 25, 9 .
Habitat : North Celebes.
Expanse : $, 1*65 ; 9 , 1*65 to I'SO inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, hotlt icings dull black, obscurely
glossed with purple. Forewing with the purple coloration confined to
the discal area. Bmdiving with the veins black ; a marginal series of
black spots between the veins inwardly defined by a whitish-violet line,
each sjjot produced inwardly to a point ; a fine antociliary white and
then an equally fine black line. Cilia long and white, bearing in the
middle a very fine black line. (Looked at under a magnifying glass the
margin appears to bear five lines — three white and two black.) Tail
from the termination of the first median nervule about 6 mm. in length,
fine, black, ciliated and cipned with white. Underside, hoth inings pale
brown, the markings mostly darker brown, outwardly defined with

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 151

whitish. Forew'mg with a quadrate marking at the end of the disooidal
cell ; a catenulated discal hand consisting of eight portions, broken in
the middle, the posterior moiety shifted inwardly towards the base of
the wing ; a submarginal lunulated band ; a marginal series of oval
spots between the veins j a very fine anteciliary black thread. Hind-
wing with three prominent rounded deep black spots arranged across the
base, a large one just behind the middle of the costal nervure, a smaller
one in the middle of the cell, a still smaller one in the middle of the
abdominal margin ; an elongated marking at the end of the cell ; a
much broken discal band, the anterior portion consisting of two spots,
the middle portion also of two spots, but shifted outwardly, the lower
portion of four spots, which are recurved to the abdominal margin;
a submarginal lunulated band ; a marginal series of oval spots between
the veins, the one in the first median interspace larger than the others and
crowned with orange, outwardly bearing a clump of metallic turquoise-
blue scales ; a fine anteciliary black thread. 6Wrt of both wings white
bisected by a black line. Female. Uppekside, both icings dull black
with no pm-ple gloss. Fovew'mg with an elongated discal whitish area
in the second median interspace, which in some lights apjjears of a rich
blue iridescent colour. Hindioing as in the male. Underside, loth
wings with the ground-colour whitish, paler than in the male, the
markings very similar.

The only other species known in this genus (which is an excellent one,
with only two subcostal norvules to the forewing in both sexes, no
S3Gondary male sexual characters, and allied to Thecla, as Herr Georg
Semper points out), is H>/potht'cla aslyla, Felder, from the Philippine
Islands, from which H. honos ditfi3rs in the much duller coloration of
both wings of both sexes on the upperside, that species having the
purple coloration much more developed, and specially in the markings
of the underside, in //. astyla the discal band in both wings is continuous
and unbroken, in H. honos it is once fractured in the forewing and
twice in the hindwing ; also the submarginal band in H. astyla is
straight with even edges, in H. honos it is highly lunulated.

Described from one male and five females kindly sent to me by the
capturer, Herr H. Fruhstorfer, from Toll Toll, North Celebes, Novem-
ber-December, 1895. All are in poor condition as regards the upper-
side, but the markings of the underside are in every specimen perfectly

152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

clear anl distinct. It appears to bo a very delicate insect, and easily
becomes abnuleJ on the upper surface.

Family PAriLIONID^.
ISubfumily PiERiNiE.
20. IxiAS PYRENE, Liuuoeus, pi. A A, figs. 29, 30, (ftjnandr amorphous

example.

Paiy'dio jjijrene, Lianaaas, Mus. LuiL Ulr., p. 211, n. GO (17G4).

The gynandromorphous specimen here ligured has been kindly lent to
me by Mr. Paul Mowis, by whose native collectors it was obtained in
Sikkim. It is not of the usual bilateral form, but the markings of the
wiufs are more or less commingled. Each wing may be thus described: — •
The forewing on the left-hand side is mostly feminine, and is larger than
that on the right-hand side ; on its upperside it is normally marked,
except that there is a short male orange streak at about the middle of
the costa on either side of the b:ise of the first subcostal nervule, but
more anterior than posterior to that vein ; (in the underside this wing is
wholly feminine, except a narrow streak of the male yellow coloration
along the basal two-thirds of the costa. The hindwing on the left-hand
side is mostly masculine, wholly so on the upperside, and is smaller than
the opposite wing ; on the underside, however, the usual uniform male
yellow coloration is broken by a wide discal streak of the sexual feminine
white coloration, which commences narrowly at the base of the vv'ing,
occupies the posterior half of the discoidal cell, and ends widely near the
outer margin. The forewing on the right-hand side is mostly masculine,
but the basal anterior quarter of the wing has the normal feminine
powdery-black coloration, and there are feminine white streaks invading
the masculine orange area ; on the underside the coloration is about two-
thirds masculine and one-third feminine, there being a very broad band
of feminine (white) coloration extending completely across the wing
from the b:ise to the outer margin on the anterior half of the wing.
The hindwing on the right-hand side is mostly feminine, on the
upperside it boars a male narrow discal yellow streak, commenc-
ing at the base of the wing in the discoidal cell, broken before the end
of the cell, reapi)earing again in the discoidal intorsj)ace for a short
distance at its middle, and placed against that vein ; on the underside
the anterior third of the wing has the ground-colour masculine
(yellow), while the posterior two-thirds has it feminine (white).

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 153

This curiously commingled gyncindromorphous specimen is the first
I have seen from Asia. Bilateral monsters seem to occur more
frequently, and I recently described such a one in the Journ. A. 8. B.,
vol. Ixvi, pt. 2, p. 552, n. 8 (1897), also from Sikkim. Dr. Adolf F ritze
in Zool. Jahr., vol. xi, p. 256, pi. xvi, figs. 5a, U> (1898), has recently
described a very remarkable commingled gynandromorphous example
of the summer generation of Hehomoia glaucippe, Tiinnasus, from Oki-
na^va in the Liu-Kiu Islands south of Japan.

Genus AoA, nov.

Male. Agrees with the genera Udaiana^ Distant, the type of which
is the " Pieris " cynis of Hewitson, and Lade, gen. nov., de Niceville,
the type of which is the *' Apjrias " lalassis of Grose Smith = ^''Pieris '*
indroides o{ Honrath, in the abdomen lacking the tuft of long and stiff
hairs on each side of the anal valves at their base Ijeneath present in the
genus Appias^ Hiibner, of which the genera Catophaga^ Hiibner,
Hiposcritia^ Geyer, Trigonkc, Geyer, and Tacliyris^ Wallace, are, in my
opinion, synonyms. Forewing, differs from Uda/ana in the coda being
straighter, the ov.ter margin being straight instead of convex ; the third
subcostal nervide longer ; the upper discoidcd uervule longer, arising from
the subcostal nervure nearer the apex of the discoidal cell ; discoidal celt
longer ; disco-celMar nervules upright instead of being strongly outwardly
oblique. IIindwing, costcd nervure much shorter. FoEEWiNG, differs
from Lade in being broader, the apex rounded instead of falcate ; third
subcostal nervide three times as long. Hindwing, costa convex instead
of straight. Nearest to Ihiphinaj Moore, differing entirely in fncies,
Forewing, disco- cellular nervules upright instead of outwardly oblique.
Antennce in proportion much longer and stouter. Palpi longer,
especially the third joint. Typo, " Pieris " c^fnis, Vollenhoven.

(]) AoA AFFiNis, Vollenhoven.
Piens aflin'i.-i, Vollenhoven, Fauna Ent. TArch. Inclo-Neer., Fierides, p. 40, n. riS,
pi. V, fig. 2, ?««?/! CI 8 C 5) ; id., Wallace, Trans. Ent, See. Load., third sericF, vol. iv,
p. .331, n. 6 (18C7) ; id., Hopffer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xxxv, p. 23, n. 35 (1874) ;
7?r;Z<??jflw rt/^Vi.<, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 187?, p. 57, n. 41; Hvphina a/finh;
Rothschild, Iris, vol, v, p. 439 (ISDS).

Habitat : Celebes.

Dr. A. R. Wallace wrote of this species ; " This insect beai-s

such a curious resemblance to the female of Pieris ilhome.
20

154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Felder,* that it has always been considered to be the female of a closely-
allied species. Owing to its having very small and smooth anal valves
I had always considered it to be of that sex ; bnt having heard that
Mr. Watson has found plumules [androconia] on the wing, and therefore
pronounced it to be a male, I relaxed my specimens, and by opening the
valves found that he was right, and that all the specimens in my own
and other collections are males. This being the case, it is evident that
it has no close ajjindf/ whatever with P. ithome, or with any other known
butterfly, so that its name will be a good example of ' lucus a non
lucendoy and will serve to recall the error to which its analogical
resemblance to the female of P. hliome gave rise. It must now come in
the group of true Pieris, and is nearest to P. rachel, Boisduval, though
forming a distinct subsection." From the synonomy above it will be
seen that the iy]}Q species has been placed in three genera. Wallace
correctly located it in Pieris group h, which equals Huphina of Moore,
the latter was differentiated many years after Wallace Avrote. Roths-
child's location is very nearly correct^ the present genus being very
near to Huphina. 1 have only seen males of this species.
(2) AoA ABNORMis, Wallace.

Tachyris ahnormis, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. iv, p. 368,
n. 14, pi. viii, fig. 5, female (18G7) ; j\])inas ahnormis, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1872, p. 48, n. 46 5 Delias (Tachyris on plate) ainormis, Gvose Smith and Kirby,
Rhop. Ex., pi. Pierincs ii, figs. 6, 7, female {nee male) (1889); Pieris ainormis^ Hagen,
Jalir. des Nass. Ver. fnr Natnr., vol. 1, p. 60, n. 34 (1897).

Habitat ; New Guinea.

Messrs. Grose Smith and Kirby in redescribing and figuring this
species say that the specimen figured is a male ; but the figure and de-
scription do not agree with a male in my collection from Humboldt
Bay, North- West New Guinea, which differs in having the black borders
to both wings on the upperside very much narrower, in the forewing
fining away to nothing before reaching the anal angle, and in the hind-
wing being almost reduced to spots between the veins. In their figure
also they show and describe two red spots on the luiderside of the hind-
wing, which are absent in my specimen. Under Tachyris enri/.nudha,
Honrath (Deltas on plate), plate Delias vi, figs. 7,8,female (189G), Messrs.

° From Celebes, placed by Wallace in the satne paper (p. 380, n. 47) in tlie genus
Tachyris.

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 155

Grose Smith and Kirby note : " The German authors regard this species
as either a local or seasonal form of Delias abnormis, Wallace (see our
figure Tachyris ahiormis, autea, vol. i, Pkmim pi. ii, figs. 6 and 7 ;
J>elias abnormis in text, which represents a female and not a male). It
may, however, be at once distinguished by the colouring of the under
surface. Herr von Mitis points out (Iris, vol. vi, p. 114) that the four-
branched [two-branched — L. de N.] subcostal nervure removes both
abnormis and euri/xardha from Uelias" There is no doubt whatever that
all the species of the genus Aoa are mimics of species of the genus
Delias, their structure being entirely different from that of Delias,
as they possess an additional subcostal nervule to the forewing.
When Dr. A. R. Wallace described Tachyris abnormis he knew
only the female ; had he known the male he would certainly have
put the species in the genus Fieris, group b.

(3) Aoa euryxantha, Honrath.

Delias abnormis, var. Gunjxantha, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeitocli., vol. xxxvi, p. 43.")
(1891); id., Staudinger, Iris, vol. vii, p. 117 (1894) ; Pinris e?<?'/a!«Mi/(a [sic !], Ober-
thur Etudes d'Eut., vol. xix, p. 6, pi. ii, figs. 9, male ; 7, female (1894) ; P. ahiormis,
Yivt. eur I/. vaiitka, 'Hagen,Ja,h.i\ dos Nass. Ver» fur Nafmr., vol. 1, p. 60,u. 35(1897);
Tachyris (Delias on plate) euryxanthi, Grose Smith and Sirby, llhop. Ex., pi.
Delias ^i, figs. l,i,femalc {\?:'y\').

Habitat : New Guinea.

In my separata of Honrath's paper that gentleman changed in MS.
the generic name of this species from Delias to Appias. I possess a
single female of this species from Stephausort, German New Guinea,
which agrees with the published figures. Von Mitis remarks on this
species in Iris, vol. vi, p. 114 (1893).

(4) Aoa dohertyi, Oberthiir.

Pjeris fZo/jeir;^;/*, Oberthilr, Etudes d'Eut., vol. xix, p. 6, pi. ii, fig. 2, male (1894) |
? Pieris doUcrtyana [sic I], Grose Smith [sic], Hageu, Jahr. desNass. Ver. flir Natur.,
vol. 1, p. 61, u. 36(1897).

Habitat : Ansus in the island of Jobi, Geelwink Bay, North- West
New Guinea.

I have not seen this species.

(5) Aoa discus, Honrath.
Delias discus, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. sxx, p. 130, pi. v, fig. 4, female
0886).

Habitat : Sekar, Western New Guinea.
Not seen by me.

\b^ JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

(u) AoA QUADRICOLOK, Sulvin and Godman.
Pieris quadricolor, S.ilviu ;uul Gotlmau, Proo. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 147, n. 20
1)1. xxiii, ligs, 3, 4, imle ; Pieris QBelenois') qtiadricolor, Piigenstccher, Jahr. ilus Nass.
ver. i'iir Natur., vol. xlvii, p. 71, n. 8 (181)4).

Habitat : Duke of York Island {Godman and Salvin) ; Mioko, New
Guinea {PagensfecJie?').

I have not seen this species.

(7) AoA DISCOLOR, Matliew.

Pieris discolor, Mathew, Traus. Ent. Soc. LomL, 1887, p. 47.

Habitat : Ugi, Solomon Islands.
Unknown to nie.

Subfamily Papilionin^e.
21. Papilio (Panr/erana) NYX, de Niceville, pi. AA, fig. 31, 9.
P. QPangera7ia) nyx, de Nicuville, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., sixth series,
vol. XX, p. 225 (1897).

Habitat : Bali.

Having recently described this species, I take the o[)portunity of
Hguring it here.

Family HESPERlIDiE.
22. Lotongus onaua, Butler, pi. A A, iig. 32, $.

/■/(^^7;r;vV4')?4rt?v?, Butler, Trans. Eat. Soc. Lonil., 1870, p. 498, n. 1 ; idem, id., Lcp.
Ex., p. Itif;, n. 1, pi. lis, fig, n, ? female (1874) ; id., Plotz, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xliii,
■,i. 339, n. 120(1882).

Habitat : Java.

Expanse : ^,1*8 inches.

Description ; Male. Upperside, both loimjs dark hair-brown. Fore-
wiiKj with ;.ne following translucent pale yellow spots : — two in the
discoidal cell, the anterior one small and rounded, the posterior one
placed directly in the middle behind the anterior spot three times as
large and elongated ; a minute dot in the subcostal interspace ; a small
oval spot towards the base of the second median interspace ; a much
larger oval one towards the middle of the first median interspace.
Uindioing with a large basal and anal lateous area occupying about
half the surface of the wing, bearing at the extreme base of the wing
a large patch of dark brown setffi. Underside, forewiny dark brown,
but the outer and inner margins broadly perceptibly paler ; the trans-
lucent spots as on the upperside ; a costal luteous patch immediately
anterior to the spots in the cell ; the inner margin as far as the sub-
median norvure luteous. Hindwiny dark brown, crossed at the middle

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 157

by a broad even-edged luteous band, which greatly widens out pos-
teriorly. Cilia of the forewing dark brown ; of the hindwing anteriorly
dark brown, posteriorly luteous. Anienw.c dark brown, but the base
of" the club above whitish. Palpi, head, thorax and abdomen dark
brown, the apex of the latter luteous.

Dr. A. G. Butler has kindly examined the drawing liere reproduced,
and considers it to represent the hitherto tmdescribed male of his Hesperia
onara, the type of which is not in the British Museum, but is in
Dr. Butler's opinion probably a female. "When describing it he did not
state the sex of his type example. He gives the habitat as " East Indies?"
The late Herr Plotz recorded both sexes from " India." The male
differs from the figtire of the female in having five instead of three
translucent spots on the forewing, and the basal patch of dark brown
seta3 on the upperside of the hindwing is more prominent. From the
same sex of " Proteides " excellens., Standing er,* from Palawan in the
Philippines, N.-E. Sumatra, and Pulo Latit, it differs in the luteous
area on the hindwing on both surfaces being much larger, and the spots
on the forewing being smaller.

Described from a single example kindly sent to me by Herr H.
Fruhstorfer, who captured it on Mount Gede in Western Java at an
elevation of 4,000 feet in August, 1892.

23. Zea mythecoides, n. sp., pi. AA, figs. 33, ^ ; 34, 9 .

Habitat : Bantimoeroeng, South Celebes.

Expanse : $, 2'0 to 2-1 ; 9, 2*2 inches.

Description : Male. Upperside, both wimjs shining hair-brown.
Cilia cinereous. Forewing with the following translucent white spots : —
a narrow transverse one towards the end of the discoidal cell ; two or
three round subapical dots placed outwardly obliquely ; a narrow out-
wardly-oblique spot towards the base of the second median interspace ;
a similar one across the middle of the first median interspace.
Hindiuing immaculate. Underside, both icings dull hair-brown. Fore-
loing with the translucent spots as on the upperside ; an inwardly-
oblique dead white streak across the middle of the submedian inter-
space, divided into two portions by the submedian fold. Hindwing

• PJ'o^eJcZes eaxe/Ze/io.-, fcstautlinger, Irib, vol. ii, p. 141, pi. ii, tig. G, jnri/c (1889); Lotongus
<!a;c-eZ/c»(s, de Niceville and ilartin, Jouru. A. S. B , vol. Isiv, pt. 2, p. 542, n. G92 (1896) ;
id., Elwes and Edwards, Trans, Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. xiv, p. 233 (1897).

158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

with a large disoiil dcul white putch phicod woll outside the
discoidal cell, its inner and outer edges irregular, especially the latter,
commencing just i)ostorior to the coital nervure and ending on the sub-
median fold. Antennoi, head,pdi>/j hodij, and %.•>• dark brown. Female,
both lo'mijs broader than in the male. Upperside, forewing with the
translucent spots similar but larger; four instead of two or three
subapical dots, the two posterior ones parallel with the outer margin ;
an additional oval small opaque pale yellow spot placed anteriorly
aoain.st the middle of the submedian nervure. Hindw'mg with the base
and middle of the wing clothed with long pale ochreous setjfi between
the veins. Underside, both lo'mgs much as in the male.

Differs from " Ilesperia" mijthcca, He-.vitson, the female [ ? ] of which
is figured by Distant in Khop. Malay., p. 377, n. 1, pi. xxxv, fig. 7,
female (1886), from Malacca, but is found also in Perak and N.-E.
Sumatra, in having the translucent spots of the forewing white instead of
pale yellow (though Howitson describes them as white) and more
numerous, with an additional white streak in the sul)median interspace
on the underside of that wing ; the discal white patch on the underside
of the hindwing is also much smaller and with more irregular edges.
From the shape of the wings I should judge the type specimen
to have been a male, but Mr. Distant says it is a female. Hewitson
when describing it does not give the sex of the same specimen which
constitutes the type of the species and genus Zea, which latter Messrs.
Elwes and Edwards sink under Lotongus.

Described from three males and one female received from the
capturer, the late Herr C. Ribbe, who calls it " Pamplula taprobana,''^
a species unknown to me.

24. Iton azona, Hewitson, pi. AA, fig. 35, $.

Ucsperia azona, Hewitson, Traus. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 490,
n. II C1866).

Habitat : Celebes.

Expanse: ^, 2*o inches.

Description : IMale. Upperside, both icings very dark brown or
fuscous. Forewing with the following translucent lustrous white
spots: — three conjoined subapical ecjual-sized rounded dots, the
posteriormost spot nearer the outer margin than the others ; a cordate
spot towards the base of the second median interspace ; a rather

NEW AND LITTLE'KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 159

larger quadrate spot near the middle of the first median interspace.
Ilindwing with a large oval anal snow-white patch, anteriorly crossed
by two veins of the ground-colour. Underside, foreiolng marked as
on the upperside. Hmdioing with the anal white area considerably
larger than on the upperside, and extending a little way along the
abdominal marghi. Cilia of the forewing fuscous ; of the hindwing
anteriorly fuscous, posteriorly snow-white. Anteiince, pa^n, head,
thorax, and abdomen at the base fuscous ; posterior two-thirds of the
abdomen snow-white, tipped with fuscous.

At present there are two species only in the genus Iton* — " Hesperia"
semamora, Moore {=Hesperia barea, Hewitson), which has in
the male a tuft of hair turned forwards on the underside of the fore-
wing on the sutural area towards the base of the wing, and " Parnara "
watsonii, de Nioeville, which lacks this male secondary sexual
character. 7. azona agrees with the latter in this respect, but differs
from both species in having the antenn?e very perceptibly longer ;
the whip-like tip to the crook also longer. In markings it is nearest
to I. semamora ; on the underside, however, the ground-colour is wholly
black ; in /. semamora the costa and apex of the forewing and the
hindwing have the ground-colour ochreous ; on the hindwing also
the white area is very much smaller in I. azona. Mr. Hewitson's
description of the species is very short, being of four lines only ; he
gives its expanse as 2 inches, the habitat Macassar. Mr. Francis A.
Heron, of the British Museum, has kindly compared the drawing
here reproduced with the type, and says that it well agrees therewith.

Described from a single example sent to me by the collector, Rerr
H. Fruhstorfer, from Patoenoeang or Patanuang in South Celebes.
Genus Stimula, n. n.

I propose this name for the genus Watsonkt, Elwes and Edwards,
Trans. Zool. Soo. Lond., vol. xiv, p. 220 (1897), which is preoccupied
by the Marquis L. de Folin in the Molliisca (1879) ; type " Watsonia "
swinhoei, Elwes and Edwards. I have received a single male of
this species from the Khasi Hills from Mr. E. Svvinhoe, and two
males from Hsipaw, North Shan States, captured by Major F. B.
Longe, K.E. Superficially it hardly ditfers from Iverana diodes,
Moore, but has the wings narrower, the antennn? shorter, the lower
* JUn, tie Niceville, Jouru. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. ix, p. 399 (1895).

160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIL

discoidal nervule of the forewing arising slightly nearer to the upper
discoidal than to the third median nervule, in Kemna this vein arises
much nearer to the third median tlian the upper discoidal nervule, and
the second median nervule arising nearer to the third than in
K. diodes. The type species appears to be confined to the Khasi Hills
and Upper Burma. According to Captain E. Y. AVatson, this genus
would come into Section C of the suljfamily Pamphilmce, while the
genus Kemna comes into Section B, these sections being mainly based
on the position of vein 5 (the lower discoidal nervule) of the forewing,
vide ProG. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1893, p. 70.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate X.

Fig. 1. Euplosa (Crastla) core, Cramer. Upperside ... (^, p. 131.

2. „ „ „ Underside ... ^,p. 131.
„ 3. „ ( Trepsiclivois) linncei, Moore. Left-hsind

upper- andunder.'^ide $, p. 131.
„ 4. „ „ „ „ underside,

both wings, neuration ^, p. 131.

„ 5. Ehjmnias (Mel >/nias) exclusa,i\e ^iCitYiWe ... ^, p. 135.

„ ^. „ „ neolais, n. sp. ... ... 9 , p. 136.

Plate Y.

Fig. 7. Eli/nm/ds Qfeli/m'as] laisidis, de'SioexWh ... 9, p. 137.

n <^. „ „ la is, Cramer ... ... 9, p. 137.

„ 9. MijcaJesis {Phi^sco))] paiida'ajlioiif^QY ... ... ^. p. 134.

„ 10. .D/scDp/iora deo^ n. sp. ... ... ... ... $, j). 137.

,, 11. Cet]n)s!((, narmadoldes^([eWic(^\\\\(i ... ... ^, p. 138

„ 12. Phivopalpa callonice, Fruh^tori'ev ... ... (^, p. 139.

Plate Z.

Fig. 13. C//am,/w /.(f/a/mi", Rothschild <^, p. 140.

" i-^- :, „ „ 9, p. 140.

1-5. Gci'jjdiis JoiK/rana^ n. sp. ... ... .., ... (^, p. 141.

9, p. 141.

„ 15.

„ U).

„ 17. Logania ivalsoniana, n. »p. ... ... ... <^, p. 143.

» 1'"^- » » „ 9, p. 143,

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. IGl

Plate Z — contd.

Fig. 19. Cyaniriii cara,n.sp.
), ^U. ,, ,, ,,

„ 21. Lampides lunata, n. sp. ...

)> ■^^« >) J) >> ••• ••• ••• •"*

„ 23. Lyccenesthes turneri, Miskin
,, z-t. ,j ,, ,,

„ 25. ILqjothecla hoiioSj n. s'p. ...
„ 2G. Camena cutneria, n. sp.

Plate AA.

„ 27. Deudoi'Lc (jcekdiayde^'iGeyiWe

„ 2<s. Zinasjjci zana, n. sp.

„ 21'. Ixlas jyyi'ene, Linueeus. Upperside. Gynandro-

inorphous example.

„ 30. „ „ „ Underside „

„ 31. Papillo (Fangemna) nyx, de Nic^ville ...

„ 32. Lotongm onaniy Butler

„ 33. Zea taythecoides, u. sp.

„ o±. „ „ „

„ 35. Iton azona, Hewitson ... ... •.• ••• Sj P- 158

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162

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA.

By G. Marshall Woodrow, Professor of Botany,

College of Science, Poona.

Part V.

( Continued from page 651 of Vol. XI.)

LXXIX. — GOODENOVIE^.

1. Sccevola.
S. koenigii, Vahl., f.r.i. — 111-421. Bhadruh. Ratnagiri. June-Dec,

S. lobelia, LmH., r.B.i. — III-421. Karachi.

LXXX. — Campanulace/E.

Isotoma {Extra Indian).
I. lougiflora, PresL, prod. lob./. 42. Garden weed. Aug.-Sept.

2. Lobelia,
L. trigona, Roxb., F.B.I. — III-423. Panchgani, Narel. Aug.

L. trialata, Ham., f.b.i, — III-425. Ambeghat. Mahabl. July-Nov.

L. nicotianifolia, Heyne, f.b.i.— III-427. Dawal, Bohenul. W. Ghats. Jan.

3. Cephalostigma,

C. tSchimperi, //oc^s., F.B.I. — 111-428. Panchgani, Adur. Dharwar. Nov.-Dec.
C. flexuosum, //.-/. & T., f.b.i.— III-428. Birchi, N. Kanara. Nov.

4. Wahlenhergia.

W. gracilis, DC., F.B.I. — III-429. Kerdl. Lanauli. Khandala. Feb.

11. Splienoclea,
S. zey Ian ica, (7cc/-/., F.B.I. — III-438. Vingorla. Kalyan. Bubak, Sind,

Oct.-Dec.
13. Campanula.
C. Alphonsii, Wall., f.d.i. — III-440, Shinghad, Dang. Oct.

LXXXVI. — Plumbaginb^.

3. Statice,

tS. .Stockeii, Boiss., f.b.i. — III-480. Verawal, 8ind. Dec.

4. Plumbago.

P. zeylauica, Linn., f.b.i. — III-480. Chitrah. Deccan Hills. Aug.-Sept.

P. rosea, Z/?m., F.B.I. — III-481. Lul cldtrah. Cultivated.

P. capensis, Thunb., prod. fl. cap, — 1-83. Kala chitrah. Cult. May-Dec,

6, Vogelia.

^\ 'mdic-A, Gibson. ,¥.v,]l. — UI-48J. Abu. Porebunder. Dec.

LXXXVII.— Pkimulace/e.

7. AnagalUs.

A, arvensis, Linn,, f.b.i.— III-50(i. Deccan, widely. Sept.-Dec,

8j Ccntunculus.
U. Lcnellus, Duhg,, F.B.I.— 111-506. Poona. Aug.

TTIE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 1C3

LXXXIII.— MYESINK.li.

1. Mcesa.

M, indica, Wall., f.b.i.— III-50t). Aitan. IMahableshwar. L>ec.-Jan.

2. Myrsinc.

M. capitellata, TFctW,, F.B.I. — III-512. Santaveri. Dec.

3. Emhella.

E. Ribes, ^MT-nt., F.B.I.— III-573. Waiwarung. W, Ghats.

E. robusta, i?oa;i., F.B.I. — III-515. Amhati. Katrir Ghat Aug-Apl.

E. vu-idifolia, Schef., f.b.i.— III-516. Ambut. Cct.-Jan.

5. Ardisia.
A. humilis, Vakl., f.b.i.— III-529. BugcU, Dihia. Castle Rock. Ambooli.

Aug.-Dec.
10. ^Egicerus,
M. majus, Gaertn., f.b.i. — III-533. Kanjala. Mombra. near Thana. Feb,

LXXXIX.-Sapotace^:.
1. ChryHophiiHuiu.

C. Roxburghii, G. Don., f.b.i.— III-538. Tarn!, Dongri viyphuJ. Khandalla.

Aug.
3. Sidei'oxylon,
S. tomentosum, Roxb., f.b.i. — III-538. KatekumhaJ. Mahabl. Matheran.

Jan.
Achras.

A. sapota, Linn., DC. Prod.— VIII-173. Chikoo. Cultivated.

5. Dichopsis.

D. elliptica,5e?t</?., f.b.i. —III-5 42, Pdnclwti palld. Bombay. Kanara. D«/si?W.

6. Bassia.

B. latifolia, i^oxJ., f.b.i.— III-544. Jiozt-Tia. Khandalla. Peint Taluk, Guzerat,

widely. Mar.-May,
B. longifolia, Linn,, f.b.i. — III-544. 2ppi, Moivha. Suligeri, N. Kanara. Jan.
B. malabarica, £ecZc^., F.B.I. — III-544. Sumpkund, N. Kanara. Feb.

8, JlimusojJs.
M. elengi, Z//i?j., F.B I.— III-548. BaJculi. Divimana Ghat. Feb.

M. Hexandra, Roxb., f.b.i. — III-549. Klrirni. Jooneer. Godra. Sept.-Oct.

XC— Ebenace.t:.

1. llaba.

M. nigrescens, Z>as?., F.B.I.— 111-551. Dolali. Ambooli Ghat, in fruit. Nov.
M, micrantha, Hiern., f.b.i. — III-552. Syhadree. Dahell.

2. Diospyros.

D. pruriens, Dalz., f.b.i. — III-553. Chorla Ghat. Dalz. Cool season.

D, montana, Roxb., f.b.i. — III-555. Govindu. Near Panwell.

D, kaki, Linn., f.b.i. — III-555. KaJc'i. Cultivated Bombay, rarely,

D. embryopteris, Pers., f.b.i. — III-556, Timhuri. 8<ilsette,

1C4 JOUJINA L, llOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Vol. XTT.

D. ebenum, Koniig., f.b.i. — III-585.
D. jissimilis, Bedd., f.d.i, — III-558. Ahnus, Malta.

D. sylvatica, Roxh., f.k.i.— 111-551), Thana. Matheran (Telgiri, Talhot) Feb.
D, micropbylla, Bedd., f.b.i, — ITI-559, Yellapur, Mar.

D. chloroxylon, Roxh., f.1'..i. — III-560, Ninie. Peint Eoad, 6 miles N. of

Nasik, in fruit. Apl.
D. oocarpa^ Thiraiies., f.b.i,— III-560, Divimana. Thana. Feb.

D, tiipru, Buch.-Eam., f.b.i. — 111-503, Temhurni. Behar Tank, in fruit.

June.
D. paniculata, Dah., f.b.i.— III-570. Chorla Ghat and Raighur. Cool season.

Dah. Devimana. Feb.
XCI. — Styrace^e.

1. Symplocos.
S. spicata, Roxh., f.b.i. — III-573. Castle Rock. Oct-Dec.

S, Beddomei, C.B.C., f.b.i. — III-582. Lenda, Lodhra. Mahableshwar. Jan.

XCII. — Oleace.-e,

1. Jasiiiinnia.

J. sambac, Ait., f.b.i. — III-591. Mogra. Gardens.

J. pubescens, Wild., f.b.i.— III-592. Ran Mogra. Mombra, near Tliaua. Feb.
J. arborescens, Roxh., f.b.i. — III-594. Kusar, Kundi. Chaudawar. Aug.
J. Ritchiei, Clarke, f.b.i. — III-598. Castle Rock. Chandawar, N. Kanara. Aug,
J. auriculatum, F«AZ,, F,B,i,— III-600. Badami, Nov.

J. flexile .Vahl., f,b,i,— III-601, Kumpta to Sirsi Road, Mar,

.1. officinale, Z/wj!., f.b.i. — III-ii03, Jai. Cultivated,

2. Njjctanthes.

N. arbortristis, Lhm., f,b,t.— 111-003. Slrali, Farajafal'. Pal jungles, Aug,

3. Schrehcra.

S, swietenioides, Roxh,, f.b.i, — TTI-G04, Mohhi. Bliowdan, Poona. Samasgi.

Dbarwar. .Apl.-May.
G. OxiiHijitJiua.
O, fragrans, Lo«r., F.E I. — 111-000, Crardens. Cultivated,

7, Linoctpra.

L. mala])aricuni, Wall ,v.v,.i. — III-607 Haedi. Lanauli, Amba Ghat, Nov.-Apl.
L, intermedia, Wight,, f.b,i, — III-G09, Lanauli, Apl,

var, Roxburghii,

8, Olea.

O, dioica, Roo:i., f,b,i, — III-612, Parjamb, Karamhu. Khandalla, Jan,-May.
O, cuspidate, Wall., f,b,i, — 111-612, Baku, Kan, Slnmn. Planted.

9, Ligustrum.

L, neilgherriense, Wight,, f,b.t, — III-G15. Mahableshwar, Aug,-Oct.

XCIII. — Sabvadoraoe/E,
2. Salvador a.
S, persica, Z?n«., F,B.i.— III-G19. Film,, Kahhana. Gogo, Bijapur. Bulsar.

Dec-Feb,
S, oleoides, Dene., f.b,i, — III-C20, Khuhhurjjiar, Diar. Nadiad. Sind. Jan,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN IXPTA. 165

3. Azima.
A. tetracantlm, L(H??., F.B.I.— III-620. SuJchaput, KundaU. Badami. Adur.

Dharwar.

XCIV.— APOCYNACE.E,

6. Carissa.

C. carandas, iirt«., F.B.I. — III-630. Karicand. Karavanta. Khandalla. Feb.-Mar.
C. spinarum, ^.£).C'., F.B.I. — III-631. Badami. May-June*

C. macrophylla, Wall., f.b.i. — III-631. Hills near Karwar. Jan.-Feb.

C, sauvissima, Bedd., f.b.i.— III-631. N. Kanara. Talhot. Jan.-Feb.

7. Raincolfia.

R. i-erpentina, iJe?i^/;., FB.i. — III-632. Badaki. Castle Rock. Aug.-Jan.
R. densiflora, Benth., f.b.t. — III-633. Mahableshwar.

Thevetia.
T. neriifolia, Jits.^. DC. Prod.— VIII, 343. PeoU Kunnar. Planted. Jan.-Aug.

10. Cevhera.
C, odollam, (xrter^rt., F.B.I. — lll-^ZS.Odolavi,Suhanu. Anant. ^. Konkan.

June-Jan.

13. Rhayza.

K. stricta, D.CX, F.B.I.— 111-640, Seirar, Siharisv:org, Sehwan, Sind. Dec.

14. V/nca.

V. pusilla, Mnrr., F.r..i. — III-640. SouqIIu . Scmkaphi. Poona. Guzerat,

"widely. June-Sept.

V. rosea., Limi., S2). 2^1. — 305. Sadafuli , Baromaslii . Cultivated.

14. Plumeria.

P. acutifolia, Poir,, f.b.i. — III-641. Keir champa. Cultivated.

P. alba, Linn., DC. Prod.-YIII-392. Cultivated.

16. Alstonia.

A. scholaris, Tjroirn., F.B.I. — 111-642. Satavin. Xear Lanauli,

A. macrophylla, Tro7/., f.b.i.— 111-643. Cultivated.

18. Ilolari'hena.

H. antidysenterica. Wall., F.c.i. — 111-644. Dovla huda, Indrajar. Khandala.

Mar.

19. Tahernamontana.

T. Heyneana, Wall., f.b.i.— III-646. Karjal Kudu. Sirsi. A],].

T. coronaria, Br., f.b.i,— III-646. Tagrjar. Cultivated.

T. crispa, Roxb., f.b.i. — III-448. Nag Icuda. Matheran. Castle Rock.

Marmagoa,

20. Parsonsia.

P. spiralis, PFaZ/., f.b.i.— III-650. April,

21. Fallaris.

V Heynei, iS^jr., f.b.i.— III-650, Jagalput. N. Kanara. Feb.-Mar,

2."). Wrlghtiu.
W, tinctoria, Br., f.b.i.— III-653, Kala kudu. "W. Ghats, Thana, May-June.
W, tomentosft, Roem, & Schult., f.b.i. — III-653. Dang. Sawantwady,

166 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NA TFUAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

24. Ner/um.
N. odorum, /So?anf?., F.B.I. — III-555. Kanlier. Deccan. Sind, widely planted.

Apl.-Mar.
RouiiclUa.
R. grata, Wall., Bot, Mag. 4466. Gardens. Mar.

29, Beaumontia'

B. grandiflora. Wall., f.b.i.— 111-660. Cult. Dec.-Feb.

B. Jerdoniana, TV%7i<., F.B.I.— III-661. N. Eanara, Nov.-Dec.

30. Clionemorplia.

C. macrophylla, G, Do?/., F.B.I.— III-661. Divimana. May.

33. Agatiosma.
A. caryophyllata, G. Don., f.b.i, — III-664, Malati, KemettivalU. Ganesh-

khind. Gardens. Aug.

37. Anodendron.

A. paniculatum, ^1. D. C. F.B.I, — III-GG8, Lamtani. Lonauli, Dec-Mar.

38. Iclmocarpus.

I frutescens Br. f.b.i. — III-669. Kristnasarioa, hantehouri. Castle Rock.

Sirsi. Nov.-Dec.
Adeniuni.
A. obesum, Rcem. et Sch., DC. Prod.V.— III-412. Adenachalcanher. Poona.

Cult. Mar.-Apl.

XCV. — AsCLEPIADEiE.

2. Hemidesmus.

H. indicus, Br., f.b.i. — IV-5. Upalsari, Anantamul, Dudhhali. Vingoria,

Poona, Sumpkund. Oct.

3. Cryptolepis.

C, Buchanani, iZcem., F.B.I.— IV-5, Karanta. Deccan, widely, Aug,

3,* Cryptostegia.
C. grandiflora, Br., f.b.i. — IV-6. Vilayati vahundi. Naturalised, -widely.

June-Sept.
13. Periploca.
P. aphylla, JDcne., F.B.I. — IV-12. Ranslur. Thano Bullo Khan, Sind.

In fruit, Nov.

16. Genianthus.

G, laurifolius, fi^ool-,/., f.b.i,— IV-16, N. Kaiiara Ghats, Talhot. Dec,

17. Glassonema.

G. varians, Benth., f.b.i.— IV-16. Sind. Dec,

18. Oxystelma.

O. esculentum, Br., f.b.i. — IV-17. Dudhi, Dudhani. Poona. Sind. Dec.

19. Calotropis.

C, gigantea, Br., f.b.i.— IV-17. Mandar, Rui. Deccan. Guzerat, widely,

Feb.-July.
C, procera, Br., f,b.i,-IV— 18. Bandar, Rur, Poona. Sind^ widely. Dec.

TBE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 167

19.*^ Asclepias.
A. curassavica, Linn., f.u.i.— IV-18. Kurki. Poona, Kumta. Feb.-Dec.

22. Peniatropis,
P. spiralis, Dene., f.b.i.— IV-19. Ambarcels singarstu. Lasalgaon. Hajam.

Sind, Feb. -Nov.
P. microphylla, Wight., f.b.i. — IV-20. Parparuni. Dango. Gokak.

2'6. Dcemia.
D, extensa, Br., f.b.i.— IV-2U. Utarana. Poona. Sind. Aug.-Dec.

25. Holotsemma.

H. Eheedei, TFaZ/,, F.B.I — IY-21. Tultuli sUndori. Narel. Aug.

26. CynancJmm.

C. pauciflorum, Br., f.b.i. — IV-23. Jooner. Oct.-Feb.

C. callialata, i/an»., F.B.I. — IV-24. Poona. Haveri. Apl,

27. Sarcostemma.
S. brevistigma, Wight., f.b.i. — IY-26. KonagulU. Somalata. Poona. June. July,

30, Gjjinnema.
G. sylvestre. Br., f.b.i. — IV-29. Kavali. Shiru-l'ui'unja. Mahabl. Sumpkund,

N, Kanara. Apl.
G. pergularioides, 117. & Gard., f.b.i. — IV-32. Haveri. Apl,

32. Marsdenia.

M, tenacissima, Wight. & Am,, f.b.i. — IV-34. Cliampaneer. Poona. May.

33. Pergularia.
P. pallida, Wight. & Am., f.b,i.— IV-38.

P. minor, .4 «fZr.— F.B.I. — IV-38. Cultivated.

34. Stephanotis.

S. grandiflora, DC., Prod. — VlII-620. (Madagascar.) Gardens.

36. Tglophoru .
T, fasciculata. Ham., f.b.i, — 1\'-40. Bhindodl. ^Vandra. Bank of Tansa

Canal. Aug.
T. rotundifolia, Ham., f.b.i. — IV-43. Londa. June.

T. Dalzelli, Hooh. /., f.b.i, — IV-43. Konkan, Stocks, Law.

T. asthmatica, ]r?^/(<,, F.B.I. — IV-44. Jungli pikv:an, Karaki rasna. Lanauli

Gokak. Nov.

38. Cosmostigma.

C. racemosa, Wight., f.b.i. — IV-46. Jaii, Jfarvel, Shendari. Shendvel. Konkan

& N. Kanara. Talbot. June-Aug.

39, Dregea.

D. volubilis, Beiith.,v.M.i. — IV-46. Mawal. Poona. Apl.

Do. var, augustifolia, Lohagaum. Poona. July.

42. Oianthua.

O. urceolatus, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-49. Poona, Aug.

44. Huga-

H. retusa, Dah., f,b.i. — IV-56, Yacombi, N, Kanara. July

H. Wightii, ^oo/.-. /., F.B.1.--IV-59. Sumpkund, do, do.

H. peudula, Wight., f.b.i.— IV-61. Near Nagotna. Dalzell,

168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL SISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xll.

47. Leptadenia.
L. reticulata, Wt.&Arn., p.d.i.— IV-GM. Nal;sliihani. Plarandori. Deccan. Apl.
L, spartium, ll%/«<., F.B.I.— IV-G4. A';^; (Sind). Sind, Mandwee. Dec,

50. Ceropegia.

C, atteiiuata, Hook., p.b.i.— IV-tw. Hills near Jooneer. Sept.

C. Lawii, Hook, f., f.b.i. — IV-67. Kiuidtori. Khandalla. Poorundhur. Aug.-

Sept.
C. bulbosa, Roxb., f.b.i.- IV-67. 10 miles, W. Poona. Aug.

C. juncea, Roxh., f.b.i,— IV-68. Kuniml. Badami. Aug.

C. acuminata, i?OK&.,F.B.i.—IV-70, Pasham. Aug.

C. hirsuta W. & A , F.c.i. — IY-71. Var. Jacqucmontiana. Hamana. Poona.

Aug.

51. Frerea.

F. indica. Dalz., F.u.i. — IV-76. Shliulal niakudi. Hill Fort, Jeener, Sept.-

Oct,
(4 Jlesliij glabrous herb or under shrub 4" — 6". Floivers f" duavt.')

52. Caralluma.

(J. edulis, Bentli., F.u.i. — IV-76. Mulir, 6 miles from Karachi, Sept,

C, limbriata. Wall., f.b.i.— IV-77. Makadasmgi. Deccan hills, widely.

May-June,

XCVI.— LOGANIACEvK.

1. Mitreola,
M. oldenlandioides. Wall., f.b.i.— IV-79. Pali. Koiikan. In fruit, Oct.

3. Buddleia.

B, asiatica, Loji/'., F.ii.i, — IV-82. Fitzgerald Ghat. Jan.

4. Fagraea,

F. obovata. Wall., f.b.i.— IV-83. Sumpkund, N. Kanara. July

f). Stryclmos.

S, Golubrina, Linn., f.b.i.— IV-87. Kauai, Kajarbel. Tunia Ghat. Talbot.
S, Dalzellii, Clarke, f.b.i.— IV-87, Southern Ghat, Dalzell.

S. nux-vomica, Linn., f.b.i. — lV-90. Kajra, Kasarkano. Ratnagiri. Mar.
S, potatorum, Lmn., f.b.i. — IV-90. Nermali. Pal jungles. In fruit, Feb.

XC VII. — Gent iane^.

2. Exacum.
E. bicolor, /2ox6., F.B.I. — IV-96. Cowrie, Bara karait. Mawal. Poona. Sept.
E. peduuculatum, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-97. Mawal. Poena. Dharwar. Dec.

E. Lawii, Clarke, f.b.i.— IV-98. Mahableshwar. Oct_

E. petiolarc, Grisb., f.b.i. — IV-98. Matheran. Sept.

4. Hoppea.
II. faatigiata, Cittrfcf , F.n.i. — lV-100. Uavor. Kluuidcsii. Pouiia. Oct,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 169

5. Enico sterna.
E, littorale, Bl., f,b,i. — IV-101. Choti Jcarait, Kadvanai, Sind, Guzerat.

Dharwar. Oct,

6. Erythraea.

E. Roxburghii, G. Don., f.b.i, — IV-102. Luntalc. Konkan. Deccan. Feb.-Apl.

7, Canscora.

C. diffusa, Br., f.b.i. — IV-103. Konkan. Deccan widely, Oct.

C, decurrens, Dah., f.b.i. — IV-103, Poona. Kumta. Oct.-Nov.

G. concanensia, Clarke, f.b.i. — IV-104. Narel. Aug.

C, perfoliata, Lamk., f.b.i, — IV-104. Karwar, Feb,

12. Stoertia.
S, tetragona, Clarke, f,b,i. — IV-122.

S. corymbosa, Wight., f.b.i. — ^IV-126. Hullihal. Castle Rock, Nov.

S. decusaata, Nimmo, f.b,i, — IV-127, Kadu, Kavadi. Panchgani, Nov.

Jan.
15. LimnantJiemum.
L, criatatum, Grisb., p,b,i, — IV-131, Kumudini. Ponds, Deccan, Concan.

Apl.-Sept,
L. indicum, Thwaites, f,b,i, — IV-131. Kumud. Guzerat. Mawal. Apl.-Sept.

XCIX. Hydrophyllace^.
1. Hydrolea.
H. zeylanica, Vahl., f.b.i. — IV-133. Popti, Keritl. Mahad, Bulsar. Nov.-Dec.

G. BOEAGINEiE.

1. Cordia.

C. Myxa, Linn., f.b.i,— IV-136. Bokara, Gondani. Sakkar Pathar, Deccan.

Mar.-Apl.
C. obliqua, Willd., f,b,i.— IV-137. Mota lusura. Londa, In fruit June.
C. monoica, Roxb., f.b.i. — IV-137. Badami. Aug.

0. Rotthii, Roem. Sell., f.b.i. — IV-138. Gondana. Deeaa. Deccan widely.

Nov.
C. MacLeodii, H. . & T., f.b.i. — IV-139. Dhalvana. Mawal, Mar.

2. Ehretia.

E. laavia, Roxb., F.B.l. — IV-141. Dataranga. Karwar, Malshiras, Bhowdan,

Poona. Mar.

3. Coldenia.

C. procumbana, Linn., f.b.i,— IV-1 44. TrlpahaM, Tripanki. Badami. La*

nauli. Oct.

4. Rhahdia.

R. lycioidea, Mart., f.b.i.— IV-1 4 5. Machim. Deccan. N. Kanara streams.

Oct.-Dec,

6. Heliotropium.

H. zeylanicum, Lamk., f.bj.'— IV-148. Deesa. Badami. Karachi. Nov -Jan.
22

170 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

H. ophioglossum, StocJcs, f.b.i. — IV-149. Sind.

H. supinum, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-149, Singhur. Poona. Dharwar. Mar.

H, calcareum, Stochs, f.b.i. — IV-150. Sehwan. Hyderabad. Dec.

H. ovalifolium, Forsh., f.b.i. — -IV-ISO. Penn. Poona. Jan.-Feb.

H. undulatum, Valil., f.b.i. — IV-150. Karachi. Hyderabad, 8iud. Dec.

H. Rottleri, ie/i/rt., F.B.I. — IV-151, DaorfuU. Sind.

H. paniculatum, Br., f.b.i. — lY-\b\. Sind.

H. indicum, Zi2«M., f.b.i. — IV-152. Burundi. Ajeru Salt swamp, Bombay,

Oct.-Nov,
H. peruvianum, Linn., Sp. 189. Gardens,

7. TricTiodesma.
T. indicum, Br., f.b.i. — IV-153. Katha mendlia. Kalyan. Aug.-Sept.

T. amplcxicaule, Roth., f.b.i. — IV-153. Bijapur. Mulier, Sind. Aug.-Jan.

T. africanum, Br., f.b.i. — IV-154. Bulo Khan, Luki, Sind. Aug.

T. zeylanicura, Br., f.b.i. — IV-154. Badami. Baroda, Sidashyagad.

N. Kanara. Jan.

10. Cyanoglossum.
C. lanceolatum, Fors/j., F.B.I. — IV-156. Lichardi. Poona. Panchgani. Oct.

13. Parycarijii'in.
P. caelestinum, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-160. Mahableshwar. Oct.

P. malabaricum, Clarke, f.b.i. — IV-160. Kala Ucliardi. Mahableshwar. Oct.
P. Lambertianum, Clarice, f.b.i. — IV-161. Mahableshwar. Oct.

P. asperum. Stocks. Khirtur Mts. H.E.M. James.

29. Sericostoma.

S. pauciflorum, S<oc^-s, f.b.i. — IV-176. Broach. Palanpur. Veraval. Nov.-Dec.

30. Arnehla.

A. hispidissima, DC, f.b.i. — IV-176. Mulier, Sind. Palanpur. Mar.

CI. — CoNVOLVULACE^.

1. Erycihe.

E. paniculata, Roxh., var. Wightiana, f.b.i. — IV-180. Castle Rock. Nov.

Legendrea. (Canary Islands.)
L. moUissima, Webb,, DC. Prod.-^IX-328. Naturalised. Poona. Oct.

2. Rivea.

R. ornata, Chois., f.b.i. — IV-183. Mawal. Poona. Sept.

R. hypocrateriformis, Chois., f.b.i. — IV-184. Phanji. Mawal. Poona. Sept.

3. Aryyreia.

A. s^ecioaa , Siveet., F.B.I. — IV-185. Samudrasolce. Gardens, Poona, Broach . Aug,
A. involucrata, Clarke, f.b.i. — IV-187. Collem. Wadi, near Mahableshwar. Oct.
A. involucrata car. inequalis. Marmagoa. Oct.

A. sericca, Dalz., f.b.i. — IV-188. Dasgaon. Matheran. Aug.-Sept.

A. malabarica, Chois., F.n.i. — VI-189. Mahableshwar. Aug.

A. pilosa, Am., f.b.i. — IV-189. Yellapur. Sept.

A. cymosa, Sitfee/., f.b.i.— IV-189. W. Ghat.

A. cimeata, Ker., f.b.i. — IV-191. Mahalumjl. Hills near Poona. July-Aug.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 171

4, Lettsomia.

L, aggregata, Roxh., f.b.i.— IV-191. Devikope. Samasgi, Dharwar. Dec.-Jan.
L, elliptica, Wight., f.b.i.— IV-192. Bo7idioel. Mahableshwar. Sept.

L. setosa, Roxh., f.b.i.— IV-194. Narel. Aug,

5, Ipomcea.

I. bonanox, Linn., f.b.i.— IV-197. GnlacJiandani. Cultivated.

I. muricata, Jacq., f.b.i.— IV-197. Katriz. Poona. Sept.

I. grandiflora,Zia7nZ-., F.B.I.— IV-1 98. Cultivated.

I. trichosperma, Blume, f.b.i.- IV-198. Dharumpter. Cult.? Sept.

I. coccinea, Linn, f.b.i. — IV-198. Cultivated

I. Quamoclit, Linn., f.b.i — IV-198. Ganesh Pushpa. Cultivated

I. hederacea, Jacq., f.b.i.— IV-1 99. Cultivated

I. laciniata, Clarice, f.b.i. — ^IV-200. Sawantwadi. Aug.

I, dissecta, Willcl, f.b.i.— IV-200, Panchgani. Mahableshwar. Oct.

I. calycina, Benth., f.b.i.— IV-201. Surat. Poona., Satara Rd. 25th mile, Oct.
I. barlerioides, Benth., f.b.i.— IV-201. Sirsi. Sept.

I. digitata, Liiin., f.b.i.— IV-202. Kalyan.

I. pentaphylla, Jacq., f.b.i.— IV-202. Pal jungle. Baroda. Feb.

I. batatas, Larnk., f.b.i. — IV-202. Ritala, Kanangi. Sweet potato. Cult.
I. pileata, i^oaii., f.b.i. — IV-203. Sawantwadi. Nov.

I. pestigrides, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-204. Ghat between Khad and Path. Sept.
I. eriocarpa, Br., f.b.i. — ^IV-204. KandoaMe. Kanali, Guzerat. Poona. Sept.
I, sindica, Staph., Kew Bull, Near Karachi,

I. Stocksii, Clarke, f.b.i.— IV-204, Deccan, Penil. Stocks.

I. angustifolia, Jacq., f.b.i. — IV-205. Karwar, Londa. Aug.-Dec.

I. tridentata, Roth., — f.b.i. IV-205. Morga. Sendar Kalandi. Nariad.

Shrewardan, Oct,
I. chryseides, Ker., f.b.i. — IV-206. Dakor, Guzerat. Nov

I. reniformis, Chois., f.b.i. — IV-106. Undirkani. Poona. Deccan widely.
I. rumicifolia, Chols., f.b.i. — IV-207. Karachi, Dec,

I, obscura, Ker., f,b,i. — IV-207, Pungali. Badarai. Poona, Guzerat, Oct.-Jan.
I. Clarkei, Bool'.,/., F.B.I.— IV-207. Near Jooneer, Sept.

I. sepiaria, Koen., f.b.i. — IV-209. Ambti-vel. Gokak Porebunder. Oct.

I. aquatica, Forsk., f.b.i.^ — IV-210. Nalichi haji. Takasi. Poona. Deccan.

widely. Nov.-Apl.
I, staphylina, Roem. & Sch., f.b.i. — IV-210. Byadgi, Dec.

I. carapanulata, Linn., f.b.i, — IV-211. Tambanoail. Mawal, Poona, Dharwar.

Sept .-Jan,
I. cymosa, Roem. ^ Sch., f.b.i. — IV-211. Ambeghat, Jan.

I, turpethrum, Br., f.b.i. — IV-212. Bursingali Nisottar. Phutkari. Reva-

danda, Oct,-JaD,
I, biloba, Forsk., f,b.i, — ^IV-212. Maryadvel, Guzerat shores. Feb,

172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BISTORT SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

I, vitifolia, Sweet, f.b.i. — IV-213, Navli. Castle Rock. Vingorla. Oct.-Nov.
I. pilosa, Sioeet, f.b.i. — IV-213. Ahmedabad. Deo,

I. sinuata, Orteg., f.b.i. — IV-214. Guzerat. Nov.

I. rhyncorhiza, Dalz., f.b.i. — IV-214. Huttigherry, N. Kanara. July.

I. palmata, Forsh., f.b.i. — IV-214. Badami.

I. dasysperma, Jacg., f.b.i. — IV-215. Garden escape. Poona. Porebunder,

Sept.-Nov.
I. tuberosa, Linn., DC. Prod., IX-362. Gardens.

I. carnea, Jacq^., Am., 26, t. 18. Cult. Gardens.

I. Horsfallise, Booh., Bot. Mag,-3S15. Cult. Gardens.

7. Bewittia.
H. bicolor, Wight., f.b.i.— IV-216. Sawantwadi. Marmagoa. Nov.

9. Convolvulus.
C. sindicus, Stocks, f.b.i. — IV-217. 12 miles east of Bullo Khan, Sind. Aug.
C. micrnphyllus, Sieb., f.b.i.~IV-218. Hyderabad, Milir, Sind, Oct.

C.rhyncospermus, J?oc^s^, F.B.I. — IV-218, Sind, Oct.

C. glomeratus, C/i02S., F.B.I.— IV-21 9. Karachi. Porebunder. Dec.

C. Rottlerianus, Chois., f.b.i.— IV-219. Lenyadri. Jooneer. Sept,

C. arvensis, Linn., f.b.i. — ^IV-219. Biranpag. Chandioel. Jeur. Poona. Karachi.

Dec.-Feb.
C. parviflorus, Vahl., f.b.i. — IV-220, Dongargaun, near Ahmednagar.

Chandod, Guzerat. Nov.

10, Evolvulus.

E. alsinoides, Linn., f.b.i.— IV-220. Visnuhrdnta, Sankaveli. July-Nov.

11. Porana.

P. paniculata, Roxh., f.b.i, — IV-222. Bridal creeper. Gardens. Sept.-Oct.
P. racemosa, Roxb., f.b.i. — IV-222. Gardens. Oct.

P. malabarica, Clarke, f.b.i. — IV-223. Near Panchgani, Oct.

12. Breweria.

B. cordata, Bl., f.b.i. — IV-223, Marmagoa. Vingorla. Nov,

B. latifolia, i?e?z<A., F.B.I.-— IV-223, Mulir, Sind. Verawal. Dec.

13, Neuropeltis.

N. racemosa. Wall., f.b.i.— IV-225. Bankeri, Honaver, N. Kanara. Feb.

14. Cressa.

C. cretica, Linn., f.b.i, — IV-225. Kardi, Lona, Luna. Konkan. Sind widely,

Nov.-Feb.

15, Cuscuta.

C, reflexa, Roxb, f,b,i. — IV-225, Akasvel. Amaryel Hangal, Dharwar, Jan.-

Feb.
C. hyalina, /2o<ft., f.b.i.— IV-226. Ambar. Sind,

C, chiuensis, Lamk., f.b.i.— IV-226. July.

CII. — SOLANACEiE.

1. Solanum.

S, nigrum, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-229. Kangoni, Koawat. Poona, Bombay.

Hyderabad, Sind, Sept,-Dec.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 173

S. verbascifolium, Linn., f.b.i,— IV-230. Kutri. Poona. July-Oct.

S. piibescens, Willd., f.b.i. — IV-230. Badami, Aug,-Nov.

S. bigeminatum, Nees., f.b.i. — IV-231. Mahableshwar, Oct.

S. denticulatum, Blame, f.b.i. — ■IV-231. Mahableshwar.

S. giganteum, Bl., f.b.i. — •IV-233. Mahableshwar. Jan.-Mar.
S. ferox, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-233. 40 miles west of Belgaum. In fruit Dec.

S. torvum, Swartz., f.b.i.— IV-234. July.

S. indicum, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-234. Khandalla. Mahableshwar. Sept.

S. melongena, Linn., f.b.i, — IV-235. Bengan. Brinjal. Cultivated.

S. congulans, Forsk., f.b.i. — IV-236, Near Karachi. Jan.-May.

{Boringadi. ") -n a • j

Botingadi. I ^eccan. Smd.
Kandayri.y •^^°®-

S, trilobatum, Z/?in., F.B.I. — IV-236 Badamii. Dharwar. Guzerat widely. Jan,
S, gracilipes, Dene., f.b.i.— IV-237. Mulir, Karachi, Sind. Dec.-Jan,

S. tuberosum, Z/wM., The Potato, Batata. Cultivated.

1,* Lycopersicum (America).
L. esculentum. Miller, f.b.i. — IV-237. Wale wangee. The Tomato. Cult.

2. Physalis.

P. minima, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-238. Chirputi, Poona. Aug,
P. peruviana, Linn., f,b,i. — IV-238. Cape Goosberry. Cultivated.

2.° Capsicum.

C, frutescens Linn., f.b.i. — IV-239. Mirchi. Cultivated.

C. minima, Roxh., F.b.i. — IV-239. Lovungi mirchi. Cultivated.

C. grossum, Willd., f.b.i. — IV-239. Bopala mirchi. Cultivated.

3. Withania.

W. somnifera, Dunal. f.b.i. — IV-239. Godha avada. Karachi. Jooneer.

Poona. Sept.
W. coagulans, Dunal., f.b.i. — IV-240. Punirhand, KaJcnaj. Karachi. Dec.

4. Lycium.

L, barbarum, LmH., F.B.I, — IV-240. Karachi. Porebandar. Nov.

7. Datura.

D. stramonium, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-242. Datura. Deccan widely, June-Dec.
D. fastuosa, Linn., f.b.i, — IV-242. Kala datura. Deccan. Guzerat, Sept.-Dec.
D. metel, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-242. Poona. Sept.-Dec,
D. arborea, Linn., sp, 256. Mahableshwar. Poona. Planted. Oct.-Dec,

10. Hyoacyamus.

H. muticus, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-243. Khirtar Mts., Sind. Mar.

10. •Nicotiana.

N. tabacum, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-245. Tumhaco. Cult, Nov.-Feb.

GUI. — SCROPHULAEINE^.
1, Anticharis.
A, glandulosa, Asehers., f.b.i. — IV-249. Sind.

A. linearis, Hochst,, f.b.i.— IV-250. Sind,

174 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

3. Celsia.

C. coromandeliana, Vald., f.bj. — IV-251. Bahoor Jcutaki. Deccan. Guzerat.

Jan.-May.

4. Linaria.

L. ramosissima. Wall., f.b.t. — IV-251, Deccan widely. Sept.

5. Schiceinfurthia,

S. sphaerocarpa, A. Braun., f.b.i. — IV-252. Karachi. Dec.

6. A7itirrhinum.

A. majus, Linn., sp. p., 859, Snapdragon, Gardens.

Russelia {^Mexico).
R. floribucda, Zuccar, DC., Prod, — X-332. Gardens.

R. rotundifolia, Cav., I. C. pi. — V-9. Gardens.

10, Stttera.

S. glandulosa, Roxh., f.b.i. — IV-258. Bhul. Karli. Poona. Feb.

11. Mimulus,

M, gracillis, Br., f,b,i. — IV-259, Poona, Apl.

14, Lindenhergia,
L, urticsefolia, Lehm., f.b.i. — IV-261, Dliol. Marmagoa. Baroda. Nov.

16. Stemodia,

S. viscosa, Roxh., f.b.i. — IV-265, Veraval. Ankleshwar, Nov.-Dec.

S, serrata, -Ben^/t,, F,B.i. — IV-265, Penn,«Callian, Dec.-Feb.

17. Limnophila.

L, Roxburgii, G. Don., f,b.i.— IV-265. Tulkut Ghat. DaJzell. Sept. Kumta.
L. conferta, Benth., f.b.i. — lV-266, Malwan. Dec.

L, polystachya, Benth., f.b,i, — ■IV-26. N. Kanara, Jan.

L, heterophylla, Benth,, f,b,i. — IV-270. Mahableshwar, Oct.

L. racemosa, Benth., f.b.i, — IV-271. Matheran, N. Kanara, Nov,-Jan.

L, gratioloides, Br., f,b.i, — IV-271, Mahableshwar, Dakor, Penn. Nov,-Jan.

18. Herpestes.

H. Monniera, H. B. & A'., f.b.i. — IV-272. Bama. Nirhrami. Deccan. Sind.

Oct.-Jan.
H, Haniiltoniana, Benth., f,b.i.— IV-272. Malwan. Dalzell.

H, floribunda, Br., f,h,i.— IV-273. S. Kanara. Feb.

20, Dopatrium.

D, junceum. /:?am,, f.b.i. — IV-274. Narel. N. Kanara, July-Aug,

23. Torenia.

T, cordifolia, Roxh., f.b.i,— -IV-276. Londa, Oct,

T. asiatica, Lhm., f.b.i, — IV-277, Cultivated.

24. VandeV.ia.

V. Crustacea. i?e»j</j., f.b.i. — IV-279, Narel. Matheran. Aug.

V, hirsuta, Benth., f.b.i,— IV-280, Kalyan, Sept.

25. Ilyaanthes.

I, hyssopioides, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-283. Guzerat. Mahableshwar. Nov.

I. parviflora, Benth., f.b.i, — IV-283, Narel. Belgaum. Aug.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 175

26, Bonnaya.
B. brachiata, Linh. Jj Otto, f.b.i.— IV-284. Sawantwadi. Godra, Sept.-Nov.
B. veronicaefolia, Spreng., f.b.i,— IV-285, " Common." Dalzell.

B, reptans, Spreng., f.b.i. — lV-284. S. Konkan. Dalzell.

B. oppositifolia, Spreng., f.b.i.— IV-286. Kalyan. Sept.

29. Peplidium.

P. humifusum, Del., f.b.i. — IV-287. Bubak, Sind. Margoa. Dhurumter. Dec.

30. Glosso stigma.

G. spathulatum, Arm., f.b.i. — IV-288. Malwan. Nov.

34. Scoparla.

S. dulcis, Linn., f.b.i, — IV-289. Salt swamp, Bombay. Nov.

35. Caiiipylanthus .

C. ramosissimus, Wight., f.b.i, — IV-290. Juugadi, Sind. Nov.

39. Veronica.
V. auagallis, Linn., f.b.i. — lV-293. Deccan. Mar.

41. Buchnera.

B. hispida, Linii., f.b.i.— IV-298, Koina Valley.

42. Striga.

S. orobanchoides, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-299. Poona. Dakor. Matheran. Oct.

S. densiflora, Be?t(/i., F.B.I.— IV-299. Poona. June-Nov.

S. lutea, Lour., — 'F.b.i. — IV-299. Gadak. Badami. Nov.-Jan.

43. Ramphicarpa.

R. longiflora, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-300. Wada, near Mahableshwar.

Malwan. Nov.

44. Centranthera.

C. hispida, Br., f.b.i. — IV-301. Wada, near Mahableshwar. Malwan.

Oct.-Nov.

45. Sopubia.

S. delphinifolia, G. Don,, f.b.i. — IV-302. Dudhali. Kulthi. Guzerat. Deccan.

Aug.-Oct.
S. trifida, Ham., f.b.i. — IV-302. Panchgani. Oct.

CIV. — Orobanchace^.

1 . JEginetia.

M. indica, Roxb., f.b.i.— .IV-320, Sewree, near Bombay. Oct,

2. Christisonia.

C. Lawii, Wight., f,b.i.— IV-322, Purandhur. July.

3. Cistanche,

V, tubulosa, Wight., f.b.i — IV-324. Karachi. Dec.

4. Orobanche.

0. indica. Ham., f.b.i — IV-326. Diksal, Deccan. Oct.

CV. — LENTIBULABIEiE.

U. stellaris, L.f., f.b.i.— IV-328. Utricularia. Malwan. Nov.

U. flexuosa, Vahl., f.b.i.— IV'329. Poona.

U, exoleta, Br., f.b.i.— IV-329 Samasgi, N. Kanara. Feb.

176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

U, albo-ccerulea, Dah,, f.b.i. — IV-330. Mahableshwar, Sept.

U. coerulea, Linn., f.b.i — IV-331. Mahableshwar

U. reticulata, Smith, f.b.i.— IV-331. Mahad, S. Konkan. Oct.

U. orbiculata, Wall., f.b.i.— IV-334, Khandalla, Lanauli. Sept,

CVI. — GeSN EKACEyB.

1. ^schynanthus.

M. Perottetii, A.D.C., f.b.i.— IV-339 Mahableshwar. Oct.

7. Platystemma.
P. violoides, Wall., f.b.i.— IV-361. Champaneer, Guzerat. In fruit, Dec.

15. Klugia.

K. notoniana A.D.C., f.b.i.— IV-366. Malkapur. W. Ghats. Oct.

16. RhyncTioglossum.

R. obliquum, Bl., f.b.i.— IV-367. Dasgaon. VVadi. Oct.

CVII.— BlGNONIACE^.

2. Millingtonia.

M. hortensis, L.f., f.b.i.--IV-377. Cowla nim. Planted. Oct.

3. Oroxylum.

O. indicum, Benth., f.b.i.— IV-378. Tetu, Jagadala. Peint Taluk. VV. Ghats.

June.

(To be continued^

177

ON SOME SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS IN CUTCH.
By the Rev. J. F. Blake, M.A., F.G.S.

[Abridged/ ]
Part I,
(WitJk a Plate.)
During a recent visit to Cutch for the purpose of studying the Jurassic ^
rocks there exposed, my attention was naturally attracted to a number of
superticial deposits, which in some cases concealed, and in others were asso-
ciated with, the solid rocks beneath, I cannot pretend to have made an
exhaustive study of them, as I have only examined such parts as may be
found in the Jurassic area ; but these have suggested certain theories of
their origin which I have not seen proposed elsewhere ; and as these theories
depend on observations which I do not find recorded, it may at least be
hoped that an account of such observations may throw light on the origin
of the deposits. The matters with which I propose to deal may be classed
under the following heads : —

(1) Subrecent concrete.

(2) The boulder-beds associated with this concrete,

(3) Infratrappean grits.

(4) Laterite.

(5) Alluvium and Ran.

Of all these, except No. 2, there are to be found brief descriptions in
Mr. A. B. Wynne's memoir on the geology of Cutch = ; but, as a rule, that author
does not venture on any suggestion as to their origin, and in no case does he
appeal to the particular causes to which I have been led to refer them.
(1) THE SUBRECENT CONCRETE.

Under this name Mr. "Wynne describes some remarkable deposits, of which
he writes as follows : — " Very generally distributed over the hilly country is
the subrecent calcareous deposit already alluded to. The white sandstones
of which it consists are sometimes sufficiently coherent to be used for build-
ing, and it is very commonly burnt for lime all over the province. No
fossils have ever been found in it, but on some slabs from the deposit in
Western Cutch tracks of Crustacea or of annelids have been observed. It is
not limited to a uniform level in its various situations, having been met with
in the low ground at the foot of the hills bordering the Runn as well as
high in their glens. Its aspect is always very much the same, though its
texture is varied, being sometimes conglomeratic or finely oolitic, and
generally it presents some oblique lamination."^

1 [By the omission of that portion of the paper in which the quartzite-reefs and their
mode of formation were discussed.]

- Throughout this memoir I use the word " Jurassic " for all the rocks so coloured on
Mr. Wynne's map without prejudging the question as to how many of themj may be, as
Bome certainly are, of Neocomian age.

^ Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol, ix,pt. i (1872), 4 Jliij,p,8l,

23

178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NA TUBAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

This description, which is the fullest in the memoir, does not in any way
indicate the author's view of their origin. Indeed he elsewhere says, " The
subrecent deposits, except in their most superficial portions, contain no
evidence as to the conditions under which they were accumulated,"*

Although in one sense it is true that they are very generally distributed,
there are only ten definite localities where these deposits are sufficiently
important to be noticed. Of these one is said to be of " quartz-gravel," and
is thus, as will be seen, of a character different from the rest. There are
also six other localities where I have noticed them, making in all fifteen to be
considered, situated as follows : — 1. The northern slopes of the Kala
Dongar in Patcham.' 2. The summit of the Gora Dongar, north of
Andhou. 3. In the glens at a considerable elevation in Bela. 4, On the
northern flanks of the Habo Hills, near Kotae. 5. Below Roha Hill.
6. High up on the Kas scarp. 7. On the south side of the Jhurio Hills.
8. In the valleys of Varar Hill. 9. At Baukha, where it is quarried.
10. On Bhujia Uill. 11. At the base of Katrod Hill. 12. In the Katrod Hills
between Ler and Jadura. 13. In a valley north-west of Godpur. 14, On
the Mandvi road, where it is quarried. 15. At the base of the trap escarp-
ment at Khedoi. It will be observed that the deposits are all very local,
and usually associated with some hill. They appear also to be absent or
inconspicuous on the western side of Cutch.

If we examine now more closely their mode of occurrence, some remark-
able peculiarities become obvious, which should be some guide as to their
origin. Thus the Kala Dongar Bills'* have a steep escarpment on their
northern side, and the slopes below have usually a direction parallel to it ;
but near the western end there is a projection of high ground forming a kind
of bay which opens on the west, and it is in the angle of this bay that the
subrecent concrete is found. In the Gora Dongar north of Andhou a broad
open valley is formed by a dome of Jurassic rocks, the eastern side of which
is bounded by an escarpment of limestone rising towards the north. Near the
summit the continuity of this escarpment is broken, and we find a narrow
recess of which the mouth faces west. It is on the two flanks of this recess
that the concrete occurs, occupying nearly the highest level in the neigh-
bourhood, which, from the figures given on the Trigonometrical Survey map
must be some 560 feet above the level of the Ran. In the glens of Bela
these deposits lie, as noted, at a high level. On the northern flanks of the
Habo Hills the principal part lies on the southern slope of an outlying scarp

' Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. ix., pt. i. (1872), p. 85.

- The (spelling of the naraes ia La all cases that found on the Trigonometrical Survey maps,
but the local pronunciation, as given by Mr. Wynne's names, is often very different, unaccent-
ed a being pronounced as a short u, and d, I and r being often interchangeable.

■' The Kala Dongar Hills run along the northern half of Patcham, and the Gora Dongar
HUIh alsug tbe southern half.

SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS IN CUTCH. 179

and reaches a height of 300 feet above the Ran. In the three localities south
of the same hills the occurrence is very instructive. Here a long east-and-
west valley is bounded on the north side by gently sloping surfaces, and on
the other or south side by a long and very uniform escarpment. This, how-
ever, is broken at one place where the pass over the summit crosses, and
shows a kind of notch in the outline which is the only spot where the
subrecent concrete occurs. It here reaches its highest elevation, being not
more than 100 feet below the summit of the escarpment, and therefore about
700 feet above the level of the Ran. Towards the east the valley closes in,
and we reach the watershed below some high hills. It is on the west
side of this watershed that the greater part of these deposits of concrete
occurs, while there is very little on the east. (See fig. 10 in Mr.Wynne's memoir).
On the south side of the Jhurio Hills there is a fairly continuous encircling
scarp which faces north. The main drainage of the southern slopes of the
inner hills escapes through a gorge in this scarp, which at one time was
fairly broad, but is now nearly choked up by the concrete, while within the
scarp we find the concrete spreading out as a thick white mantle over a square
mile of the slopes beyond. Notwithstanding this, the outer slopes of the
scarp, up to within a few hundred yards of the gorge, are quite bare, the solid
rocks being everywhere visible. At Bhujia Hill tbe deposit is found in a
semicircular valley which opens on the south. Between Ler and Jadura
there is a long east-and-west valley opening to the east, and this is almost
entirely bare ; but at one place a basaltic dyke crosses the valley like a wall,
and on the west side of it the concrete is piled up in places to its summit.
A. similar phenomenon may be seen in the valley north-west of Godpur.
Where the Mandvi road crosses the Charwar range, it traverses in one place
a valley whose streams run west, and in this valley we find the concrete on the
north side resting against the Jurassic prominences as seen near the Mandvi
road. Farther east the locality Khedoi, where Mr, Wynne records this
concrete, is situated in a semicircle eroded back from the general line of the
trap-escarpment.

In structure these deposits are very uniform. Leaving out of consideration
for the present the large stones derived from the nearest solid rocks, which
they sometimes contain, they consist of fine particles very slightly agjgluti-
nated, so that a blow of the hammer shatters them to dust. Some southern
varieties however are tougher, and are used for building, while on reaching
the extreme north-east in Bela we find them scarcely consolidated at all.
They are for the most part obliquely laminated, and in this case the slope of
the laminae in the part of the deposit nearest to the sohd rock is in the
direction of that rock.

In composition the majority are mostly white sand, cemented only with cal-
careous matter. In the more southerly exposures there are calcareous particles
also, but I have not seen any that are truly oolitic. The complete rounding of

180 JOURNAL, nOMBA t NA TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xlt.

the particles gives the rock that appearance, especially in the deposit near
Kotae; but on examination they appear to be organic fragments, and there
are white specks which consist of little-worn miliolines. These organisms
belong, of course, to the deposit itself ; but the concrete is in the habit of
enclosing what it linds on the spot. Thus at Bhujia Hill it is full of the
fragments of trap that have fallen from the summit ; on the Kas scarp it
encloses the little BuUminus which is now living in the district; and in Bela
it is said to enclose human bones, though it is not stated definitely that the
deposit there was undisturbed.

Such are the facts with which we have to deal in attempting to discover
the origin of these curious deposits. Their constant association with hills,
and their occurrence in the glens, might suggest at first that they are a rain-
wash, more or less transported by rapidly descending water, on account of
their lamination. But this seems impossible. In some cases no doubt the
solid rocks might yield the sand^ but it would be ferruginous, not white, and
such sandstone-rocks would yield very little calcareous matter. But in other
cases there is no sand in the neighbourhood at all. Thus in the Gora Don-
gar all the hills are of limestone, and the deposits are at the very summit.
The same may be said of the deposit in the Jhiirio Hills and in Bela, while
the miliolines at Kotae cannot possibly lie of local derivation. Moreover,
the deposits lie on a great variety of rooks, and yet have an uniform charac-
ter. We may therefore dismiss this explanation.

Another alternative is that they are marine deposits. This would involve a
depression, in quite recent times, of 700 feet or more, and would in no way
account for their peculiar local distribution nor for their lamination. One
might also expect marine shells when delicate Bulimlni and tiny miliolines
have been preserved. But greater than all other difficulties is that of their
loose porous character, 80 far as my experience goes, no deposits that have
been laid down in water are of similar character. The water invariably aids
the particles in packing together at their closest, and with such materials as
these they would form a solid rock.

There remains, so far as I can see, but one other alternative, and that is that
they are seolian in origin, and this will, I think, be found to account for all
their peculiarities. It would need, however, a strong wind to raise sand up
to 700 feet in one place and 560 feet in another, and carry the miliolines
from the nearest sea. We must therefore enquire whether there are such
winds in Cutch.

The Meteorological Office in Simla publishes every day a series of obser-
vations showing, amongst other things, the average rate per hour for the last
24 hours and the direction of the wind at 8 a.m. We cannot gather from

Mr. Wynne [op. cU. p. 103) speaks of a small patch of littoral concrete full of ehell-casta
on the norlhcm side of Patcham, about 20 feet above the Ean ; but he does not classify this
with the "flubrecent" concrete, which he says i-; unfosiliferous

SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS IN CUTCH. 181

this "what was the direction of the wind at other times, for, if the direction
has changed, the time of the change is not recorded ; but, by assuming that
the direction at 8 a.m. is the same as that for 12 hours before and 12 hours
after, we may arrive at a rough estimate of average direction and speed.
Taking the year 1895, and treating the records in this way, it appears that
the air travels at Bhuj, in the various directions, at an average rate of 10^
miles per hour for the whole year. But at the end of this time the air is not
found to have returned upon itself. According to the records, a particle of
air which travelled constantly with the wind would find itself at the end of
the year 06,000 miles to the east and 9,600 miles to the north of its initial
position. These figures of course are merely indicative of general results,
the meaning being that there is, on the whole, a constant passage of air in
one direction, from a little to the south of west, at a rate of 7| miles per
hour.

We shall form, however, a better idea of the action and power of the wind
by examining the records in detail. There were, in the first place, only 40
occasions in the year when there was any east in the wind at all, and the
total velocity of such winds was only 12 i per cent, of that of the westerly
winds. Again, for the greater part of the year the winds are not excessive,
but, out of the 140 days between April 25th and September 11th, no less than
90 days'' gales are recorded, seven of which are specially recorded as dust-
storms. If now we confine ourselves to these dates of gale, we find that the
average velocity was 20 miles per hour, and the average direction about 20"
south of west. The velocity exceeded in six cases ?A) miles per hour. This is an
average for 24 hours, and as gales do not continue to have a constant velocity
for so long, there must have been not infrequent times when the wind was
moving at 40 miles per hour. The complete records for other years I have
not been able to consult; but there is no reason to believe that 1895 had a
maximum of wind, nor are we sure that the present winds as a whole are
equal in intensity to those of some period of the past. We have, therefore,
good reason to believe that there is adequate force available to do the work
required.

Moreover, similar work is now being done, as witness the dust-storms for
which Cutch is famous. As, however, the gales blow from the west, it is
important to know what happens in that direction, and on consulting the
meteorological reports above quoted, we find that there were no fewer than
55 dust-storms recorded at Karachi during 1895, mostly under westerly
winds, and in the other stations next north and north-east of Cutch 53 dust-
storms and 53 dust-hazes, which latter may be taken to mean the transport
of the finer particles of dust. It is obvious, therefore, that the passage of
fine sand, etc., across the country is a widespread phenomenon.

We have evidence also that the sand thus carried travels with great
velocity, for, as shown on p. 456 of the 2nd edition ^_1893) of Blanford and

182 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xll.

Medlicott's " Geology of India," there are in Sind two types of sandhills — one
lying transverse to the prevailing winds and the other parallel to them, the
direction here being about 30° south of west. Now it is only necessary to
study the drifting of snow to see that, while comparatively gentle winds make
transverse drift, the snow that is borne along tumultuously by the wind lies,
when the wind drops, in long straggling lines parallel to the course it has taken.
These longitudinal sand-dunes therefore indicate a great velocity of wind
in the desert north of the Ran, so that we ate not surprised to learn that
some of them, even without the aid of any inclined plane of solid rock below
are able to attain a height of 400 to 500 feet. That the same phenomena
are found in Cutch itself may be <:athered from the fact that, in speaking of
the sand-dunes along the southern coast, Mr, Wynne says that they have a
bearing of about 20° south of west, ^ which is exactly the average direction,
as seen above, of the strongest winds. From personal observation I can only
say that at Mandvi, after the close of the monsoon season, when the sea had
calmed down enough for steamers to call, the wind was constantly blinding
with sand, and the pier was all buried in a dune. That large areas of Cutch
are now covered with still drifting sand is pointed out by Mr. Wynne. -

The cause assigned being thus found adequate for the work, we must next
enquire how far it explains the special phenomena noted above. As it was
the distribution of the deposi+s that suggested the cause, this must be taken
first. Now all the localities may be described as spots where a wind coming
from the west or south would be stopped by an obstacle, or where a shelter-
spot exists in a long scarp. Thus in the Kala Dongar the wind would be
stopped by ?. projecting high land, below Koha Hill by a watershed, below
Bhujia Hill by the hill itself, between Ler and Jadura, and also North-Wes-
tern of Godpur. by projecting dykes, and on the Mandvi road by the Jurassic
escarpments. On the other hand shelter-spots occur above Andhou on the
Gora Dongar, on the flanks of Habo Hills on the Kas scarp, on the south
side of the Jhurio Hills, and at Khedoi on the trap-escarpment. In some
other places, as along the north side of the Katrod Hills, and apparently at
Baukha, the deposit makes no feature on the surface, being level with the
ground, and thus probably fills originally existing hollows. To this latter
catef^ory must also be assigned the various glens in which the deposits less
abundantly occur.

It is thus seen that ihe horizontal distribution is exactly what it ought to
be. In the vertical direction, where the deposits occur at high levels inland,
the main valleys are also high, so that there is not a great difference of level;
but in the case of the Gora Dongar, where the deposits are 560 feet above
the neighbouring Kan, there is a gradual rocky slope all the way, leading up
to the hollow where they lie. In the case of the Kas scarp the west wind

' Mem. Geol. Surv. ludi;i, vol., ix. pt. i. (1872), p. S2. - Ih'id, p. 12.

SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS IN CVTCE. 183

would be hemmed in by lofty hills into a gradually narrowing valley, so tliat
its force would be greatly increased.

The lamination may, at first sight, seem a difficulty in the way of the
proposed explanation, but it is not so. The principal dust-bearing gales
are in the hot season, and these will leave a deposit of sand or calcareous
dust upon any pre-existing surface. Then the succeeding rains, which are
not often so heavy in Cutch as to wash such deposits away, will cement the
particles together at once as they do the flood-deposits along the river-sides.
Thus each lamina will represent a season's work. That the laminai should
dip towards the rock on which the concrete rests, on the side nearest to the
rock, is what we should expect in a wind-blown deposit. For when sand is
blown against an obstacle it is thrown back again, and the wind has to pass
away on either side, so that in such places we always find an intervening
valley between the mound and the obstacle, the surface of the mound thus
sloping towards the obstacle.

The loose porous character of the deposits, as already pointed out, is
against their aqueous origin, but is what we should expect in an seolian
formation only so far subjected to water that it has been rained upon. The
uniformity of general character over a wide area, independently of the rock
below, is thus fully accounted for. The more calcareous composition of the
southern deposits is due to the fact that the materials here are mostly
derived from the sea (hence the miliolines,also), while farther north the dust
is reinforced by the breaking-up of the Jurassic sandstones. The enclosure
of the local rocks and of the local BuUminus is quite natural, the dust finding-
its way into the interstices of whatever was lying on the ground.

{To be continued.)
[From the Journal of the Geological Society.']

184 ' ; , ..

REVIEW.*

By W. F. Sinclair (late i.c.s.).

This volume concludes the series on Indian Vertebrate animals,
begun ten years ago with a half volume on Mammalia, whereof some
of us are already wishing for a new edition or reprint, with a good full
appendix. It deals with " all the game birds, both of land and water,"
using the word " game " in the widest sense ; and if we had had it on
our mess and club tables ( to say nothing of private houses and public
institutions) ten years ago, Mr. Gates' new volume on the same groups
would be coming in handy now as a sort of second edition or successor,
instead of being a very serious competitor in the market. Mr. Blan-
ford however has necessarily much to say about birds never classed as
•' game " in English, especially the Seafowls and Herons, and may be
considered as stepping into the place long and honourably occupied by
the third volume of Jerdon's " Birds of India." This must now go " on
the shelf " with the " good-bye " due to a retiring veteran " full of
years and honours."

Like that volume, the present begins with the pigeons and doves,
taken as an order by themselves, of which all the Indian genera
are put into one family, Columhidce, with six subfamilies of admittedly
doubtful value. The first are the green pigeons, Crocopus chlorogaster
and C. phoinicopterusj of which the former is our Bombay Harial or
Pisawa. The Burmese C, viridifrons is treated as only the most
marked form of the latter. The years since Jerdon wrote do not seem
to have furnished any confirmation of his observation that these birds
come to rivers to drink ; and the practice must be very uncommon,
occurring perhaps only when they happen to be on a less juicy diet
than usual, or on some rare occasion of place or climate.

In the next genus, Osmotrerov, we seem to have only one bird, the
grey fronted green pigeon, 0. ujjinis, This has been hitherto gene-
rally called 0. malaharica ; but both the specific names are Jerdon's,
and the former the oldest. It is not very well known to Bombay
sportsmen, and the native shikaris scarcely distinguish it from the

" The Fauna of British lucha, 'including Ceylon and Burma. " Published under the autho-
rity of the Score ary of State for India in Council. Edited by W. T. Blanford, F.R.g.,
"Birds," Vol. IV, 1898.

REVIEW. 185

" Pisawa." But it is smaller, and has red legs instead of yellow, easily
distinguished by a field-glass ; and these are distinctions that the better
ot them can make out, when a description of shades of plumage is useless.
Mr. Blant'ord gives the habitat as '" forests of the Malabar Coast from
the neighbourhood of Bombay to Cajie Comorin." What brings
Bombay into the Malabar Coast is not clear. But I have a note of one
shot in my presence in the police lines of Alibag on the 20th July^
1690 ; out of a flock. Jerdon's other localities are shown in a note to
be doubtfid, and saem not to have been confirmed by any other
observer. I suspect the species to occur along the Western Ghats,
right up to the Kondai Bari, where I saw something like this bird
myself, and heard of the like from others. But no specimens were
secured in my time (1873).

There seems to be doubt about the representation in our pro-
vince of the Imperial Pigeons or Carpophagince. The records of
Carpopliaga aenea, the green imperial pigeon, do not carry it north
of Kanara with any certainty. There is some large wood-pigeon
in ihe Tanna and Kolaba forests, with a very loud call. The late
Mr. George Gibson reported it to me from Tungar ; and 1 have
heard it in many ]>l:ices, and once had a good chance of watching a
pair on the forest plateau of Landur, near Rohe, Kolaba Di-strict, 19th
February, 1888. The natives called them Ghh-ti As they were
evidently shy, and I wanted to make sure of the call, I took the field-
glass to them instead of sacrificing the observatioji to a chance of a
shot. The call was almost a hoot. I took them for Alsocomus, Jerdon's
elpJiinstomi, the wood-pigeon or imperial pigeon of ilie Nilgiris.
Mr. Blanford puts it in the sub-family Co/i</?i6mce ; but its habits are
adjnittedly much the same as those of the last bird : and I suspect some
confusion between them in the forest, where the colours are not always
easy to observ-e, and the observer is often hampered by public duty, or
by the chase of larger gam*^. If the Ghiirti turns out to be
A. elplunstonii, Mr. Blanford's northern limit of Mahableshwar will bo.
stretched by a couple of degrees of latitude ; and it seems to be rather
the business of our Society to get at the truth about such very hand-
some neighbours. Ducnla ciijirea may occur in the Tanna and
Kolaba forests. It is an unlucky thing that all three birds have red
legs, so that the difficulty of identifying perching specimens with the
24

186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

field-c^kss is very great. Yen do not often get a good view of the beak
with glasses, except in the case of such large birds us the herons. If
you can see the bird he can see you, and probably looks straight at you.

The probable confusion of the " Nilgii-i Impei-ial Pigeon " with the
two true " Imperial Pigeons" mentioned has brought him into notice
somewhat before his turn and in advance of the " very ill-defined " sub-
foniily of Phabince. Of these we have the " Bronze-winged" cr Emerald
Dove, which in Mr. Blanford's phrase occurs in " forests near the Malabar
Coast to the neighbourhood of Bombay." I should not be surpri.*ed to
hear of it almost to the Tapti. It is certainly confused by natives of the
cultivated lands, and by some Eurf>peans, with Osmotreron affinis. Both
have red legs, and they are to be seen in each other's neighbourhood.
But the Bronze-wing, as might be expected, is of a rather dark metal-
lic-green, a rather solitary bird io its ways ; and a frequenter of the
ground and of rather low vegetation, especially bamboo jungles and
even gardens. The other bird's tints are soft and leafy. It is seldom
seen alone, seldom, if ever, on the ground or on small trees or bamboos,
and it whistles, while the Bronze- wing coos. Neither is often shot — and
so much the better — so these hints may come in useful for identifying
the living wild birds.

We have two " Blue Socks"—

(fl) the European C. livia in Sind, only distinguished by having
a-ather a white " back-band " than a white " coat-tail " as in
Europe ;
(b) the Indian Blue Rock, whose coat-tails are grey j all over the
Province and Peninsula.

A small stock-dove, C. eversmanni, visits Smd in winter. Our
turtle-doves are so familiar as hardly to reqnii-e notice here.

If any reader has seen any of the pigeons or doves eating winged
white-ants or locusis, a note would be of interest. At present there
seems to be little evidence of their using any animal-food at all ; but
few birds can withstand those temptations.

( To he continued.^

187

INDIAN WILD CATTLE: THE TSINE AND THE GAUR
(MISCALLED BISON),

Yery little is known of the Tsine (Bos sand-aictis), and any detailed account
of it must be interesting to all zoologists. The account given by naturalists
of the Indian wild cattle is very meagre, for very few of them have been
personally acquainted with these beasts in their wild state. I have no preten-
sions to be considered a scientific naturalist, for I know nothing vi anatomy,
and very little on the subject of species, genera, &c. But I have observed to
ihe best of my opportunities, and havinw been a fairly successful sportsman,
I trust I may be excused for otifering the following observations. Tsine are
certainly kittle cattle. During thirteen years' wanderings in Burma I only suc-
ceeded in killing three bulls and two cows, and four of them only just before
I left India. I agree with Dr. Wood's description and remarks, with the
•exception that I never saw the warts he mentions, and that those killed by me
had the whitish rings round the eyes. Can there be two varieties ? Mine were
shot at the foot of the Yomas on the Sittang side. The bulla also were of a
•deep red, but I have seen them in the distance almost as dark as a middle-aged
gaur {Bos gaurus), that is coffee-coloured, but never could get at them ; nor
did I notice the "thickened portion of skin devoid of hair and of a gre_\ish-
black colour, the general surface smooth, but in patches Very warty, like the
skin of a rhinoceros." Could this have been caused by the animal rubbing
bis forehead to get rid of parasites, as all sambur have in May a bare spot
about the size of a shilling on the neck, caused, the Burmese said, by their
rubbing it on fallen trunks to rid themselves of parasitic pests. There is
a dorsal ridge of course as in the other wild cattle, but not nearly sa
pronounced as in the gaur or gayal and not more than in the wild buffalo.
Mr. Carter, a well-l<nown naturalist and sportsman ('* om«othbore"" of Tltt
Field) wrote as fallows : —

•' Colonel Pollok when referring to the tsine says that it has a slight dew-
Jap, which is not always apparent''; whilst Jerdon, writing of the same animal-
says " it resembles the gaur more than the gayal, and it wants the dewlap."

I do not think Jerdon had ever seen a tsine. I can ^ee no resemblance
between a tsine and a gaur, but a very great one, especially at a distance
between the gaur and the.gayiil, I am glad to see that the doctor says the
bull he shot had a slight dewlap, about three inches in its greatest breadth.
But whilst his bulls were wanting in the white patches on the buttocks,
anine had them very distinctly. The bulls are certainly savage, and attacc
most pluckily after being wounded, at least mine did. The first and only
tone I shot for years was in company with Captain Hill (now Governor of
H.M.'s Jail, Manchester), and he came at us with a will, but had no chance
as Hill used a breech-loading rifle of mine, and I had two heavy two-grooved
No, ly bore riHcs by Joseph Lang.

183 JOURS AL, BOM DA Y XATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

The Gauk {Bos^ gaurmj.

This wild bull is found not only in Southern India and the Tir.ns-G angelic-
provinces, but it hiis been shot at the foot of the Himalaya mountains, usually
called the Terai. I have seen splendid heads brought down from theMishmee
hills. There are thirteen pairs of ribs. The chest is broad, the shoulder
deep and muscular, and the forelegs short with the joints very short and
fitrong,thearm exceedingly large and muscular. The skin on the neck, shoul-
ders and thighs is very thick— about two inches — and is very valuable for the
soles of shooting-boots.

Many old bulls have so little h?ar that they appear as if they ha,d been
shaved. When the bull arrives at maturity, which is at about six or seven
years, rings begin to form at the base of the horns; and, it is said, one is
added eich year ; if so, I must ha^e s;hot bulls thirty-five or forty years of age.
They prefer hilly ranges with flat table-land at top, at an altitude of about
2,500ft. ; but they have been killed up to 5,0C0 ft. and traced up eveniiigher.
They are wonderfully active animals for their size and bulk. They browse
on young bamboo shoots, and are also fond of grazing on the young grass
which springs up after the annual fires. They retire during the heat of the
day either to forests, or force their way into heavy patches of long elephant-
grass, and lie there to escape the gadflies, which otherwise torment them
dreadfully. As a rule they are inoffensive, but a solitary bull has been known
to charge without provocation ,• if closely followed, allgaur are Hpt to prove
pugnacious. They are not difficult to kill ; a bullet well placed behind the
shoulder, in the middle of the shoulder, or behind the ear, or a I'aking shot
forward, will account for one. I have known one paralyzed by a shot through
the dorsal ridge. When alarmed, their enormous strength and weight enable
them to crash through tree and bamboo jungle as if they were but reeds. I
have knowu them when alarmed to snort and stamp with their feet before
retiring. The tongue and marrow-bones are unexceptionable ; the only por-
tion of the beast fit to eat by Europeans is the middle layer on either side of
the dorsal side, just below the hump ; the tail makes very good ox-taii soup.

Mr. Sanderson shot a gaur in Assam and as its name and that of the gayal
is " Mithun " he came to the conclusion that there were no wild gayal ; but
although " Mithun "' is usually applied to both the gaur and gayal, yet, if
pressed, the people will own to an "Asseel Mithun," or true gaur, and a " iVlith-
un",or bastard gaur, the gayal. In a natural history lately published,* it
has been asserted that the gaur has been tamed, and that they are kept in
captivity by natives on our North-Eastern Frontier; but this is altogether
erroneous. The very old bulls are either driven away from the herds, or
retire and become solitaires, and are the best worth shooting ; but they are

* " The Boyal Natural Histdry " was evidently misled by Mr. Sanderson. Aliliough a gayal at a
distance looks very like a gaur, the heads arc totally dissimilar; the gaur's has a Bcmi-cyllndrical
ei est and a concave forehead ; the guyal I'Osses.-es neither.

IXDIAX WILD CATTLE. 189

wary and difficult to get at. Other conditions being favourable, wherever
there are salt-licks, that is, depressions where a whitish clay impregnated with
natron is found, these wild caiule, deer, and even the felidce ■\\ill abound. It
is the gayal that are in captivity, and not the gaur. When I first went to
Burma I wrote to Mr. Blyih, the Curator of the museum in Calcutta, that
the Burmese gaur appeared to me to be larger, and to difffr somewhat from
the Indian; but he wrote back I must be mistaken, as the gayal took its place
in that country, the true gaur being absent. However, I was soon able to
correct him by sending him heads, and hs he shortly after visited the province
he convinced himself that I was right, and wrote that, not only were there
the true gaur in the cnuntry, but that the skulls and horns were superior to
those from Southern lndi;i. I pointed out to " Smoothbore," many years ago
that there were two distinct varieties of this wild bull ; but he was incredulous
until he visited Calcutta and spoke to Dr. Anderson, who said, " Pollok is
quite right ; here are skulls of both." The discrepancies may be due to cli-
matic influences and abundance of food; undoubtedly the gaur of Burma and
of our Nortb-Eastern Frontier are larger than the Indian. I have shot a
bull within an ace of 21 hands at the shoulder, and General Blake, an old
sportsman, shot a cow 19 hands, wheieas the largest bull killed by him in
India was of the same size, and the largest he ever saw killed in the Wynaad
but two inches higher. Even in India gaur vary, those of the Western Ghats
being larger, and with a profile like a ram, in that respect resembling their
Burmese brethren. Not only does the Burmese gaur stand higher, but the
dorsal ridye extends further back to within a span of the croup, the dent in
the forehead is deeper, the cylindric crest higher, the horns larger, heavier
and more truncated, and but stldom worn at the tips as in the Indian. I
fancy food is so plentiful they have no need to grub up roots. The heads of
the females are, if anything, longer than those of the males, and the nose ia
more arched.

Those in the Xorthern Circars of the Madras Presidency, where I shot a
great many, have, comparatively speaking, shorter heads and less of the ram
look, the dorsal ridge terminating about the middle of the back. Then, too
there is the dewlap. Has the gaur one or not ? Up to a few years ago the
opinion was — not. But the question cropped up about two years ago. Mr.
Bartlett, the late Superintendent of the " Zoo," wrote that the one. that lived
in the gardens had a well-developed one. Elliot, Jerdon, Campbell, Stern-
dale, all said he had none, and I too was of that opinion ; but " Smoothbore "
writes: "A planter of many years' experience in Travancore, and a keen
observant sportsman, states that in some examples the gaur have scarcely
any dewlap and that in others it is strongly developed. So marked is this
dirTerence that the natives divide them into two castes, calling one 'Katu
Madoo,' or Jungle Cow, and the other 'Katerimy,' or Jungle Buffalo. He has
shot old bulls with at least six inches of skin h-mgi-^g clear of the chest acd

190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL JJLSTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Nil.

throat. This seems extraordinary when mturalistH have mostly described
the gaur as having little or no dewlap. Dewlap originally meant the loose
fold descending from the chest, which, when the animal was grazing, swept
the dew: thus, in 'Midsummer Night's Dream,' hounds are described as 'dew-
lapped, like Thessalian bulls'; but in the humped Indian cattle the fold
extends from the throat downwards, and in the Mysore draught bullocks and
in the Brahmini bulls is enormous, whilst in the ordinary village cattle the
development is small."

The following notes on the gaur will be interesting to most readers. Mr.
A. F. Martin, of Travancore. writes : —

" When the Kaunan Devan hills in North Travancore were opened out for
tea and cinchona some years ago, the felling of the tea forest restricted the
wild beasts, particularly the elephants and bison, when passing across the
estate, to one or two pathways. One particular track was however left to
them for about ten years, when further cultivation led at last to the blocking
up of even this right of way. The animals were at first much puzzled, and
both elephants and gaur took to wandering about the cultivation. The
elephants accommodated themselves to the altered conditions and used the
estate paths. The gaur, more suspicious, took a straight line for their
grazing-grounds over the rotten felled timber and through the older cinchona
plantations, but were often brought up by the sight of whitewashed walls
surmounted by a corrugated iron roof.

" At last they settled down to a pathway between the old cinchona and
natural belt left between it and the new clearing,

" A pit 10 ft. long, 8 ft. wide and 8 ft. deep was dug on the boundary,
covered with a mat made of reeds and bamboos, over which earth and dry
leaves were scattered. The smell of the fresh earth however turned them
off. Once a gaur got his lore feet down the side of the pit, but made a
bold jump and cleared it.

"After some months the tracks of a large herd were found making for the
pit, and it turned out that a gaur had fallen in but managed to jump clean
out again. It was evident that 8 ft. was not deep enough, and rock in the
bottom prevented its being sunk deeper. Another pit was therefore dug
some distance away on the same boundary. The ground was on the side of a
steep hill, so that whilst the lower wall was 10 ft, the upper was 14 ft. deep.

" After a while a cow-gaur fell in, but whilst Mr. Martin was watching her
and waiting for coolies to help in putting logs across the pit she managed
to scramble out, ;ind although she followed the path to the old pit, she
avoided it and escaped. Two days afterwards a bull fell in and was secured,
Mr. Martin describes the trouble they had with this huge animal. Getting
logs across the top of the pit, with the gaur charging madly about, was
exciting work, and the feat was successfully accomplished only after the
utmost difticultv and dau'jer.

INDIAN WILD CATTLE. 191

«'The appearance of any one near the pit always caused a furious demon-
stration on the part of the gaur, who dug big caves in the side of the pit with
his horns, and thus an approach to the edge was rendered dangerous. In
ten days' time he had become somewhat tame. He tossed about the grass
thrown in to him, and trampled it into the mnd, eating but a small quantity,
Eis only drink was water poured into the pit, and which collected in the
holes he had made in the mud with his feet. Matters were very little
improved by having bundles of grass lowered by a long piece of cane fastened
round, for he charged them furiously, and got a lot of the grass on the
ground only to trample it into the mud,

" By degrees he began to eat more and to throw less about. Water was a
great difficulty ; any attempt, too, at lowering a bucket to him was futile,
and only ended in the bucket being flattened out.

" It became imperative therefore to get him out of the pit. To attain
this end a stockade, about 30 feet square, was made round the pit
consisting of stout poles, 15 feet high at the lower, and 10 feet high on
the higher part of the ground. They were each sunk about 3 feet in the
ground, 18 inches apart, and lashed together with cross-sticks and
fibre, and formed an almost solid wall. A sheet-iron trough was fixed in
one corner. When complete, large quantities of brushwood, ferns, and grass
were thrown into the pic, until by degrees it became half full and the gaur
was enabled to jump out. His first act was to charge the corner whence he
was being watched, but the only harm done was to himself, his frontal ridge
being slightly cut. His attention was then attracted by the water-trough
which he knocked about considerably, but finding the water he took one good
long drink before finally knocking it to pieces. During his examination cf
his new quarters he once more fell into the pit, and this enabled us to repair
damages ; but before they were quite completed he jumped out again and
caused a general stampede. Having twice hurt his head against the stockade
he never again made any attempt to test its strength. The sheet-iron trough
seemed to annoy him more than anything else, and was soon rendered useless,
A three-cornered wooden trough was then inserted in a corner and protected
by stout poles across the corner of the stockade, and this having been satis-
factorily arranged the gaur soon became comparatively tame. He allowed
the measurements of his horns to be accurately taken, through a window
left in the stockade, and very fine horns they were too, measuring 34^ inches
across from outside to outside of sweep. Although the pit was filled up
level with the ground, his previous experience led him to conclude that it
was dangerous and he never crossed it. The result was that the narrow
space between the pit and the stockade became ploughed up, and he was
up to his hocks in mud. It therefore became necessary to enlarge the
enclosure for about 100 yards in length, taking a bit of jungle in for
shelter and a small ravine which would hold water, A small shed was
erected with sliding bars on the outside and inside with a view of introducing

192 JOrRNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Yol. X/T.

a domestic cow ns a companion, so that, if lie approved of her, she might be
let into the stockade.

" He took to his new quarters very kindly, and soon got to know that grass
was left for him at the inner gate of the shed. In a short time it was found
that he liked having his nose and head rubbed, and licked the clothes of the
person who rubbed him. Betook salt from the hand, but did cot at first
seem to care about it, probably because it was not mixed with earth as in salt
licks which he was accustomed to, spitting it out if he got too much in his
mouth at one time. After two months he became quite tame, and permitted
his captor to come into the enclosure, not even moving if he happened to be
lying down. After the third month he began to shed his hair, and liked it
rubbed off with a wisp of grass, allowing the operator to sit on him whilst
cleaning him ; but he did not like his hind legs or tail to be touched, kicking
out as if he were tickled when this was done.

"After four months a domestic cow was put into the shed, and the two
ate from the same bundle of grass, oue on the outside and the other from the
inside of the shed. When the cow was let into the stockade, neither of the
animals took any notice of the other, so the cow was taken out. Although
so tame with a European, the praur would never allow a native to come near
him ; and it was unsafe to be in the enclosure if a native came anywhere near^
as the bull would jump up, snort, and rush about the place in a very excited
manner. The cost of bringing grass for him (of which he ate 2 cwt. per diem)
was so considerable that it was thought advisable to put a ring through his
nose and have him led out to graze with the domestic cattle. A rope was tied
round his horns, and his head securely fastened between two bars of the
stockade ; it would then have been easy to ring his nose from the outside, and
it is a thousand pities that this was not done. His terror was however so
great that the attempt was given up for that day, and it was settled to postpone
the operation until he had become accustomed to have his head tied up. Alas !
as will be seen, the glorious golden opportunity was lost in this wise : —

" It will be remembered that there was a shed in one corner of the stock-
ade built with a view of introducing a domestic cow to bear the gaur com-
pany. In this shed was kept guinea-grass to be given to him in the mornings.
One night however he thought he would prefer having this grass, of which he
was inordinately fond, without waiting for daybreak. lie managed to push
aside one of the sliding bars of the gate, break a lower one down, and raise
the top bar sufficiently for himself to get through. He ate the bundle of
o-uinea-gtass, and when this was finished he repeated the performance with
the outer bars of the shed and walked out to freedom. We are all wise after
the event; but it was great carelessness in not pinning the bars as is done in-
all well-managed stables in India. If this plan had been adopted, this m-ngni-
ficent animal, 18 hands 1^ in fair vertical height, might by this time be
enriching the 'Zoo,' where nothing but a miserable two-year old calf has
ever been exhibited."

INDIAN WILD CATTLE.

193

From one cause or other, no two observers agree as to the colour of a gaur,
Mr. Martin's notes on this adult bull are therefore interesting and instruc-
tive : —

" SJatey grey on the dorsal ridge, deepening to intense on the sides and
shoulders ; coffee-browu on the hind quarters, turning to bhick on the flanks;
hoofs white ; legs white to two inches above the knees and hocks on the
outside, and to one inch above the knee and hocks on the inside ; hair inside
the thiglis and armpits bright chestnut ; neck black with a large dewlap, cov-
ered with coarse black liair hanging down to a little below the level of the
knees ; head, frontal ridge, slatey grey, black down the front and sides of the
face ; the muzzle bare and dark slate. Colour of the iris of the eye mottled
light brown ; pupil slatey blue. But these dififer in colour in accordance with
age, the very old being b.r.ck, v^ith the exception of the stockings and fore-
head, which are dirty white."

In another instance a large bull gaur was caught in an elephant-pit on the
Annemallie Hills, and this animal took water freely from a bamboo spout.
The gentleman who caught it, not being in a position to keep and tame the
bull, released it ; but it was ungrateful and resented its capture by charging
down on its captor whilst the latter was taking its photograph as it emerged
from the pit, and he had to fly ignominiously ; but not before lie succeeded in
photographing the animal.

Whether the gaur would interbreed with tame cows like the gayaj remains

to be proved ; but I see no reason why it should not, I believe that there are

hybrids on the continent between the Java variety of tsine and tame cattle ;

but I do not think a tsine has ever been on show in our Zoological Gardens.

Measttbements op an Indian Bitll and a Bukmese Bull and Cow Gaur.

Indian

Burmese.

1

2

3

Bull.

Bull.

Cow.

Hnd. in.

Hnd. in.

Hud. in.

Height at shoulder

11) Oi

•20 3i

1 '.) c

Height at croup

IS

in r

18 Oi

Ft. in.

Ft. in.

Ft. in.

Girth behind shoulder

7 1(1

8 C

7 6

Tail and tuft

3 3i

3 U

3 3

Snout to crown of forehead

2 'M

2 3i

2 4

Length of ears

o'

1 1

1 Oi

„ fore hoof

8-1

8i

7|

Horns (outside curve) each

2 Ci

3 1

2 1

Terminal between the lips

2 7*

3 4

I !)

Girfh of horn at base

] <;

1 11

1 5

Nape to root of tail, straight

7 bh

7 1^

<> lOi

Girth of fore leg near chesi

•2 U

3 Ui

2 4

Total length from upper lip over forehead to tip of tail, \

14

• 1

14

13 3

following curve c f hump and dorsal ridge. j

The ears of No. 1 werp much torn and split, and the tips of the horns had disappeared
altogether. Those of 2\os. 2 and 3 were perfect, as were their horns also,

(C-Ionel Pollok in « The ZooJoghtr)
23

194

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS,

Thk Bahmin.
By Fred. Ord. G-adsden.
Out here in Indian waters — and by Indian waters I must always (^except
when otherwise distinctly stated) be understood to be referring to salt waters —
there is one fish that stands pre-sminently forward as a real good sporting
fish. I refer to the Bahmin (^Polymmus tftradactyhis), and yet, though there
are many men out here who call themselves fishermen, hardly one in a
thousand has ever heard of him. Thomas in that most delightful bciok of
his " The Rod in India" speaks very highly of him, and regrets that
personally he knew so little of him. One of Thomas's correspondents
remarks sorrowfully that " Bahmin eat a surprising amount of tackle." This
is exactly what they will do if allowed.

And now for the fish himself. To begin with, his appearance is magnifi-
cent ; a large-scaled game-looking fish, he strikes one as being something of a
cross between a salmon and an English sea-bass ; more handsome than the
latter, without being quite so aristocratic-looking as the former.

Other fish have been given the high-sounding title of the Indian salmon ;
ujs., mahseer, seer-fish, and even the nairor "Cock-up,'' I have heard so
called ; but in my opinion, if there be an Indian salmon, it is the Bahmin,
Beautiful silvery scales, large strong wide-spread tail, powerful dorsal and
pectoral fins, with a most marvellously lovely sheen of flesh pink, silver and
olive-green tints in his scales ; he is, in fact, when just landed, " a sight and
a perfect picture for sore eyes,"

He lives in the sea, but seems to be very fond of running up the estuaries
partly for his food-supply and partly, I fancy, because like his prototype the
Salmo salar, he cannot do without just a taste of fresh or rather brackish
water. He is found all up and down the Malabar and Coromandel coasts.
Thomas refers in his book to several places, such as the backwaters at
Caunanore, Calicut, Mahi, and Tellichcrry and elsewhere ; and I have found
them, besides at these places, at Paumben, the backwaters off Negapatam,
Masulipatam, in nearly all the Bur man estuaries and notably in Akyab,
Good as most of these places are, not one of them, to use a common
expression, can hold a candle to Bombay Harbour,

All who know the latter place will know that numberless creeks
and small rivers empty themselves into the upper waters of this
magnificent harbour, and that these creeks are full of shrimps, prawns and
fry of several sorts of estuary fish. On these our friend feeds, and daily he
takes a run in on the flood tide and levies toll. It is a little diflicult for the
average man to get away from business and it is a long sail or pull to get
to these creeks, and if it were not that there exists one spot in the entrance
to Bombay Harbour where these fish seem daily to collect, one might never
get a chance at them at all. But an all-wise and merciful Providence has or-

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS. 195

dained that these shoals or packs of ravenous monsters shall collect, probably to
compare notes, on this one given spot ; and as this is fairly accessible, anyone
" in the know " and given to the gentle art, who cares to time himself and
appears at the rendezvous, will generally find that he has hit off a rea
soft thing ; and here, before going any further, I may state a curious fact
the reason for which I have never been able to solve. For the upper waters
of the harbour, at flood tide seems to be the best ; in the lower reach, to
which I have first referred, nothing can ever be got on the flood tide, and
the best time is invariably from quarter to three quarters ebb, I feel con-
vinced that the conformation of the bottom and the set of the tide have
something to do with this, probably in the distribution of their food-supply.
Such is however the fact.

In size they run from 3jlbs. to 14 lbs. Day, in his '' Fishes of India," says
that they run from 25 lbs. to 30 lbs., and on one or two occasions I have
seen natives with even heavier fish in their possession ; but they had
always been caught far out in the deeper waters and in nets. A 3^,-lb. fish
is looked upon as small ; but one very rarely comes across them more than
15 lbs. I have fished for them pretty constantly, off and on, for about 18
years, not only in Bombay, but up and down both coasts, and the largest
I have ever managed to land was 18f lbs. : next to that I got one 14;! lbs.;
then I dropped down to the common or garden weight of from 5 lbs. to
12 lbs. ; but they must not be despised because they do not run larger. A
Bahrain in good order and condition fights as hard, and partly owing to the
very heavy water in which he is always taken he is as hard to kill, as a
salmon nearly double his nominal weight, and he fights game to the very last.

Having thus described our friend, and but faintly done him justice, let us
now discuss the best means of catching him. The natives of course have
their own ways — nets, traps, &c. — but these I do not propose to discuss. As
he is a real gentleman, there is only one right and proper way of going for
him — I mean with a rod and line — and I have found that ordinary heavy
pike or salmon tackle will generally hold him.

Some years ago I used to fish with an 18 feet English-built salmon rod
with a short stiff top. I discarded that rod later on, as I found it difficult
to bring a large fish alongside the boat with so long a rod, I had built some
two years ago, by Farlow, a rod which, when I ordered it, I said must be
powerful enough to give me command over a 401b, fish, and yet supple
enough to allow me to spin. I told them at the time it was for boat work
and the result was a rod which I always maintain cannot be matched for the
class of work for which I use it. It is some 12 feet 3 inches in length, green-
hart throughout, fitted with bridge and snake-rings, and the top with .Jones'
patent roller end. It is of the very best material, and springs in one's hand
like a piece of tempered steel ; and I have now accounted for large numbers
of Bahrain and other fish (one being 73 lb. weight) with it, and it shows no

106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BISTORT SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

signs of stress. I keep also by me two other rods — one a 16 feet spliced
salmon rod, also by Farlow, fitted with long and short tops, which I have
only lately got, but which is quite as good as my other rod, only being
longer is not quite so handy. This rod I use for the spoon or spinning
bait, mostly keeping the first-mentioned rod for the prawn. The other
is a small trouting rod of the Bickerdyke pattern, by Walbran, of Leeds, and
I seldom use it for Bahmin, keeping it more es^pecially.for dapping, or, if you
like, dry fly-fishing for garfish with a live cockroach, of wliich more anon
some other day.

The reel may be either a Nottingham, or some modified Nottingham
pattern, such as the Bickerdyke sea reel; but the reel I generally use and am
fondest of is a heavy 5 inch narrow bronze reel, by Patstone, of Southampton,
and on it I carry some 209 to 220 yards of Manchester ('otton Spinning
Companies IG-plait Egyptian brown dressing. I have also 150 yards of plain
Derby silk twist, but I consider it too good for every-day use, and as I should
find some difficulty in renewing it out here, I keep that more for high days
and holidays. The bait may be prawn, small mullet, or what is called out
here " bomalo " fish, better known as Bombay duck.

But generally Bahmin are not particular, and they will very often take
an ordinary spoon or bright metal spinning bait as well as the natural ; and
on one occasion, when fishing from a boat, I had out three rods — one with
prawn, one with metal spoon, while I fly-fished over the pair of them with
a medium salmon-sized smoky dum, when almost simultaneously I had a
run on every rod and, sad to relate, I lost the lot. On another occasion
almost the same thing happened, three rods in use, a fish came one after
another, the smaller of the three taking the fly first, and by good luck I col-
lared the trio. Weights, 3|- lbs., 11 lbs., and 11| lbs., the latter a pair of
beauties.

About the best flight there are many opinions. I used always at one time
to use gimp with pike flights, but I came to the conclusion that the simpler
the gear the better. From that I went to gimp and ordinary prawn tackles
with the needle ; but one serious objection to this is that powerful fish
crunch up ordinary English triangles, and the needles seem somehow to
get in the way before the hooks have secured a proper hold— at least that
is my opinion ; and I can offer no other explanation for the number of
misses I experienced when using this tackle. Gimp alr>o has the fatal habit of
very quickly deteriorating in this country ; and even new gimp, after being
used once or twice in salt water, is utterly unreliable, and more especially so
because in the monsoon season on this coast (when the fishing is at its best)
and nearly all the year round on the Madras side, the climate and atmos-
plicre are more like that of a very hot and damp green-house than any-
thing else, and it is well-nigh impossible ever to get the gimp dry after
use, and the consequent deterioration is startingly rapid. All these causes
combined led me to discontinue its use, and I now never use it at all.

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS. 197

My traces, which I spin up myself, are of two sorts. One is four-stranded,
made of 28 or 29 S, W. G. special soft brass wire spun up in five feet lengths,
at the end nearest the line I have attached a buckle swivel and at the lower
end an ordinary box swdvel ; I then cut the trace in the middle, and insert a
swivel lead of from H oz. to 2 oz. weight, according to the size and strength of
water. Below the lower swivel I twist in one single strand of brass wire,
about G inches in length, usually 19 or 21 S, W. G., and at the end of this
piece of wire comes a 4-4/0 to 7-7/0 Limerick bend hook, and on this
hook the prawn.

The reason of the larger ^ire next the hook is that on account of its size
it is stiffer, and as the hook is inserted as low down in the prawn as possible,
the wire is available to tie the prawn up to, which I always do with some red
cotton. The prawn keeps in good order longer this way, and is kept straight
and looks more natural, and as the hook is low down, the fish is unable to get
even the slightest taste of what it looks upon as a real bonne-bouche with-
out getting the hook in its mouth.

I think this tackle the best that can be used and the percentage of misses
with it are reduced to a minimum. Looking through notes, and harking back
to good days, 1 find that I seldom lose now more than one fish for every six
to seven fish landed. Some Bahmin, and those the heaviest, rim deep and
strong ; but the lighter and smaller fish are very much given to plunging and
jumping, and a large percentage of these latter are lost. One additional
advantage of this tackle is there is nothing to spoil or rust. All the trace is
made of brass throughout, and so are the swivels, &c. The only thing is
the hook and that one can afPord to discard when worn or rusty.

I mentioned further back that my traces were of two sorts. The one
I have described ; the other is a modification of this. The length
and the general arrangements are the same, only that in this case I use
six strands of a much smaller-sized wire. No. 35 S. W. G., if I can get
it, is what I like. It makes a beautifully elastic and flexible trace, free from
all liability to kink ; and provided I could always get the size and quality
I like, which is not easy, I would myself never use any other. These traces
are suitable for nearly all sorts of general sea-fishing out here. There are
tiroes however, such as when one goes dapping for garfish, when gut, and fine
gut at that, must be used, and about which I may write some account on a
future occasion.

I have spoken of the Bahmin as a most voracious and ravenous fish, and
when he is about, you are not left long in doubt as to his intentions. He
anpears to be always in a violent and cast-iron hurry, rushing about all over
the place, and causing the smaller fish and fry to jump and fly about. One
of the first and surest signs of his presence is the jumping about of the
small razor fish, and if you have had no sport up till then, when you see this
you may cheer up, for your friend is not far away. He is, when hooked

198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

the most determined brute, and will fight till the last gasp for his life, and to
illustrate this trait in his character I will, with your permission, relate a true
story.

An old friend of mine, a Captain F- , was out with me one day. He was

a very keen angler and though the Bahmin gave him every chance, on that
occasion he did not manage to creel a single fish. When he came back in the
evening he was asked by a guest at dinner how it was that he had got none,
and this was how he explained it. He related in the most vivid manner, and
with the greatest detail, how he had struck and hooked a monster, and also
how he had run him up and down for I don't know how long, and
proceeded to say how, on one occasion, when he had ne irly got the iish into
his landing-net, the fish opened its mouth, and showed him very plainly
the hook, right deeply embedded in its tongue (Bahmin, by the way,
have no tongue proper), and then ruslied off and cavorted about again afresh.
Things however came to a pass eventually, and my friend led his fish up
to the net once more, this time quite certain of victory, when according to
his narrative," hey presto! " the Bahmin opened its mouth, and, showing the
hook in its tongue once more, winked his left optic and, deliberately biting
off his own tongue, left it on the hook for my friend to land, and swam

away.

The look of surprise on the guest's face when he heard his explanation
can be better imagined than described. Whether he believed him or net
I do not know, but I do not think he ever asked him again as to the cause
of his non-success.

On the Coromandel Coast, where there are numberless creeks and
backwaters, which are nearly dry every low water, they seem to run in and
out every tide all the year round, and almost invariably begin to run
very shortly after the tide has made. On both sides of these backwaters
for the most part, there are extensive mud flats, swarming with prawns
and small deer of sorts, and the fish are on these as soon as ever there is
water to float them. They work upwards and onwards until they
have satisfied their hunger, and then rusli back to the sea, knowing full well
that if they did not when the water receded in many parts, they would be
left high and dry ; and therefore, if it is intended to fish these backwaters,
the thinf is to be there by low water, as near the bar out to sea as possible
and wait there for their appearance. Should they show up, as in nine cases
out of ten they will, offer them the prawn at once, right slap on the nose if
you can, and watch and follow them up.

They will generally be found to be advancing a little slower than the tide
is making. You must lose no time and must give very little law. Remem-
ber that at the outside you will have only about three hours at the most, and
you must do all you can in that time ; else, as the creeks fill up and get
bigger, you will loose touch with them. This is the general rule with the

FISHING IN INDIAN WA TEIiS. 1 09

small estuaries and creeks. I remember one day in February, 1893, getting
such a chance as I had never had before or am likely to get again. I had
landed on purpose at dead low water at the bar of one of these creeks,
close to Negapatam, and had no sooner got my gear together than the run
began.

For about three-and-a-half mortal hours I did nothing but tussle with
fish, every throw was accepted and I verily believe that day that they
would have run at a bajj; of scupper nads. As each successive fish was
hooked, I hung on for dear life till the shoal had passed on ; I then played
and landed the fish as quickly as I could, and then hurried on as best I
could over the half sandy and half muddy foreshore till I came up with
the shoal again, and again and again took toll. And so the game went on.

It was a frightful hot day with the burning sun. and my arms were like
to drop by my side ; but I could not resist the excitement, and the native
boatmen from the ship, who had landed with me, seemed to enjoy the fun.

After going on like this for '6-g hours, I was stopped from following them
further by a lai"ge cross creek, which we could not cross as the tide by that
time was too high, and though very tired and very thirsty, I had to turn
back. Not another fish did I see on my way back ; but I was quite satis6ed.
We picked up the fish at the different places as we went back, and the tally
at the end was 19 fish. It was on this occasion that I got the 18|lb.
fish. He was the largest, and the smallest just turned 31bs., but there was
no other so small, and the average size was about lllbs.

Only once since then have I managed to visit that creek, and though I went
as before, and fished as carefully, I only caught three. I do not suppose it will
ever be my luck to visit that place again, nor do I ever hope to have such
another take. Although, as I have here explained, it is best to catch the first
of the flood on these small creeks, it does not at all follow that the flood
is everywhere the best time. In the larger harbours, and notably in Bombay
and Karachi, the ebb is not only the best but practically the only time to get
them. The reason for this I have tried to explain elsewhere. In Bombay
the best months are the monsoon months of June, July, j^ ugust, and Septem-
ber, and the worse the weather the better the day. But a landsman will
hardly enjoy Bombay Harbour when the monsoon is on. Though I have
never had any such basket here as I have described, in the last three or four
years I have only had one or two blank trips, and my average is four to five
fish per tide. This year I have had 37 fish in eight trips (largest 121bs.) ;
bait, prawn ; time, f ebb ; bright day, with a moderately heavy sea running.
Choose, if you can, spring tides. I recommend any who intend trying to make
enquiries, and if they can only find a decent getatable place where these fish
are in the habit of congregating and running, by all means try for them.
They are the best and gamest fish we have out here, and almost the best for
the table. They have been a great source of amusement to me now for

200 JOURNAL, BOMB AY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

many years, and have helped largely to lighten ennui and while away the
many weary hours out here in what Sir Alfred Lyall calls " this land of
regrets."

The above was written for and published hy "The Fishing Gazette''' m
1897, but since then I have been out on several occasions with varying re-
sults. On one occasion I hooked and eventually landed a fish which, at the
time, I thought was going to prove the biggest fish I had caught. The run
was felt as usual and at once I recognised I had a heavy fish. As things pro-
ceeded I mentioned to the friend who was with me my extreme desire to
get a 20 pounder, and my idea that this would turn out to be the fish. A good
half hour's desperate run backwards and forwards without a glimps'- of my
friend, strengthened me in this idea, and I was greatly disappointed when he
turned up into the net, and only turned the scle at \\i lbs. The reason for
the deception was plain. He had been foul hooked outside on the underneath
side of the throat, half way between the pectoral fins, and that accounted
for tbe very little control I was able to get over him. It was the first time for
many a long day, that 1 have had my fingers burnt, but whether through
carelessness or clumsiness, I got the two first fngers of my right hand badly
burned. I suppose he had been mouthing the bait when I first felt him, dis-
covered the danger latent therein, dropped it, and had begun to clear out
when the stroke was given which firmly fixed the hook in his throat, only out-
side instead of in. He was a good fish and paid the penalty gamely. He was
one of four killed that day— August 14th 1897— all of which were above the
average in size. Another day— September 11th, 1897— will always remain a red
letter day to me, I went out from 1-30 p.m. to 4-30 p.m., I was actually fishing
for 2 hours 10 minutes out of this time, and during that time I caught 13 fish
of the following weights :—13Ubs, 111 lbs, 11| lbs, 11 lbs, lOf lbs, lOJ lbs,
10^ lbs, lOi lbs, 10 lbs, n lbs, 8 lbs, 5 lbs, 4i lbs. Total, 127^ lbs. Tide, 4'-5".
Wind W. by S. 4. The thirteenth fish— one of the bigger ones— plunged
clean through and broke my landing net, but was eventually landed. At the
same time I had run short of bait. But for this misfortune I am convinced
that I should have caught a good many more as there seemed to be no
scarcity of fish about. In addition to the thirteen landed, I ran and lost
either seven or eight. From the fact that there were so many fish about
I realised that I could not afford to loose time over each individual fish
and therefore played them rather more roughly than I otherwise would have
done and in consequence, lost my fish. As an instance of how ravenous they
were,' I may state that the first five throws secured five fish, and once while
clearing the line, which had fouled the point of my rod, the prawn hung
down about six inches off the water. A wave surged up and at that moment
a fish took the prawn. His plunges nearly took the rod out of my hands
and as nearly as possible broke the top. Luckily the line had just been
cleared, it ran free and I got that fish. Such was my best day last year. This

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS. 201

monsoon for some reason or other the fish have been conspicuous by their
absence. I have had unfortunately more blanks this year than I have ever
had before, but I had one experience this year which was entirely new to
me. On Saturday, July ^Srd, 1898, 1 went down to the Sunk Rock accom-
panied by Mr, E. R. Jardine. Shortly after we had commenced fishing,
Mr. Jardine had a half offer from a very large fish, which came to the top
of the water after the prawn, but stopped short. Immediately after, pre-
sumably the same fish made a rush and took one of a small swarm of gar-
fish swimming about, and having taken this again came to the top of the
water and then deliberately swam across to where I was fishing. I threw in
where I thought he might possibly be, and at the second attempt, had a very
modest oflier. To this I struck, and then at once he shewed himself. He
began by making a series of very short sharp runs, zigzagging backwards and
forwards, and at the end of each rush he made a series of magnificent
leaps out of the water, rising out some three or four feet, but covering cer-
tainly 10 or 12 ft. in each leap. Thus he was plainly visible and all this
time he had not got more than perhaps 25 to 30 yards away. The natives
called it " Dagole " and from what I could see of it I imagine it must have
been a Cybium of some sort, probably Cylium guttatum or Thynnas pelamys.
Its apparent length was roughly some six feet, and I do not think that
I am overstating its weight when I put it down to be between 60 and 70 lbs.
However, after carrying out these tactics for some 15 minutes or so, the
fish had evidently come to the conclusion that that neighbourhood did
not suit its delicate constitution, for it turned tail and proceeded with a
fearful rush to go straight out to sea. Having run out some 100 yards or
so he again threw himself- straight up on end out of the water and then made
a further rush. He had got away some 180 yards by this time and again
he made a supreme effort, and this time while in the uir the line came
back to me, and he was off with a No. 7/° hook, about 4 ft. of steel wire
trace and U oz. lead and 3 swivels. On examining the remains of the
trace I found it kinked and twisted at the point of fracture and I wonder
now that it held out so long. But this is not. a Bahmin experience and so
I stop, but I live in hopes that I may again on some future occasion make
the acquaintance to some better purpose of my friend the " Dagole, "
Referring back for one minute to the 18| lbs, Bahmin, I intended to have
given his dimensions. Circumstances over which I had no control prevent
me now from giving any other measurement than that of his length. It
is notched oft' on my rod handle and taken from the extreme end of the
caudal ray to the tip of the nose, the length was 2 ft. Hi inches.

26

202

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No, I— BIRDS NOT RECORDED FROM TUAVAXCORE IN THE
" FAUNA OP BRITISH INDIA."

108. Argya subrufa. — The Large Rufous Babbler.

The southern limit of distribution of this bird may be extended to the
hills of Travancore. My collector shot a female and young one fully
fledged at Ponraudi at an elevation of about 2,000 feet in April 1895.

166. Rhopocicula atriceps. The Black-headed Babbler.

Recorded from the Nilgiris, but not further south. It is found on the hills
in Travancore over 2,000 feet.

313. Micropus phceoeephalus. — The Grey-headed Bulbul.

The distribution of this bird is said to be " the Western Coast of India
from about Aujango in Travancore to the vicinity of Belgaum." I doubt its
ever being found near Anjango, which is on the sea coast, where there is no
jungle but only coco-palms. It is eminently a bird of the jungles, going
about in small parties, and frequenting thick undergrowth in heavy forest.
Oates says, '' This appears to be a rare bird," It is not so in Travancore,
where it is found in the hills of both the north and south.

499. Pericrocotus roseus. — The Rosy Minivet.

" The distribution of this species over the Peninsula of India lias not been
ascertained. with any degree of accuracy. Jerdon records it from Malabar
and Lord A. Hay appears to have procured it in the hills dividing Tinnevelly
from Travancore, as mentioned by Jerdon." I am able to confirm this
as I have two specimens, male and female, shot at Ponmudi in January 1894.

580. Stoparola sordida. — The Dusky-blue Flycatcher.

This bird is only recorded from Ceylon, where it is said to be a resident up
to 2,000 feet. It is not uncommon in the Travancore hills, but is only found
at elevations considerably over 2,000 feet.

581. Stoparola alh'icaudala. — The Nilgiri Blue Fly-catcher,
Distribution, "the Nilgiri and Palni hills.'' It is the Fly-catcher most often

met with at the higher elevations in Travancore. It has a very sweet little

song.

691. Petropliila cinclorhyncha,—-T^h.Q Blue-headed Rock Thrush,
Distribution " in winter throughout the plains of India as far south as

Coorg,the Nilgiris, and probably to Cape Comorin."' I may say certainly to

Cape Comorin,asI have several specimens from ihe hills of South Travancore.
761. Carpodaciis crythrhms. — The Common Rose Finch,
" A winter visitor to the whole of India, as far south as the Nilgiri hills."

It also visits tlio high range of North Travancore, but not further south

than this.

MISCELLAVEOrS NOTES. 203

84-2. Anthus nilglriensis. — The Nilgiri Pipit.

" The higher parts of the Nilgiri and Falni hills." I have one specimen
from Ponmudi in South Travancore,

909. Arachnothera longirostris. — The Little Spider-hunter.

Not recorded south of the Palni hills. This bird is found in South
Travancore. I have three specimens from the hills,

916. Dicceum concolor. — The Nilgiri Flower-pecker.

Not recorded south of the Palni hills. It is fairly common throughout
the whole of the Travancore hills.

919. Dicceum erythrorhynchus. — Tickell's Flower-pecker.

Found in South Travancore, both in the plains and on the hills.

972. Liojncus mahraftensis. — Tha Yellow-fronted Pied Wood-pecker.

I have two specimens from Kuttyani, about 10 miles from Trevandrum.

1001. Picumnus innominatus. — The Speckled Piculet,

" This species has also been found very rarely in the hills of Southern India,
near the west coast in the Wynaad, by Mr, J, Darling, and by Mr, W. Davison
below Kotagiri in the Nilgiris," I may now add the Travancore hills, as
I shot a specimen at Chimunji in April last and saw another on the same
day ; both in heavy jungle, at an elevation of 4,000 feet.

1045. Halcyon plleata. — The Black-capped Kingfisher.

" A single specimen was obtained by Jerdon at Tellicherry, Malabar coast,
and another by Layard in Northern Ceylon.'' The only other known locality
in India is on the Ganges. A live specimen taken near Trevandrum was
brought to me, and it lived a short time in captivity.

1117. Surniculus luguhris. — The Drongo Cuckoo.

" Apparently very rare in the Peninsula of India, having been observed
only near Kaipur, on the Godavari below Siroucha, and perhaps at another
locality in the Southern Central Provinces (Jerdon's locality in Central
India); also in the Wynaad and Malabar coast-land." I have three specimens
from Kuttyani and another from Trevandrum,

1119. Coccystes coomandus. — The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo.

" This is a very rare bird in India." Jerdou states that he saw it in Malabar
and the Carnatic, and that it has been found in Central India (? Chutia
Nugpore). I have two specimens from Ponmudi in South Travancore shot
in 1892.

1170. Huhua nepalensis. — The Forest Eagle-Owl.

I have never shot a specimen of this grand owl but have had specimens
brought to me alive on two occasions, and have kept it in captivity for a
considerable period. I have one now in the public gardens, which was
brought to me five years ago.

HAROLD S. FERGUSON.
Trevandrum, May, 1898.

204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol.XII.

No. II,— THE ETHIOPIAN WART HOG,
(^PIIA COCn.ER US yE TIIIOPICUS.)

{With a Plate)

In his paper on the Mammalia of Somali Land in Vol, ^1 of the Society's
Journal, Mr, Inverarity has introduced us to the Wart Hog and given sports-
men a fund of information about his measurements and habits, which it would
be superfluous for me to repeat here ; suflice it to say, that the tushes of the
specimen figured in the plate measure, on the outside curve :

Upper Tnsh lOJ"

Lower do ^ 9"

The impressions which follow, as an accompaniment to the plate, are
recorded in the hope that some of them may prove of interest to the general
reader.

Let me first make it clear that the christian name of this Hog has no con-
nection with '' Water," I have had a couple of stuffed boars'* heads on the
walls of my dining room for some years, and my experience in the occasional
role of cicerone during that time has shewn me that it is quite a common
impression among sportsmen and others, not personally acquainted with the
animal, that the word " Wart " is the Dutch or other foreign rendering of
" Water." '' Wart " is of course the English word and refers to the four ex-
crescences or warts on the face, but I think it well to repeat the fact, even
at the risk of being accused of instructing my grandmother in the art of
preparing eggs for the cabinet. The mistake after all is not an unnatural
one, for so many of the popular names of the big game of East Africa have
a Dutch origin.

Formerly Zoologists (those of Germany at any rate) made two species of
the Wart Hog, differentiating the breed found at the Cape and in South
Africa generally from that met with further North and in Central Africa.
The former variety was classified as " yEthiopicus " and the latter as " jifn-
canus." The differences, however, such as they were, were small and unim-
portant, and it has eventually been decided, as far as I can gather, to make the
Wart Hog a single species under the name of " Phacochcerus cethioplcus." It
is probably found all over the continent of Africa, though rare now in Cape
Colony and the south generally — -it is, however, as a native of the Somali
Protectorate that I am now dealing with the animal.

In the matter of grotesque ugliness an old Wart Hog boar may, I think,
aafely aspire to "lick creation " with small fear of competition, I ask you,
gentle reader, can you conceive any living creature with a more villainously
ugly physiognomy than the subject of the accompanying plate ? Mark the
huge head, out of all proportion to the rest of the body ; the short bull-
neck ; the extraordinary development of the upper lip ; the beady, evil
looking eyes with their apoplectic expression ; the narrow forehead T'ith its

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 2C5

shaggy fringe of coarse grizzly hair ; and lastly the four uncanny warta upon
the face. Where could you find a more repulsive type of countenance ? To a
great extent however the Wart Hog's looks belie his character, and while
admitting that his style of beauty is not calculated to engender love at first
sight, my own experience of him is, that the more you see of him, the better
you like him, and that as far as character goes, the race has been much
maligned — it has been a case of give a Hog a bad name and hang him.

Eowland Ward in his " Records of Big Game " writes: — " It is an undoubted

fact that neither of the African Wild Boars — the Wart Hog and Bush Pig

exhibit anything like the pluck and determination of their Asiatic or even
European cousins " and I have seen strictures of the same kind in the writ-
ings of other sportsmen, but I am at a loss to know what has given rise to
them, I hope, and cannot help believing, that they are calumnies and that
the contempt for the grizzly boar of Africa, which has from time to time
been given expression to, is bred not of familiarity, but of the want of
it. The reasons for the want of it are not far to seek. The ground where
the Wart Hog is found is often fair hunting country enough, and though he
is mainly a night feeder, solitary boars and small sounders are often encoiyi-
tered in undisturbed jungles, either on their way home in the early morn-
ing, or when starting out to feed in the evening — in fact in cool weather I
have not infrequently seen them at all hours of the day, but the truth is
that the sportsmen who usually meet with and record their impressions of
the animal are men on long shooting expeditions of several months' duration
hampered with large caravans and having no horse flesh with them of a class
fit for a long burst after a pig, No highly bred horse accustomed to careful
grooming and feeding will stand much marching in Somali Land away from
the Coast. You cannot carry large quantities of forage for your quadru-
peds, it would largely increase the size and cost of your caravan at the
start, and the supply once exhausted could not be replenished. The pony
indigenous to the country and endowed to a great extent with the habits of
his Somali master, is the only one of any use on a long trip. His wants as
regards care and toilet are few, he lives on what grass he can pick up and
can go for much longer without food or water than his civilised brother and
when he cannot get water he has no objection to milk. On an ordinary
Shikar expedition he is probably seldom taken out of a walk and only used
when changing camp or for riding for a short spell when the sportsman is
tired of walking. He is not shod and after a time is generally more or less
footsore and tender. It will therefore be readily imagined that pursuit of
the wily boar on such a mount would be a source ■ of very little pleasure
either to the horse or his rider.

Consequently, in drawing comparisons between the Wart Hog and the
Indian or European boar, it must be remembered that the former usually falls
to the rifle and not to the spear. One can easily understand that a prod or

20G JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII.

even a fair thrust with a spear would be an incentive rather to courage than
to cowardice, but what animal of the Wart Hog's size would have any fight
left in him after the receipt of mh express bullet in his vitals, propelled by 4
or 5 drams of powder? Fairly ridden with a spear, is there any evidence
forthcoming to show, or evidence to suppose, that a well furnished African
boar will not acquit himself as valiantly as the congener of this continent ?

Of South Africa I have no firsthand experience in this connection, but I
have met a good many South African sportsmen and have never heard or
read of any systematic hunting of the Wart Hog with a spear in that quarter.
Captain C. J. Melliss of the Bombay Army is the only man who, to my
knowledge, has scientifically pigsticked him, and I am sure I shall have that
good sportsman with me when I essay to clear the character of the Ethio-
pian Hog from what I believe to be unmerited charges of want of pluck.
Captain Melliss has given a graphic account of his experiences while at
Zaila at the end of his book " Lion Hunting on Somali Land ", and tells of
many a good-plucked boar that has tried concjusions with him a outrance.

As I have pointed out above, sportsmen on hunting expeditions in the
interior of Somali Land are seldom in a position to tackle the Wart Hog
with a spear, but Captain. Melliss was differently situated and did not exploit
hiiu under the same conditions. He was quartered at Zaila on military
duty and had an Arab horse with him which was a "salted" Indian pigsticker ;
and, moreover, his duties being.light, he had no difficulty in occasionally
getting out for a week at a time for a quiet pigstick.

I was there six years later, but by that;time all the jungle within a day's
excursion of the coast, which used to hold pig in Captain Melliss' time, had
been grazed down or cut for fuel, and as it no longer afforded any cover,
the pig had retired to pastures new and further afield. I had in my service
his quondam shikari Abdulla who knew all the ground tliat held pig, but I
never succeeded in finding them within a day's excursion, and standing orders
prohibited my sleeping out the night, so after many unsuccessful attempts
to locate them I gave up the quest.

There is no doubt whatever about the Wart Hog retiring to holes and
burrows ; more than one sportsman has witnessed the operation. If handy,
they appropriate the earths of other animals, but if not they make use of
their tushes to dig their own. In this connection Sir John Willoughby re-
lates how he ran a wounded boar to earth, and Captain Melliss on one occa-
sion bolted two pigs from a large burrow.

Setting aside Captain Melliss, whose experiences of the Wart Hog in Somali
Land have been unique, we fiud that there are two causes which combine to
make the species at all times but a small item in the butchers' bill of shooting
expeditions to that happy hunting ground. The first exists perhaps chiefly
in the case of the sportsman from India or with Indian experience, who is
generally imbued with an instinctive reluctance to kill with the bullet an

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 207

animal which from his youth up he has been taught to look upon as fair
game for the hog-spear only. The second cause is that the Somali is a most
bigoted Mahommedan who will not lay a finger on the unclean beast for
love or money, so that if you are bent on preserving a good head you must
be prepared to carry -.what you want of your boar home and do all the
skinning and cleaning yourself. Even when you have got off the mask
and cleaned the skull to your satisfaction, your labours are by no means
ended, for not one of your dainty retainers will touch the skull or turn the
skin, and if marching you must with your own hands load them up day after
day until the objectionable items have been forgotten by your men or are
dry enough to be packed away out of sight.

Many parties, when starting from the Coast, make a point of enlisting
among their followers a man of the Midgan tribe (one of the Pariah castes of
Somali Landj on purpose for this kind of work, and there is never any
dearth of applicants for the appointment, who, in return for the Sahebs'
plentiful bawbees, are willing, according to their own account, to take any
liberties with a Wart Hog alive or dead ; and so they would, no doubt,
among their own people, but it is a very different matter when you get them
into a caravan among a lot of well-bred Somalis, strict followers of the
prophet at any time, and specially so when members of a sportsman's
caravan, where there is no concealment and where a man's every act is known
to his fellows.

Never shall I forget the life led bj' an unfortunate Midgan whom I once
had with me for such purposes on the first hunting trip that carried me far
into the interior. I was primarily on duty, my mission being to try and win
over an important tribal Chief whose country was on the confines of the
Protectorate and who though owing allegiance to us was credited with play-
ing into the hands of the emissaries of " the King of Kings " and, with a
lively sense of favours to come, conniving at the passage through his country
of raiding parties of Abyssinian soldiery from their outpost at Jigjiga. To
these he gave secret information of the whereabouts of rich nomad encamp-
ments of his fellow countrymen, and their marauding parties were thus en-
abled to nip across the border as opportunity offered. Armed as they were
with rifles, they had no difficulty in overawing the tribesmen whom they
encountered, and after taking their pick of the fat kine of some rich nomad
village, they would make tracks for Jigjiga with their spoil. Such at any
rate were the current reports. The route from Zaila to this Chief's summer
habitation lay through some good country from a sportsman's point of view
and a brother officer from Aden joined me in the hope of getting some shooting
by the way. I was anxious, among other things, to get a good specimen or
two of the "Wart Hog, and, to this end, before leaving the coast, took much
trouble to select a Midgan of the most unsophisticated type who confessed
to have no scruples whatever as regards handling Wart Hog or any other

208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xtt.

unclean beast. Nor had he as far as he personally was concerned, but
that was a point which unfortunately proved to have little to do with the
question. We had a good deal of wet weather on the journey out, so
much so that a few days after leaving the coast, my companion was
prostrated with a sharp attack of malarial fever and dysentery, and as we had
reached a spot where there was plenty of wood and water, we determined to
halt there for a day or two to enable him to puU round. The whole time we
were at this camp it rained almost incessantly ; our tents were saturated and
everything and everybody very wet and miserable. Our following of camel-
men, shikaries, etc., had of course no tents, but according to their custom had
rigged up two or three '' gurgies " or huts for themselves out of " herios,"
(the fibre mats used as numdahs for the baggage camels) and in these they
squatted cheek to jowl, waiting, with philosophic patience worthy of Micaw-
ber, for something to turn up. The second evening there was a little break
in the weather, and I was sitting at tea with the invalid preparatory to going
out to shoot something for the larder, when my small waiting boy Yusuf came
running up excitedly to tell me in his crude English that two " Bacon," as he
naively called them, were feeding across the river bed within sight of camp.
My Midgan was away from camp at the time tending our camels at graze and
the shikaris were out scouting, so piloted by Yusuf I started off to where he
had seen the pig. By the time we had crossed the stony river bed they had
disappeared into the jungle fringing the further bank, but, after a longish
run at my best pace parallel to the direction in which they were making, I at
last got a broad side shot and accounted for one of them — a boar with fair
tushes. Yusuf was by way of being a strict, if juvenile, Mahommedan, and
in any case was not likely to be of much assistance to me, so I sent him back
to camp to try and get hold of the Midgan. Meanwhile I started the labo-
rious job of decapitating the dead boar. It was no easy matter to worry,
through the bull neck and sever the vertebrae with an ordinary hunting knife,
and when the operation was finished it was nearly dark and as yet no sign of
the Midgan, so I had to make the best of a bad job and carry the head and
my rifle back to camp, about a mile away. By the time I got in the Midgan
had returned and I told him to get to work at once on the headskin, but in
spite of his previous protestations he at first absolutely refused to touch it
and it was only by dint of much persuasion both moral and physical and by
threatening to turn him out of camp in the morning and let him find his way
back to Zaila as best he could, that he was at last prevailed upon to obey.
Then the play began.

It came on to rain again while we were at dinner and all the men made for
their improvised huts, prepared to remain there for the night ; but the poor
Midgan who had begun to carry out his compact and by this time was
thoroughly defiled, now began to have a sorry Lime, He was expelled from
his '* mess " ; his food was thrown to him as to a dog, as he sat beside the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 209

Wart Hog relics in the middle of our small camp, and there he remained
disconsolately eating the bread of affliction (in this case his allowance of
dates and now sodden rice), devoutly wishing, I am sure, that he had even
braved the dangers of a solitary tramp back to the Coast rather than let him-
self in for this fore-taste of purgatory. When he had disposed of his portion
he slunk about from one hut to another trying to get squatting room and
shelter, but no one would let him come within striking distance and, after
trying to insinuate himself into the several huts without success, he at last
came to us in despair and we gave him sanctuary under the outer fly of our
tent. There he curled himself among our gun cases and provision boxes and
slumber soon came to his relief ; not to ours, however, for his terrific snores
kept waking us on and off the whole night through, but we had not the heart
to turn him out and contented ourselves with heaving an occasional " brickbat "
in his direction. For about a week he led a perfect dog's life and was a
Pariah in very truth, but after the boar's skull and mask had dried and been
sewn up iu sack cloth and thus removed from sight the incident was grad-
ually forgotten, and the Midgan was in due course received back into the
fold, but I am afraid only partially so, for to the end of the chapter he
seemed to come in for more kicks than halfpence when I or my companion
were not looking.

Though he has no further connection with the heading to my note, I can-
not quit this incident without a short account of the boy Yusuf above men-
tioned, and trust I may be forgiven for the digression. He was such an
extraordinary character and had such a curious history, that it seems
worth recording.

In 1893 I was in pohtical charge at Zaila, and one day towards the end of
the hot weather an old Turk who eked out a precarious existence at a coffee
stall in the native town brought to my office a smal! fair skinned boy apparently
about 10 years old, accompanied by the headman of a coffee caravan which
had just come in from the Abyssinian outpost town of Harrar. The latter
reported that the boy was the orphan son of a Turk who had migrated to
Harrar during the Egyptian occupation and had married an Abyssinian
woman, of whom Yusuf was the offspring. Both the father and mother had
died of cholera 3 or 4 years back, since when the boy had had to shift for
himself, and as he had become a confirmed thief (having iu fact no other
means of livelihood) he had been expelled from Harrar by the Abyssinian
authorities aud my informant had been asked, when returning to the Coast
with his caravan, to take Yusuf with him and hand him over on arrival at
Zaila to the old Turk novv^ present, who was said to be a relative of the boy's
deceased father. This the latter admitted, but pleaded, and I knew with
truth, that he barely earned enough to keep himself and his wife in the
bare necessaries of life, and could not possibly maintain and look after
thia boy as well, especially as he appeared to be very ill and would not be

27

210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATtJRAL BISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

able to do any work for months. The apothecary was close at hand, so I
had the boy examined there and then and he was pronounced to be saturated
with malaria from exposure ; his spleen too was very much enlarged, I
determined therefore to hand him over to my Goanese cook and see what
could be done for him. If he recovered I thought he would make a useful
little dogboy and that my wife, whom I expected in the cold weather,
might be able to make something of him. For some weeks he was too weak
and ill to give much evidence as to how he was likely to shape, but care and
regular feeding gradually put him right and it soon became apparent that his
wits had been much sharpened by privation and that he was a very smart boy.
In the first two months he picked up Hindustani from my cook and could
talk quite fluently, and he could also speak Amharic, (i.e., Abyssinian)
Galla, Somali, and Arabic. By the time my wife arrived he was a bright, spry
little fellow, but even at his tender age he was imbued with every vice the
tiesh is heir to, and this soon became evident as his health returned. He
drank, smoked, took opium when he could get it, and was up to every sort
of devilment. I was a keen conchologist at the time and used to take him
out with me shell hunting — he soon got to know what was rare and what I
wanted — and at once made use of his knowledge at my expense. I found one
day that ho had extracted several rare specimens from a jar of shells that I
had left to clean on the roof buried in sand and had handed them over to two
local Somali urchins whom he subsequently introduced to me as having found
some shells that I badly wanted. I was delighted to get the specimens
and gave the boys liberal bucksheesh, but when making a more minute
examination of ;them I recognised one of them as being my own property
owing to its having a slight malformation. Then the cat was out of the
bag ; I went up to look at my jar on the roof and discovered the urchin's
perfidy, but by this time master Yusuf had decamped to the bazar with
his proteges to spend the result of his successful enterprise. For this
atrocity he received condign punishment, " in the .manner of school
discipline," the only form of correction which had anything but a momentary
effect on him.

For a long time it was never safe to give him any money, as the old Egyp-
tian bungalow then occupied by the Political Officer was in the middle of the
native town, and on the first opportunity he would slip out and waste it in
treating himself and any juvenile Somalis that he could find to a drink or
some tobacco. I eventually broke him, for the time at all events, of his taste
for spirituous liquors, but never succeeded in curing him of smoking. If I
stopped his supply he would collect all my cheroot ends for secret consump-
tion, and finally as I found that he got quite ill and good for nothing if he
did not smoke, I had to give him a regular ration of tobacco.

July wife took an immense deal of trouble with him and endeavoured to
instil a little elementary morality und self-respect into him. In the course

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 211

of time she made him into a very useful little table servant and for months
he would be as good as gold ; then something would happen to upset him, and
he would break out again into some rascality. With all his vices he had some-
thing attractive about him, and was possessed of one or two good qualities
which made us forget his bad ones. For instance, he was generous to a fault
and devoted to animals, and tender-hearted to a degree where they were
concerned. We banked his pay for him, only allowing him Re. 1 per month
pocket money, but occasionally he would get a windfall unknown to us in the
shape of a tip from some passing sportsman, and on such occasions he would
say nothing about it until he had spent the money ; but we always found that
he had shared it with somebody else. On one occasion I remember his
getting Rs, 3 from some guest of ours, he at once disposed of it as follows : — -
Re, 1 drink in the bazar for himself and friends,

„ 1 for a pet goat,

„ 1 to a mendicant who had befriended him in Harrar.
When I left the country on leave to England it was difficult to know
what to do with him. He was such a thief that one could not recommend him
to a stranger and yet we were loth to leave him to go back to his evil ways.
He refused to go to school in Aden and was oiiered the choice, either of
remaining in the charge of the Missionary Fathers at Berbera and being
educated at their school until I returned from leave, or else of being sent
back to Abyssinia. At first he said he would stay with the Fathers but
some one put it into his head that they would force him to become a
Christian, so he changed his mind and elected for Harrar. His deferred pay
amounting to some Rs, 50, was handed over to a responsible man travelling from
Zaila to Harrar who was to take Yusuf with him and dole out his money as
he required it. He reached Harrar safely but I heard afterwards that he
had soon wasted his substance and relapsed into evil ways. Soon afterwards
he returned (probably having been expelled from Harrar) to Berbera where
he was living by his wits when last heard of. Poor boy, I often think of
him with regret ; had he been rescued earlier he might have become a respect-
able member of society, but we got hold of him too late. If fate should
take me back to those shores on work or pleasure bent, Yusuf and I may
meet again and if he is not a hopeless criminal by then, I hope I may have
another chance of reforming him ; meanwhile his little personality remains
in my memory as the most extraordinary mixture of good and evil that I
have ever come across.

One more reference to the Wart Hog and I have done. In 1895 I was
collecting some animals for the Calcutta Zoo, and among them had a pair
of baby Wart Hog. They were the nicest little creatures imaginable — not
striped like the Indian porker but coal black with little shiny hairless skins.
Under ordinary circumstances I should have tried to make pets of them as
they were very tameable and always beautifully clean and sweet, but at the

212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

time I had two yonng hunting cheetahs loose m the compound and was afraid
they might bring the little strangers to grief, and as the latter were only mine
on trust, I thought it safer to keep them in a spare room, where they seemed
quite happy. Before they left for Calcutta they got to know me and my wife
quite well and whenever we walked past the window or opened the door
they would run up to greet us and see if we had anything to give them,
their dainty little feet clicking like small castanets along the cemented floor.
They arrived safely at the Calcutta Zoo, but I am grieved to hear from the
Secretary that after thriving there for 5 months they succumbed to the
climate, as did the several other specimens of Somali Mammalia that I sent
at the same time. Two Giant Tortoises are the only present survivors of
the shipment.

P. Z. COX, CArx.
Bakoda, August, 1898.

No. III.— SOME NOTES ON THE NARCONDAM HORNBILL, ETC.
( RHYTIDOCEROS NARCONDAMI).

During one of our cruises round the Andaman Islands with the present
Chief Commissioner, that gentleman expressed a wish to go to the Island of
Narcondam with the object of seeing the island, and also to obtain some
specimens of the Hornbills {^Rhytidoceros narconclami) which are found there
and which a-re quite distinct from any of the Hornbills of India ; the only
specimens recorded up to now having been a pair obtained on the island by
Mr. Hume as far back as 1873. The Island of Narcondam is quite isolated
from the Andaman Islands, and is in a direct line between Port Blair and Ran-
goon. It is 140 miles from Port Blair, and although some authorities have
stated that it is an extinct volcano, it has since been proved that the island is
not volcanic, and it is supposed that the above authorities confused it with
Barren Island, which Is about 75 miles further south, and which is a distinct
volcano. The highest part of Narcondam Island is 2,330 feet above the sea-
level, and as there is very deep water close up to the shore, it does not
provide any anchorage for ships, with the exception of a very small and
unsafe anchorage. to the north-west of the island. It is only on the rarest
occasions that :landing is possible on this island, as the seas break heavily
even in a light breeze. This difficulty of landing, and the fact of the island
being so isolated, has probably been the reason that the Narcondam Hornbill
is so rare a bird. No mercantile steamers ever call at the island ; men-of-war
seldom go near it ; and the Indian Marine station ships at Port Blair only
visit it once a year.

We proceeded to the eastern side of the island, and as we were unable to
anchor, the ship was taken in as close as possible, and our party, consisting of

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 213

the Chief Commissioner (Colonel Anson), Mr. M, V, Portman, a divisional
officer, the Chief Commis3ioner''s niece, and two ship's officers, landed in one
of the boats. As soon as the party -was landed the two members who had
guns separated, and in less than half-an-hour each one had obtained five
specimens of the birds we required. The Hornbills were plentiful, and were
comparatively speaking, tame as compared with other birds, and many more
specimens could have been obtained if we had wished. They only fly a
short distance, and make a great noise with their wings when they are flying.
The chief peculiarity about the bird is the ribbed furrows on the base of the
upper bill or casque. These ridges are not always the same in number as
they vary from two to seven or eight, and probably indicate the age of the
birds. The colours of the two male birds which I have presented to the
Society's museum are head and neck bright rufous, throat a little paler tail
white, and the rest of the plumage black, glossed with rifle green. The
feathers on the breast, abdomen, and the lower tail coverts are however black
and have hardly any of the green gloss which the upper plumage has. The
legs and feet are blackish-brown.

The casque is pale horny yellow, darkish red towards the base of the lower
bill, and brownish-red towards the base of the upper one, the base of the
casque for half-an-inch behind the ridges being dark red. The ridges on the
casque are horny yellow, a little brighter in colour than the rest of the bill.

One of the specimens has seven ridges on the casque and the other one sis.

Very few other birds were seen or heard during the short space of time we
were on shore, but the island seemed to swarm with large lizards (probably
belonging to the family Varanidce), some of them being four or even five
feet in length, and two specimens were killed for the sake of their skins.
They were as tame as pet mice, and one climbed into the lap of the Chief
Commissioner's niece and seemed to be quite at home.

After leaving Narcondam we called at the Nicobar Islands, and there
obtained some specimens of the curious Nicobar Megapodes (JlegapocUus nico-
hariensis). This bird is found in most of the islands of the Nicobar group.
Its egg is abnormally large for the size of the bird, about six eggs equalling
the bird in weight.

The nest of the Megapode consists of a large mound of sand, piled np by
one or more pair of birds in the shape of a cone, reaching to 10 feet in
height and 25 to 30 feet in circumference. The centre of the mound ib
composed of leaves and dried roots, amongst which the eggs are laid and
the heat of the leaves when decaying undoubtedly assists incubation. When
hatched the young chicks burrow out through the sand in the same way as
young turtles do.

One peculiarity of the young Megapodes is that they are fully fled«ed
when hatched, and commence to forage for themselves at once.

214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

We obtained some 40 eggs from different nests, and as many of them were
quite fresh we were able to blow them easily. About a dozen eggs were
brought on board the ship and carried to Port Blair with the intention of
hatching the young birds out. We kept them in some buckets of sand for
some time ; but they were forgotten, the sand was taken away, and they lay in
the open air exposed even to the rain without any protection. On our arri-
val at Port Blair the eggs were sent up to the Chief Commissioner's house
for the purpose of being blown, but one morning, about three weeks after
they had been taken from the nest, one chicken hatched out, the next day
another one appeared, and in all five or six were successfully hatched, and
when I left Port Blair a few weeks ago, there were four young Megapodes
left as healthy and lively as possible. They are fed on white-anta entirely,
and seem to flourish on this diet.

J. H. St. JOHN, Lieut.,
Commanding R.I.M.S. " Elphinstone."
Bombay, June, 1898. .,

No. IV.— A VORACIOUS CENTIPEDE.
A few days ago a toad was found on the gravel path outside the officers'
mess with a large orange and black centipede {Scolopendra gigantea) coiled
round its back. The centipede's head was just behind the toad's fore-leg
on the left side, and it had eaten a large hole in the side of the toad. Both
were captured and a photograph was taken of them. After a little time the
centipede left off eating the toad and apparently went to sleep. Eventually
vshen the centipede was removed the toad was able to hop away in spite of
the large hole which had been made in its side.

H. WELLS-COLE, Capt.,
2nd K. 0. Yorkshii-e Light Infantry.
Ahmednaqak, June, 1898.

No. v.- WHITE SPOTS ON THE PLUMAGE OF A WOODPECKER
ATTACKED BY A PARASITE.

I lately obtained two specimens of Dendrocopus andamanensis , the
Andaman Pied Woodpecker, and I should like to have an opinion as to what
it is that eats into the margins of the secondary feathers in such a
peculiar manner. Is it the work of a parasite or is it abrasion ? The curious
thing is that it is always the white spots on the secondaries which are eaten
out. It seems to me to be done by a parasite — some minu e tinea which feeds
on the plumage of the living bird, though I failed to detect any such in
examining the freshly shot birds. Whatever causes it, this ragged condition
of the secondary feathers with the white spots cut out is remarkably com-
iflon in this Woodpecker, iu which I have noticed it repeatedly.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 2l6

I think I recollect having observed the same thing in Liopicus mahrathengis
and Tingipicus gymnophtlialmus.

If it is the white spots — which alone appear to be eaten away — that only
are subject to the ravages of a parasite, surely natural selection ought to have
eliminated them long ago !

A. L. BUTLER.

Perak, Straits Settlements, March, 1898,

No. VI.— PARASITIC WORMS IN FISH.

In some fish which I recently caught in the Kurram river I noticed that
about one per cent contained parasites. At first I could not make out what
they were, but seeing them move when separated, I came to the conclusion
that they were " parasitic worms," The fish is known here as the " Chilwa '
{Asjndoparia mora?'). I should like to know if this fact is of common
occurrence, as I have mentioned it to several fishermen, none of whom have
ever noticed such a thing before.

I have examined numerous other fish, but find these parasites only in this
particular species of fish. On one occasion I opened a fish that had been
dead and in the sun for twenty-four hours, and found the parasites were
still alive.

R. H. RATTRAY, Major,

22nd Punjab Infantry,

ThDLL, KUKRAM-KOHAT FORCE, Mai/, 1898.

No, VII.— NOTES ON WILDFOWL IN THE TINNEVELLY DISTRICT,

SOUTH INDIA.

On page 207, Vol. Ill, of the " Game Birds of India " (Hume and Marshall)
there is a note by Mr. Alfred Theobald, made in 1872, apropos of the Common
Teal, somewhat as follows : — " These Teal are found in great abundance in all
the large tanks south of Palamcottah (near Tinnevelly) ; in one especially
they were so tame that I mistook them for domesticated ones . , . the
only reason I can give to account for these birds being so tame in this
district is that hardly a native possesses a gun."

Would it were so now ! The Teal are still with us in considerable numbers
but the race of "pot-hunters " has increased to such an extent, especially in
and about Tuticorin, that the ardent sportsman can scarcely bag more than
five or six duck and teal in a day, and that with much pain and trouble. I
make it worth the while of these native " sportsmen" to bring me their bags
daily, whether I buy for the table or not, so that, during the course of the
season, I see a considerable number of dead wildfowl in addition to those
observed in the not very successful attempts to obtain sport myself. (They
apparently do not snare or net wildfowl in this neighbourhood.)

216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

The following are some notes on the prevailing Wildfowl hereabouts : —

The Barred-headed Goose (^Anser indicus). — This bird appeared last cold
weather iu considerable numbers, and was with us from November until the end
of February. This is a regular cold-weather visitor, but does not always
occur in such numbers as last season, I saw one flock of about 50, and five
birds were bagged and brought to me in one day by a " pot-hunter,"

The Cotton Teal (^Nettopics coromandelianuH). — 'E&iv\j common during the
cold weather until the end of April, but more so near Tinnevelly (about 30
miles inland) than in this neighbourhood. Probably the inland tanks,
smaller and more overgrown with water plants, suit their habits Letter,

The Whistling Te^l {De)idrocyc7iajavanica). — Rarer than the preceding, but
apparently pretty plentiful in December, January, and February,

The Spotted-billed Duck (^Anas popcilorhyncha) occurs in small numbers,
but apparently visits us after the cold weather is over, I saw none until
March, while two specimens were brought to me on the 12th July this year,
' Thy Pintail Duck {^Dafila acuta). — By far the commonest duck in the
district, remaining with us from November to March in large flocks of 200
to 300,

The Wigeon {Marcca penelope). — Fairly common, but not nearly so numer-
ous as the last species. They seem to come later and depart earlier.

The Common Teal {Nettium crecca). — Plentiful throughout the district,
and remain with ua from November until May,

The Gavganey Teal {Querquedula circia). — Apparently more plentiful iu
this immediate neighbourhood (Tuticorin) than the Common Teal ; but this
may be due to the fact that they consort in larger flocks, and the "pot-hunter"
consequently bags more of them. They arrive here about December, and remain
until the very end of April and even into May, Two males in full plumage
Wore brought to me on the 26th April this year.

The Common Flamingo {PhcEnicopterus rosei'.s). — Fairly common through-
out the district. One large flock of quite 300 frequented a shallow piece of
water about three miles from here, all the cold weather, and remained until
the end of April, when the water dried up. This flock is still (July) in the
neighbourhood.

The Banded Crake {Rallina superciliaris). — On the 14th November, 1896
after a very severe gale from the N, E, (in fact a cyclone), a bird was brought
to me alive, but much exhausted by the wind, which I identified as a male of
this species, I allowed it to rest in my garden, and it was sufEciently recovered
to fly off the next day. This bird Avas quite strange to the local shikarrics,
and I have little doubt was blown over in the gale from the coast of Ceylon,
where {vide Hume and Marshall) this species arrives in considerable numbers
in October.

W. N. FLEMING.
TuTicoBiN, /uZ*/, 1898.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 217

No. VIII —BREEDING OF THE BLACK-BREASTED YELLOW-
BACKED SUNBIRD (jETBOPYGA SATURAT.i) IN THE
CHUTLA BHEEL, CACHAR DI>STRICT.

Mr, Primrose in epistola says : — " I found a nest of 890 ^E. saturata, the
Blackbreasted Honeysucker, on the 11th of June, attached to a bamboo,
about 3 feet from the ground. It contained two fresh eggs, broadish ovals,
of a white colour, freckled all over with greyish-pink or lilac, forming a zone
at the thicker end. Female identified and shot off nest."

The nest, which he kindly sent me, is of rather neat construction. It is pear-
shaped, and made of what seems to be the black hair-like rootlets, in which are
incorporated some dry bamboo leaves and a little moss. Within these rootlets
is a lining of fine grass stems. Again, the egg cavity is lined with down. The
opening is to the side, and overhung by a cornice which projects l'4in. above
the entrance. In length it is about Sin. ; and the circumference above the
cornice is 6^in., that of below the entrance being 9in. Inside the breadth at
entrance is 2in. ; and the egg cavity is also 2in. deep. The entrance itself
measures 1'2" x 0'7" and the cornice 2"7" x 1'2."

C, M. INGLIS.

Darbhanga, Tirhoot, July, 1898.

No, IX.— OCCURRENCE OF THE BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER

{HALCYON F'lLEATA) AND THE BLACK-LEGGED FALCONET

{MICROHIERAX FRINGILLARIUS) in the CHUTLA

BHEEL, CACHAR.

Mr, Primrose, writing from the above district, says:—" I have managed to
get, amongst other birds a couple of Black-legged Falconets (il/, fringillarius)
and a Black-capped Purple Kingfisher ( H. pileata )." The finding of this
bird in the above district, which adjoins Hylakandy, tends to confirm my
latter opinion, that the bird which I got in Hylakandy, and noticed in my
list of birds of that district, ® was that species.

C. M. INGLIS.

Darbhanga, Tirhoot, July, 1898.

No. X.— NOTE ON THE NIDIFICATION OF THE WHITE-NECKED
STORK, {DISSURA EPISCOPUS).

On the 22nd of this month I found three nests of this species. They
were all three on Simul trees, two of them being on the same tree, on the same
branch and touching one another. Both trees were close to villages and people
were continually passing beneath them. The tree on which the single nest
was, I was unable to have climbed, as even after climbing 60 feet by the help

• Vide the Society's Journal, Vol. XI, page 478.

218 JOVENAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII.

of a bamboo, the trunk was too thick for a man's arms to reach round. The
other two nests were about 80 feet from the ground. One nest which T had
brought down measured on the outside, including the straggling sticks that
protruded, 52 inches ; but the nest proper was 211" x 24" and 20" deep at the
part that was in the fork, but only 9 inches, at the opposite side. The egg
cavity measured 14" x 13" and 13" deep without the lining, which was wholly
composed of green Simul leaves to a depth of 6 inches. In one nest were three
fresh eggs, measuring 2-49 x 1"84, 2*45 x 1'9, and 2"35 x 1-8 respectively.
Though the birds were sitting on both nests, only one nest contained eggs.
Dakbhanga, Tirhoot, July, 1898. C. M. INGLIS.

No. XI.—" DOES THE BEOWN BEAR HYBEENATE ? "

With reference to Major Eodon's above query on page 547 of the last
volume of this journal, I beg to state, that I too, in common with the
natives of this district, believe that the Brown Bear {Ursu? arctus) does
hybernate, and my reasons, which may be taken for what they are worth,
are the following : — After the sheep have left their summer resorts at
altitudes varying from 10,000 to 13,000 feet, it is not by any means uncommon
to see " Bhrubboo," as the hillmen call him, feeding oia the grassy plains
in the mornings and afternoons, and as for his tracks, one comes on them at
every turn. Last October I was out after Bears, and in one place found the
entire hill-side rooted up in much the same way as if a sounder of pigs had
been over it, and, as my shikari sagely remarked, " there is little use of a
plough and bullocks here when Brown Bears do all that is necessary," These
signs of " Bhrubboo's " presence however are only to be met with till the
first week in December, or in the case of a mild winter up to about the 20th
of December, If they do not hybernate, surely one would come upon fresh
tracks after that date also,

I have spent several winters in the Himalayas, and only last year was up at
an elevation of 12,000 feet odd on the 10th of December, and was eventually
driven down by a heavy fall of snow. I came upon several fresh tracks
during the latter part of November ; but they got scarcer during the first
week in December, and after the first fall of snow, which we had, I think, on
the 6th of that month, I never saw another sign of " Bhrubboo." I agree
with Major Eodon that the villagers have not much opportunity of judging
as they come down to lower altitudes ; but many a hardy shikari takes a
periodical trip up during the winter after bhurrel and snow leopard, and
they never seem to come across the Brown Bear, From the above facts I am
led to believe that the Brown Bear does hybernate ; but it is certainly very
strange " why the young in captivity should show no sign of the instinct,"
as Major Rodon remarks.

C. E. DONALD.
Bhadarwa, Kashmir State, Juli/, 1898,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 219

No. XII.— HYBERNATION OF THE HIMALAYAN BLACK BEAR,
{UESUS TORQUATUS).

As many readers of the journal may not know the climate and country
round Drosh, it is a pity that Captain Skey, in his interesting note on the Black
Bear he found asleep in a tree, did not give some particulars as to whether
the country was covered deep in snow, and no apparent food for bears
available at the time of year he names ; also what the natives of the country
say about the winter sleep of the Black Bear. In Chamba the people living in
villages high up, told me that the Black Bear did not sleep through the cold
season like the Brown Bear, and that they saw them frequently during the
winter ; so when finding a Black Bear asleep during the day at that season, it
is necessary to be careful to ascertain that it is not only ordinary sleep the
Bear is indulging in.

It has been observed among Marmots, which usually go in for winter sleep,
that there is individual differences in hybernation— some individuals sleep-
ing longer and more deeply than others and some not at all — this shows
that the cerebral consciousness varies, and that some individuals are more
strong-minded than others : and this may be the same among Black Bears.
Although the phenomenon of hybernation has frequently been investigated,
its real nature remains unexplained. It cannot be simply due among the Bear
family to the lowering of temperatures, as the Polar Bear is seen wandering
about during the awful cold of the Arctic winter.

G, S. RODON, Major.

Dharwar, June, 1898.

No. XIII.— THE BREEDING OF MOTHS.
Could some member of the Society kindly answer the following questions
for me ?

(1) Are moths hermaphroditic ?

(2) If not, is it a usual or common occurrence for eggs laid by a moth

that has never had access to a male to be fertile and hatch out ?

Some time bask I found a chrysalis, and wishing to see what it would turn
into, brought it home and placed it in a wire meat-safe with a net cover-
This chrysalis turned into a moth some three weeks ago, and laid eggs in the
net during the night. No male could possibly have had access to the female
as it was not only in my room but inside the net. Next morning I threw
the moth out, leaving the eggs on the net. The day before yesterday I noticed
that all the eggs had hatched out, and the young caterpillars were crawling all
over the safe. I have frequently seen moths lay eggs without being
impregnated by males but I have never seen them hatch out, and always
presumed they were unfertile. Would some one interested in, and acquainted
with, moths, give me through the journal some information on this point ?

R. H. RATTRAY, Major,
22nd Punjab Infantry.

Thull, Kuebam Valley, May, 1898.

220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

No. XIV.— NOTES ON A JACKAL CtJB.

Some time back a jackal whelp was brought to me for sale. It appeared to
be about a month old, and had been captured a short time previously outside
a small patch of jungle. As it was fairly tame, and I was anxious to compare
its habits with those of an ordinary puppy, I purchased it, and have now had
it under constant observation for three months. The following notes regard-
ing it may possibly prove of some general interest. In about a week after
" Jacky " had arrived, she became sufficiently tame to be allowed to run about
the compound, and from the first she showed the greatest and most untiring
delight in play. She would run after a stone when thrown ; take it
up and race about with it ; often bring it back to the point from which it
was thrown, drop it, and then race after the next throw. When
tired of playing with the same stone or stick, she would roll over it
on her back several times, as dogs often do in the case of a dead rat or bad
fish : this always appeared to give her a fresh interest in the object, and the
game with it would be renewed. " Jacky " soon made friends with a young
fox-terrier nearly twice her size, and they enjoyed great games together,
constantly racing round and round over open grass, the terrier often being
the hunted one. When wishing to show pleasure she smiles and wags her
tail, and then often rolls over on her back. She is very clean in ler habits,
and her coat up to now has no disagreeable smell. Her tail is usually carried
low, but when approaching her playfellow (the fox-t?rrier) slowly, it is often
carried high up above the back, and when she sees him coming from a
distance, she will constantly crouch down and then bounce up at him as he
comes up. In one special habit she differs from dogs, which is she never
turns round and round before lying down, as is so common with dogs,
and when lying asleep she does so at full length and never curled up.
When she first arrived, she, small as she was, often treated me to the well-
known jackal yell, especially at night ; but after a short time she completely
gave up doing this, even when her kindi*ed did so close round about her at
night. When wanting food she whines exactly similar to a dog. Her manners
at meal-times are not pleasant — bolting her food, and snarling, growling and
snapping at all who may approach. She hides a bone by making a hole in
soft earth with her nose, and then pushing it in with her nose and covering it
over with earth, exactly in the same way as a small dog does. While watching
her many and engaging ways, one cannot but be struck with the certainty
that her ancestors must have largely contributed in forming the instincts of
the domestic dog,

G, S. RODON, Major.
Dhabwak, Matfy 1898.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 221

No. XV —OCCASIONAL NOTES ON NESTS AND EGGS FOUND
IN THE VICINITY OF BARODA.

The Black-throated Weaver Bird (^Ploceus hengalensis). — I found these
birds breeding near Baroda in August and September of last year. As not
much appears to be known about its niditication, I venture to add what little
I know. I first noticed these birds in large flocks in the early part of the
monsoon : they were then frequentins: large open grass birs on which the
grass had not as yet grown to any height. On the 22nd August in company
with Professor Littledale and Captain Cox I went out to Ajwa, a large lake
some 14 miles distant from Baroda, hoping to get water-birds' eggs. In this
we were rather disapoointed. However, while paddling up one ^of the many
nullahs which run into this piece of water, we came on the nests of the above
bird. The first lot were attached to some rushes or flags growing in water;
the others were built on grass along the banks of the nullah. They are
typical Weaver Birds' nests. The chief difference appears to me to be that
they are not so large as those of P. baya. The passage to the egg chamber
seemed shorter and that chamber deeper ; further, the nests were attached to
several rushes or bits of grass, and consequently are not so neat as those of
their cousins.

On the 29th August I found several nests in the grass bir referred to above.
In this case they were built on elephant-grass, but in other respects were
similar to the first lot, I would add that only two nests, as a rule, were
found in one place, apparently one for the use of the male. They were not
built in colonies, nor did the birds keep up a cheery chatter like P . baya.

Four would appear to be the full complement of eggs, though I got six
eggs out of one nest. The eggs are similar to those of P, baya, hut on the
whole, I should say, they are a trifle smaller.

Barnes in his " Birds of Bombay " states that the Bald Coot {Fulica atra)
breeds in India, as also says Oates in " Hume's Nests and Eggs," I do not
doubt the veracity of these gentlemen in the very least, This bird swarms
round Baroda in the cold weather, particularly at Ajwa, When I visited this
tank, as mentioned above, I hoped to obtain this birds eggs. Imagine my
disgust when I found not a single bird on the tank, which is some 10 miles in
perimeter, I found the same at every tank I visited, so I feel convinced
that they are migratory in Guzerat at any rate.

The Bristled Grass Warbler {ChcBtomis locustelloides).— This bird forced
itself on my notice on the same occasion at Ajwa. Oates in editing " Hume's
Nests and Eggs" describes the peculiar habit this bird has of " suddenly rising
into the air and soaring about, often for a consideralde distance, uttering a
loud note resembling the words ' chirrup, chirrup-chirrup ' repeated all the
time the bird is in the au", and then suddenly descending slowly into the
grass with outspread wings, much in the style of Mirafra erythroptera^''

222 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

(p, ?53, Vol. I, " Nests and Eggs''). I shot a bird but for some time was unable
to identify it ; it looked so much like .4. caz<c^o/a. I spent some considerable
time in wauching this bird, but was unable to discover its nest, at which I was
much disappointed. I came across the same bird on the 29th August in a large
grass bir and sat down to watch it as I was convinced it was breeding. This
habit of soaring- seemed confined to the male bird. The female seems
content to lurk among bushes and high grass. After watching a short time
I was more than pleased to observe one of these birds flying towards me with
a piece of broad dry grass in her beak, I watched where she settled, and on
her departure went to the spot. No nest could I see. I concealed myself in as
close proximity as I could and waited. Back she came with more material.
On her flying away, I again went to the spot I thought she had risen from
but could see nothing. I watched her do this several times. Finally I went
away as I could see nothing. I thought it very strange. However, I marked
the spot very carefully, and determined to revisit it later. I was able to do
this on the 7th September. I walked straight up to the spot, and thought I
was doomed to disappointtaent. Just as I had given up hope, she fluttered up
from under my very feet. I looked down, and there was the nest containing
five beautifully fresh eggs. It was on the exact spot I had seen the bird rise
from, so that she could only just have commenced her nest when I first saw
her, which accounts for my not being able to gee anything on that occa-
sion. The nest was almost on the ground and was rough and untidy, nearly
tumbling to bits when I took it. The outside consisted of broad strips of
grass, and it was lined with fine grass, in addition to which it was slightly
domed. The grass in which it was situated was from 2 to 3 feet high.

Gates in " Hume's Nests and Eggs " has notes to the effect that the Bronze-
winged Jacana {^letopidius indicus) lays more than four eggs, though it would
appear that this only occurs outside the Bombay Presidency, I took many
nests last year with my own hands ; in no case did any nest contain more than
four incubated eggs. This would appear to be the experience of others in
this presidency. It would be interesting to know whether this bird really lays
more than four eggs in other localities.

The Cattle EauET (^Bubulcus coromandus). — Last year I found many of
this species breeding without assuming the summer plumage, that is, minus
the buff feathers, I saw several birds on their nests. Captain Cox also
noticed this, I wonder if any other ornithologists have noticed it.

The Lesser Flamingo (^Phcenicopterus minor). — In the early part of Decem-
ber my shikari brought in information that some friends of his had dis-
covered a nest some 20 miles away from Baroda, Unfortunately I was unable
to go out myself, as I was just then ordered to Bombay on plague duty.
The nest was described to Captain Cox, who kindly looked after my interest
during my absence, as follows .— " Found at Badalpur on the north bank of
the Mahi, at its mouth. No nest ; eggs deposited on a mound or small island

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 223

in brackish water. Another clutch of six existed, but they were taken by
muggurs. The bird is described as a large white bird with some feathers of a
darker colour on the wings. Said to be very wary, and to leave the nest with
a cry like a goose when it sees anybody a mile off.'''' This nest contained four
fresh eggs of the size and shape of the Lesser Flamingo, but smooth and
firm, not chalky like a Flamingo's, I have shown them to Mr. Gates at the
Natural History Museum, South Kensington, who states they may be those of
P. minor, though, of course, without the bird it cannot be authenticated.
I have asked Captain Cox to keep a look-out next year in the same place
in case the birds return again. It would be interesting to establish the breed-
ing of this bird in India.

I came on the nest of the White-throated Munia {Uroloncha malaharica)
on the rifle range one day. The birds were perched just outside. I put my
index finger in to see what eggs there might be, when I received a peck. I
withdrew my finger, and on looking in I saw the head of a snake ! I imme-
diately inserted a cane, when out became — a long green beast about 3 feet in
length. I was unable to slay him, as he escaped in long grass. In future I
shall be careful not to put my finger in a nest till I am sure it has no
harmful tenant.

The Rufous Fantail-'Waebler (Cisticola cursltans). — Although this bird
is extensivelj' common round Baroda, I only found one nest containing eggs.
Strangely enough it contained six, one of which was perceptibly smaller than
the rest. I mention this as in Hume's " Nests and Eggs, "" five is given as the
corcplement,

R. M,BETHAM, Capt,,

8th Bombay Infantry.
Baroda, June, 1898.

No. XVI.— NOTES ON SPORT IN OUDH.

It is seldom one has the opportunity of observing the behaviour of wild
animals in any special circumstances, and an account of the meeting of a bear
with tigers may be worthy of record. We were sitting one evening in a
maclian overlooking a wide grassy plain, through which a narrow forest road
had been cut, when at sunset a large bear came galloping clumsily through the
grass uttering loud grunts after the manner of his kind. On reaching the
road, which passed directly under our tree, he stood up to reconnoitre, and
almost immediately a tiger appeared on the road some 50 yards lower down.
The tiger was carefully stalking the bear, stopping when the latter stopped,
and slinking along on his belly when the bear proceeded, so that when the pair
reached our tree they were not 10 feet apart. Meanwhile two other tigers
came out of the grass and lay on the road, watching events in a lazy fashion.
Apparently the bear was unaware of the number of his enemies, but he left
tjie road and secreted Jiimself in a dense patch of dry grass. Thither the

224 JOTJBNAL^BOJ^BAY t^ATVrAL ElSKjRl SCC1E7Y, Vol. XII.

tiger followed, but on the bear rushing out with angry roars he turned away
strolled up to his kill, and remained there with a bullet through him. The
noise of firing sent the bear off into the jungle, and brought the other two
tigers to attention. They were too far ofE for effective shooting and retired
uninjured. The family of three were all of one size : the mother was perhaps
higher and thinner than the two 4-year old cubs ; the slaughtered one
measured 8' 6"; his permanent canines were just perfect. It is evident there-
fore that a tiger does not avoid a bear, and that the latter has a great dread
of the tiger. Up till now I was of opinion that their policy was based on
mutual avoidance. I supplement the list given last year by the measure-
ments of the skulls of four large tigers and a heavy tigress. If tigers of over
10' 3" exist in these provinces, I have been unfortunate in not seeing them
either dead or alive. The effects of actual perforation of the heart or serious
injury to the organ by a bullet may be noted. Four out of the five tigers
listed below were so shot, and all of them went 50 to 100 yards before
falling dead; there was ample time to do considerable damage, but probably the
sense of direction was non-existent, and the animals were practically
unconscious. In only one case did a tiger deviate from a straight course
in his dying rush ; that one returned in his tracks after going about 50 yards,
and fell dead some 20 paces from the shooter. I may be permitted to add
my testimony to that of Professor LittledaJe as to the efficacy of small-bore
rifles with smokeless powder. I used a '303 bore with rifleite, avoiding the
arclite cleaning nuisance. For long distance shooting in the open on deer of
all kinds this gives great satisfaction ; but as a forest gun for short range
shooting at more formidable game it is useless. We lost two tigers hit with
soft-nose bullets. They collapsed and then ran away like hares, leaving no
blood trail after a few yards. I know of no weapon of less calibre than '577
which can be relied on tc stop a tiger, and that even sometimes fails
unaccountably. The following skull measurements are taken between perpen-
diculars, the tigers being taped as they lay: — Length. Skull.
Tiger

9'

9"

15"

X 10^"

10'

0"

15"

X 9ii"

10'

1"

14i"

X ^"

10'

2"

14|"

X 9i"

8'

9"

12i"

X ^"

Tigress

S. EARDLEY-WILMOT.
LuCKNOW, April, 1898.

No. XVII.-ELEPHANTS^ ANKLE-JOINTS.

Perhaps some of our military members can favour me with an answer to
tho following received from a friend in the United States, Professor of
Biology :—

" As to the elephants' legs and feet, oar osteologists say they are badly
constructed at the ankle (at least not so well constructed as in the horse, cow>

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 225

&c,) ; and I should like to know if they often have their ankles dislocated,
and whether in fact these joints, with bone above bone and rather flat, are
unfit for carrying their great weight,"

I have answered that, as far as I know, the elephants' ankle-joints are as
good as any other beasts, and that I never heard of an elephant with a dis-
located ankle. As for the weight, comparatively little is thrown upon this
joint.

But I am not well acquainted with elephants, which are scarce in the
Bombay Presidency ; and should be glad of the comments of members more
widely acquainted with them.

I need hardly add that the joint especially in question, is what Mr. Blanford
calls " the ankle-joint or heel in the hind leg, corresponding to the hock of
other ungulates" (" Fauna of British India " Mammalia, p, 463), the joint, in
short, next above the hind foot.

W. F. SINCLAIR (late I.C.S.).

102, Cheyne Walk, Chelsea,

London, S.W., May, 1898.

No. XVIII.-LION CUBS.

With reference to the information given by Surgeon-Captain Cleveland
regarding lion cubs being born with their eyes closed, I very much regret
I have not had the great advantage enjoyed by that officer of observing lions
in a wild state ; and I only based my statement, which appeared in the Jour-
nal on the young of the Hunting Leopard that " Lion cubs were born with
their eyes open," on what I had read in the lately published book on " Cats"
by R. Lydehker ; it forms one of the volumes of Allan's Naturalists' Library
and is edited by Mr. Bowdler Sharpe, of the British Museum. When describ-
ing the characters of the lion at page 28, line 21, he states, " Unlike the
majority of the family, lion cubs are born with their eyes open," but after
Captain Cleveland's clear evidence to the contrary, I now feel this must be a
mistake.

G. S. RODON, Majoe.

Dharwar, June, 1898.

No. XIX.— THE NESTING OF THE RED-TAILED CHAT
{SAXICOLA CHRYSOPYGIA).

I have the pleasure to record finding the nest and eggs of the Red-tailed
Chat {Saxicola chrysopygia), No. 628, Gates, at this place on 2nd June. ThuU
is a frontier outpost 60 miles from Kohat at the entrance to the Kurram
Valley,— elevation about 2,300 feet. The nest was a large, loose, straggling
structure in the centre of a dense wild olive bush about 18 inches from the
ground. A leaf of the dwarf palm-tree grew through the bush, advantage being
29

226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

taken of the flat surface of the palm-leaf to build the nest on. It was composed
of dry grass, straw and rubbish, and iilled the entire space round the leaf,
about 8"x4" wide, outside measurements, with a neat deep cup in the
centre 2i"x2", lined with camel hair. It was so loosely made that it fell to
pieces on being taken out. Eggs 4, broad blunt ovals, a little pointed at the
small ends, with a fair amount of gloss, of a pale greenish-grey, with numerous
dark-brown and reddish-brown spots and blotches covering the whole egg; they
also have secondary of a light purplish colour under the others. The position
of the nest in a bush and the colour of the eggs are not what I expected
in a /Sax«coZa; but I watched the birds building the nest, and shot the male
as it left the nest. I am unable to measure the eggs as I have so Uttle kit
here, but they are about the same size as, and something like, highly-coloured
large eggs of Thamnohia camhayenais. To-day I found two more nests of the
bird building, and I will send a clutch of the eggs with the birds for the
Society's collection, when I succeed in taking the eggs. The bird is now
common here, having appeared some three weeks ago,

I also found on the 1st of June one egg of Caprimulgus europceus here, and
shot the female bird.

R. H. RATTRAY, Major,

22nd Punjab Infantry.

Thull, Kuream Valley, May, 1898.

No. XX.— CURIOUS CONDUCT OF A PANTHER.

On the morning of the 19th instant, on my return from a successful stalk
after black buck, my shikaris told me they had marked a large panther into
a boulder-covered hill some four hundred yards from my camp. This hill is
full of caves and generally holds bears, but since the panther has taken up
his abode in the neighbourhood, the bears have shifted quarters to a more
congenial spot about three-quarters of a mile away. My Cutch shikari,
Ookha Bhil, said it was doubtful whether the beast was a panther or a small
tiger, the pugs were so large. So I had a macJian rigged up, and at 5-30 p.m.
went to sit up, accompanied by the above-mentioned shikari. The machan
was only screened on the side facing the hill ; between it and the hill the goat,
a beautiful speaker, was tied. There was, however, no time to add more
protection to the machan, m we sat in a most open position some 12 feet only,
off the ground. As the panther was said to be fearless of men, having several
times driven intruders away from his kills, and the goat bleated loud and
long, I trusted to his coming while there was still light enough to see by.
This he would have done, as the black-backed robin was fussing about, be-
tokening that the panther was on the move. However some men came along a
track some two hundred paces away to our left and made a great deal of noise,
80 the panther remained hidden. Just before it got too dark to see anything,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 227

I heard a bleat and saw a flash of yellowish-white and the stroke of the
right fore leg as the panther felled the goat. No sooner was the goat seized
and shaken by the throat than the panther leaped to one side and stood
facing the machan, looking occasionally at the kill and sometimes up at the
maclian. He appeared however to have no suspicion about it. Then he
lay down, still facing us. The light was failing very rapidly, and I could now
no longer see any sign of the foresight. The brute remained ten minutes as
he was, then got up and, walking slowly round the kill, lay down alongside of
it and began sucking the blood. I put some phosphorus on the foresight,
took a steady aim at the ground-line, and fired. Up sprang the panther and,
leaping sideways, stood broadside on some five paces farther off. I gave him
the second barrel, still aiming at the ground-line. To my surprise he turned
slowly round, and walked quietly up the hill-side. I thought from the way
he carried his head close to the ground that he was badly hit and was about
to vomit ; however, it turned out that he was untouched. I waited half an
hour and was on the point of telling Ookha to whistle up the other men
when he touched my arm and whispered, "Saheb, there is some animal breath-
ing heavily underneath the machan!" I listened and heard a footfall or two ;
then all was silent for a further live minutes, when we distinctly heard the
crunching of bones. I could see a shadowy form of sorts, and it was
apparently standing broadside on, so I fired ; there was absolutely no movement,
only a temporary cessation of the crunching noise, which was almost
immediately resumed ; so I fired shot No, 4, this time aiming at the
shadowy object and not at the ground-line, A short roar and away he gal-
loped to our left. He went some ten paces, breathing hard and groaning, and
fell among a lot of dry teak leaves. He got up again, went some way, and
fell again ; then we heard no more. I gave him half an hour's time, and
then whistled up the other men. They lit several large fires, and at 8'45 p.m.
punctually, or one hour and fifteen minutes after firing the first shot, I
descended from the machan. We then went to camp. At sunrise on the
20th we went to see the result of the previous nighfs work. To my delight
we found the panther — a heavy, old male with forepaws as large as a tigress,
lying dead some eight yards to the left of the machan. But had he fallen
there? Not a bit of it. He had travelled at least a hundred yards further;
but during the night, a hyajna, following up the blood trail, had found
the corpse and dragged it back into the open. This brute, who one
would have thought would not have dared go near the carcase of a beast
of prey, had devoured the testes and viscera and torn a large piece of the
skin off the back. I cannot conceive what made the panther return to
the kill, for he was uncommonly fat and well-fed, and had lately killed
several calves and goats besides three ponies. Luckily he could not have
seen the flash of the rifle ; and the reverberation of the reports must have
put him o£E the right direction of the sound, else he would have had us out

228 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

of that machan in less than no time. The local shikari who built the machan
got a severe talking to, for on two sides and behind it was entirely
unscreened, I may say I was using a double '577 magnum, by Jeffery, burning
6f drams — a most accurate weapon by daylight. I used solid soft lead
bullets in the righ barrel and hollow brass-tubed ones in the left. It
was one of these that finished hioQ, hitting him behind the last rib
on the left side and tearing his interior economy to smithereens. Clumsy
shooting it is true, though I fired off a rest and was quite cool. One
cartridge would have sufficed had I been able to get in a shot while there
was still light enough to see the foresight ; and the erratic shooting is not
in the least attributable to the rifle. I wetted the foresight and rubbed the
end of a sulphur match on it ; it glowed for about a second, but then went
out and left me more bewildered as to where to aim than ever. But that a
wary old panther should have returned within half an hour or so to a kill
over which he had twice been fired at, and that a hy^na should have dared
to go near the carcase of a panther, surprises me. Shot No. 1 (solid
bullet) went first over the panther's shoulder as he lay alongside the goat ;
No. 2 (hollow) struck the ground between his forelegs ; of No. 3
(solid) we could find no traces whatever ; and Mo. 4 (hollow) hit
as above related. It was lucky it did not hit a bone, but being propelled by
6J drams, it has a very fair penetration (9 inches into loose sand) before
breaking up. Still it was rather risky work on a dark night, and I should
have been happier had the solid bullets done their work. I should like to
know if any members of the Society have ever had a similar experience V

C. D. LESTER, Liedt.,
17th Bo. Infantry.
Rewa Kantha, April, 1898.

No. XXI.— QUERY.

Is any living Shark or Dog-fish called " Chagrin," or " Shagreen," or " Sagri,
in any living language, and particularly in any Oriental language ? Their
skins and those of rays, and of horses and asses dressed to imitate them, are
so called from Persia to Portugal and further. But I want an instance
of the name being applied to the fish itself.

W. F. SINCLAIR (late I.C.S.).
102, Cheyne Walk, Chelsea,
London, S.W., May, 1898,

No, XXII.— A BRACE OF TIGERS AT ONE SHOT.

For a really appalling fluke I think the following will be hard to beat :—
On July 25th, a Malay, named Said, went into the jungle at a place called
Kepong, near Lue, to cut firewood. He took with him an old single-barrel

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 229

muzzle-loader, which, on the chance of getting a deer, he loaded with a bullet
and four buckshot. Moving quietly through the jungle he came suddenly on
a tiger feeding on the carcase of a dead sambur. He fired at about 20
paces, and the tiger rolled over. On going up to it he found, to his utter
amazement, not one but two tigers lying dead within a few feet of each
other !

I subsequently superintended the skinning of these tigers, and made a
post-mortem examination of the bodies. The shot which killed them must
indeed have been a marvellously lucky one.

In one case a single buckshot, no larger than a pea, had struck the beast
low down behind the shoulder, gone through the centre of the heart, and
lodged under the skin on the opposite side. There was no other wound.
This was a tigress 7 feet 10 inch in length, fair measurement.

The second tiger was a young male, 7 feet 3 inches in length, and had also
been killed by one'of these insignificant pellets, which had entered under
the elbow, cut through the heart, and passed on down the body. Another
slug had struck the animal on the head, but this wound was trifling.

Both beasts had their stomachs full of pieces of the deer's flesh and hair.
The tigress had also eaten a quantity of green grass. The Malay's story was
told with every appearance of truth ; indeed he seemed to see nothing
surprising in it at all.

The gods send me such luck if ever I meet a brace of tigers in jungle with
nothing but a charge of buckshot !

A. L. BUTLER, F.Z.S.,

Selangor State Museum,
Kuala Ldmpor,
Federated Malay States, July, 1898.

No. XXIII,— MIGRATION OF EUFLCEA CORE.

I daresay other members of the Society, as well as myself, noticed the
remarkable migration of Euplcea core over Bombay on the 26th and 27th of
last month. I noticed it first about 4 o'clock on the former date ; it was
resumed early on the following morning, and continued till the afternoon at
least. The habit which this butterfly has of migrating northwards annually
about the first week of June has been noticed before in our journal, and I have
observed it for many years past ; but this movement in a contrary direction
two months later is a new thing to me and is very interesting. I do not think
that jB. core is a long-lived butterfly, and it is very unlikely that the individuals
which came from the north last week were the same as those which passed
in the opposite direction last June. More probably they were the first off-

230 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

spring of the latter just emerged. Allowing four or five days for the eggs to
hatch, and about three weeks for the larva to grow to maturity, and ten days
more for the pupa state, or about forty days for the whole, which I believe
is a good average estimate, and supposing that those which went northward
laid their eggs about the 10th of June, the next generation of butterfies would
begin to appear about the 20th of July, which fits the facts very well. I am
inclined to think that the object of the northward journey is simply to escape
the very hoivy rain with which the monsoon opens on the Southern Coast ;
but I have always been puzzled to imagine what became of those that went
north, and how the population of the south was kept up. This return to the
south about Cocoanut Day explains all, for, though I never observed it
before, I have no doubt it is an annual event.

E. H. AITKEN.

Uran, August, 1898.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON THE Urn JUNE

A meeting of the members took place on Tuesday, the 14th June 1898, when
Lieutenant-Colonel H. D. Olivier, R.E„ presided.

NEW MEMBERS,

The election of the following new members was announced :--Mr, W. R,
Williams (Roorkee) ; Mr, R. H. Harter (Bombay) ; Mrs. Arthur Jacob
(Mhow) ; Mean Saheb Bhurie Singh (Chamba) ; Mr. F. A. Tydd (Cachar) ;
Surgeon-Captain C. J. Milne, I.M.S. (Bakloh) ; Lieutenant A. E. Sealy
(Bakloh) ; Mr. William Trotter (Jalpaiguri) ; Mr. C. Donald (Wazirabad) ;
Dr. W. Forsyth (Calcutta) ; Lieutenant C. J, Kendall, R,I.M. (Commanding
R. I. M. S. Lawrence) ; Mr. E. L. Winter, I.C.S. (Saharanpore) ; Mr. Edward
O'Brien (Amreli) ; Mr. R. C. J. Radcliffe (Hyderabad, Sind) ; Surgeon-Major
J. Watson, M.D. (Agra) ; Mr.. G. C. B. Sterling (Upper Burma) ; Mr, G. St. C,
Lightfoot (Upper Burma) ; Mr, E, L, Sale, I.C.S. (Poena) ; Mr. A, St.
Vincent Beechey (Sambalpore, C. P.) ; Surgeon-Captain C. E. Pollock,
I. M. S. (Ranikhet) ; Mr. P. Duncan, M.I.C.E. (Bezwada) ; Captain
K. J. Buchanan (Changla Gali) ; Mr. Alexander M. Primrose (Cachar) ;
Miss (Dr.) 0. F. Ferreira, L.M. & S, (Bombay) ; Mr. W. A. Benson
(Khandeish) ; and Lieutenant J. H. St. John, R.I.M. (Commanding R. I. M. S.
Elphinstone).

PROCEEDINGS.

231

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged receipt of the following contributions
to the Society's museum since the last meeting : —

Contribution.

Description.

Strix javaniea

Caecahis chrilor ,

Felis Pardvs ,

Tropidonctus Piscator..
Galloperdix lunvlatus

Canons rlioviheatus

1 Crested Serpent 'E'Ag\&\Spilornis cTieela
Some Shells, &c., from, the
Seychelles Islands.

1 Screech Owl (alive)

Chukor Partridges (alive) ...

1 Panther Cab(alive)

1 Checquered Water Snake
1 Skin of the Painted Spur
Fowl.

1 Cape Viper

A number of Shells from

South Africa.
8 Skins of the Narcondam
Hornbill.

1 Snake

1 Large Python''s Skin

Skins of the large Malay
Squirrel, Pallas''s Squirrel,
and the Indian Marten.
Nest and young of the Mad-
ras Eufons Woodpecker.
1 Red-headed Merlin (alive).

1 Panther's Skull

Eggs of the larger Racket-
tailed Drongo.

Skins of the Bonelir

Eagle, Red-headed Merlin,

Brahminy Kite, Indian

Koel and Painted Snipe.

Pied-crested Cuckoos

(alive).
A number of Shells from the

Andaman and Nicobar

Islands.

2 Andaman Teal

Contributor.

Rhytidoceros nar^'ondami ...

Polyodonto2)liis sulpunctattis

Python reticulatv s

Sciurus hicolor^ Sciurus

erytJiraus, JMustela flavi-

gula.
Muscropternus gularis.

^J^salon cMqucra

Felis Pardui

Dis-iemurus Paradigeus

Eieratus fasciatns, ^salor
chiequira, Tlaliaster iridus,
Eudynnmes honorata,

MhynchcBa caensls.

Coccystes jacoMnus

Nettium alhigulare

Capt. P. Z. Cox.
Dr. Sinclair.

Mr. R. Maidment.
Mrs. Waghorn.
Mr. R. P. Barrow, I.C.S.
Surg.-Capt. Hojel.
Mr. E. Roberts.

Mr. Queckett.

Lieut. N. F. Wilson, R.I.M.

Lieut. Commdr. J. St

John, R.I.M.
Mr. W. F. Biscoe.
Mr. H. Tilley.
Do.

Lieut. N. F. Wilson, R.I.M.

Mr. J. P. Brand.
Mr. F. Gleadowe.
Mr. Patten.

Mr. C. Donald.

Mrs. W. George.

Lieut. Commdr.
John, R.I.M.

Major H. Graham.

St,

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED FROM
Mr. L. Morgan, Dr. E. H, Brown, Mr. J. A. Betham, Mr. P. Newnham,
Mr. A. Leslie, Mr. W. Gaye, Miss George, Mrs. Acklom, Mr. A- J. Taylor,
Mr. H. Bulkley, and Surgeon-Major R. H. Nicholson, A. M.S.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
Game Birds of India (Gates), Vol. I, from the Author ; Memoirs of the
Geological Survey of India, Himalayan Fossils, Vol. I., Part 3, from the
Government of India ; Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Sammlung des
Museums fiir Maturkunde in Berlin, in exchange ; Nature, Vol. 57
Nos, 1,479— 1,488, Vol. 58, Nos. 1,488 and 1,490, from Mr. W. F. Sinclair;

232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

The Irish Naturalist, Vol, VII, Nos, 3, 4, and 5, from Mr. W. F. Sinclair ; The
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for 1897, in exchange ;
The Indian Forester, Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3, 4, and 5 ; The Canadian Entomo-
logist, Vol. XXX, Nos. 3, 4, and 5 ; Fauna of British India, Vol. IV, Birds
(Blanford), from the Author ; Journal of the Marine Biological Association,
Vol, V, No. 2, from Mr. W, F. Sinclair ; The Embryology of Crepidula ; The
Avicultural Magazine, Vol. IV, No. 42 ; Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de
France, Tome XXII, Nos. 1 to 9 ; Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de
France, Annee X, Nos, 1 to 4 ; Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale
di Geneva, Vol. XVIII ; The Agricultural Ledger, Nos. 18 to 20 ; Proceed-
ings of the California Academy of Science, Third Series, Zoology, Vol. I, No. 4;
Proceedings of the California Academy of Science, Third Series, Geology,
Vol. I, No. 2 ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, Part II, 1897 ; The Reptiles of the Pacific Coast and Great Basin (I
Van Denbourgh) ; Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, Vol, VIII,
Parts 1 to 4 ; Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LXVI, Part II.
No, 4 ; Report of the Provincial Museum of the N,-W.P. and Oudh for
1894-96 ; Perak Museum Notes, Vol, II, Part 2 ; Proceedings of the Nova
Scotian Institute of Science, Vol, IX, Part 3 ; Report of the Entomological
Society of Ontario for 1897,

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed : —

1. Description of six new species of scorpions from India, by R, I. Pocock

(British Museum of Natural History),

2. A Monograph of the Pill-Millipedes inhabiting India, Ceylon, and

Burma, by R,I, Pocock,

3. On the zoological division of Sikkim, by H, J. Elwes, F.R.S,

4. Species of Western Peninsular trees, shrubs, &c,, from North Kanara,

by W. A, Talbot.
6. Some cases of caudal abnormality in Mabuia carinata and other lizards
by H, H. Brindley, M.A.

6. On new and little known Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan, Austro-

Malayan and Australian regions, by L. de Niceville, F,E.S,

7. Description of a new species of Mus from S. India, by J, L. Bonhote

(British Museum of Natural Uistory),

8. On A/ridia, a new genus of Labiatse from the N,-W, Frontier of India,

by J, F, Duthie, F.L.S.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

(a) The Baira Antelope, by Captain P, Z, Cox.

(b) Bahmeen fishing in Bombay Harbour, by E. L. Barton.

(c) A Panther with twenty toes, by S. Eardley-Wilmot.

PROCEEDINGS. 233

(jT) Note on two specimens of Hypsirliina sieholdii, by Surgeon-Captain

F. Wall, I.M.S.
(e) Distribution of the Slender Loris, by A. M. Kinloch.
(/) Nesting of the Malabar Rufous Woodpecker, by Lieutenant N. F. T

Wilson, R.I.M.
{g) Panthers and their ways, by W. A. Wallinger.
(Ji) Reasoning power in Bees, by S. Eardley-Wilmot,
(/) Notes on a Jackal cub, by Major G. S. Rodon,
(;■) The young of the Hunting Leopard, by Surgeon- Captain H. F

Cleveland, I.M.S.
(Jc) Hybernating of Indian Bears, by Captain F, E. G. Skey, R.E,
( I) Protective power of scent in animals, by S, Eardley-Wilmot,
(m) Nidification of the Indian Lorikeets, by A. L, Butler.
(ji) The Narcondam Hornbill, by Lieutenant J. H. St. John, R.I.M,

EXHIBITS.

Lieutenant N. F. T. Wilson, R.I.M , exhibited the nest of the Madras
Rufous Woodpecker found at Tanna, from which he had taken the young bird.
When found, the nest was swarming with the small black ants to whom it
properly belonged, thus conclusively proving that the bird does not wait for
the orifjioal occupants to vacate the nest before laying her eggs in it.

Mr. F. Gleadow, I.F.S., exhibited the skull of a panther shot last year at
about 8,000 feet in the hills north of Chakrata. The skull has a large cavity
on one side and a projection on the other side, which are apparently the results
of an old wound, and may possibly have been caused by a bullet glancing off
the top of the skull.

Lieutenant J. H. St, John, R.I.M,, exhibited a num.bcr of beautiful shells
which he had brought up for the Society from the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, and also several skins of the rare Narcondam Hornbill {Rhytidoceros
narcondami) which he had obtained for the Society from the small Island of
Narcondam, where these birds are only known to occur. The only previous
specimens recorded are a pair which were obtained by Hume as far back as
1873, so that these specimens are a valuable addition to the Society's collection.

Captain F. E. G Skey, R.B., exhibited son-.e photographs illustrating the
great extrt-mes in the shape of the Markhor horns obtained near Drosh,
some being quite a straight spiral (Cabul variety), whilst others in the same
hird had the wide s-pread of the Pir-Panj;d variety (Blanford).

A vote of thanks was passed to the members who had contriiuxted papers
&c., and the meeting then terminated.

30

Journ.Bora'bay NaL.Hist. Soc.

Plate VI.

^^

J.G.Keulem.an-s del.

THE OCEANIC TEAL
Nettiorv albigulare .

i«Ira-cen\Bros Ckrorao lifcK Londoii.

-QGiC^T-

JOURNAL

OF THE

B O l^ZC B .A. "Y

Natural gi^jtorg §ocietir.

Vol. XII. BOMBAY. No. 2.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES.
By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z. S.

Part VI, with Plate VI.
(^Continued from p. 31 of Vol. XI T.)
Genus MARECA.

Tha geniis Marcca differs principally from Nettion in having a
smaller bill, which is distinctly narrower and rather tapering towards
the tip ; from Chuulelasmus it differs in not having the camillae of
the upper mandible so prominent, and the tail feathers are more pointed,
the central rectrices extending beyond the others.

There are only three species in the genus, of which but one, M.penelopey
reaches our limits ; of the other two, one, il/. americana^ is a North
American form, whilst the other, M, sib'ditris, is a South American bird.
All three are much the same in size.

23. MaUECA PENELOPE.

The W'lgeon.
Mareca penelope, Jerdon, " Birds of India," III, p. 804 ; Hume,
"Str. Feath.," I, p. 271 ; Butler, ibid, IV, p. 30; Hume, ibid, id.,
ibid, VII, p. 491 ; Davis and Wendon, ibid, p. 93 ; Scully, ibi(/,
VIII, p. ()3 ; Hume, Cat., No. 963 ; Hume and Marshall, " Game
Birds of India," III, p. 197; Vidal, "Str. Feath.," IX, p. 92; Butler,
ibid, p. 438 ; Reid, idk/, X, p. 82 ; Hume, ibid, p. 245 ; Davidson, ibid.

'23G JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

p. 32«j ; Oatos, " Birds of British Burmuli," IT, p. 278 ; Barnos,
"Birds of Boml.ay," i). 408 ; Humo, " Str. Foatli.," XI, p. 345;
Salvadori, British Museum Cat..^ XXVII, p. 227 ; Blanford, "Birds
of India," IV, p. 445.

Vescriptio7i : Adult Male. — Forehead, crown and anterior nape pale
buff, sometimes with a tow black dots on the nape, remainder of head
and neck dull chestnut, much speckled anteriorly with black, and
the chin and throat more or less black also ; back, sides of neck
and upper br<?ast, flanks, scapulars, rump and shorter upper tail coverts
vermiculated blackish- Ijrown and white, the rump and upper tail
coverts with the white predominating, longer upper tail coverts black ;
central rectrices brownish-l)lack getting paler on the each succeeding
pair, the outer pairs being also tipped white ; upper breast and lower
neck and sides of lower breast vinous-red, under tail coverts black,
rest of lower i>lumage white ; smallest wing coverts greyish-brown,
more or less vermiculated white, primary coverts vinous-grey, remain-
ing coverts white, the greater secondary coverts tipped black, primaries
brown, pale-shafted except at the tips ; outermost secondaries brilliant
metallic green, broadly edged and tipped black ; outer web of next
secondary pure white, edged black ; inner secondaries black, edged
white and greyish on the inner webs.

"Irides deep red-brown ; bill grey- blue, livid blue, or bluish-plum-
beous, the tip black ; logs dusky lead, lead-grey or, rarely, greenish-
load colour, dusky on the joints and webs, and with the claws dark.

''3Iah's (adults).— heucrth 19-0" to lO-.V; expanse 32-75" to 34*5" ;
wing 10" to 10-5" ; tail from vent 4-0" to 4-G" ; tarsus 1-4" to I'G" ;
bill from gape, 1-7" to 1-82"; weight lib. 5oz. to lib. IGoz." (Hume).

During the early part of the cold weather the feathers of the breast
have grey edges which make the whole breast a pale gre}'ish-vinous,
as the season progresses the edges wear off and the breast gets richer
in colour in consequence.

Adult Female. — Head and nock pale reddish-brown, richer posteri-
orly and paler below, speckled with very dark brown ; rest of plumage
above lirown with j)alo edges to the leathers varying from almost white
to rufous, the scapulars and interscapulars more or less barred with the
same ; smaller wing coverts like the back, median the same but wilh
broader edges, greater coverts with still i)roader paler edges, quills plain

IND IAN n rCKS A ND THEIR A L L lES. 237

i)ro\vn, a dull Ijl;ic'ki?>h- brown .speouliiin edged by the outer secondaries
more or less tipped white, and with the secondary next; tlie speouluni
having the outer web broadly white. Innermost secondaries edged
with fulvous. Lower neck and breast reddish-biown, sometimes
speckled with darker ; lower breast, abdomen and vent varying from
white to uniform pale, rather bright rufous-bufF, the flanks and axillaries
darker and often more or less spotted brown. Under-tail coverts the
same as the abdomen but with the feathers centred dark.

Bill slaty-blue, nail black, the base of the maxilla often darker, the
mandible with the commissure, base and often the tip darker and
nearly black. Irides from light dull to deep bright brown ; legs
grey or drab marked with dusky as in the male.

" Length 17-b" to 19-25" ; expanse 81-5" to 34'0" ; wing 9-8" to 10-2";
tail from vent 3-5" to 5" ; tarsus 1-4" to I'G" ; bill from gape I'G.S" to
1*8"; weight lib. ooz. to lib. lOoz. (Note that only one female
out of 27 weighed more than lib. Ooz.) " (Hume).

Young Male. — Much like the female, l)ut the upper parts, especially
on the rump and upper tail coverts, more grey than brown, and soon
assuming the vermiculated appearance of the adult m:de ; white about
the speculum for more develojied, as is the speculum itself, and the
breast and fore neck are a richer brown.

Male in the first nuptial state or cliamjing from the yovncf into advlt
stage. — Head rich brown, boldly spotted with black, less so below
upper back and adjoining parts as in the female but gradually changing
to grey on the lower back and rump, where it is beautifully vermiculated
and stippled with white ; upper tail coverts, scapulars and innermost
secondaries like the upper back, wing like the adult male btit the
s])ecnlum inconspicuous ; lower parts as in the female but with the
breast a very rich rufous contrasting both with fore neck and abdomen.

Nestling. — " May be distinguished by the warm rufous tint of the
cheeks and throat and the alienee of any loval streak ; the upper parts
are, moreover, of an almost uniform brown, with hardly any signs of
bars on the pinions " (Yarrell).

The Wigeon is found throughout Europe at different seasons, being
a permanent resident in some of the noi-therc countries ; jiractically
throughotit Asia, though rare to the East. Breeding in the North and
wintering iSouth ; in Northern Africa in the cold weather as far South

238 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

as Abyssinia, Southern Egypt and to Madeira. It also wanders as far
as North-Easteru America.

Within oiii- limits it is found practicnlly everywhere except in the
extreme South and in Coylcn. It is decidedly common in Cachar and
Sylhet to my own knowledge, not rare in Goalpara and Kamrup, in
w^hich districts I have shot it, and is found throughout the province of
Assam, whilst in Burma it has been recorded from N. Tenasserim. It
will be noticed that in certain localities one person records this teal os
being very plentiful, whilst another, who may be equally good an
observer and naturalist, says it is never found. This is due to the fact
tliat the Wigeon is most irregular in its visits, and whilst it comes one
year in hundreds and even thousands to certain parts, yet these loca-
lities may be hunted in vain the following season for a single specimen.

Notes recorded by various ornithologists and sportsmen would seem
to shew tha*. in years of heavy rainfall the Wigeon does not visit India
in the same numbers as it does in drier years.

Thus Reid writes of Oudh : " The Wigeon is by no moans uncommon,
though it is, I think, rather erratic, in its wanderings, being much
more common in some seasons than in others. During the past cold
weather, for instance, when the jhils were much below their average
size and many of the smaller ones altogether dry, 1 did not expect to
meet with it ; but as a matter of fact, it was much more common than
1 had ever known it to be before."

Again Vidal : " Wigeon in some years are very abundant on the
A^ashishti River, congregating in large flocks of five hundred birds or
more, but they are not like Common Tesd, widely distributed. In
1.S78-79, after the highest rainfall on record, not a Wigeon was to
be found in the district ; but in 1879-80 after a year of moderate rain-
fall, they reappeared in their usual strength on the Vashishti."

Davidson notes it as rare in Mysore, but Major Mclnroy says that
a fair number may be met with in parts. The only way I can at all
account for the Wigeon being more common in drj^ than in wet seasons
is because it is very much of a shallow water or bottom feeder.
In very wet seasons the lakes, jhils, ponds, etc., all overflow their
normal limits, and thus the edges and the shallow water covers ground
on which no water weeds grow and on which the natural dry
land vegetation has been killed by the water. On the other hand,

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 239

in dry seasons the water recedes and much jhil vegetation, which,
under ordinary circumstances would be in a few feet of water, is
within a few inches of the top and well within grasp of the teal as
it feeds with only its tail-end out of water. They are of course
strong and expert divers, but do not feed, 1 think, on any stuff which
necessitates their going completely under water. Of two birds shot
in Silohar the stomachs contained nothing but the white tendril-!ike
roots of a small water plant which grows profusely when the water
is only a few inches deep, and these the birds could obtain by
merely standing . ou their heads, as it were, in the water. They graze
a good deal like geese on young grass and also young crops, and in
addition to various other vegetable substances eat water-snails, worms,
insects and shell-fish of sorts, this more particularly near the sea coast,
where they are often found in brackish estuaries or back waters."

Morris writes ; " This species feeds principally on water insects and
their larva?, small moilusca, wonns, the fry of fish, and frogs ; as also the
buls, shoots', and leaves of plants and grass ; and these it browses on in
the day time, but it chiefly seeks its food in the mornings and evenings,
and also at times in the night."

All ducks it should be noted, whether as a rule day or night feeders,
are inclined to feed freely during moonlight nigiits, and this is perhaps
mora especially the case with such as graze on grass an<l young crops.
I never myself obtained a single specimen in the Sunderbands, but have
often been assured that they are common there. Hume says that they
are as quick in rising as is the Gad wall. I should have given the palm
to the Gadwall for quickness in getting off the water, but once up, the
Wigeon is quite as fast in getting away. On the wing they are
C3rtainly not as fast ws either the Gargany or Common Teal, nor are
they as hard to bring down, for they arc less densely i)lumaged and can
carry far less lead.

They vaiy very much in being wild or the reverse, but taking them
everywhere, in comparison with other ducks, they may be said to be
cute, wary birds, but falling short in this respect of many of their kind.
W^hat adds, too, to the ease in obtaining shots at th^m is their habit
of feeding almost throughout the day, their feeding taking
them much to the edges of the jhils and lakes where they
remain amongst the reods and vegetation. This, of course, hides the

240 JOrnyAL, bom ha Y XA TI^RA L ///story HOC/ETY, VoI. xji.

stalker and tlio stnlkixl, and many shots may Iw obtained at \Vi;40on
by walking round the borders of a lake whilst most of the other duck
are away in tlie middle of the water, nnapproaehable except by a boat
and often not by that. They collect in very large flocks, sometimes
num])ering as much as seven or eight hundred individuals, but more
often will be found in flocks of a hundred or so, and, of course, when
they are less common in small flocks of a dozen or loss, often in pairs or
singly, but in the latter case always vvith some other duck.

Of their voice Hume writes : " They are on the whole, neitlior
loquacious birds, and both when feeding and at rest, when wallving,
swimming and flying often utter a shrill 'whew, ' a sort of whistle by
which you may know them at any distance ; it is not a clear full
whistle like the Curlews, but a whistled cry rather discordant when
heard by day, but not without its charm when uttered by night by
large numbers mingled with the call of many other species and
mellowed by the distance and the multitudinous voices of winds and
water."

They fly with a swift powerful flight, generally in line formation, the
line nearly always irregular and altering much in sha[)e as the birds
fly ; the two ends are generally thin, whilst towards the centre the
birds are more numerous. When flying from one jhil to another or
when put up by shots they do not, ] think, take any particular
formation.

Meversavs : " The Wigeon fly in the usual manner of ducks following
one another ; but these birds fly so very close upon the heels of their
leader that it formed a distingaisliing peculiarity."

Hume notes the peculiar rustle nnide by the "Wigeon in flying ; this
is very dist'ncti-. e, and when close at hand soimds very different to the
swish of the IMallard or the sound of other ducks' flight.

In England they are caught in large numbers by decoys which
induce the wild birds to enter small waterways which are roofed in
with wire netting and which gradually lead to a largo drop-net in
which they are entangled. The placing of th) pipes, as the loading
tunnel-nets are called, is the main feature of the trap, as these have to
be so made that they are quite inconspicuous and the enti-ances must
be natural ones. Sometimes a small dog is trained to dodge about, the
]»ipos, continually sh-r.ving its'df higher u[» the pipe for an instant or

INDIAN DUCKS AND THE IB ALLIES. 241

two and attracting the curiosity whicli is a strong trait in all
chicks.

In Goldsmith's '''Natural History," a httle volnma dated 1830, it is
said that : " In only ten decoys in the neighboui-hood of Wainfleet, so
many as thirty-one thousand two hundred have teen cauglit in a season."
This, of course, refers to all kinds of ducks, not to Wigeons only.

To eat, the Wigeon is sometimes first rate, sometimes decidedly fishy
and rank. At home it is considered quite one of the higher class of
ducks for eating, but out in India it is often not of a higher class ;
Hume says of some he got on the sea coast that they had such a distinct
" odour of brine from the ocean " about them that they were quite
unpalatable. Those shot in Cachar I have always found very good
indeed.

The Wigeon breeds throughout the greater part of its Northern
hiibitat, but probal>ly nowhere within the Arctic Circle. It is common
in Iceland and still more so in Lapland, breeds throughout Northern
Europe and also, I am told, in East Prussia, and it also breeds in North-
A\'est Asia, less commonly to the East. In Great Britain it has often
been found breeding in Scotland and also in Ireland, and just lately
Mr. W. J. Clarke recorded the finding of a AVigeon's nest in Yorkshire,
this being the first record of its breeding within the limits of England
itself.

Its nest may be placed either close to water, in amongst the growth
on the banks or shores, or it is sometimes placed a good distance from
it. In Scotland it is frequently found well hidden in amongst heather
well away from the nearest water. As a rule, it is very well hidden,
but at other times is very conspicuous and can be seen from a few
yards away. The duck sits very close indeed, and flying up at one's
feet usually shows the whereabouts of the nest, however uell it may be
hidden. The drake would seem to take little interest in the nest or
eggs, and leaves the duck not only to do all the incubation, but also
to look after the young until they are some days old.

The nest would appear to differ from other ducks' nests in beino-
better put together in most cases. In some nests the materials, moss,
leaves, grasses, and weeds are well intermingled and interwoven with
one another and with down, which not only forms the lining but is
also incorporated in the body of the nest itself. Frequently on the

242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI I.

other hand the nost is very prhnitive and consists of only a few of the
materials mentioned, just loosely placed in some hollow in the
ground.

Dresser, as quoted by Hume, says : *' The eggs are deposited late in
lilay or early in June, the locality selected for the purpose of nidifi-
cation being sometimes close to the water's edge and at others some
distance from it ; for Mr. Colley informs me that he found a nest on
the foils, not far from the town of Lillebammer, which was under a
juniper bush, at least 8C'0 yards from the water. The nest is a mere
depression or hole scratched in the ground and well Tmed with down
and a few feathers, intermixed with a little moss or a few grass bents.
A nest which I possess consists of a little moss matted together with
down, the latter being of a dark sooty brown colour, the centre of the
down being rather lighter or a dark sooty grey, and a few feathers of
the bird are interspersed here and there."

'•* The eofcrs are creamy white in colour and oval in shape, tapering
slightly towards the smaller end."

In rather strong contrast to the above " mere depression or hole " is
Mr. Wolley's description of a Wigeon's nest : "A nest is an extremely
pretty sight, even when separated from its native bank and all the
accompaniments of flowers, roots, moss and lichen."

The number of eggs is normally six to eight or sometimes ten.
Morris says five to eight, Meyer ten to twelve. In colour they vary from
a pale cream so faint as to appear white to a rather warm cream or
buff, generally the former. Hume's eggs measured 2-1''' to 2-3" in lenj;th
and 1'5" to 1*6" in breadth. The texture is, of course, fine and fairly
close, with the surface inclined to be glossy. Incubation is said to last
about 24 days.

Two eggs in my own collection, which come from Lapland, are
smallerthanany of Hume's, measuring 2-05" X 1*5" and 2-00" X 1'45".
Both these eggs are also unusually glossy.

Genus NETTION.

Th^ o-enus JVettium or Nettion is one of the largest in the order
Che)i.omoi'ph<x. As restricted by Salvadori, there are seventeen species
contained in it, of which throe only are found in India. The range of
the (Tonus is cosmopolitan, and it contains species both resident and
migratory, both of which are represented in India.

INDIAN DUCKS AND TUEIR ALLIES. 243

Tho diffoM-ODcos l)otween Nettlon and Anas, ChanleUwnus and M<u-eca

have lieon already pointed out.

Key to the Species.

Speculum, secondaries bronze-green at base, then
black and tipped white, and with their coverts
tipped rufous (I) N. formosum.

Speculum. Outermost secondaries black witli white
tips, those next them brilliant metal-green, next
again to them one black, the remainder like
back (2) N. CRECCA.

Speculum. Outer secondaries black exGe]>t two or
three in the centre, 7" to 9" which are bronze-
green (3) N. ALBIGDLARK.

24. Nettion formosum.
The Baikal or Cluching Teal.
Querquednla glocitaus, Jerdon, *' Birds of India," III, p. 808 ; Hume,
'*Str. Feath,"VIlI, p. 412.

Querquedula formosa, Hume, *' Str. Feath.," VII, p. 494 ; id.,
VIII, pp. 115, 404 ; id., iyA., No. 9G0 ; Hume and Marsball, " Game
Birds," III, p. 225 ; Barnes, *' Birds of Bombay," p. 411.
JSettion formosum^ Blanford, " Birds of India," IV, p. 442.
Description : Adult Male. — " Crown of the head, back of the neck,
entire throat, and a band extending from the eye across the face to the
throat, black; face and neck on the sides and under the throat buff, tho
butF parts narrowly margined with white ; also the black crown
from behind the eye is bordered on each side with a white band, which
runs down the sides of the black nape, and spreads on the sides of the
neck ; from behind the eye a broad glossy green band, of a crescentic
shape, passes along the sides of the head and inforiorly changes into
black, between the buff colour anteriorly and white band posteriorly ;
back and scapulars grey, somewhat tinged with brown, minutely
vermiculated with black, the inner scapulars elongated lanceolate,
on the outer web black, edged with cinnamon, silky buff, edged
with brown oa the inner web ; lower back and rmnp greyish-brown ;
the upper tail coverts brown, edged with rufous ; lower neck and
upper l)reast vinous, marked with small oval black spots ; on tho
sides of the breast, just before the liond of the wing, a crescentic white
2

244 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

band ; lower breast and belly white ; flanks grey, minutely vermicn-
latod with blacik ; under tail coverts black, but marked with bay on the
sidos, the longer ones whitish-buff at the tips, with slight vermiculations
on the lower flanks, just at the base of the tail a band of silky white,
formed b/ the tip of the feathers ; wings pale greyish-brown ; the last
row of the upper wing coverts tipped with cinnamon, forming a band
which borders anteriorly the wing speculum ; the latter is glossy green
anteriorly with a sub-apical velvety black band, and bordered by a
white band at the tip of the secondaries ; the longer tertiaries marked
with velvety black on the outer webs ; quills pale brown ;, under wing
coverts brown -grey ; the greater ones pale grey, the centre ones and
axilluries whitish, minutely spotted with brown-grey; bill dark bluish-
brown ; feet light greyish-blue, darker on the web ; irides chestnut
brown. Total length 18 inches, wing 8*5", tail 4'2", cuhnen 1"5",
tarsus 1" " (Salva<lori).

''Length 15 -8"; wing 8-15"; tail 3-9"; tarsus I'S"; bill at front I'S";
from gape, 1-92"" (Hume).

" The tareus . , . in a fine male from China is 1'4:" "
(Hume).

Agam Temmonck and Bchlegel give the dimensions of the tarsus as
1-28".

Of the four specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, the measure-
ments of the tarsus of the males are 1*2" to 1'3" ; the moasuromonts
viere kindly supplied to me by Mr, F. Finn.

Female, — " Qpper parts, wings and tail brown, with paler edges to the
feathers ; crown darkest ; speculum as in the male, but the rufous and
bronze-green bands duller ; a bulf spot on each side of the head in front
of the lores ; another under each eye ; sidos of the head and neck buff
or pale rufous, speckled with brown ; lower parts white, except lower
fore neck and upper breast, which are light rufous-brown with dark spots."

" Length 15-0" ; culmen 1-45" ; wing 7-8" ; tail 3-5" ; tarsus O'O""
(Dresser).

" The only female in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has a tarsus
measuring 1*3"" (Hume).

'' The male assumes, after breeding, a plumage very similar to that
of the female, from which he is only to be distinguished by the darker
brownish-red tint of the upper breast, and the comparatively uniform

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 245

colour of the upper back, the feathers of which, in the female, are darker
and very conspicuously bordered with reddish-buff. " (Hume).

Roughly speaking, the habitat of the Clucking Teal may be said
to be the Eastern portion of Asia, south of the 70th degree, north
latitude, and east of longitude 80°. To the south its boundary
may be taken as the 20th degree latitude. It is extremely common
in many parts of Southern China, Central East China, Formosa and
the South of Japan in the winter, but it has at no time been reported
from Yezzo, or elsewhere to the North of Japan. The extreme North
of China, Mongolia, Manchuria, and perhaps Corea, it seems only to
visit on migration, its summer home being Northern Asiatic Russia and
Siberia.

Salvador! says that it straggles into the " Western Palsearctic region
(Italy and France)," and again in Latham's " General Synopsis of Birds"
(1780), I find the following under the -heading of Anas glochans : —
'' Taken in a decoy in England. Has also been met with along the
Lena and about the lake Baikal. Has a singular note somewhat
like clucking."

Within Indian limits its occurrence has been of the rarest and can
bo counted on one's fingers. Blyth got a male in the Calcutta bazjuir.
Col. McMaster says that he believed that he got what was a specimen
of this species in the Upper Ciicars. Mr. E. James had a painting of
the head of a teal, said to have been shot in Sind, which was undoubt-
edly — the painting — that of this species. In November, 1879, Mr.
Chill got a male Clucking Teal about 30 miles south of Delhi ; this he
preserved and sent to Hume. Thus up to Hume's time the records of
its actual occurrence are but two in number and of its possible occur-
rence two more.

On 16th December, 1898, Mr. E. L. Barton, of Bombay, shot a
male Clucking Teal about 20 miles from Ahmedabad, in Guzerat.

Information of this duck's habits is meagre in the extreme, and I
can find practically nothing of interest.

Its flight is said to be swift and teal-like, but instead of, like the
Common Teal, flying at great heights when on migration, they fly
low and close to the surface of the country. This habit of flight, how-
ever, is probably only a distinctive feature as the Clucking Teal ap-
proach their destination, for Prejevalsky writes : '' When migrating

24G JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY^ Vol. XTI.

these ducks fly very low, following the plains . which abound with
lakes, and as soon as one is perceived whio'h is not frozen, they at
once settle down on it."

Most notiueahle of all their characteristics is their voice. They are,
especially the draives, noisy birds, constantly uttering a strident,
clucking call like the syllable *' mok," repeated very quickly. 1 have
heard their cry likened to that of the Cotton Teal as uttered by the latter
bird when flying, but far louder and more distinctly syilableized.

As a rule, it would appear that they are inland birds, keeping much to
swamps and morasses or to rivers, and less often to large open sheets of
water. In Japan and Formosa it has been seen on the sea coast in tidal
creeks and, I believe, even en the seashoi-e itself.

They are shy birds and difl&cult of approach as a rule, but appear to
become less so during the breeding season. Sociable birds, they consort
with ahnost any kind of duck. Thus Ruddle says that he saw in
Gompnny "in a small morass above the Udir rivulet. Anas hoschas,
A, crecca, A. (jlvcitans, A. cli/peata, A. acuta and a few of A.penehps
sitting quietly close together after a meal, resting."

As regards their breeding, the two notes quoted by Hume are all
there are on record.

Middendorf says : " Although the commonest duck on the Boganida
(70° North liititude) it did not occur as i'ar North as the Taimyr
river. It was not observed before the 12th of Juno on the Boganida.
On the 3rd July we found a nest on the river bank under a willow- bush
containing 7 fresh eggs. On the 24th July, the young in down began
to exhibit feathers on the head, shoulder and wings, but were still unable
to fl.y on the 4th August. On the 28th July a male was shot which had
lost its perfect plumage. The latest birds were seen on the 23rd.
August on the Boganida. This bird was similarly plentiful on the
Standvvay mountains (Aim River) and at Udskoj-Ostrog, where it
arrived during the first week of May , . . The eggs are bluish-
yellow in colour and small — the smallest was 1'98" long by 1*4" greatest
breadth."

Of course, Middendorf meant largest, not smallest as he gives the
greatest breadth, and l'9b" seems big for the egg, not small.

In the lines above quoted the point which will be most quickly noted
is the extremely brief breeding season. Thus, although the .12tli of

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 247

June is the earliest date on which the bird was seen, yet the last dis-
appeared on the 23vd of August, giving little over two months for the
whole business of making the nest, laying the eggs, hatching— which,
we may presume, would take from 20 to 25 days— and bringing up the
young. As it would take some 10 days to lay the normal clutch of eggs
and about five at least to make the nest, the only conclusion is that once
hatched the young take well under the month to arrive at their full
powers of flight. As this is not quite likely, it is probable that though
no birds were seen before the date mentioned, yet many must have arrived
in late May, and when we look at the dates they arrive elsewhere, this
is the most probable solution.

In the Amur they arrive and breed very much earlier. Tlie only egg
of this duck in my collection is one of many I owe to the generosity of
Herr M. Kuschel of Broslau, who has given me one bearing the date
" 28th April, 18^»5." The early date of this egg supports the idea that
they must breed earlier than in June in Northern Siberia also.

The egg is a typical Teal's Qg^, the texture very smooth and fine but
without any gloss ; the shape oval with one end decidedly smaller than
the other, though obtuse ; the colour is a very pale, creamy cafe-au-
lad. In size it is 2" long by 1'37" broad, which makes it a rather
longer, yet, at the same time, a rather narrower, egg than those hitherto
described.

Taezanowski thus describes a clutch of eggs sent him from Darasan,
where they breed in numbers, by DyboAvski :— They are somewhat
larger than those of the Garganey ; their colour is a pale greyish-
green, very like that of the eggs of the Mallard. They vary from about
1-8" to 1-0" in length and from about To" to 1'4" in breadth.
25. Nettion crecca.
Tlie Common Teal.

Anas crecca, Legge, " Birds of Ceylon," p. 1083.

Querquedula crecca, Jerdon, " Birds of India," III, p. 806 ; Hume
" Str. Feath,," I, p. 262 : Adam, Hid, p. 402 ; Butler, ihid, IV, p. 30 ;
Hume and Davis, lUd, VI, p. 489 ; Davids, and "Wend., ihid, VII, p. 93 ;
Ball, ihid, p. 232 ; Hume, ihid, p. 494 ; id.. Cat., ^o. 964 ; Scully, " Str,
Feath.," VIII, p. 363 ; Hume and Marshall, " Game Birds," III, p.
2uri ; Vidal, " Str. Feath.," IX, p. 03 ; Butler, ibid, p. 438 ; lleid, ihid,

248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATCH AL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

X, p. 88 ; Davids., ihkl, p. 413 ; Taylor, ihid, p. 467 ; Gates, " Birds
of British Bunnah," II, p. 285 ; Barnes, " Birds of Bombay," p. 401) ;
Hume, " Sir. Featli.," XI, p. 346.

Netl'ion crecca, Salvadori, Cat. " Birds of British Museum," XXVI I»
p. 243.

Nettium crecca, Blanford, " Birds of British India," IV, p. 443.

Description : Adult Male.- — *' A broad band from the back of the eye
down the nape and upper neck, metallic green, sometimes glossy blaok
posteriorly ; a narrow white line from the base of the maxilla rmming
upwards to over the eye and the green band, and another from the fore
corner of the eye running under the green band ; remainder of the head
and neck rich, rather dark chestnut ; the point of chin or whole chin and
edge of lores more or kss black ; lower neck, upper back, inner scapu-
lars, sides of vent and flanks vermiculatod dark brown and white ; the
vermioulation on the upper parts increasing in breadth towards the
breast, on the sides of which they become bold Idack and white bars and
in the middle of the breast merely round black centres to the feathers.
Remainder of back brown, sometimes slightly vermiculatod at the sides,
rump brown, the feathers edged paler ; up})er tail coveris rich brown,
edged buff' ; rectrices brown, edged paler ; lower surface white .
under tail coverts buff' at the sides, black in the centre ; greater coverts
broadly edged white or buffy-white ; remaiuder of coverts and
ijrimaries grey-brown ; outermost secondaries black, edged narrowly
white, the next three or four metallic green and the one next again
to them black with a very narrow white margin ; remaining innermost
secondaries a beautiful silvery brown, and the outermost bcai)ular.s
buff with broad velvety black diagonal edges.

" In the adult tiie bill is black or blackish, brownish on rami of
lower mandible.

" Irides are brown, varying in shade from light hazel to almost black.

" The legs and feet are commonly grey with a faint olive tinge (^thc
webs and claws in all cases dusky), but they vary in shade a little and
ut times are bluish-grey with a brown shade, and at others a distinctly
dark slatey-grey, sepia grey, brown, greyish-brown, olive, greenish-
olive, dirty greenish-plumbeous, or even plumbeous." (Hume).

I have found a green tinge on the tarsus and toes very eunnnou
indeed, more so than a pure grey or pUuubeoua.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 240

" Length U'S" to 15-85" ; expanse 23-0" to 25-25" ; wing 7-2" to
8-0" ; tail from vent 3-D" to 3-6" ; tarsus 1" to 1-2" ; bill from gape 1-5"
to 1-77" ; weight 7-7 oz. to 12-0 oz." (Hume).

" Total length 14-5" wing 7-25" ; tail 3" ; culmon 1*0" ; tarsus I'l" "
(Salvador!).

Adult Female. — Upper head dark brown, the feathers edged rufescent-
white ; lores, throat and neok rufescent-white ; with speohlj brown
centres to the feathers, larger and more distinct en the neck ; chin and
fore throat the same but unspotted ; flanks and breast more or less witii
dark centres to the feathers, always pretty plain on i\\Q former, but
sometimes practically non-existent on the latter, though, on the other
hand, they sometimes shew up as distinct, dark Ijrown drops ; the
ground-colour of the lower parts may be anything from almost pure
white to a distinct rufous or buff ; scapulars like the back but generally
more richly coloured ; remainder of wing like tbat of the male but with
the speculunt usually duller.

" Length 13-5" to 14-9" ; expanse 22-5" to 25" ; wing ()-5" to I'A" ;
tail from vent 2-9" to 3-5" ; tarsus I'O" to 1-2" ; bill from gape 1-5" to
1-77" ; weight 7-7 oz. to 12 oz." (Hume).

In young males and females the lower mandible, though sometimes
only brown, commonly varies from brownish-yellow to dull orange,
and is generally brownish at tip. The upper mandible also in females
is usually rather paler coloured than that of the male, and is often tinged
with green or plumbeous-green" (Hume).

The legs and feet also are more often tinged strongly with sienna than
are those of the male. The irides are the same light to dark brown.

After the breeding season, or when the eggs have been laid,
the males assume a plumage similar to that of the female but have the
upper parts more a uniform brown.

Morris says : '' The male assumes the plumage of the female in
summer by the end of July or beginning of August, and this he retains
until the general moult."

The young are like the female, perhaps rather darker in general
hue, but have the pale edgings to the upper feathers more pronounced,
and the spots and bars on the lower plumage more numerous and
distinct, the former showing often in the centre of the abdomen and the
latter on the under tail coverts.

S50 JOUnXAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Tlte nesil'ing " is yollowish-wliite on tlie under parts, bnfF on tlie
forehead and throat ; a dark brown streak from the forehead to the
crown : which with the ujtper parts is brown ; a dark hjcal streak and
two other streaks from behind the eye to the nape on each side"
(Yarrell).

The drakes when the}' arrive in India are often in a beautiful transi-
tion staoo and few will be found in perfect male plumage before
January. I have a most handsome young male in my collection
which is a very good example of the changing plumage ; above it is
like the female but without the broad edging to the feathers, and on
the rump and upper tail coverts are a few feathers shewing the beauti-
ful black and white vermiculations. The head is dark brown with the
merest trace only of the l)l:ick eye-streak ; the under plun^age is pure
white, but all along the flanks, vent and under tail coverts and here and
there on the abdomen are still left feathers of the old plumage which
are a bright rufous-buflf. The new feathers of the flanks are like
those of the adult male, and the breast is beautifully spotted
with distinct oval drops ; the upper breast and neck is a dull
rufous.

From the above description it may be seen that it does not follow
that because one year a bird has rufous or rufescent plumage he
will have the same again after the next moult. In the bird just
described the new plumage is a very pure white, but the
old patches are exceptionally bright rufous. From this we might
infer that the habitat and its water has much to do with the
coloration of the lower parts, yet a female in new plumage shot
with this young male is very rufous indeed.

The Common Teal extends throughout the Palroarctic region in the
summer, breeding as far south, according to Hume, as the 40°
Korth Latitude, and migrating south during the cold weather into
Northern Africa as far as Abyssinia on the east and Wad an on the
west, practically the whole of Southern Asia, and the Atlantic coast of
Morth America. It occurs, though rarely, in Greenland.

In British ludia it is found everywhere with very few exceptions.
From the extreme north down to Cape Comorin it is very abundant,
though perhaps more so to the north than to the south, but even there
it is spoken of as appearing in flocks of hundreds.

INDIA N D UCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 251

Hume giv(3S the exceptions to its habitat as follows: '' The Laccadives^
the Andamans and Nicobars, Teuasserim, southern, central and north-
east of the Salwoin, and possibly Malabar."

From these places must now be struck oft" the Andamans, Nicobars
and Malabar, in the latter place having been found frequently since
** Game Birds " was written.

In L?oge's " Birds of Ceylon " it is said not to CGCur in the Philli-
pines, but lately I have heard that it has been met with there also.

Hum© seems to think that Querquedala clrcia arrives in India
earlier, if anything, tlian tlie present Teal, Init further observations have
shewn them to arrive at much the same time, though one year
the Garganey nay be first and the next year the Common Teal.

In 18y8, I have had quite numerous records of their arrival in
Northern India and Assam in August, the earliest being that of a small
flock seen on the 22nd of that month. Hume says: " In the more
Northern Plains portion of the Empire, though a f«w are seen during
the latter half of September and exc!.>j)tional cases have been reported of
their appearance some weeks earlier even than this, I think we may
say tliat tlie first heavy 'flights arrive during the first week of October."
Hume, I thiLk, refers in this j)aragraph mainly to North-Eastern and
Centnd India, and it would therefore really seem as if the Connnon
Teal were earlier in Northern Bengal than in those parts, reversing
what is the usual rule with most, if not all, other migratory ducks.
By this I do not mean to say that the Teal are all with us by September
oven in the northern parts of Assam, but I do mean to say that by the
middle of that month they are quite common in many parts and in
some are fairly numerous by the second week.

It is possible, indeed probable, that our Eastern birds are those wliich
come from China, and as they breed there as far south at least as the
40° latitude, ihey have not nearly so far to come as those wh;ch travel
from the West, few of whom really come from further south than
about the 50th degree.

Teal are extremely variable in the numbers in which they collect.
Often they may be seen singly or in pairs, and at the same place
flocks may bo seen numbering their hundreds, even thou^ands. Tlio
largest flocks appear to bo mot with in Siiul and the north of
the North- West Provinces and the Puujal) and perhaps Northern

2ri2 JOVRNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol. XII.

llujputnna. In these places tliey arc to be seen literally in flocks of
many hundreds and frequently of thousands. On the Sunder bands I
think I have seen as many as five hundred in a flock ; in the famous
Chill;a Lake I have been told of their rishig in vast flocks which nmst
liavo been nearly a thousand strong, and from other parts of India
reports are given of" flocks numbering hundreds.

The most common sized flock all over their range may be some-
where between twenty and forty, and in Southern India, u'., from Mysore
t« Ceylon, anything over the latter number is rare, though even in the
island Mr. G. Simjison, as quoted by Legge, says : " In the Island of
Delft and at the Palverainkadoo lagoon, on the north-west coast, it
appears yearly in thousands in November, leaving at the end of
February."

The Common Teal is one of the most attractive of the duck tribe
to the sportsman, both from its being so numerous and from its habits*
Although mainly a night feeder, yet in places, where its food-supi)ly
lies in the flooded rice fields and the edge of swamps, bhils, etc., it will
continue to feed for an hour or so after daylight and even when it has
finished feeding it remains in amongst the weeds^ reeds and other cover
near the shores. It thus affords excellent sport whether with a dog or
two or a few beaters, or Irom some small dag out, poled quietly along
by a single nuin in the stern. The Teal often lay cTose enough to allow
of constant shots at from twenty-five to forty vards and, as they otten
scatter a good deal even when resting, two or three shots may be
obtained at the same flock. In this way on large sheets a good bag-
may bo made before the birds get scored and leave altogether or els«
rise far out of shot.

Nowhere in Bengal have I found Teal to be of a very confiding nature,
but that they are so in some i)arts of their Inditui habitats is well
known. Hume writes: " They are, as a rule, when met with near villages
or in densely-populated portions of the country, excessively tame — too
ttime to render shooting them possilde unless you really require them
for tbo(l. Not only will they let you walk up to them when thoy are on
a village pond — as close as you jdease — but when you have fired at thetn
ajid killed two or three, the remainder, after a short flight, will again
Fettle, as often as not, well within shot. Nay, at times, though flutter-
ing a good deal, and looking about as if ivstonished, they will not rise

I

INDIA N D UCKS A ND THEIR A LUES. 253

at !ill at the first shot, despite the fact of some of their comrades floatiug
dead before them."

Ill open waters such us rivers, &c., and when on the winf(, Teal often
fly nnich bimclied and close together, and form shots which much en-
courage the bad habit of shooting into the broum, quite small flocks often
providing from half a dozen to a dozen teal to a couple of Itarrels of an
ordinary smooth bore. Qf course even into the hrouii one nmst hold
fairly straight as the Teal yields to no duck in the speed of its flight, in
addition to which the sudden sweops and turns they take often discon-
cert the gunner.

They stand a fair amount of shot unless hit well forward, when a
single pellet of No. 6 or 7, or even of No. 8 may suffice to bring the-
bird to bag.

Hume says that they swim easily but not very rajtidly and that they
cannot dive to much purpose. ^Vhilst agreeing with his estimate of their
swimming powers, I can hardly, however, do so with that of their
diving. If shot in open water thej' can be brought to hand easily, for
they do not dive for long and not patticidarly quickly, but if shot
among-st weeds, they are wonderfully smart in hiding and in dodging
in and out amongst them, as also in secreting themselves by holding on
to the weeds so that the}^ lie entirel}' under the water except the tips
of their bills. I found that in the Sunderbands they nearly always
made for the water lillies, hiding under one of the huge loaves.

They walk well and can even run if nocessary, but they do not care for
the land, nor do they rest on it but on the water where there is cover.
They rarely feed on really dry land but frequently in paddy fields, etc.,
where there are a few inches only of mud and water. As already said,
they are principally night feeders, but where quite undisturbed they
feed during all but the hottest hours of the day, say from 11 a.mi. to
about 3 p.m. Their food is undoubtedly maiuly vegetable, but they
do not despise worms, insects, etc., which may come in their way. For
the purpose of obtaining food their diving is said not to extend
beyond the peculiar semi-dive so much indulged in by the domestic
duck which leaves the tail-end well out of water.

They are excellent eating and, however poor in condition they may
be, never seem to get any objectionable flavour ; so good are they to
eat, indeed, that they are often kept in Toaleries in Western and

254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Nortliern India so as to 1)0 avuilable during the Lot weather and rains.
1 have no personal knowledge of such Tealeries, and as Hume's account
of what they should be is abont as full and good a one a? it is possible
to have, I must again indent on that much-quoted author. He says :
" Fresh water, and plenty of it, is the first requisite, and to ensure
this, the tealery should always be located near the well, and every drop
of water drawn thence for irrigaiing the garden made to pass through
it. The site should be, if possible, under some large umbrageous
trees, such as we so commonly find near garden wells, and to the east
of the trunk, so that the building may be completely protected from
the noontide and afternoon sun. You first make a shallow masonry
tank, — twelve feet by eight and ten inches in depth is amply
large. Four feet distant from this all round you build a thick mud
wall to a height of three feet from the interior. The whole interior
surface of this wall and the flat space between it and the tank must be
lined with pukka masonry, and finished oflF with well worked chunani.
The great points to bo aimed at are to have the whole lower parts so
finished off as to be on the one hand impregnable to rats, ichneumans
and snakes ; on the other to present no crevice in which dirt, ticks and
other insects can lurk. Outside the walls must be quite smooth so
that no snakes can crawl up them. On the wall you build stout
square pillars, four feet high, on which you place a thick pent thatch
roof. At the spring of the roof you stretch inside a thin, rather loose,
ceiling-cloth to prevent the birds hurting their heads when tbey start
up suddenly, as they will, at first, on any alarm, and especially when
the sweeper goes in to wash out the place. The inters[iace3 between
the pillars you fill in with well-made cross- work ijaffri') of split
bamboo, except one of them in which you place a door of similar work
made with slips of wood. You must arrange that all the water both
enters and leaves the building through gratings im[)orvious to snakes
and like marauders. Two or three feet outside the walls run
a little groove, a ditchlet, in which plant early in the year mulberry
cuttings, vvhi(;h will form a good hedge round the place, and
keej) the sun and hot winds off the building ; but this
must be kept neatly trimmed inside, or it would interfere with
veiitik.tion, and must not bo allowed to get higher than the
cftves.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THE Hi ALLIES. 255

" Into such n l)uilding in February or March, you may turn 200 Teal,
some Common some Garganey, as you can get them. A few Gad wall
and Pintail will also do no harm, but they do not thrive so certainly
as the Teal ; and the Garganey, though very good, is not equal for
the table to its smaller congener."

Teal have on so many occasions been found at different times between
Juue and August in India that ornithologists have lieen always kept in a
state of semi-expectation that their nests would be found somewhere
wiihin our Indian Ihnits, either in Kashmir or some of the Himalayan
lakes. Still time lias gone on and no such nest has yet been taken and,
personally, I think, it is unlikely one ever will be. Amongst the many
thousands shot annually, it would be strange if some few, whilst escap-
ing death and even severe wounds, did not receive internal injuries, in-
visible themselves after a brief period, yet quite sufficient to incapacitate
the bird from migration. This would be quite enough to account for
the few birds met with atabnoimal times, and though these might appear
strong and robust on the wing, yet it does not follow that they were
equally so a week or ten days before they were noticed. They
breed practically over the Avholo of their Northern habitat as for
south as the 40th degree, but in the southern portion of this range
they only breed here and there in very small numbers. They breed
freely in Northern England and in Scotland though seldom in the
southern countries, yet they have been -recorded at this season and
their eggs have been taken in Spain, Greece, North Italy and South
Russia.

They breed very rarely in Greenland, plentifully in Iceland, bat not
much in the extreme north of Europe and probably not at all in the
extreme north of Asia. Throughout Southern Siberia, Manchuria and
the Amur a great number breed, and a few also in the north of
Japan.

They generally make their nests at the edge of swamps and other
pieces of water, often where there is actually a little water standing and,
oven where they make them at a distance from any wafer, the site
chosen is nearly always a wet and boggy one. Thus in Scotland they
sometimes breed on the moors in amongst the heather, but they always
select some dip which keeps more or less damp and where the water
may occasionally collect.

iJ5G JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Tlie nost is a large unshapely mass of veoetalile stv.ft', nislies, weeds
and sucli-like lumped together in a mass, with a depression in the centre
containing a little down.

\n Finland Dresser found the nests placed under bushes or in tufts
of grass, and often at some distance fi'om the water.

Legge's note on the nesting of this Teal is so complete yet short that
I reproduce it. He writes : " This species breeds in May and June,
resorting to extensive marshes, heaths near water and largo peat bogs.
The nest is made on the ground among grass or rushes, or in thick
heather, in which latter case it is placed sometimes in the nnddle of a
clump. The nest is made of dead flags, rushes, grass, reeds, etc., w ith
a capacious interior, which is amply lined with down plucked from the
binl's breast. The number of eggs varies from eight to fourteen, and
occasionally as many as twenty have been found in a nest ; they
are small for the size of the bird, oval, but slightly more obtuse at one
end than the other, of a uniform creamy white or pale butf. There is
a greenish variety sometimes found, very like a Pintail's egg. A series
before me from Petchora, taken by Mr. Seebohm, varies in length
from 1-58" to 1-7" and in breadth from MG" to 1-27". The old
birds are said to manifest great affection for their }oung. Macgillivray
relates an instance of his finding a brood of young with their mother
on a road ; and when he took them up to put them to a pond close by,
whither he thought the old bird was leading them, she followed him,
fluttering round within reach of his whip."

" The ' nest-down ' is dark brown, M'ith pale whitish centres, but
no pale tippings."

It is said to be a resident in i^^gypt according to Capt. Shelly, and
on Heuglin, and to be very plentiful there.

I have two clutches of eggs which seem to average a great
deal larger than most. The two clutches, twelve eggs, average
1-76"X 1-31", the longest being 1-83" and the broadest 1-32". In
sha])e they are broad ovals, very regular, yet all perceptibly smaller
one end than at the other. A few eggs are rather longer comparatively,
and these generally have the smaller end rather more compressed. The
texture is fine, close and smooth, and in some cases has a faint glois.
All my eggs are a pale buff, and sary hardly at all in depth of
colouring,

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 257

26. Nettion albigulare.

T/te Oceanic or Amlaman 'real.*

Mareca jmnctatu, Bail, " 8tr. Foatlu", I, p. 88.

Mareca alh/gularis, Hume, " Str. Feath.", I, p. 303.

AJareca (jihher'/frons, Hume, " Nosts and Eggs", p. G44 ; /V/., Cat., No.
^d^i'o, ter ; Hume and Marshall, '^ Game Birds of India", III, p. 243 ;
Hums, " Nosts and Eggs ", (Gates' edition), III, p. 290.

Nettion albi(jidan% iSalvadori, Cat., " Bird of British Museum",
XXVII., p. 257,

Nettiam albigulare, Blanford, "Avifauna of British India", IV, p. 444.

Description : Adult Male. — " U])per part of the head brown ; this
colour also covers the up[)er parts of the cheeks and gradutdly changes
into the white of the lower parts of the cheeks and throat ; the brown
of the cheeks with obsolete dusky streaks ; round the eye there is a
ring of white feathers ; in some specimens on the lores and at the base of
the bill there are some white feathers ; upper parts brown, the edges
of the feathers of the back and scapulars pale brown ; nnnp uniform,
the feathers of the breast and abdomen pale brown in the centre, and
broadly margined with brownish fawn-colour, producing a mottled ap-
pearance ; under tail coverts brown, almost unifonn ; upper wing
coverts dark brown, greater or last row of wing coverts white, forming
a band, diminishing in breadth and tinged with brown inwardly ;
speculum velvety black, with a longitudinal, coppery-green band in
the middle, from the seventh to the ninth secondaiy, and bounded on the
tip with a buff baud ; the first secondary broadly white on the outer
web ; tertials broadly velvety black on the outer web ; primari^^s brown
with an olive lustre ; under wing coverts brown, the median ones
tipped with white ; axillaries white ; tail brown" (Salvadori).

" Legs and feet greenish- blue to plumbeous ; webs usually darker ;
claw^s horny ; bill greenish-blue, plumbeous or plumboous-blue, nail
black ; in some the lower mandible tinged with, in one the terminal
two-thirds of this, pink ; irides reddish-brown to deep brownish-red."

*' Length 16" to 18" ; expanse 24-5" to 27" ; tail from vent 4" to
4-2" ; wing 7-5" to 8" ; tarsus I'S" to 1'4" ; bill at front 1-4" to 1-5" ;

* As the trivial Dame for N. glhbi-rifiom will probably remain THE OCEANiC Teal,
it may be as well that B'aDford'd t'erm, the Andaman Teai> be accepted finally for
this fi>rm of Nvttion.

258 JOURNAL, DOMDA Y NA TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

from gnpe 1*7" to r<S" : wings wlien closed reach from 2" to 2*2" from
end of tail ; weight 1 11). " (Hume.)

" Kectrices 16" " (Blanford). This refers to male and female.

Female. — Similar to the male hut smaller, and the lower surface
duller and the centering of the feathers less marked, the greeii Land
on the wing-speouhun less coppery, l^otal length IS'.V to 16" ; wing
7-25" to 7-4" ; culmen I'S" to 1-35" " (Salvadori).

" Length 15" to 16"; expanse 24" to 25'b"; tail from vent 3-2.5" to S-"/;
wing 7-1" to 7--1"; tarsus 1-25" to I'O.')"; hill at front I'S" to 1-4"; wings
when closed reach to within from 1" to 1*75" of the end of the tail ;
weight 12 oz. " (Hume).

" young hinb arc similar to the females, hut the dusky markings to
the underparts are even less distinct" (Salvadori).

A young bird caught by Mr. Butler and described by him in a letter
to me was '' Similar to the adult, except that the ring round the eye
was very narrow and tinged with fulvous. Bill and feet as in adults;
eye dark brown instead of reddish-brown."

This teal is confined to the Audnman islands, hut Mr. C. W. Allan
shot a specimen of this species at Bassein, Burma, which was found
amongst a flock of AVhistling Teal on the 15th April, 1^1)8. This bird
was recorded in the Asian, and Mr. F. Finn wrote tome that he identified
the skin himself, and witlu'ut any doubt it was that of an Andaman
Teal. Nothing was noted as to whether the specimen was a drake or
a duck. It was probably driven on to the Burmese coast during
some storm, having ventured too far out to sea from the
Andamans.

Nettion gibber /J rons, iV. castancum and N. alihigulare are very
closely allied; for a long time the first and the last were confounded with
one another, and even now it is by no means settled that A', cmtaneuui
and N. gibherifrons are not one and the same bird. The young males and
females are absolutely indistinguishabh^- but the adult male N.giljberifrons
has been found to attain a further jdumage, which, hitherto, no N. casta-
neum has been found to acquire. xV. albigulare differs from both these
Itirds in having the sides of the head darkcu- and more uniforni in colour,
and the darker streaks to the feathers ob.solete, but the main difference
lies in the Andaman Teal having the white ring round the eye, and the
first scconi'ary broadly edged with white.

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 259

There is a good plate of Nettion alhigulare in the British Museum Cata-
logue, and on the same plate is shown the head of N. gibberifrons,
thus giving a comparison between the two birds.

There is very little on record about this teal, and it is to be hoped
that observers will soon add to our knowledge of it. By far the most
important note on its habits is that contributed by Mr. A. L. Butler
to this journal. Lately as this interesting note has appeared, I feel that
there is no apology needed, except to Mr. Butler, for again producing
it here, nor would any account of the Andaman Teal be up to date were
it omitted : —

" When I arrived at Port Blair in May, these teal were in good sized
flocks, resorting principally, at low tide, to two little rocky islets, up
the harbour, known as Bird Island and Oyster Island. I did not go
after them at that time myself, not having a boat ; a fair, though not
large, number were killed by some of the officers stationed here. I
believe eleven was the result of four barrels on one occasion ! As the
monsoon commenced and the harbour become rougher, at the beginning
of June, these flocks of teal broke up into smaller parties of five or six to
a dozen or so, and retired to the creeks and dyke-intersected marshes, a
little inland, near Bamboo flat and Port Monatt. Towards the end of
June these small parties beg^an to break up into pairs, about this time 1
shot several, and in the paired birds I found the testes of the males
enlarged, but the ovaries of the females were as yet in ordinary condi-
tion. In the ' Game Birds of India ' Mr. Hume mentions a single
nest found in August, and I should think that August or the end of
July would be the usual time of laying. I am afraid I am not likely to
find a nest, as there are so many hundreds of acres of suitable breeding
ground, and the birds are comparatively few."

*' The Oceanic Teal feed a good deal in the paddy fields at night;
under cover of darkness, too, a few birds often drop into small tanks at
Aberdeen within a few yards of bungalows and buildings. "When ia
flocks they are very wild, but in pairs, in the small channels among
the marshes, I found them very tame. I have often been able to creep
up to the water's edge and watch a pair swimming quietly about within
ten yards of me for some time. On one occasion I crane right on to a
pair under an overhanging bush, and they only fluttered, like water hens,
along the surface for twenty yards or so, then pitched and connnenced

260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

swiuiining awjiy, so that I was able to kill one on the water and the other
as it rose, from where I stood. Of course birds that have been shot at a
bit go clean away at the first alarm. On these creeks they associate
with the Common AVhistling Teal, and 1 have watched the two species
in close company on the water, though the Oceanic Teal separate from
the others when put up. The only thing I noticed about them, which
I do not think has been recorded, is that they have a ' quacking '
note as well as a low whistle. One day a party of eight or ten, at
■which some shots had been fired, after wheeling round and round for
some time, pitched on a narrow channel, within thirty yards of me, as
I stood concealed in the bushes on the bank. I watched them for
some minutes, when another pair, frightened by some distant shots
came scurrying over ; the birds on the water all twisted their heads
up and set up a loud, rapid quacking call note which they kept up
for some minutes. The new comers circled round several times, but
probably seeing the top of my topee, concluded not to join their
companions in their fancied security. The flight of this teal is fairly fast.
Occasionally, when they have been kept on the wing for some time
a ])arty will stoop down to the surface of a creek as if they meant to
pitch, and then change their minds and rise again. When exercising
this manoeuvre they fly past at a tremendous pace. The white wing
bar, in this species, is most conspicuous when the bird is on the wing."

'* Winged birds promptly swim for the nearest cover, into which
thoy scuttle off" at a great pace and are generally lost without a dog.
One I shot swam steadily along in front of a Pathan convict, who
was swimming after it, in the capacity of a retrievfir, and though
hard pressed made no attempt to dive until it reached the bank, where
it was caught. One of the officers stationed here li'^^ a live bird in
ca))tivity which was pinioned by a shot some months ago. It thrives
well on paddy, but has not become very tame. It spends most of the day
asleep with its head resting in the plumage of the back. The local
sportsmen have christened thom Gibberi«s."

*' Thoy are rather difficult birds to skin, being very fat, and having,
for a duck, rather a tender skin. They seem to average about 15 oz.
in weight."

To this note Mr. Butler adds the following information which he
has kindly sent mo in a lottor : '' On December the 2nd I was snipe-

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 251

shooting at a village called ' Onikhet.' Walking down a hand which
was over-grown with rank grass, I almost put my foot on an Oceanic
Teal, which fluttered away in front of me, trailing its wings and feigning
lameness. Of course I thought I had got a nest at last, but a rippling
movement in the grass in different directions showed me that it was
a brood of young ones that I had come across. I instituted a most
careful search, but only came upon one youngster which I caught.
All this time the duck was flying round and round within twenty yards,
uttering a low double quack. The drake also appeared on the scene,
but kept further off and was silent."

Davison writing of the Andaman Teal says : "It appears to frequent
alike both fresh and salt water. During the day it either perches
among the mangroves, or settles down on some shady spot on the
banks of a stream, when wounded it does not attempt at first to dive,
but when hard pressed it dives, but does not remain long under water,
and appears soon to get exhausted. It feeds by night in the fresh-
water ponds, and I was informed that it is to be seen during the rains
in small flocks in the paddy fields about Aberdeen in the mornings and
evenings. Sometimes, in going up the creeks, a pair will slip off the
bank, into the water, and keep swimming about twenty yards ahead of
the boat, only rising when hard pressed, but they are more wary when in
flocks. I could learn nothing about the breeding of this species. The
only note I have heard them utter is a low whistle, and this apparently
only at night when they are feeding."

The only note on the nidification of the Andaman Teal that I can find
is the one in " Nests and Eggs " quoted in all other works. It is : —

" Very little is yet known of the breeding of this species. I have
only one note of its nidification and one egg, both of which I owe to
Capt. Wimberly."

'' The nest was found in August : it was composed of grass, and was
placed in a paddy field near Port Monatt, the only locality with which
we are yet acquainted in the group, where this species is always to be
met with."

" The egg is typical, a very perfect broad oval in shape, with a very
close-grained, smooth, shell, devoid of gloss, and of an uniform delicate
cream colour."

" It measures l-9o" by 1-43"."

202

DES(;iUPTlONS OF .^IX NEW SPECIES OF

SCOltnONS FPtOM INDIA.

By 11. I. PococK, OF THE BuiTisii Museum of Natural History.

{Head before the Bombay Natural History SoclHy on lAtfi JnnCy 181)8.)

Tlic spocios ol'sooritioiis here doscribod liavo eitlior come to liand or
boon recognized as now since the |»ublicalion oi' my paper dealin<:; with
some new species oftliese animals in No. 1, A^ol. XI, of this Jonrnal.
The sjiocies of LsonwlrKs and Archisometnis were received thronfjh
Mr. R. (I Wron^hton from Ihe P)0mbay Natural History Soiiiety ; those
belon<2;in<2; io ('/i(xir/!iis anil K^corpiojts form part of tho collection in the
British Museum.

Family BUTlIlDil^].

Sknochirns polllns, sj). n.

Cob>ur. — A tloep shining blackish-brown on iho lailand the ujiperside
of the trunk ; lower surface of trunk, le^s, mandibles, and palpi not
ijuite so ihirk as the tail, and the three dislal sef^ments of the legs
quite pale ; digits also pale, brownish at the base.

Carapace granular in the depressions laterally and ]>osteriorly ;
tergal plates granular laterally ami on each side of the median keel,
smooth elsewhere ; 5th tergal jdato idosely granular throughout in its
posterior half. Tail granular above in the median groove, the rest of it
smooth and polished above and below, without crests and without
granules, but distinctly though not coarsely punctured, tail very slightly
increasing in wiitth to the middle of tho Uh segment, which is a little
longer than broail (oX 2 j), the length of tho 2nd segment equal to
tho width of the 4th ; vesicle of tail punctured ; aculeus thick at
the base.

i'((//'/ sliMuler and elongate ; humerus weakly crested and granular
in front ; brachium smooth, without crests or graiuiles ; two conspicuous
setal {lores on its \ipper side ; hand also smooth, narrower than
brachium ; digits long, the movable more than twice the length of the
hand-back, and armed with 10 rows of tooth.

roctinal teeth 15.

Measiirevients in inill inu't res.— Tohi\ length oli, length of cara[iace 3,
of tail 20 ; width of 1st segment 2','i, of Itli 2i;.

Localil'j. — Kauara (7'. Li. J). InU . A single exanq'le.

NEW SPECIES OF SCOliriONS FROM INDIA. 263

Tho ;;(Muis Slonochirus is now to tlio fauna of Hindustan. Ilitliorto
it lias been represented by a single speoies {S. sarasinorum)^ described by
Karsch, from Coylou (Berlin Eiit. Zoitschr., XXXVI, ]). 305, pi. xii,
fig. 80, 181)2). Tho last-named spooios is unknown to me, but judging
from Karsch's dosoripticn and figure, it may be distinguished from
S. politus by its shorter fingers and broader hand, the movable digit
being, according to the figure, less than twice the length of tho hand-
back, and the hand is wider than, or at least as wide as, the brachium.
Again, in the tail of S. sarasinorum tho length of tho 2nd sogmont is
much less than the width of the 4:th. Moreover, nothing is said in
tlio description given by Karsch of tho granulation of the carajjace
and dorsal plates of tho abdomen which is so noticeable in S. poliiuts.
Isometrus brachi/centrus, sp. n.
Colour of trunk a deep blackish-brown, obscurely variegated witli
brownish-yellow ; the interocular triangle on the canipaco black ; tho
terga with a clear spot on each side of the middle line, from which an
obscure but irregular brovn band is traceable forward : thickened edge
of terga black, but just within the edge is a paler band ; tail reddish-
brown, with the median ini'erior intorcarinal space ornamented with a
black stripe, which behind fuses on each side with a black patch occupying
the lateral inferior interoarinal space : this blaok is more developed on
the posterior than on the anterior segments ; tho 5th segment, with tho
exception of its anterior part, entirely fuscous below, above, and at tho
sides; vesicle reddish-brown, with part of tho spine and of the aculeus
black ; palpi mostly a uniform reddish-brown, with merely a few black
patches on the outer side of tho hand and braohium ; fingoi-s, except then'
tips and tho area of the hand at the base of the immovable digit, black ;
logs very strongly infuscate externally; on the posterior leg the femur and
tibia almost wholly black with only one or two yellow spots ; abdominal
sterna not distinctly varicigated with black, the 3rd and 4th slighily
infuscate at tho sides, tho 5th more strongly so at the bides and
behind.

Trunk entirely covered above with fine gnmulation. Tail also finely
but not quite so closely granular ; the crests all distincitly granular; the
vesicle also granular al the sides and below, with a strongish mediait
crest ; the spine large with a bluntly rounded point, armed on the front
edge with three granules; aculeus short and strongly cursed; 2ud

2G4 JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NA TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

caudal segment with eight keels ; tail about five times the length of the
carapace, slender ; the 1st segment a little longer than wide ; 4th
segment, more than twice as long as wide, as wide as the brachium.
Palpi with hand granularlj crested above, denticulate internally, its
width a little greater than that of the brachium and nearly two-thirds as
long as the hand-back; hand-back three-quarters the length of the
movable digit, which is armed with six rows of teeth, the external
series consisting of seven,

Pectinal teeth 12.

Measurements in viilUmetres. — Total length 42, of carapace ■J, of
tail 23-5.

Zoca^%. — Mangalore (Battie)^ and Kanara (T. R, D. Bell).

This species is related to Isometrus hasilkus, described by Karsch,
from Ceylon, of which the British Museum possesses male and female
examples obtained by Mr. E. E. Green at Haldumullah in this island.

The resemblance lies in the form of the vesicle and aculeus of the
tail, size of hand, pectinal teeth, etc., but this new form differs in
being more strongly granular with a narrower tail, etc. ; the colouring
also is different, the palpi in /. hasUicus being much more s])otted with
black, while the upper side of the trunk and legs are much more
noticeably spotted with yellow ; the tail too is yellow and spotted, and
blotched throughout with bkck.

Isometrus acanthurus, sp. n.

Colour variegated yellow and black ; carapace lined with black, its
anteocular area infuscate, spotted with yellow ; tergal plates ornamented
with fine black lines separated by yellow patches ; 4th and 5th
sternal plates lined with black ; tail mostly yellow, delicately lined with
black ; the 5th segment blacker posteriorly ; vesicle also lined with
black; legs and palpi spotted ; hand slightly spotted externally ; fingers
pale, spotted externally.

Trunk and tail finely granular ; terga with a median keel ; sterna
smooth, the 4th laterally granular, the 5th granular throughout,
with four keels. Tall long and slender, about seven times the length
of the carapace ; the 2nd segment with only eight keels ; terminal
granule of superior keels on 2nd and 3rd segments long, erect, and
spinifonn ; vesicle elongate, granularly crested below ; the aculeus short
strongly curved ; spine triangular, but with blunt apex.

NEW SPECIES OP SCORPIONS FROM INDIA. 265

ChelcB with band smooth, large, wider than brachium, its width about
half the length of the hand-back ; digits short, the moveable only as
long as the hand-back, armed with seven (eight) rows of teeth.

Pectinal teeth 16.

Measurements in millimetres. — Total length 39, length of carapace 4,
of tail 27.

A single $ example from JMatheran, received from Mr. H. M. Phip-
son. In tbe thickness of the hand and shortness of the digits this
species, as well as in tbe form of the vesicle, shortness of the aculeus,
etc., resembles /. hasilicus of Karsch from Ceylon ; but in the latter the
spine on the vesicle is not triangular but has a rounded edge ; the tail
too is much less coarsely granular, being almost smooth ; and the
superior keels of the 2nd and 3rd segments terminate posteriorly,
not in a slender upstauding spine, but in a low triangular
tubercle.

Arclnsometrus mgr/sternis, sp. n.

Colour varieg"ated black and yellow ; anteocular area of carapace
and mandibles black, rest of the carapace lined with l^lack ; dorsal plates
of abdomen with three interrupted black bands, separated by interrupted
yellow bands ; tail spotted and lined with black, the 4th and 5th
segments blacker posteriorly ; sterna of abdomen marbled with black,
tbe posterior more strongly than the anterior ; legs spotted with black ;
palpi (chelse) with femora spotted ; brachium entirely black, band
spotted externally ; fingers pale.

Trunk coarsely granular ; tergal plates with only one keel, sternal
plates smooth and polished, except the last, which is finely granular,
and is provided with four distinct keels, l^ail about five times the
length of the carapace, of medium strength, the intercarinal spaces
finely granular, the crests strong and serrulate ; the apical granule of
the superior keels of tbe first four segments and of the superior lateral
keel of the first three a little enlarged ; the 1st segment only with ten
keels ; the medial lateral keel represented on the 2nd segment by
merely a few granules ; vesicle coarsely and serially granular below ;
the spine pointed.

CJielce slender, brachium and humerus granular and normally
crested, hand without crests, scarcely toothed internally, narrower than
the brachium ; digits long and contiguous, the movable a little more

266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

than twice the length of the hand-back and supplied with seven (six)
rows ot" teeth.

Pectinal teeth 15-16.

Measurements in millimetres. — Total length 37 ; carapace 4 ; tail 21.

Locality. — Dehra Dun, Western Himalayas (8,01)0 feet). A single
specimen obtained by Mr. F. Gleadow.

Differs from the previously described Indian species in having only
eight keels on the second caudal segment, and the sterna strongly
infuscate. With the Indo-Malayan forms, A. scutilus, Koch, A.
flavimanus, Thor., etc , which have the same number of keels in this
segment, there is no occasion to compare this species here.
Family V^jovid.e.
Chcerilus tricostatus^ sp. n.

Colour (dry specimen) tolerably uniform reddish-brown, mottled
with black, paler below.

Carapace closely granular laterally below the longitudinal keels ;
groove behind tubercle also granular, at least the anterior half of the
area in front of the tubercle gnmular, with sometimes scattered granules
extending almost back to the tubercle ; carapace shorter than the 1st
and 2nd caudal segments, about equal to the 2nd and 3rd, also
equal to the 5th. Terga finely granular throughout, a few coarser
granules along the posterior margin and a few more in front of these ;
the lateral keels distinct and granular, though short, on segments 3-7.

Tail rather less than four times as long as the carapace, the 2nd
segment about as wide as long ; the keels normal, granular ; the upper
surface nearly smooth, at most finely granular, lateral and inferior
surface more coarsely granular ; vesicle normal in form, weakly gra-
nular behind on its lower side ; length of vesicle and uculeus a little
excelling that of the carapace.

Sterna of abdomen smooth, except the last, which has a pair of
obsolete granular crests on each side.

ChelcB. — Humerus smooth behind, granular elsewhere, the two
superior crests granular ; brachium with weakly granular crests, its
anterior surface smooth, with a few granules above ; hands rather
long and narrow, the length of the hand-back exceeding that of the
carapace, but not twice as great at the width of the hand, finely
granular, but provided with only three distinct wealdy granular keels

NEW SPECIES OF SCORPIONS FRQM INDIA. 261

in addition to the two that border the hand-back externally and
internally ; movable digit not lobate, a little shorter than the hand-
back, just about equal to the carapace in length, with 11 rows of teeth
along its inner edge.

Pectines with 5-6 teeth.

Measurements in millimetres. — Total length 48 ; length of carapace
7'5, of tail 29 ; length of brachiuui 8, of hand-back 8*5, of movable
digit 7'5 ; width of hand 5.

Zoca?%.— Sadi, in the Khasia Hills (Colonel Godwin Austin).
Two male examples.

Differing from all the known species of the genus in possessing but
three keels on the upper and outer surface of the hand.
SeoTqnops crassimanus, sp. n.

Colour a uniform deep blackish-brown, variegated with dull reddish-
brown.

Carapace granular in front and laterally ; ocular tubercle smooth
sulcate ; carapace as lon.g as the 1st ana 2nd tail segments and about
one-third of the 3rd ; dorsal plates of abdomen granular throughout,
the last weakly crested. Tail about three-and-a-half times the length
of the carapace, moderately robust ; the keels normal in number and
granular, the superior keels of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4:th segments a
little enlarged posteriorly, the intercarinal spaces granular, the superior
more finely so than the lateral and inferior ; vesicle also finely granular,
its width a little greater than its height, and about equal to the width
of the 5th caudal segment. Sternal plates of abdomen smooth
and polished, except the last, which is granular and weakly
crested.

Chelce rather coarsely granular ; upper and lower crest on humerus
and brachium granular ; the brachium with a couple of small teeth in
front and eight setiferous pores below ; hand wide and high, its width a
little exceeding the length of the hand-back, and only a little less than
the length of the movable digit ; its upper surface lightly convex and,
like the outer surface, somewhat coarsely granular, the finger-keel of the
hand as well as its inner edge and the keels of the hand- back coarsely
granular, a supernumerary granular keel upon the middle of the outer
surface of the hand ; inner surface of hand finely granular, with a
granular crest close to its upper edge ; movable digit lightly sinuate,

268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

immovable correspondingly broadly lobate. Legs finely granular
externally.

Pectinal teeth 5-6.

Measurements in millimetres. — Total length 48 ; length of carapace
7-5, of tail 28 ; width of brachium 3, of hand 6; length of hand-back
5-8, of movable digit 7.

Locality. — No doubt India or Burma, but unfortunately the history
of the typical example preserved in the Natural History Museum is
unknown.

In the small number of its brachial pores and structure of the superior
caudal kesls this species falls into the same category as Sc. Hardwickei,
Gervais, Sc. Peterst, Poc, and Sc. le^ytochirus^ Poc. From the firat
it may be recognised by having the upper crest on the brachium
and hand weaker and granular, and from the last two in having the
width of the hand greater than the length of the hand-back, and the
last abdominal sternal plate weakly crested.

269

A MONOGRAPH OF THE PILL-MILLIPEDES

{ZEPHRONTID/E) INHABITING INDIA,

CEYLON, AND BURMA.

By R. I. PococK, OF the British Museum of Natural History.
Part I. (With Plate A. )
{Read before the Bomhaij Natural History Society on 14^/i of June, 1898.)

The Millipedes, wliich form the subject of the present paper, are so
striking in appearance, and occupy so unique a position amongst terres-
trial ai-thropoda, that they must he familiar objects to all who have paid
any attention to the Indian invertebrate fauna. It is consequently not
necessary for me here to occupy any time and si)ace in pointing out
the chief characters of the class to which they belong. Suffice it to say
that the only group with which the Pill-Millipedes are likely to be con-
founded are the Woodlice, and although the resemblance between a Pill-
Millipede and a Woodlouse is at first sight striking enough on account
of the peculiar formation of the body, which renders it capable of being
rolled up in a ball, there can in reality be no difficulty in distinguishing
the two if the underside of the segments be examined. For it
will bo apparent at once that whereas in the Woodlouse, which
belongs to the class Crustacea^ there is only one pair of legs to each
segment, in the Millipedes most of the segments are provided with
two pairs of limbs. Moreover, the hinder end of the body in the
crustacean is composed of a number of small segments more or less
closely crowded together, but in the Pill-Millipede the last seg-
ment is much enlarged, and acts as a kind of protective cover to the
lower side of the body when it is spherically rolled. Of course there
are other differential characters between the two not less striking than
that already mentioned ; but it is needless to enter into them here.

The Pill-Millipedes of India, Ceylon, and Burma are referable to
two genera belonging to the family Zephroniidcc. These genera are
Arthrosphoira and Zephvonia. They may be easily recognized by the
following characters : — ■

a. — ^Apex of the legs broad and truncate, the upper angle bearing a
long spine, above the claw, there being a considerable space between the
claw and the spine (PI. a, fig. 11). In the female the vulva is compos-
ed of three distinct pieces placed together in the form of a cone. In the

270 JOURNAL, BOMnAY NATURAL JIISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XI 1.

male the movable digit of the hhider pair of oopulatory feet is composed
of a single segment Arthrosphccra.

h. — Apex of the legs narrowed and pointed, the spine and the claw
nearly contiguous ( PI. A, fig. 11a ); vulva in the female composed of
onlj two pieces, a basal which bears the aperture, and a distal,
the so-called cap, which -is smooth and polished ; in the male the
posterior pair of oopulatory organs have the movaljle digit distinctly
bi-segmented Zephronia.

These two genera also appear to be distinct in their geographical
distribution, Arthrosphcera being known so far only from C-eylou ai\d
the more southern parts of India, whereas Zephnmla occurs only in
Burma and the north-eastern parts of India, ejj.^ Assam.

It may be added that the vulva mentioned in the above diagnosis is

the generative plate of the female, which is found attached to the basal

segments of the second pair of legs, and that in the male there are two

pairs of copulatory feet, both being pincer-like, situated beneath the

last or anal segment. The males further differ from the females in

having the apical segment of the antenna? enlarged.

Genus ARTHROsrn^RA, Pocock.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (G), XVI., p. 410 (1895).

Artlirosphcera pib'fera (Butler). (PI. B, fig. 7.)

Syn. Zephronia pilifera, Butler, Ann. N. H. (4), X., p. 357 (1872);
id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 180, pl.xix, fig. 7.

Colow dark ochraceous, dull ; head and nuchal-plate polished and
black.

Tergites thickly and closely punctured throughout and clothed with
short hairs.

Head and -} inched- pi ate coarsely and more sparsely punctured than the
teroitos ; nuchal-plate with the sinuate inferior border not marked with
a sulcus or fine ridge.

2nd tergite with abruptly sloped, smooth, shining anterior portion,
and bearing aliove this portion an almost obsolete sulcus ; lamina small,
originating gradually, and with thicikened rounded margin.

Anal tergite ( 9 ) rounded, with small single inner ridge on each
side, and a scarcely perceptible marginal notch.

The three basal segments of the legs with their inferior edges armed
with a series of sharp spines.

n

z
<

Q

z

A MONOGRAPn OF THE PILL-.VTLLIPEDES. 271

Vulva like that of Z. hrandti.

Length about 19 mm.

Locality. — Ceylon {R. Templeton],

This species differs from all yet kno^^•n in the spinous character of
its legs — a character overlooked by Mr. Butler in bis descrij)tion of the
type specimen.

Arth^osphcEra notkeps (Butler). (PI. B, figs. 2-2a.)

Syn. Zephroma notkeps, Butler, Ann. N. H. (4), X, p. 355 (1872) ;
id., ProG. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1873, p. 179, pi. xix, fig. 4.

Colour pale brownish-green.

Head shining, punctured somewhat sparsely, armed with about
three teeth on each side ; the ridge that bears these teeth not continu-
ous across the head, but divided in the middle line by a wide excava-
tion.

Nuchal-plate sparsel}' punctured ; inferior border strongly sinnate
and with upturned margin ; not marked with a fine groove or fine
ridge.

27id tergite thickly and very finely punctured, dull ; in front
smooth and shining ; marked close before its front margin with a
very faint sulcus, gently rounded off in front and with slightly up-
turned edge ; anterior border evenly rounded from above downwards ;
the lamina very slightly developed and with thickened margin ;
the infei'ior portion of the tergite, above the base of the lamina, faintly
ridged.

TergHes thickly and very finely punctured throughout.

Anal tergite ( 9 ) rounded from above downwards and from side to
side ; punctured like the rest ; furnished below in front on its inner
surface with a distincL black ridge, behind and below which the edge
of the tergite distinctly notched.

Vtdva mucb more quadrate and less elongate than in A. heterostida,
more resembling that of A . versicolor, but less oval.

Locality. — Ceylon, A single female example without history.

Length about 20 ram.

This species resembles Z. versicolor in the sinuate inferior border of
the nuchal-plate ; but it may easily be distinguished by the evenly
arched anterior edge of the first tergite, and by the difference in colour,
A, versicolor being beautifully marbled with yellow and black.

272 JOUBNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL niSTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Arthrosphcera versicolor (White). (PI. B, figs, l-ld.)

Syn. Zephronia versicolor, White, Ann. N. H. (3), III, p. 405, pi. vii,
fig. 3 (1859). Humbert, Mem. Soc. Geneve, XVIII, p. 41. pi. iii,
fig. 17 (1865) ; Butlor, Proo. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 181.

This species is so unmistakable on account of its colours that a very
few words will suflBce to describe it.

Colour marbled, shining black and yellow.

Bead and nuchal-plate resembling those of Z, notkeps.

1st tergite smooth above ; rounded off in front ; lamina larger, and
rising somewhat sibruptly on a level with the eye as a forward expansion
of the anterior border.

Teryites smooth behind, punctured in front.

Anal tergite resembling that of Z. notkeps in presenting the small
ridore and marginal notch.

$. Anal tergite not saddle-shapod.

Forceps — 1st pair differing from those of Z. hrandti in that the
distal segment is distinctly divided into two by a joint which separates
a SHiall proximal from a larger distal segment ; the small proximal
jtortion furnished externally with a conspicuous prominence ; the larger
distal portion furnished below with a single backwardly directed tooth,
and internally at the apex with a second tooth. 2nd pair, with second
segment much shorter than in Z. hrandti ; its dactylar prolongation inter-
nally concave and denticulate, its external border evenly convex, its apex
slender and curved ; the distal segment less blade-like than in Z, hrandti,
inner surface hollowed and posteriorly denticulated, apex rounded.

Vulva formed on same plan as that of Z. hrandti^ but less elongate,
the internal lamina being stouter.

Length 26-40 mm.

Locality. — Ceylon, Peradenia (Tkwaltes coll.).

This species is most nearly related to i/. noticeps, but, apart from its
coloration, differs from it in the abrupt mode of origin of the lamina
of the Ist tergite.

Arthrosphcera Brandti (Humbert).

Sphceropaus Brandti, Humbert, Mem. Soc. Phys., Geneve, XVIII,
p. 38, pi. iii., fig. 15 (1865) ; Pocock, J'ourn. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc, VII., p. 143(1892).

Zephronia chitonoides, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4). X, p. 354,
pi. xviii, fig. 2 (1872).

A MONOGRAPH OF THE PILL'.VILLIPEDES. 273

This species, which is of not infrequent occurrence in Ceylon, 1 have
described at some length in the pages of this journal as cited above.
It may be without difl&culty identified by the key to the species of the
genus published below.

The Museum has examples ticketed merely Ceylon (Dr. A. Smith
and R. Templeton), and others from Punduloya (E, E. Green). The
examples named Z. chitonoides, are labelled Madras (Dr. A. Smith) ; but
I suspect this is an error for Ceylon.

Arthrosphctra rugulosa (Butler).

Zephron'ta rugulosa, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), X, p. 855,
pi. xviii, fig. 1 (1872).

This species was based upon a small and probably immature specimen
from Ceylon (R. Templeton). It seems to diflFer from A. Brandti only
in the characters pointed out in the synoptical table (pp. 281, 282).
ArthrosphcBra inermis (Humbert).

SpilicBropcBus inermis, Humbert, Mem. Soc. Phys., Geneve, XVIII,
p. 37, pi. iii, fig. 17 (1865).

Occurring in Ceylon, Pundaloya, &g. This species seems to differ
from the preceding merely in the absence of the tooth-bearing rid o-e
on the back of the head.

The Museum has examples ticketed Ceylon (Templeton), Pundaloya
(E. E. Green) ; also examples ticketed Madras (Dr. A. Smith), which,
like the specimen of A. Brandti mentioned above, are probably errone-
ously labelled.

Arihrosphoera corrugata (Butler).

Zephronia corrugata, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), X, p. 355,
(1872) ; id., Proc. Zool. Soc- Lend., 1873, p. 180, pi. xxi, fig. 8.

Differs form Z. inermis, Humbert, in having the second tergite and
those that succeed it coarsely sculptured to the posterior border.
Perhaps it will prove to be merely a variety of A. inermis, in which the
extent to which the sculpturing spreads over the tergal plates appears
to be variable.

Locality. — Ceylon (R. Templeton).

Arthrosphcera lieterostida (Newp,). (PI. A, figs. 3-3b.)

Zephronia heterosticta, Newport, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1), XIII, p. 265
(1844) ; Pocock, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, VII, p. 145, pl. i,
fig. 1 (1892). (Excluding synonymy.)

274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

This species I have also described in this journal as cited above.
The type specimen of this species is simply labelled India. But
examples sent from Madras by Mr. Thurston appear to be co-specific
with it.

ArthorsYihcGra hdescens (Butler). (Pi. B, figs, 4-4a.)

Zephronia lutescens, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), X, p. 356
(1872) ; also Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 179, pi. xix, fig. 9.

In the Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc, VIL p. 145, 1892, I added this
species to the synonymy of A. heterosticta of Newport. But until we
have more conclusive evidence of the identity of the two forms, it is
wiser to regard them as distinct, though the two are undoubtedly
closely allied.

There is no locality nearer than India known for the t}^e,
Arthrosphcera atrisparsa (Butler). (PI. B, fig. 5.)

Zephronia atrlsp>arsa, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1878, p. 302.

This species also was regarded by myself as identical with
A. heterosticta, from which, however, it differs in possessing the secondary
arched groove on the second tergite, a character in which it resembles
A . lutescens, of which it will perhaps prove to be the male when
freshly preserved and numerous examples come to hand for examina-
iion.

Locality. — Bombay District. A single male example,
Arthrosphcera leopardina (Butler).

Zephronia leopardina, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), X, p. 356
(1872) ; id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1873, p. 181, pi. xix, fig. 10.

I previously added this species to the synonymy oi A. inermis. It
may however be recognised from A. inerinis at least by the presence of
the crest on the inner side of the anal tergite. The type specimen
is small and possibly immature, and the value that is to be attached to
the colouring is, 1 think, doubtful.

Locality. — Ceylon {R. Templeton),

Arthrosphcera marmorata (Butler). (PI. B, figs. 6-Ga.)

Zephronia marmorata, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), IX, p.
197 (1882).

llie characters of this species, based upon badly preserved speci-
mens, without record of exact locality in India, are set forth in the
subjoined synoptical table of species.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE PILL-MILLIPEDES. 275

Arthrosphcera zehraica (Butler). (PI. B, figs. 3-3 a.)

Zephronia zehraica, Butler, Aun. Nat. Hist. (4), X, p. 356,
pi. xviii, fig. 4 (1872).

Colour. — Head and uuclial-plate deep blackish- brown, the latter with
a narrowly fulvous hinder border ; 2ud tergite almost entirely palo
yellow, its lamina and front Ijorder alone pioeous ; terga 3 to 10 piceous,
with lateral portions and posterior border broadly yellow ; anal tergite
almost wholely yellow, with a pair of irregularly triangular, brown
patches in its upper half.

Head and nuchal-plate and 2nd tergite sparsely punctured.

Lamina of 2nd tergite very small, with its margin evenly thickened ;
rest of the tergites smooth behind, closely punctured in front.

Anal tergite finely punctured throughout, evenly convex, its
border not grooved nor notched, the inner crest double, the anterior
piece as large as the posterior.
Vulva as in figure.

Length 48 mm. Width 26.

Locality. — -Bombay. A single typical ^ example.

Arthrosphcera Wroughtoni (Pocock). (PI. A, figs. 1-lc.)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), XVI, p. 411 (1S95).

Colour. — Head, nuchal-plate, and second tergite mostly a deep rich
blackish-brown ; the upper border of the head and the lamina of the
2ad tergite as well as its posterior border reddish-yellow ; rest of
the tergites deep green, with a pale golden-green baud crossing
from side to side just in front of the posterior border, which is
narrowly black ; anal tergite yellow ia its lower third, black above,
its margin deep brownish-black ; antennae black, with pale sensory
area at apex ; legs rich reddish-yellow.

Headf nuchal-plate, and 2nd tergite as in ^4. zehraica^ but the latter
minutely punctulate ; the rest of the terga minutely punctulate through-
out, but more coarsely so and partially striolate in front j anal tergite
evenly convex, its margin grooved, the groove extending on each side
from the notch, which with a faint ridge marks the point of fusion of
one of the terga with that of the anal segment ; the inner crest
double, a short anterior piece corresponding with the fused tergite and
a longer posterior piece.

Legs rarely with two spines aboye the claw.

276 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xlt.

Length about 39 mm. Width about 19.

Locality. — Kanara. A single $ example collected by Mr. R. C
Wronghton.

Diifors from A. zehraica, which it somewhat approaches in colour, in
being puuctulate throughout, in having the margin of the anal tergite
grooved, and the posterior half of the inner ridge mu<'h longer ; the
colours on the 2nd tergite moreover are reversed, the lamina being
yellow and the rest black.

Arthrosphcera aurocincta, sp. n. (PI. A, figs. 10-lOa.)
9 . Colour an olive-brown or green, mottled or clouded irregularly
with black spots ; posterior border of all the tergites marked with a
sharply defined brownish-red stripe.

Head and nuchal-plate only sparsely punctured, smooth ; 2nd
isergite very sparsely and weakly punctured ; its margin evenly
thickened throughout ; succeeding tergites coarsely and densely
sculptured with punctures in front, with smooth posterior border, the
intervening area finely coriaceous ; anal tergite covered all over with
a dense sculpturing of coarse anastamosing punctures, with a marginal
groove, a small inferior anterior notch and a long double inner crest,
the posterior part of which is about twice the length of the anterior.

Vulva of much the same form as in A. zehraica, but with the
inner skeletal piece longer and surpassing the outer almost as in
A. versicolor.

$. With apical antennal segment larger than in ? , anal tergite slight-
ly saddle-shaped belov/ ; copulatory feet almost as in A. Wroughioni,
Length of $ G5 nun. (2i inches). Width 32 mm.
Locality. — E. Indies (received from the East Lidian Museum).
There is unfortunately no definite locality for these specimens.
There is little doubt however that they were from some part of India.
They are noticeable as being the largest known specimens of the
genus.

Arthrosphaira Thurstonl, Pocock. (PI. A, figs. 2-2d.)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (G), XVI, p. 411 (189.5).

Colour varying from pale olive- greeii to yellowish-brown ; terga

thickly or sparsely spotted with black, with a narrow but distinct black

stripe along the posterior border of terga 2 to 12; the 2nd tergite

and the anal generally of a redder tint than tne others ; head and

A MONOGRAPH OF TEE PILL-MILLIPEDES. 277

nuohal-plato olive-green or brown ; antennse und legs olive-green ;
basal segments of the latter pale.

Resembling A. heterostlcta in strncture of head, nuchal-plate, and
2nd tergite, but the margin of the lamina gradually becoming thicker
from below up to the level of the eyes, although not abruptly
thicker at this point. Terga smooth and polished, sparsely marked
with shallow punctures, anal tergite entirely smooth, not saddle-
shaped, without marginal sulcus, but notch distinct and continued on
the inner surface by a fine sulcus which divides the inner crest into
two ; the anterior portion of the crest short, only as long as the crest on
the tergite in front ; the part behind it about three times the length.
Vulva with largo, nearly semicircular movable digit of first pair of
copnlatory forceps long and distinctly hooked at the apex (for the rest,
see figure).

Length 9 34, width 18-5 ; of $ length 27, width 13-5.
Locality. — Nilgiri Hills [E. Thurston).

Also four specimens, too badly preserved to bo certainly determinable,
from Dimhutti, near Kotagiri, Nilghiri Hills, 1,000 feet, and others
belonging to this or a closely-allied species from Yercaud in the
Sheveroy Hills {J. R. Henderson),

This species differs from A. heterosticta in many characters, of which
not the least striking are those connected with the generative organs.
But in addition the margin of the lamina is evenly thickened in
^4. heterosticta, and the crest on the inner border of the anal tergite is
represented merely by a single anterior tubercle.

Arthrosphcera Ilendersoni (Pocock). (PI. A, figs. 4:-4d.)
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), XVI., p. 411 (1895).
^,9. Colour deep olive-brown with irregular black blotches over
the segments ; head and nuchal-plate piceous ; autennre and legs
green ; basal segments of the latter fulvous.

Head and nuchal-plate polished, sparsely punctured ; 2nd tergite
densely punctured above, smoother in front ; lamina small, margin
evenly arched, but with a conspicuous nodular thickening opposite the
eye ; rest of the terga, namely 3 to 10, with hinder border smooth, the
rest densely corrugated and punctured, pubescent in front; the
inferior angles of the 8th to the 10th considerably thickened and pro-
duced both posteriorly and externally.

278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Anal tergite lightly saddle-shaped in both sexoa, without a marginal
groove, with a distinct notch ; inner crest short, single, and corre-
sponding nearly to the fused tergite defined by the notch. Copulatory
feet : first pair with ridge on second segment close to inner edge ; basal
segment of movable digit produced into a strong quadrate tooth ; dista]
segment deeply grooved below, with a single apical tooth on its pos-
terior surfaces ; second pair as in figure.
Length 46 mn.; width 23.

Locality. — Kodaikanal, Paluai Hills, 7,000 feet (J. R. Henderson).
Arthrosphcera disticta (Pocock). (PI. A, figs. 5- 5b.)
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), XVL, p. 411 (1895).
Co/ouj' much like that of A. htterosticta ; head, antennae and logs
deep green ; nuchal-plate with a large double patch of deep green nearly
covering it ; the rest of the terga a deep olive-yellow, variegated with
black spots, and bearing on each Bide in their anterior half a large
irregular black patch ; these patches, however, almost absent on the
anal tergite.

Head densely punctured below. Nuchal-plate nearly smooth. 2nd
tergite with the lamina small, the margin a little thickened opposite
the eye, crossed above by a faint arched groove, densely punctulate
and pubescent ; the crest of the tergite densely and very finely punc-
tulate throughout ; covered with fine pubescence. Anal tergite evenly
convex, its margin not sulcate, weakly notched on each side in front ;
the inner crest double, its anterior portion longish, twice the length of
the posterior portion. Copulatory feet very like those of A, fumosa^
but with the ridge on the second segment of the first pair farther from
the inner margin, and the tooth-like projection on the basal segment of
the movable digit longer.
Length 26 mm. ; width 14.
Locality.— Yeroaud, Sheveroy Hills (/. R. Henderson).

Arthrosphcera hicolor (Pocock). (PI. A, figs. G-6b.)
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), XVI, p. 411 (1805).
$, Colour, — Antennae deep green, head and nuchal plate chestnut-
brown, the former oohre-yellow below, pale green above ; 2nd tergite
mostly cheatnut-brown, its anterior portion above, its lateral portion
l)ehiud ; and the lamina, with the exception of its thickened edge, flavous ;
the rest of the tergites flavous, but the 3rd to 7th with their posterior

A MONOGRAPH OF THE PILL-MILLIPEDES. 279

margins bearing a chestnut stripe which gradually fades away laterally ;
the extreme inferior angles of the terga and the hinder border of the
anal tergite also chestnut-brown.

Legi pale green, with coxa and apices of tarsi yellow.

Head densely punctured below ; smooth, like the nuclial "plate, above.
2nd tergite smooth, punctured in front ; lamina small, its margin strong-
ly thickened opposite the eye ; the rest of the terga densely punctulate
and pubescent throughout, except for the chestnut-brown border on
segments 3 — 7, which is polished.

Anal tergite very slightly saddle-shaped, its edge not sulcata, weakly
notched, with only the posterior half sf the inner crest developed.
Copulatori) feet much lil^e those of A. Ilendersoni, but with the tooth of
the basal segment of the movable digit of the first pair shorter, and the
distal segment longer ; the apical tooth farther from the extremity.

Length, 38 mm. ; width 21.

Locality. — Salem, Sheveroy Hills {J. R. Henderson).

Arthrosphara JDavisoni (Pocock). (PI. A, figs. 7-7b.)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), XYI, p. 412 (1895).

Colour brown or olivaceous, sometimes mottled with large pale
patches, the posterior portion of the tergites a little darker than the
anterior ; antennae olivaceous with yellow apical sensory area ; legs pale
olivaceous, with brightish yellow basal segments.

Head and vuchal-plate-polished, the former coarsely and closely
punctured below ; 2nd tergite finely coriaceous, with distinct punctua-
tion along the anterior and posterior borders ; lamina small, its margin
strongly and abruptly thickened opposite the eye ; the rest of the terga
lightly wrinkled in front, finely coriaceous ; the middle of the upper sur-
face densely punctured in the middle, less densely in front and behind ;
some of the segments, i.e., the posterior, pubescent in front.

Anal tergite only very slightly saddle-shaped, densely punctured
throughout ; the border not sulcate and distinctly or indistinctly notched ;
the inferior lateral angle marked externally with a distinct pit ; the
posterior half of the inferior lateral crest very small or absent, the
anterior half as long as that upon the preceding tergite.

Generative organs much like those of A. Eendersoni ; the proximal
portion of the vulva smaller as compared with the distal portions, with
its angles sharper.

280 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

In the first pair of copulatory feet the crest upon the second segment
runs, along the inner edge, and in the second pair the immovable digit
is wider and has no deep notch at its base.

Length of 9 31 mm. ; of $ 22.

Locality.— Coimbatore, Animallai Hills, 4,700 feet {W. Davison),
Arthrosphcera fumosa, Pocock. (PI. A, fig. 8.)

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XVI, p. 412 (1895).

Colour pale olivaceous, the posterior half of the tergites, except of the
second and anal, smoky black ; head, nuchal-plate, and 2nd tergite,
piceous, the latter and the rest of the segments mottled with pale
blotches and black spots ; legs and antennae deep olive-green, basal seg-
ment of former pale.

$. Resembling A, Davisoni, but differing as follows: — Anterior
portion of tergites rugose and punctured ; posterior portion smooth and
highly polished. Second tergite polished, at most minutely punctu-
late ; lamina as in A, Davidsonij but the marginal thickening much
smaller. A7ial tergite densely and closely punctured, with anterior
angular pit.

Vulva as in figure. -

Length 35 mm.; width 16.

Locality.— Goimbatore, 4,700 feet ( W. Davison).

ArthrosphcBra Dalyi^ Pocock. (PI. A, figs. 9-9a.)

Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), XVI, p. 412 (1895).

Colour a deep olive-brown or green, the posterior border of the
tergites sometimes reddish ; head, nuchal-plate and 2nd tergite
piceous ; antennae and legs green, the former with the two basal seg-
ments ochraceous.

Head., nuchal-plate^ and 2nd tergite polished, smooth, the first
densely punctured below ; lamina of second as in A, Ilendersoni, but
the marginal thickening smaller. The other terga pubescent and punc-
tulate in front as in A. Henderson!^ perfectly, smooth and polished in
their hinder half ; anal tergite punctured and pubescent above ; margin
not grooved but furnished with a small notch ; the inner crest single,
and rather longer than that on the tergite in front of it.

Length 3Gmm., width 29.

Locality. — Lone Cottage, Palnai Hills, 6,000 feet (J. R. Henderson);
also some smaller ( ? younger) specimens perhaps of the same species,

A MONOGttAPH OF THE PILL-MILLIPEDES. 281

but more extensively hairy and punctured, from Rodaikanal in the
Palnai Hills, 7,000 feet altitude.

Arthrosphcera nit/da^ sp. n.

Nearly allied to A. Daly!.

A uniform deep olive-green, lightly mottled with paler spots ; borders
of terga not distinctly redder, terga much smoother, only the anterior
third of them punctured, the rest exceedingly smooth and polished ;
anal iergite entirely smooth and polished, without marginal notch ; the
inner crest longer, at least twice the length of the one on the tergite
in front, and not bounded behind by a fine vertical groove.
/ Length 27mm., width 14*5.

Locality. — Kodaikanal, Palnai Hills, 7,000 feet {J. R. Henderson).

Key to the Species of Arthrosphcera.

a. Basal segments of legs with strongly toothed inferior edges.

(Body pimctured and rugose throughout ; no teeth on
head) ,,, pilifera (Butl.)

b. Basal segments of legs with lower edges not toothed.

a\ A prominent ridge armed with spines running along the top
of the head from side to side above the eyes.
a^. Ridge on head mesially interrupted by a downwarc^ pro-
longation of the lower border of the nuchal-plate, which
is deeply bisinuate.

a'. Anterior border of second tergal plate strongly
produced on a level with the eye ; smooth,
polished, marbled black and yellow ^...versicolor

(White).

b . Anterior border of 2nd tergite not produced ;

densely punctured, not poHshed, dull greenish

tint noticeps (Butl.).

K'. Ridge on head continued from side to side without

interruption ; lower edge of nuchal-plate scarcely

bisinuate.

a*. Anal tergite with a small tuberculiform inner

crest ; tergal plates including the second

punctured and roughened to the very maro-in

rugulosa (Butl.).

282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCit:TY, Vol. XI t.

h . Anal tergitc without inner crest ; second tergite and
posterior border of the rest smooth Brandti (Humb.).
b ' . Head furnished neither with ridge nor with teeth.

a^. 2ud tergite witliout an abrupt tuberculiform
thickening on a level with the eye.
a*. Anal tergite without an inner lateral,
marginal crest.
a'. 2nd tergite and posterior half of the rest
smooth and polished.,. zWrmz's (Humb.).
6'. 2nd tergite and the following coarsely
sculptured to the posterior margin.
corrugata (Butl.).
W'. Anal tergite with a conspicuous inner lateral
orest.

If'. 2nd tergite with a conspicuous arched

groove running behind and parallel

to its front border.

a^. Green, marbled with black

atrisparsa (Butl.).

a*. Green, not marbled with black

lutescens (Butl.).

If. 2nd tergite without a conspicuous
secondary grove.

c^^. Body very conspicuously
striped yellow and black,
a yellow stripe running
along the posterior
border,
a^^ 2nd tergite yellow
with black anterior
border ; anal ter-
gite sparsely punc-
tured, without
distinct marginal
groove ...zehraica
(Butl.).

A MONOGRAPH OF THE PILL-MILLIPEDES. 283

6^\ 2nd tergite dark,
with yellow hinder
border; anal tergite
densely punctured
and reticulated with
marginal groove.
a^2. Only the lower edge of
the anal tergite nar-
rowly flavous...ai<ro-
cinda^ Poc.
512. At least the lower third
of the anal tergite

broadly flavous

Wroughtord, Poc.
^10 Body spotted, not distinctly striped.

'a}^ Spots having the form of large irregular blotches.
a^^ 2nd tergite and posterior border of the rest smooth

and polished leopardlna (Butl.)

ju. 2nd tergite and those succeeding it entirely

coriaceous ; of large size marmorata (Butl.).

613. Spots smaller, irregularly arranged, and black.

ai5 Antero-lateral portion of the margni ot the
lamina of the 2nd tergite thicker than the part
above and below it ; anal tergite with long

, • ^ ^vosf TJiurstoni, Poc.

posterior crest

&15 Edo-e of lamina evenly thickened ; anal tergite

^•ith short posterior crest heterosttcta (Newp.)

^5 Margin of 2nd tergite with a large or small but abrupt thickening
* onl level with the eye; lower edge of anal tergite not grooved.
a'«. Mostlv pale yellow; 2nd segment chestnut-brown,
a stripe of the same colour on the hinder border

of segments 3 to 7 ^^^olor, Po°-

£i«. Colour various, mostly a uniform dark green or

browuj often mottled.

al^ Posterior inferior angles of terga 8 to 10

thickened and out-turned ; terga densely

con-ugated ; mottled Hemlersoni, Poc,

284 JOURNAL, B02IBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

6'^ Posterior inferior tingles not thickened and

out-turned ; posterior half of terga finely

punctured or smooth.

a}^. Colour a deep olive-yellow spotted with

black ; a large black patch on each side

of the terga , distida, Poc.

P*. Colour a deep olive-green or brown, often

variegated, but without a large lateral

patch on the terga.

a^*. Anal tergite and posterior two-thirds of

the others perfectly smooth and

polished ; colour deep olive-green,

mottled nltida, Poc.

i". Anal tergite punctured throughout or at
least above.
a^^. Anterior half of the terga densely
pubescent in the adult (terga entirely
pubesoent in young) Dalyi, Poc.
6'°. Terga not pubescent,
a^^. Posterior half of terga (excepting
the anal) smooth and polished; anal
tergite without impression on its
anteriorinferior angle. /wwosa, Poc.
t'^ Posterior half of terga not polished,
dull, punctulate ; anal tergite with
a pitlike impression on its anterior
inferior angle, Davisoniy Poc.

Explanation of Plate A. ■ - '

Fig. 1 ArthrosphcBra Wroughtoni : iiatural size.
, \a „ „ lateral view of second tergite.

^^ \h „ „ posterior forceps of copnlatory

organ.
Ic „ anterior forceps of copnlatory

organ.
,j 2 „ Thurstoni : natural size.

2a ,, ,» lateral view of 2nd tergite.

21) „ anterior foroepB of copnlatory

organ.

A .MONOGRAPH OF THE PILL-MILLIPEDES. 285

Fig. 2c Arthrosphcera Thurstoni : posterior forceps of copulatorj

organ.
„ 2d „ „ vulva.

3 , heterostida : vulva of specimen labelled

" ' *' Madras."

3a jj anterior forceps of copulatory

organ.
35 „ „ posterior forceps of copulatory

organ.
4, „ Ilendersoni : natural size.

4a „ „ lateral view of 2nd segment.

45 jj „ anterior foroeps of copulatory

organ.
4c „ „ posterior forceps of copulatory

organ.
„ vulva.
distida : natural size.

„ lateral view of 2nd tergite.
„ basal segment of anterior forceps.
hicolor : natural size.

„ lateral view of 2ud tergite.
bicolor : anterior forceps of copulatory
organ.
Davisoni: anterior forceps cf copulatory
organ.
,, posterior forceps of copulatory

organ.
,j vulva.
fumosa : ^Tllva.
Dalyi : anterior forceps of copulatory organ

„ vulva.
aurocinda : natural size.

„ lateral view of 2nd tergite.
11 Apes of the foot in ArthrosphcEra.
,',' 11a „ „ Zephronia.

[_To he continued.'l

"mc -Dmin^ the passage of this paper th.ough the press, two alleged new species
of Arthrn,ohrerl have been described by F. Silvestri (Am. See. Ent. Belgique XLI,
pp 359-360' November, 1897), namely, Arthr^spycpra corrugata and A margmella. For
neither of these species is the locality known ; fnc name given to the first is already
in us> aid m-Tsfc therefore in any case be discarded, and the descriptions of both are
not of a nature to make it possible for me to assign to these species iheir position .n
the foregoing claBsification.

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286

BIRDS COLLECTED DURING FIVE YEARS' RESIDENCE
IN TPIE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT, CACHAR.

Paet VI.

By C. M. Inglis.

(Continued from p. 481, Vol. J I.)

Order Striges.

Family Strigidce.
Genus Strix (Linn., 1766).

Hume, No. 60; Blanf.^ No. 1152. Strix flammea (Linn.). — The
Barn Owl.

I have never shot this species here ; but it is found in Silchar, and
I dare say will be found in Hylakandy as well.

Subfamily Buhonincc.

Genus j^<?^Mj9a (Less., 1831).
201 Hume, No. 72; Blanf., No. 1164:. Ketupa zeylonensis (Gmel.). —
name- The Brown Fish Owl.

np^hi^'' ^^^ ^^^y ^"^^® here, its loud cry being often heard at night. It

is also, like Striv Jiammea, considered a bird of evil omen by the
natives.

200

pecha.

Genus Bubo (Dumeril, 1806).

202 Hume ^ No. 70; Blanf.^ iVo. 1169. Bubo COROMANDUS (Lath.). —
The Dusky Horned Owl.

. Fairly common. Often met with in the patches of jungle found
near the Bengali busties. It breeds in December. A coolie brought
me a young bird of this species which he took from a hollow in a tree.
Ho showed me the place next day ; there was practically no lining to it,
only a handful of leaves. However I did not examine it very carefully,
as it was not very sweet smelling. I kept the young one alive a long
time. When an}' one approached its cage, it would make a clapping
noise with its bill and utter a sound like hoo hoo, hoo hoo, at the same
time bending its h(ud forward and puffing out its neok-feathors. It
was very partial to Bulbuls, but w^ould scarcely look at a Myna.

BIRDS COLLECTED IN THE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 287

Genus /Scops (Savigny, 1810).
Hume, No.Id; Blanf., No. illS. ScoPS bakkam(Ena (Forst.).— The 203

Collared Scops Owl.

The variety found here is htiia, and is rather scarce. The only
specimens I got were in thin bamboo jungle. It breeds here, as
I have found eggs in the oviduct of the female nearly ready for
ejection.

Genus Athene (Boie, 1822).

Hume, No. 76 ; Blan/.^ No. 1180. Athene beama (Temm.).— The 204

Spotted Owlet.

Exceedingly common. They breed here about March in the holes of
"trees, as many as three or four pairs sometimes in the same tree.
Genus Glaucidium (Boie, 1826).

Hume, No. 79 ; Blanf.^ No. 1183. Glaucidium cuculoides jos

(Vigors).— The Large-barred Owlet.

Rather common. It frequents both thin tree and bamboo jungle.
It may be often seen in the day-time perched on a bamboo at the edge
of the jungle.

Hume, No. 77 i Blanf.^ No. 1181. Glaucidium radiatum (Tick). — 206

The Jungle Owlet.

Like the former species, this is also sometimes met with in daylight.

Genus Nino.v (RoQ\gi>., 1837).
Hume^ No. 81 his; Blanf., No. 1187. Ninox scutulata (Raffl.). — 207

The Brown Hawk Owl.

A rare bird here. I have never heard its cry. The only specimen*
. got was shot at dusk whilst hawking along the edge of the jungle.

Order Accipitres.
Family Vulturidce.
Genus Otogijps (Gray, 1841).
Hume, No. 2 \ Blanf., No. 1191. Otogyps galvUS (Scop.). — The 208

Black Vulture.

Not very common, but a pair or two are generally to be seen Native
wherever there is a dead carcase. Lall'^r Rai-

" I have two specimens which Mr. Inglis very kindly gave me some years ago ; tbey
were amongst a number sent me to identify and which were afterwards made over to me
and are now in my collections. (E.C.S.B.)

gidh.

288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

209

210

Native
name—
Gidh.

211

212

316

Native
name —

Mohar.

2H

Genus Gyps (Savigny, 1810).

Hume, No. 4 ter ; Blanf., No. 1195. Gyps tenuieostris (Hodgs.). —
The Himalayan Long-billed Vulture.

I have never shot this Vulture, but it is, I expect, this species and
not G. indicus that is found here.*

Genus Pseudogyps (Sharpe, 1873).

Hume, No. 5 ; Blanf., No. 1190. Pseudogyps bengalensis
(Gmel.).— The Indian White-backed Vulture.

This is our commonest Vulture. They are very quarrelsome,
and keep up an incessant noiso the whole time whilst feeding.

Family Falconidce.
Genus Aquila (Brisson, 1760).

Hume, No. 29; Blanf.^ No. 1203. Aquila vindhiana (Frank.) —
The Indian Tawny Eagle.

I have got a single specimen of this Eagle. It is the only one 1
have ever seen, and must be very rare here. It was shot in December.
The plumage is the same as that of A. fidvescens.

Genus Sjn-cetus (ViGilL, 1816).

Hume^ No. 34 ; Blanf., No. 1212. Spiz^etus limn^tus (Horsf.). —
The Changeable Hawk Eagle.

I have a single specimen, a female, which was shot by one of my
men whilst crossing a clearance in the jungle, and kindly identified for
me by Mr. Hole.

Genus Spllornis (G. R. Gray, 1840).

Hume, No. 39, Bla7if., No. 1217. Spilornis cheela (Lath.).— The
Crested Serpent Eagle.

Exceedingly common. A favourite perch of this species is on the
top of a dead tree, from which it soars when disturbed, uttering every
few minutes its querulous note. I have shot young birds, so expect it
breeds here.

Genus PoUocrIus (Kaup., 1847).

Hume, No. 41 j Blanf., No. 1226. Polio iETUS ichtht^tus
(Horsf.).— The Large Grey-headed Fishing Eagle.

Fairly common. Generally found either on trees near bheels, or else
sitting on a stump in the water watching for fish.

• ' In this Mr. Inglia is probably right, but no doubt, O. indicut is also to be found some-
timea in Hylakandy.' (B. C. S. B.)

218

BIRDS COLLECTED IN TBE E7LAKAND7 DISTRICT. 289

Genus Haliastur (Selby, 1840).
Hume, No. 55 ; Blanf., No. 1228. Haliastdr Indus (Bodd.).— The 216

Brahminy Kite.

Common. Frequents marshes and paddy-fields. After a shower of naro'e—
rain numbers congregate to feed on the termites which fly from the Lall or
ground. They breed here.

Genus Milvus (Cuvier, 1800).

216

Hume^ No. 56 ; Blanf.j No. 1229. Milvus govinda (Sykes.). — Native
The Common Pariah Kite. Exceedingly common. °Chi~

Hume, No. 56 bis ; Blanf., No. 1230. Milvus melanotis (Temm. 217

and Schleg.). — The Large Indian Kite.

Only found, I think, during the cold weather. *

Genus Elanus (Savigny, 1810).

Hume, No. 59 ; Blanf., No. 1232. Elanus CiERULEUS (Desf.). —
The Black-winged Kite.

Kather rare. The only one I got was shot whilst hovering like a
Kestrel. A few generally seen each year.

Genus Circus (Lacepede, 1801).

Hume, No. 51 ; Blanf., No. 1233. Circus macrurus (Gmel.). — sit

The Pale Harrier.

Ratier scarce. I shot one once flying over the tea in the cold season.

Hume, No. 50 ; Blanf.^ No. 1235. Circus cyaneus (Linn.).— 220

The Hen Harrier.

Decidedly rare. I have only seen one since collecting.

Hume, No. 53 ; Blanf., No. 1236. Circus melanolkocus (Forst.). — 221

The Pied Harrier.

Very oommon during the cold season, adult males predominating, f

Humcj No. 54 ; Blanf., No. 1237. Circus acruginosus (Linn.). — 222

The Marsh Harrier.

Fairly common near the jheels during the cold weather.

* *•■ This is interesting; the local movements of kites are very peculiar in the hilly portion
of the district ; this kite is a permanent inhabitant, whereas M, govinda seems to be the
Winter visitant." (E. C, S. B.)

t " I think this note may probably be due to an oversight on Mr. Inglis' part. I have
collected Harriers very carefully and constantly for twelve years in Cachar and there is no
doubt whatsoever that females and non-adult males number at least ten to every adult
male. Of course Harriers are not at all easy birds to discriminate, and it is possible that
immature males may have been ascribed to other species." (K. C. S, B.)

290 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.
Genus Astur (Lacepede, 1801).

223

Hume, No. 23 ; Blanf.^ No. 1244. Astur BADips (Gmel.).---

. The Shikra.
Native

name— Very common. I have often snared them and flown them at small
Shikra. , , ^
birds.

Genus Accipiter (Brisson, 1760).
224

Hume, No. 24 ; Dlayif., No. 1247. Accipiter nisus (Linn.).—
The Sparrow Hawk.

Very rare. I have only got a single specimen.
Hume., No. 25 ; Blanf.., No. 1248. Accipiter virgatus (Reinw.).—
The Besra Sparrow Hawk.

Commoner than the last. I have found it both in the jungle and the
open.

Genus Falco (Linn., 1766).
^^^ Hume, No. 8 ; Blar.f., No. 1254. Falco peregrinus (Tunst.).—

The Peregrine Falcon.
Native *

name— Rare here. I have seen it pursue and strike an Imperial Pigeon.

^ Another time some coolies rescued the remains of a Pheasant {E. Jwrs-

fieldi) which this species had killed.

Hume., No. 14; Blanf., No. 12GI. Falco severus (Horsf.).—

The Indian Hobby.

A single specimen shot whilst swooping at something on the ground.

They have rather a swift flight.

Genus Erythropus (Brehen, 1828).
228 Hume, No. 19 his ; Blanf., No. 1262. Erythbopus amurensis
(Gurncy). — The Eastern Red-leggfid Falcon.

Latterly I found this species rather plentiful, flocks passing over
my bungalow in the evening. I have several times brought down two
or three at one shot whilst roosting. Their flight is rather swift, and
much resembles that of i^. severus.

Genus jEsalon (Kaup., 1829).
-2^ Hume., No. 16 ; Blanf., No. 1264. iEsALON chicquera (Daud.). —
The Turumti.
Native Very rare. I have only a single specimen, a female, shot on
Turumuti.the wing.

niRDS COLLECTED IN TEE HYLAKANDY DISTRICT. 291

Genus Tinnunculus (Vicill., 1807).

Hume, No, 17 ; Blanf., No. 1265. TiXisUNCULUs alaodarius (Linn.). 230

— Tlie Kestrel.

Very common. Often seen hovering over grass and paddy lands.

Genus Micwhierax (Sharpe, 1874).

Hume, No. 20 his ; Blanf. ^ No. 1268. Microhierax melanoleocus 231

(Blyth).— The White-legged Falconet.

Exceedingly rare, I have only shot a single specimen. *

* "I have a pair from Hylakandy and lately Mr. Primrose also recorded a pair, I think,
from the same part of the district; from their flight, so mucli resembling that of a Swallow-
fhrike, I fancy tlrat, though they are decidedl}' r-.re anyhow, they are sometimes
overlooked." (B.C. S. B.)

292

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETFAWCERA OF SIKHIM AND

BHUTAN.

Bt G. C. Dudgeon, f.e.s.

With Notes by H. J. Elwes, f.z.s., f.e.s., &c.,

AND

Additions by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., b.a., f.e.s., &c.

Part V.

{Continued from jjage 42, Vol. XII.)

Family TINiEGERIID^^.

Genus Snellenia, Wlsm.

397. S. coccinea, Wlsm.

Sikhim, 5,000 foot. (The type of this species, which is now in Lord

Walsingham'a collection, was taken hy me in July bolow Uarjeeling. —

H. J. E.)

398. S. tarsellaj Wlsin.
Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen.

Genus Eretmoceka, Zell.
400. E. impactella, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,500 feet. I have several specimens which I
took during the day at flowers in May and July.
Family SYNTOMIDiE.
Genus Ceryx, Wllgrn.
401. C. imaon, Cram.
Sikhim and Bhutan up to 4,000 feet. This is perhaps the com-
monest species of the genus within these limits, it occurs from March to
September. I have never seen a specimen with a hyaline streak be-
tween veins 5 and 6 of the forowing. The daikest form is black with
a small triangular hyaline patch in the cell, a similar one below it, two
submarginal spots on either side of vein 4, the lower one the smaller, and
a small oval spot below vein 7 with a smaller one above it ; the hind-
wing has the costal margin and the whole outer two-thirds black.
402. C. godarti, Boisd.
Sikhim and Bhutan up to 4,000 feet. This occurs with C. imaon,
and is at once distinguished by the very narrow border of the hiudwing.
404. C. hyalina, Moore.
Sikhim {Hampson). I have not seen a specimen, nor has Mr. Elwes,
from thifi locality.

HETEROCERA OF SIKEIIM AND BHUTAN.

Explanation^ of Plate I.

Fig. 1. Pf/diia albistrig a, M.oove $.

„ 2. Phalera hilineata, Hampson 9

„ 3. Gargetta viridifjrisea, n. sp., 9 .

,, 4. Pgdiia tenebralis, Hampson, $.

„ 5. Gargetta Uthosidia,Jlgkm]^son, $.

„ 6. Ichthyiira transecta, n. sp., 9 .

„ 7. Malachitls mdanocldora^ HMmpson, ^ ,

„ 8. Farasa herbifem, WaWiQv, ^.

., 1). Farasa herbifera, Wtilker, 9 .

„ 10. Ceratoiiema albidivisum, Rumpzon, {imd.) ^.

,, 11. Fentonia viridmota,'H.Am-p?,on^ ^.

„ 12. R/iodoneura argentalis, Wa,\kei\ $.

„ 13. Dafigchira angii^ata, Kcimiison, $.

„ 14. Acanthopsgche gigantea, n. s]^.^ (^.

,, 15. Fheosia centristida, Hampson, $.
„ 16 & ]6r/. Hgperccsclira trichosticka^ Hamijson, $.

„ 17. Duomitus pardaiis, n. sp,, (J.

„ 18. Raimsa dociliSj\yi\[keY, 9-

,, 19. Gaurena ar(jenttsparsa, Dadgeon, $.

„ 20. ilf(/«e/72a rar^/mo:, Dudgeon, ^.

„ 21» Brepana ejrcisa,lili\mi)Soay $.

„ 22. Brepana Imcostida, B.am-j^'ion, $.

„ 23. Porthesia stlgmatijera^ Hampson, 9 •

,, 24. Sgntomis compta, Walker, $,

DUDGEG¥. Journ.Bom'b.Nat.fliist.Soc

PI. I

West.We'wm.an dararao.

MEW OR LITTLE KNOWN HETEROCERA FROM SIKHIMAND BHUTAM,

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 293

Genus Syntomis, Oohsen.
409. S. unifasciaj Hmpsn.
Rikhim (Hampson). 1 have never received this.

410. S. sperhia, Fahr., Mant. Mo., 2, p. 103 (17S7).
S. atkinsoni, Moore (syn).
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 feet to 3,000 feet. This is not uncommon
in May and September. (Taken by Moller in the Terai in June. —
//. J. E.)

411. ^S'. hicincta, Koll.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have three specimens taken in May and July ;
it is rather rare. Mr. Ehves records it as occurring rarely in April at
about 5,000 feet.

412. S. cyssea^ Stoll.

Sikhim. I have never seen a specimen from this locality. (Rare
iu April at low elevations. — H. J. E.)

419. S. lucina, Butl.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 4,500 to 5,000 feet. This is extremely common
in May and September at Kurseong, Tukvar, and Gangtok.
423. S. divisa, Wlk.

Sikhim. (Not uncommon at low elevations in April. — H. J. E)
426. S. melcena, Wlk.

Sikhim, 5,000 feet. Occurs in August. The male has seven yellow
bands on the abdomen, and the female only six buff ones.
429a. S. compta, Wlk. (Plate I, Fig. 24.)

Bhutan, 1,500 feet. I described this species under the name of
S. ceratina, but Sir George Hampson writes that he has examined
the type of »S. compta, Wlk., in the Exeter Museum and finds that
my specimen is referable to it. Differs from S. fervida, Wlk., in
the abdominal bands being complete and broad, the terminal segment
indigo blue and rather thicker than the otliers. Forewing yellowish
hyaline with a dark yellow band along the costa and another sub-
marginal to the inner margin ; veins 5 and 6 joined by a black
band between them. Hindwiiig with the inner margin dark
yellow. Legs with the femora yellow, tibia blue-black, and the
first joint of the tarsi white. This seems intermediate between
S. fervida Viwdi S. newara, neither of which I have seen. Exp.3'6
millimetres.

294 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

430. S. newara, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan. (A specimen in Muller's collection was taken
in Bhutan in September. — H. J. E.)

435. S. suhmargi.nalis, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 2,500 feet. Occurs in September and
October. (Taken in April and May. — H. J. E.)
Genus Eressa, Wlk.

431. E. lepchaj Moore.

Sikhim, (A single specimen from Moller's collection. — H. J. E.)

446. E. multigutta, Wlk.

Sikhim, 5,000 feet. Four specimens taken at Tukvar in May, 1887.

Hampson makes E, hlancliardi^ Pouj., a synonym of this species.

450. E. a^jeriens, Wlk.

Bhutan, 1,200 feet. 1 took a single male of this species in Aug., 1894.

455. E. confinh. Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 2,500 feet. I have seven specimens
taken in May, July, August and November, in three specimens the
hindwing is entirely black.

Genus Callitomis, Butl.
464. C. mult/fasciata, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. (The only specimen I have seen from Sikhim was from
Colonel Swinhoe's collection and marked " Sikhim, Mowis." I do not
consider this at all a reliable authority. — H. J. E.)
Genus Trich^ta, Swinh.
465. T. teneiformis, Wlk.
Sikhim. The only specimen I have seen was one from this locality
from my collection, now in the British Museum.
Family ZYGJ^NID^.
Subfamily Zyq^enin^.
Genus Chrysartona, Swinh.
477. C. st'ipata, Wlk.
Sikhim. 1 only obtained one specimen of this through my collec-
tors taken in August.

Genus Artona, Wlk.
482. A. jiottv/ita, Moore.
Sikhim. (A very rare species. Taken in Darjceling in March. —
B. J. E.)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 295

483. A. postalba, Elwes.
Sikhim. (A single specimeu only taken on the Nepal frontier at
12,000 feet in July.— iJ. J. E.)

485. A. zebraica, Biitl.
Sikhira and Bhutan, at 3,000 feet. Common from Ma}-- to July*
It is a variable species iu the colour of the abdomen.
486. A. zebra, Elwes.
Sikhim. (Taken in the ?ame locality as A. j)ostvkta. Two speci-
mens only. — H. J. E.)

487. A, sikkimensis, Elwes.
Sikhim. (One specimen only taken at the same time and place as
the last two. These three species are allied to A. zebraica, but seem
perfectly distinct. — H. J. E.)

488. A. confusa, Buth
Sikhim, 5,500 feet. I have only taken a single specimen of this
at Tukvar iu May.

Genus LoPHOSOjiiA, Swinh.
493. L. ctipreum, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 feet. This occurs rarely in the outer
hills iu July.

Genus Clelea, Wlk.
498. C. sajyphirina, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 5,000 feet. I have taken this in May,
Juno and July.

499. C. discrim/nisj Swinh.
Sikhim. (Taken in June in the interior. — B. J. E.)

5Ul. C. plumbeola, Hmpsn.
Bhutan, 6,700, feet. I found this extremely common at lioht at
Rissoom and Pashiteng in September. My specimens were identified
by Sir George Hampson, but the plumbeous bands mentioned in his
description are not plainly visible in my specimens. I have another
specimen which I took at 5,500 feet in June, 188S, which was identified by
Mr. Moore as Tasemafuliginosa, Moore; this is not in good condition now.
Genus Phacusa, Wlk.
503. P. properta, Swinh.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,500 to 2,500 feet. I have two males and
three females, which I took at Fagoo and Punkabaree in May.

296 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

506. P. khasiana, Moore.
Sikhhn, 1,800 feot. I took a single male at Potong in May, and
saw two or threo others in the same month.

Genus Platj-zyg^na, Swinh.
511. P. molleri, Elwos.
Sikhim. (This must be a very local species as it has only been
obtained by Holler's collectors on one occasion. — H. J, E.)
Genus Ar.eocera, Hmpsn.
513. A. poslhi/almaj Hmpsn.
Sikhim. (I have only two specimens taken in April by Holler's
collectors. — IJ. J. E.)

Genus Aeachotia, Moore.
514. A. jlaviplaga^ Moore.
Sikhim. I have only one specimen without intimation of date
or elevation.

Subfamily Chalcosiin^.

Genus Trypanophora, Koll.

519. T, seniiliyalina^ Koll.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 2,0U0 feet. This is a common species

at low elevations. I have often seen both sexes settled on the leaves of

Cedrela toona and other trees. It is easily taken. It occurs in

January, March, June and July.

Genus Phlebohecta, Hmpsn.

522. P. fuscescens, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan. My only specimen, a male, was obtained in the
latter locality in June.

523. P. /aWcosia, Elwes.
Sikhim. I Lave not taken this species.

Genus Soritia, Wlk.

524. S. mhrivitta, Wlk.

Sikhim. This must bo very rare in this locality. I have never seen
a specimen.

525. S. kjytalina, Koll.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 4,000 to- 5,000 feot. This is an extremely
common spooios at this elevation, and both soxos show considerable
variation. The hindwings in both soxes may be deep ochre or white,
those of the males with broad marginal bands. The larva is yellow-brown

EETEROCERA OF SIKH I M AND BHUTAN. 297

with lateral and dorsal narrow black lines, and foods on roso and tea
bushes besides the leaves of Polygonum nepalense and other plants. The
perfect insect occurs in April, May, August and October.
5 20. S. sJiahama, Moore.
Sikhim. Not procured ])y me.

527. S. hkolor, Moore.
Sikhim. I have one female wliich was taken at about 4,000 feet
in October.

528. S, nigribasalis, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. One male taken in June, 1888.

529. S. circinata, Herr.-Schaff.
Sikhim, 5,000 feet. This occurs rather rarely in October.

Genus Pidorus, Wlk.
531. P. circumdatus, Wlk.
Sikhim. One specimen taken in July. (Rare in Sikhim at low
elevations in May. — II. J. E.)

532. P. gemmus, Wlk.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 7,000 feet. The Bhutan specimen has the baud
on the forewing yellow, and the Sikhim one, which was taken in
Darjeeliug in May, paler yellow.

535. P. glaucopis, Drury.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 5,000 feet. The width of the band
ofi the forewing is variable. I have taken it in May, June, and July
chiefly at about 2,500 feet elevation.

536. P. miles, Butler.
Sikhim and Bhutan. I have only one specimen from Bhutan taken
in May, (Rare in Sikbim, my only specimens are dated September. —
H. J. E.)

Genus Arbudas, Moore,

541. A. bicolor, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Rare in the latter locality in September.

Genus Herpa, Wlk.

543. H. suhhyalina, Moore.

Sikhim. I have never seen this species. (I believe that the types

of this species in the Atkinson Collection were taken by myself in

1870 in the Lachoong Valley at about 6,000 feet in September, but at

208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

thafc thno I had no coilectiou of insects tind I liuve never seen the
species since. — //. J. E.)

Genus Pinta, Wlk.
545. P. fcrrea, Wlk.
Sikhim. Occnrs at Sivoke in March at abont 1,000 feet. (Com-
mon in March and April at 2,500 feet.—//. J. E.)
Genus, Heterusia, Hope.
548. H. raja, Moore.
Sikhim, 5,000 feet. I took ten specimens in September at Tukvar
in 1887 but have never seen a specimen since.

549. a. alompra, Moore.
Sikhim snd Bhutan. I have not seen this. (The only specimens
from Sikhim I have seen are in my own collection, one of them was
obtained by Mr. Lister in British Bhutan at about 2,000 feet. Sir
George Hampson has united with this species, of which I have a
typical specimen from Sibsagar, II. iirania, Schaus., which is a Sikhim
form of //. suhniargmalis, Swinhoe, which I have from the Ruby Mine
district, Upper Burma. As they stand in my collection they are easily
separable as species, but it is quite probable that intermediate forms
may occur v.^hich will connect them, — //. J. E.)
550. H. lativitta^ Moore.
Sikhim. (A rare species which I have from Moller's collection.--

H. J. E.)

551. //. tricolor., Hope.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 to 5,000 feet. Three specimens in my
collection were taken by me at Tukvar and two in Bhutan. The larva
is very similar to that of Sorltia lepfalka, Koll., but differs in being
duller brown and without the black lateral and dorsal lines ; the pupa is
formed in the usual cocoon made of a papery covering over the hollow
of a leaf. The perfect insects are found on the wing in March, May,
June, August and September. The male has black segmental bands
on all but the second abdominal segment.

552. H. edocla, Doubl.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 5,000 feet. The larva is found com-
monly on tea and other plants, it differs very slightly from that of
B. tricolor, Hope. The perfect insect is found from March until
August or September. I have one specimen with the submarginal

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 299

band of spots on the forewing wanting. (Occurs commonly at about
2,000 to 4,000 feet. I have small specimens taken as late as the end of
November. — H. J. E)

553. H. magnifica^ Butl.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 4,000 feet. This occurs all through the
year, and is found with H. edocla, Doubl. I have one male with the
band on the hindwing white which compares well with Butler's figure
of H. vlrescens, Butl., but I do not think it can be other than a variety
of H, magnijica, Butl.

Genus Milleria, Herr.-Schaff.
558. M. rirghialis, Herr.-SchatF.
Sikhim and Bhutan. I have four taken in April in the latter
locality, one of which is the variety fvliginosa, but without the inner
area of the hindwing yellow, and with the basal third of the hind-
wing and all the veins shot with blue ; the next two are a male and
female almost exactly alike, having the submarginal band slightly
more pronounced than that of the specimen figured by Hampson ;
the fourth is a female with no trace of any bands whatever on either
wing, the veins on the forewing being slightly defined with fuscous
and those of the hindwing pale blue. Mr. Elwes says he is not at all
sure whether M. fuliginosa, Wlk., is not a distinct species. I am
inclined to think that the species is a very variable one, and that Sir
George Hampson is right in including it only as a variety.

561. M. cardinalis, Moore.
Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen. Mr. Elwes thinks that
from the description it might be a small variety of M. virginalis (var.
fuliginosa).

Genus Chalcosia, Hiibn.

564. C. argentata, Moore.

Sikhim. (I have a small specimen of this from Moller's collection

taken in March, but it is evidently very rare in Sikhim. It occurs at

Ranchi in Western Bengal and also in Burma near the Ruby Mines. —

H. J. E.)

568. C. corusca, Boisd.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 to 4,500 feet. This is a common species
in May, July and September,

300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

569. C. thalloj Linn.
Sikhim. I have one specimen without date received through my
collectors.

Genus Corma, Wlk.
573. C. maculata, Hmpsn.
Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I took one specimen at light in July at Fagoo.
It is a male, and the abdomen is yellow with black spots.
Genus Oyclosia, Hiibn.
577. C. papilionaris, Drury.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 3,000 feet. This is a variable species
in size and the extent of blue to be found on the forewing. In one
specimen the costa is light blue, and there is a submarginal
band of eight light blue quadrate spots to the forewing, and a
similar band of eight to the hind wing. It occurs from May to
September.

579. C. pa7ithora, Cram.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 feet. I have five specimens from Sivoke
which show no variation.

Genus Amesia, Duncan.
582. A. sanguijlua, Drury.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 to 4,500 feet. Is found not uncommonly
in May, June and August.

583. A. aliris, Doubl.

Sikhim and Bhutan. This is found with the preceding species but
is not so common.

584. A. hyala, Druce.
Sikhim. I have never seen a specimen.

Genus Erasmia, Hope.
585. E. pulchella, Hope.
Sikhim and Bhutan, from 2,500 to 4,000 feet. This is extremely
common in May between Bamesbeg and Singla in the Rungeet Valley.
I have taken it less commonly at 3,000 feet in Bhutan. The larva is
velvety-black with pink tubercles, and a rectangular pale yellow dorsal
patch covering two somites. It feeds on a plant generally known as
wild coffee. The pupa is formed on the surface of a leaf in a papery
cocoon. (Common at Kalimpong in September and October ; I have
taken it also in December, and as low as 1,000 feet. — H. J. E. )

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 301

Genus Camplyotes, Westw.
586. C. histrionieus, Westw.
Sikhim, 3,000 to 5,000 feet {histrionieus, 2 forms) ; Sikhim and
Bhutan, 9,000 to 10,000 feet, {sikhimensisj 2 forms). Of the two
forms of hiatrionicusj one has the red markings on both wings pro-
nounced and bright, the other having them pale and dull. I think
that sikhimensis, Elwes, is a good species and I have never seen
intermediate forms. Mr. Elwes records histrionieus, var. altissima
from 10,000 feet, which seems to me to show that sikhimensis, which
also occurs there, is not a mere high elevation fonii of histrionieus.
Sir George Hampson also includes a var. excelsa, Oberthur, which I
have not seen. (C. sikhimensis, C. altissima and C. excelsa I continue
to regard as good species as I have seen no specimens from Sikhim or
elsewhere which are intermediate between either of these forms and
C, histrionieus, and as they appear to be confined to much higher
altitudes.— £?. J, E. )

588. C. athinsoni, Moore.

Sikhim, 8,000 feet. May. (This species seems to be local but com-
mon where it occurs, which, as far as I know, is only in the interior
of Sikhim.— ZT. J. E.)

Genus Cadphises, Moore.

589. C. maciilata, Moore.

Sikhim. I have only seen two specimens of this species in Dr.
PiJcher's collection. It seems to me to be quite distinct from the next
species, the inner margin of the hindwing being yellow or buflf,
unmarked with white spots.

590. C. moorei, Butl.
Sikhim and Bhutan. I have only one male from Bhutan, which is
easily distinguishable from the two specimens of C. maculata I have
seen, in that the spots are fewer, round and obsolescent towards the
outer margins, the inner margin of the hindwing is spotted with white,
and the ground-colour is brownish-fuscous.

Genus Isbarta, Wlk.
592. /. imitans, Butl.
Sikhim and Bhutan. Occurs at low elevations in the hot valleys
pf the larger rivers in April and May,

302 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Genus Callamesia, Butl.

594. C. midama, Herr.-ScliafF.

Sikhim and Bhutan. This species I have taken commonly at Fagoo,

2,500 foet, in British Bhutan. The female is more often seen than the

male, I think, and when flying is easily mistaken for that sex of

Eupicea linncei, Moore. It occurs from May to August.

Genus Gynautocera, Guer.

595. G. papiiionai'ia, Guer.

Sikhim and Bhutan, at 2,500 feet. Common in June and July. (I
have taken this at Kalimpong at 4,000 to 5,000 feet in August— H.J. E.)
Genus Histia, Hiibn.

596. H. JlabeUicornis, Fabr.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 to 3,U00 feet. This occurs commonly at
Sivoke and the lower portions of Badamtam in the Rungeet and Teesta
Valleys. My specimens were taken from May to August. I have
found the larvae at 2,000 feet feeding on the leaves of tree called
locally " Kainjel." It is brown with pink lateral tubercles.
Genus Caneeces, Moore.

600. C. euschemoides, Moore.

Sikhim. One specimen obtained by my collectors in March, it is
distinctly scarce, and I have never seen another specimen.
Genus Philopator, Moore.

601. F. has/maculata^ Moore.

Sikhim. The female of this species has the wings much shorter and
rounder than those of the male. (Not uncommon at 3,000 to 4,000 feet
in May.— i?. J. E.)

601 a. P. rotunda, Hmpsn.
Sikhim. This species, which I have not seen, seems to be near the
last but with even shorter wings. The sex described is not stated so
that it must be taken that both sexes have shorter and rounder wings
than those of P. basimaculata, Moore. (This species seems to be com-
moner in the Naga and Khasia Hills than in Sikhim, from whence I
have only one female. — H. J. E.)

Genus Agalope, Wlk.
602. A. hyalina, KoU.
Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,000 to 5,000 feet. I have taken this at 2,000
feet in Bhutan in January and May, and at 5,000 feet in Sikhim in July.

HETEROCERA OF SIKEIM AND BHUTAN. 303

(Occurs at 7,000 to 9,000 feet, where it is not uncommon in May and
June.— ^. J. E.)

Genus Achelura.

603. A. bifasciata, Hope.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 to 4,500 feet. This species seems to fly

more than other species of the genus. I have constantly remarked it at

Punkabaree flying out of reach in company with Delias, and I have

only managed to take it on one occasion.

C04. A. eronioides, Moore.
Sikhim. I have never seen this. (Apparently very rare in Sikhim.
I have only one from Lidderdale's collection.—^. J, E.)
()05. A. hasifiava^ Moore.
Sikhim. I have not seen this species either.

606. A. glacialisj Moore.
Sikhim. I have one specimen which I took in May at 3,000 feet.
It must be rare as I have never seen another.

Sub family PHAUDIN^.
Genus Phauda, Wlk.

611. jP. flammans^ Wlk.

Sikhim. Rare at 5,000 feet. I have one specimen which has the
fuscous patch on the outer margins of the forewing and hindwing
suffused with reddish, and the scarlet of the forewing replaced by dull
reddish. It is probably only a variety and not distinct.

612. P. fuscalisj Swinh.

Sikhim. My only specimen is in the British Museum collection.

A species of the genus HIMA^"TOPTERUS is recorded to have been
taken at Punkabaree by Mr. Farr, This is said by Mr. Moore to have
been No. 614, //. caudatus^ Moore. It must be extremely rare if
found within these limits, as it has not again been procured.

304

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

" THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA."

PART V.

By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., f.z.s,, f.r.s.

(Continued from page 98 in this Vol,)

Genus Megarthria.

Megartlir'ia, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii., ined.

Type, — M. vdutineila, Hmpsn.

Range. — Assam.

Proboscis short ; palpi straight, porrect, the 2nd joint extending about

twice the length of head and moderately
hairy, the ord well developed j maxil-
lary palpi small and filiform ; frons
rounded ; antennae with the 1st joint very
long and curved, the shaft strongly

pubescent. Forewing with the costa

Meqarthria velutlnella. ^,\ j j. i u i xi j. i

^ ^ ' ^ moderately arched, the apex rectangular ;

vein 3 from well before angle of cell ; 4 , 5 very shortly stalked ;

the disGocellulars curved; 6 from upper angle; 7, 8, 9 stalked;

10, 11 from cell : male with a glandular swelling at base of costa below

fringed with hair met by a tuft of hair from below median nervuro ; the

retinaculum bar-shaped and hairy. Hindwing with vein 3 from close to

ano-le of cell ; 4, 5 very shortly stalked ; the discocellulars curved ; 6, 7

stalked, 7 anastomosing very slightly with 8.

41526. Megarthria velutinella, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii,
ined., pi 53, f. 12.

Head and thorax blackish-ljrown with a fulvous patch on -collar;
abdomen brownish. Forewing purplish-brown irrorated with black
scales ; the base, costa, and veins of outer area strongly tinged with
ferruginous-red ; the antemedial line diffused blackish, curved and bent
inwards to costa, with a similar line beyond it; a red discocellular mark
with a blackish lunule on it ; the postmedial line regularly dentate and
obliquely curved from costa to vein 4, where it is obtusely angled ; an
evenly dentate submarginal dark line and a series of large marginal
black points ; cilia fulvous. Hindwing fuscous with a yellowish tinge;
cilia fulvous, underside with indistinct dentate postmedial line.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 305

Habitat. — Khasis, E.cp. 28 mm.

4156a. Crambus coeticbllus^ n. sp.

$. Head aud thorax dark aud golden-brown; abdomen fuscous.
Forewing coppery golden-brown, the veins and interno-median fold
irrorated with white scales ; the costal area suffused with blackish ; a
black point in end of cell ; a marginal series of black points surrounded
by white scales ; cilia paler. Hindwing fuscous- grey. 9 . With the
ground-colour miiform dull brown ; hindwing grey-brown.

Habitat. — Khasis ; Calcutta. E.vp. $ 24, 9 4U mm. Type — $ in
British Museum ; 9 iu coH- Rothschild.

4159. Crambus parvellus=4178, C. ochridrigellus.

4202a. Chilo steniellus, n. sp.

$. Head and thorax pule grey-brown ; abdomen whitish, dorsally
ochreous towards base. Forewing long and narrow ; pale grey-brown
irrorated with fuscous and suffused with fuscous in the interspaces,
especially the cell and discal fold, leaving the veins slightly paler;
traces of two very oblique lines from below apex to middle of inner
margin ; a marginal series of black points, Hindwing pure white.

Habitat. — Tezpore, Assam, ^.rp. 30 mm. Type — In coll. Rothschild,
Genus Diatr^a.

JDiatrcea^ Lands. Guild. Trans. ISoc. Encom. Arts, xlvi, 143 (1832).

Type. — -I), saccharalis^ Fabr.

Range. — Nearctic and Neotropical regions ; Mauritius ; Ceylon ;
Borneo ; Java.

Palpi extending about three times the length of head and thickly clothed
with hair; maxillary palpi triangularly dilated with hair; proboscis
absent ; frons with a tuft of hair ; antennse of male minutely serrate
and fasciculate ; tibise somewhat hairy, the spurs well developed. Fore-
wing with. the apex somewhat acute ; vein 3 from before angle of cell;
4, 5 from angle ; 6, 7 from near upper angle j 8, 9 stalked ; 10 free ;
H anastomosing with 12. Hindwing with vein 3 from before angle of
cell ; 4, 5- from angle ; 6, 7 from upper angle.

4202a. DiATR^A saccbaralis, Fabr., Eat. Syst., iii, 2, 238.

Chilp oUiteratellus, Zell., Mon. Chil. and Cramb., p. 8.

Crambus leucaniellus, Wlk., Cat., xxvii, p. 161.
•„: lineoselluS) Wlk., Cat., sxvii, p. 162.

Diatrcea saecJiaralis, $

306 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NA TUKAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Chilo companellus, Feld., Reis. Nov., pi. 137, f. 5.

„ cramlldoides, Grote, Can. Eut., xii, p. 15.
S. Head and thorax oclireons-brown ; abdomen whitish with

fulvous band on 1st two segments.
Forewing oehreous; the veins
and interspaces streaked with
fuscous ; a black speck on disco-
cellulars ;an obscure dark minute-
ly dentate Hue from costa near
apex to inner margin before
middle : a similar but more prominent line from the same point on
costa to inner margin half-way between 1st line and outer angle ; a
marginal series of black specks. Hindwing whitish, slightly oehreous
towards outer margin, and often with a marginal series of black specks.
9 . Paler and clearer oehreous ; the hindwing almost pure white.
The larva bores in the sugarcanes, and is very destructive.
Habitat. — N. and S. America; W. Indies ; Ceylon. Exp. $ 22, 28 ;
9 28, 40 mm.

4218a. Mesolia rectilineella, n. sp.
9 . Dark reddish-brown irrorated with fuscous. Forewing with the
apical area slightly produced ; fine black streaks below basal half of costa
and median nervure, the latter continued as a black and white streak
below vein 2 ; no trace of antemedial line ; a white spot with curved
black streak below it, and black point beyond it at upper angle of cell ; a
white subraarginal line curved below costa, then straight and oblique ;
a white-edged black subapical spot with similar speok below it ; fine
black streaks on extremities of median veins crossing a white line ; a
black line through base of cilia, which are whitish. Hindwing dark
fuscous ; cilia whitish with a fuscous line through them.

Habitat. — Ajmere, Punjab. Exp. 16 mm. Type — In coll. Rothschild.
421 b?>. Mesolia margistrigella, n. sp.

$. Forewing with vein 3 from before angle of cell ; 4, 5 from
angle ; 7 absent ; the apical area slightly produced ; antennas serrate.
Head and thorax ochreous-brown ; antenna3 blackish ; abdomen grey,
Forewing pale ochreous-brown suffused with white and irrorated with
black scales, except on costal and marginal areas ; the black scales form-
ing a diffused patch below middle of cell, a spot on vein 2 and a streak

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 307

in end of cell ending in a discocellular spot ; an indistinct submarginal
white line angled sharply outwards on vein 6 and inwards on vein 2 ;
a marginal series of short black vittae on whitish marks ; cilia whitish,
with a fine brown line through them. Hindwing pale fuscous; cilia
white with a fuscous line through them.

Habitat. — Ajmere, Punjab. Exp. $ 18 mm. Type — In coll.
Rothschild.

4255a. Patissa interfusoalis, n. sp.

9. White, palpi black at sides; thorax and abdomen tinged with
brown. Forewing with rather broad black costal fascia, tapering to
apex; all the interspaces broadly striped with fuscous-brown. Palpi
slightly extending beyond the frons.

Habitat. — Tezpore, Assam. Exp. 30 mm. Type — In coll. Rothschild.
4256a. Patissa ^.nealis, n. sp.

$. Head, thorax and abdomen white, slightly tinged with golden-
brown. Forewing white, the cell and area below it suffused with
golden-brown ; the costal area golden-brown ; an oblique blackish
line with a golden-brown band on its outer edge from costa near
apex bent inwards at vein 3 and reaching inner margin at middle.
Hindwing silvery-white ; both wings with a blackish line just inside
the margin, and very fine marginal line.

Habitat. — Dimbula, Ceylon (Pole). Exp. 24 mm. Type. — In British
Museum.

P. 52. For Menuthia insert Tinerastia, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem,, viii,
ined.

For Calera insert Mesodiphlebia, Zell., Hor. Ent. Ross, xvi, p. 251
(1881).

Type. — M. crassivenia, Zell., from Colombia.

4281. Hypsotropha heterocerella. Antennae of type with the
medial branches eaten off by some insect.

4282. Hypsotropha laterculella. Maxillary palpi of $ fih-
form ; antennse laminate with sinus and tuft.

4282a. HypsoTBoPHA quadripunctella, Rag., Rom. Mem., viii
ined., pi. 39, f. 16.

9. Head and thorax pinkish-brown ; abdomen paler, dorsally
ochreoug towards base. Forewing pinkish-brown ; the veins pale ; an
antemedial black point on vein 1, postmedial points on veins 6, 3, and

308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

1 ; cilia black-brown. Hindwing white or pale brownisb, darker
towards costa ; a fine dark marginal line.

Habitat. — Ceylon ; Pulo Lant ; Borneo ; Teuiniber. Exp.
14-20 mm.

4283. Hypsotropha tenuinervella. Palpi of $ hollowed out to
receive the maxillary palpi ; antennte laminate with sinus and tuft.

P. 55. Under Anerastia, insert Ampijcodes, Rag., Rom. Mem.,
viii, ined., for Sect. It, A.

4292a. Patna tricolorella, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii, ined., pi.
52, f. 15.

$, Antenna) serrate, with sinus and tuft at base. Palpi blackish,
antenna) ochreous, vertex of head and thorax red, abdomen
ochreous. Forewing with whitish costal fascia narrowing to base
and apex, irrorated with purplish-fuscous scales and becoming
purplish-fuscous at costa, defined below by a broad purplish-fuscous
fascia narrov/ing to apex, the veins and interspaces of outer area
streaked with fuscous ; inner area bright crimson-red. Hindwing
yellowish suffused with fuscous, especially towards costa and outer
margin.

Habitat. — Kh^sis. E.vp. 24 mm.

P. 58. For Foujadia insert Saluria, Kag., Ann. Soo. Ent. Fr.
(1887), p, 259. Ttjp^—^mamliv'dteUa, Rag., and Fedinigeria, Rag.
Nouv. Gen., p. 43, for Sect. Ill, A.

4298. Foujadia. pa7'viplumella=4:29d. Saluria erodella, the
branohes of antennas of the type of parvlplumella appear to have been
eaten off by some insect.

Sect. III. Maxillary palpi of male filiform ; antennae with uniserrate
branches.

A. {Pectinigeria). Antennae of male with sinus and tuft of scale
at base.

4300. Saluria opifioblla.

4300a. Saluria rrevigulella, Rag., Rom. Mem., viii, ined., pi. 37,
f. 14.

$. Head, thorax and abdomen yellowish- white ; the antennal tuft
black. Forewing ochreous-whito, sparsely irrorated with fuscous scales,
a short black antemodial streak on subcostal nervure and a speck on
vein 1 ; a prominent speck at upper angle of cell ; an oblicjue slightly

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 309

sinuous postmediftl series of specks on the veins ; a marginal series of
black specks. Hindwing yellowish-white tinged with fuscous towards
apex.

Habitat. — Mhow. Exp. 16 mm.

B. (Salurla). Antennse of male without sinus and tuft.

4302. Saluria pulverosa, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii, pi. 38, f. 3.
4302(1!. Saluhia maculivittella, Rag., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1887),

p. 258. Rom. Mem., viii, pi. 3S, f. 7, and pi. 42, f. 2b'.

Saluria armeniella, Rag., Nouv. Gen,, p. 44.

Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous. Forewing ochreous, with
white streaks below median nervure and nervules, and or, vein 1 ;
the costal area, median interspaces and inner area irrorated with black,
leaving ochreous fascia3 below costa and in subniedian fold ; antemedial
black points on median nervure and vein 1 ; an oblique post-
medial series of pohits on median nervules and vein 1. Hindwing
white.

Habitat. — Caucasus ; Central Asia ; Ceylon. E.vp. 25, 26 mm,

P. 60. Under Critonia, insert Singhalia^ Hmpsn., Rom. Mom.,
viii, ined.

Sect. I {Singhalia). — Palpi of male upturned, the 3rd joint porrect
and very long ; maxillary palpi filiform ; antennae laminate, without
sinus and tuft.

4303. Critonia sarcoglauca, Rom. Mem., viii, pi. 51, f. 4.
Ssct. 11. — Palpi of male with the 2nd joint hollowed out to receive

the brush-like maxillary palpi ; antennaa with the shaft thickened and
ciliated, the tuft large and black.

4304. Critonia purpureotincta, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii, pi. 51,
f. 22.

4304a. Critonia promel^na, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii, ined., pi.
51, f. 23.

$. Differs from C. 'purpureotincta in the head and prothorax being
suffused with black. Forewing vei-y narrow, the costa less arched, the
apex produced and acute ; a black and rufous streak below the purplish
costal area from base to apex. Hindwing narrow.

Habitat.— ^\k\\m\, 1800 ft. (Dudgeon). Exp. 26 mm. Tupe—lrx
British Museum.

Sect. III. typical.

310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY , Vol.ktt.

4305. CpvITonia roseistrigella, Rom. Mem., viii, pi. 51, f. 21.

4306. Critonia subconcinella, Rag., Bull. Soc. Erst. Fr. (1890),
p. Gcxiv ; id., Rom. Mom., vii, pi. G, f. 20.

P. 61. Under PolyOCha insert Monoctenocera,''R-Ag., Rom. Mem.,
viii, ined., for Sect. III.

Polyocha sang ulnar ella, ZelL, is from S. Africa.

4307. Polyocha leucocincta insert (Syn.) Emmalocera crenatella,
Rag., Nouv. Gen., p. 38. This species is confined to Borneo, and has short
uniserrate branches to the antennae, whilst the Indian species LUCIDI-
costblla, Rag., has the antennae serrate.

4 SOP. Polyocha aurifusella. Palpi of male upturned.

4312. Delete Polyocha vareigatella, Rag.

4312a. Polyocha STBIGIVENELLA, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii, ined.,
pi. 51, f. 19.

$ . Head, thorax, and abdomen pale pink. Forewing rose-pink ; the
veins white ; two white streaks in cell defined by pink lines ; white
stripes in discal and submedian folds ; a deeper pink fascia below median
nervure. Hindwing pure white.

Habitat. — Thayetmyo, Lower Burma. Exp. 22 mm.

43126. Polyocha vesculella, Rag., Nouv. Gen., p. 39 ; Rom.
Mem., viii, pi. 3fi, f. 11.

9. Head and thorax pink: abdomen fascous-brown. Forewine:
pale rose-pink ; a narrow white costal fascia with a broader brown
fascia below it ; the subcostal and median veins white defined by fine
brown lines ; the discoidal and submedian folds and vein 1 streaked
with white. Hindwing fuscous -brown.

Ilah'dat. — India. Exp. 38 mm.

4312c. Polyocha diversblla. Rag., Rom. Mem., viii, ined., pi. vi,
f. 21,

$. Head and thorax reddish-brown ; abdomen pale brownish.
Forewing dull pink ; a pinkish-white costal fascia narrowing to base
and apex defined on lower side by a broad area of fuscous-brown
suffusion ; the veins strongly streaked with fuscous. Hindwing
whitish.

//a6za«.— Nilgiris. Exp. 31 mm.

4314a. Polyocha variegatella, Rag., Nouv. Gen., p. 39; Rom.
Mem., viii, pi. 36, f. 16.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 3ll

$ . Head and thorax bright red ; abdomen brownish, ochreous
towards extremity. Forewing yellowish-white suffused with pink ; a
white costal fascia narrowing to base and apex, defined by a broad
brown fascia becoming black towards base, the basal two-thirds of
costa red ; median nervure and uervules striped with bright red ;
a stripe in submedian fold ; vein 1 white defined by bright
red stripes. Hindwing yellowish-white, the apex tinged with
fuscous.

Habitat. — Kangra ; Sikhim. Exp. 24-32 mm.

4315. Insert Monocfenocera bmch/ella, Rug., Rom. Mem., viii, ined.,
pi. 36, f. 6, for the form with the branches of anteunje short, which is a
distinct species.
Eahitat. — Sikhim, Calcutta. Kvp. 22-84 mm.

Delete Polyocha vesculella, Rag.

4323a. HoM-EOSOMA Fuscella, Rag., Rom. Mem., viii, ined., pi.
34, f. 3.

$. Head and thorax fuscous-brown ; abdomen paler. Forewing pale
brown thickly irrorated with fuscous-brown ; an obscure diffused fus-
cous fascia from base along median nervure, widening towards outer
margin ; no trace of transverse lines or discoidal and marginal points.
Hindwing very pale brown.

Habitat. — KolgaoUj Kolaba District, Bombay. Exp. 22 mm.

4324a. HoM^osoMA elongatella, Rag., Rom. Mem., viii, ined,,
pi. 34, f. 4.

$ . Brown. Forewing pale brown slightly suffused with gray ; a
darker shade at base ; the first line in the form of a broad dark band
diffused outwardly and obtusely angled on median nervure ; the second
line gray obscurely defined on each side by fuscous and angled below
costa ; discoidal and marginal points obscure. Hindwing whitish
slightly suffused with brown ; the veins and a marginal line
brown.

Habitat. — Bengal. Exp. 26 mm.

Genus EccopiDiA.

Eccopidia, Hampson, Rom. Mem., viii, ined.
Type. — E. strigata, Hmpsn.
Mange. — Ceylon.

312 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NA TUBAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

EcGopidia stngata^ $ ^.
ed, 10 from cell. Hindwiiw

?. Palpi upturned, slender, cylindrical, the 2nd joint reaching

vertex of head, the 3rd as long as 2nd.
Maxillary palpi filiform ; irons round-
ed ; antennae of female almost simple.
Forewing rather long and narrow ;
vein 2 from near angle of cell ; 3 and
5 from angle, 4 absent ; 8, 9 and stalk-
with the cell about one-third length of
wing, vein 2 from before angle ; 3 and 5 on long stalk ; 4 absent,
6, 7 stalked ; 8 free.

4325a. EccoPiDiA strigata, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii, ined.,
pi. 48, f. 6.

9. Hendand thorax pinkish-rufous ; abdomen brownish. Forewing
pale pinkish, with about six fasciee from base to outer margin which are
dark pink irrorated with black, the costa pale. Hindwing pale brown.

RaUtat.—A.xi^m\^, Ceylon (J. Pole). Exp. 18 rnm. Type.— In
British Museum.

Genus Psokosa.
Psorosa. — i^ell., Isis, 1846, p. 749.
Type. — P. dahl/dla, Frr., from Europe,
i^an^rg.— Europe ; Syria ; Kashmir ; Australia ; Brazil.
Palpi upturned, thickly scaled and reaclimg above vertex of head,

maxillary palpi typically fiilifonr, in
the ornatdla group brush-like, and
contained in a fo'd of the palpi ;
frons with slight tuft of scales ; an-
tenua) of male minutely serrate and
ciliated, the shaft with a sinus and
Forewing rather narrow, the apex

S\

Psorosa ornatella,

large tuft of scales at base,
rounded ; vein 3 from near angle of cell ; 4, 5 from angle and not in
line with median nervure ; 8 and 9 stalked, 10 from cell. Hind-
wing with vein 2 from close to angle of cell ; 3 and 5 on a long stalk ;
4 absent ; 6, 7 shortly stalked ; 8 free or anastomosing with 7.

4:'d25h. Psorosa ornatella, SchiflF., S. V., 319 ; Dup., Lup. Fr.,
X. 1. pp. 189 and 279.

Head and thorax pale rufous; abdomen pale fuscous with the
anal tuft ochreous. Forewing pale brown with a reddish tinge ;

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 313

the costal half of wing vather dark ; the vems clothed with dark
scales ; the 1st line represented by an oblique white line from
costa to median nervure diffused inwards, and with a dark
sj^eck on its onter edge at median nervure, and by a white and
dark speck on vein 1 ; two prominent black discoidal points on
a diffused whitish triangular patch on costa, the 2nd line oblique,
white, and straight, except for a slight curve outwards at median
nervules ; some whitish suffusion on margin, broad below apex, and
with a prominent series of black marginal points on it. Hindwing
suffused with pale fuscous ; a fine marginal line ; cilia white with a
fine line through them.

Habitat, — Europe ; Armenia ; Gourais Valley, Kashmir. Exp.
22 mm.

Vol. iv, p. 68. The Type of Heterographis is convexella, Led., from
Europe.

4325c. Heterographis umbrilimbblla, Eag., Rom. Mem., viii,
ined., pi. vi, f. 19.

^. Head reddish ; thorax and abdomen ochreous-white. Forewing
ochreous-white with pure white costal fascia ; a pink margmal band not
reaching costa or outer angle ; cilia pale fulvous. Hindwing pure
white.

Habitat. — Multan, Ajmere. E.vp. 14 mm.

4:325(1. Heterographis octella, Hmpsn., Rom. Mem., viii, ined.,
pi. 48, f. 20.

Head blackish ; thorax and abdomen ochreous. Forewing ochreous,
some pink streaks on basal area ; an oblique antemedial white line,
with some black scales on it near median nervure, and pink marks on
its inner and outer edges ; two black discoidal points on a figure of
eight-shaped white patch ; an oblique white postmedial line defined
by fuscous on its inner edge, and with the area beyond it fuscous.
Hindwing pale brownish. Antennas of male with a sinus at base of
shaft containing scale-teeth.

Habitat.— Futtahiri and Hambantota, Ceylon (J. Pole). E.vjj. 10 mm.
T^jpe — In British Museum.

4334. Heterographis bengalella. Forewing with veins 4, 6
approximated for half their length ; 10 from cell.

314 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

4335a. Heterogbaphis veksicolorella, Rag., Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr.,
(1887), p. 249.

$. Antennae with the shaft curved at base and with shght black
scale teeth in the sinus. Differs from //. suhoblitella in being paler ; the
forewing more fulvous and much less suffused with black ; a distinct
almost pure white costal fascia from base to second line ; the first line
whiter : the second more oblique towards costa, less excnrved at middle,
and whiter. Hindwing paler ; the cilia pure white.

^a^ito^— Krasnovodsk, Siberia ; Ajmere, Punjab. Exp. 18 mm.

Genus Nyctegritis.
Nijctegritis.—ZeW., Isis, 1848, p. G50.
Type. — N. achat'inella, H.S., from Europe.
Range. — Palrearctic region ; Japan ; Bengal ; W. Africa.
Proboscis well developed ; palpi upturned widely in front of frons,

thickly scaled, the third joint as long
as the second, and reaching above
vertex of head ; maxillary palpi fili-
form : frons rounded and somewhat
prominent ; vertex of head with rough
Nyctegritis resticula, $ -f- . j^^j^. . antenna simple. Forewing

rather narrow, the costa evenly curved, the apex rounded ; vein 2 from
well before angle of cell ; 3 from angle ; 4, 5 stalked ; 8, 9 stalked.
Hindwing with the cell about half the length of wing ; 2 from well
before angle ; 3 and 5 stalked ; 4 absent ; 6,7 from upper angle ; 7
anastomosing with 8 to two-thirds of wing.

In the typical section vein lU of forewing arises from the cell.

Sect. II. Forewing with vein 10 absent.

4333. Nyctegritis resticula.

Under AncylOSiS insert AncylodeSy Rag., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
(1887), p. 250.
4336a. Ancylosis pallens, Rag., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1887), p. 250.

Ochreous-white. Forewing slightly irrorated with black scales, espe-
cially on the veins. Hindwing with pale brown marginal line.

Habitat.— ^\)vCm ; Syria ; Karachi. Exp. 20 mm.

4341. Ancylosis MVEicosTPJLLA.

Antennae of male with a sinus at base of shaft containing scale-teeth.
(2o he continued.^

315

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA,

Including Afghanistan, the Trans-Indus Protected States, and Kashmir :
arranged and named on the basis of Hooker and Baker's Synopsis Filicum,
and other works, with new Species added.

By C. W. Hope.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society, on 28th of Feb., 1899.)

PART I.— INTRODUCTORY.

The object of this paper is to bring into one view the information
regarding the ferns of the North- West Indian region which is to be
found in the standard English works on ferns, and to add to that the
results of my own observation and study, acquired during a long
residence in India and since I left that country.

I have limited my review to the regions named in the title, because
my observations and study have been chiefly so limited.
Collections were made by me in parts of Kumaon in 1861, and
again in 1890 ; in the Dehra Dun district— at various levels — at inter-
vals from 1879 to 1895 ; in Simla in 1871, and again there and along
the Thibet Road eastward for some 50 miles in 1886. The late
Mr. H. C. Levinge began the study of ferns after seeing what
I collected at Simla in 1871 ; and he collected diligently at Darjeeling
and in other parts of Sikkim, in Bengal, and also in Kashmir and parts
of the North- West Himalaya, until he left India in 1883, and he never
failed to give me a share of what he got, even when I had nothing to give
him in exchange. Mr. C. B. Clarke also has several times given me
generous contributions of ferns collected in Sikkim, Assam, and other
parts of India. And Mr. Gustav Mann, whose fame as a botanist and
collector has been so often signalised by plants being named after him,
has given me in exchange for North- West Indian ferns about 150 species
collected by himself in Assam, where he was Conservator of Forests for
many years. Since the year 1881 I have from time to time seen and
examined all the ferns collected in the North -Western Himalaya,
Kashmir, and the Trans-Indus Protected States by Mr. J. F. Duthie,
the Director of the Botanical Department, Northern India, and his
collectors, and have generally shared in the distribution made by him ;
and 1 have several times studied the ferns in the herbarium at Saharan-
pur, which, under Mr. Duthie's charge, have increased from one small
bundle to a very considerable collection. Since the year 1880 the

316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

ferns collected in and iiround Mussoorie, the hill station in the Dehra
Dun district, by Mr. P. W. Mackinnon and Mr. V. A. Mackinnon of
that place, have from time to time been studied by me ; and during
the same period extensive collections made in the Chamba and Kash-
mir States by Mr. J. C. McDonell, of the Imperial Forest Department,
now on deputation as Conservator of Forests in Kashmir, have been
at my disposal for study. I have to thank the Messrs. Mackinnon
and Mr. McDonell for many fine specimens. 1 frequently exchanged
views and specimens with the late Mr. H. F. Blanford, F.R.S., who
collected for some years in the Simla region, and embodied the results of
his study in a paper published in the " Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal " in 1888. Probably every specimen of many hundreds
collected in the Punjab and Kashmir, and also in Kumaon,
by Mr. E. W. Trotter, of Rawalpindi and Murree, in the
years 1887 to 1892, has been scrutinised by me, and my collection has
been greatly increased by his gifts. Major R. W. MacLeod, I.S.C,
showed me collections made by him in Western Kashmir in 1891, and
in Kumaon in 1893, and gave me many fine specimens. I have seen
the collections made in the Simla region by Mr. T. Bliss, of Lahore
and Simla, an enthusiastic collector and horticulturist, and I possess
many fine specimens given to me by him. And, lastly, for several
years before I left India, the extensive collections made by Mr. J. S.
Gamble (Director of the Imperial Forest School at Dehra Dun) in the
Simla region of the Punjab, the Dehra Dun district of the North- Western
Provinces (which includes the Himalayan tract — Jaunsar-Bawar), the
Tehri-Garhwal Hill State, Sikkim and Bhutan, in the North-Eastern
Himalaya, the Chittagong and Chutia-Nagpur divisions of Bengal, and
the Madras Presidency, were available ; and Mr. Gamble has given me
many specimens collected by him in the Dehra Dun district and Tehri-
Garhwal in places which I have never been able to visit. Early in
1896, I spent some busy days in the herbarium of the Calcutta Bota-
nic Garden, taking notes of the North- West Indian ferns there, and
verifying conclusions as to the species included in this paper. I desire
to record my grateful thanks to Sir George King, the late Director
of the Botanical Survey of India, and to Dr. D. Prain,
who has lately succeeded him, for the help they then gave me. Finally
it may be mentioned that in 1872, and again in 1888-89, I studied th©

TEE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 317

North Indian ferns in the herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew,
where views were interchanged not only with Mr. J. G. Baker, F.B.S.,
but with Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.li.S., past President of the Linnean
Society, and Colonel R. H. Beddome, F.L.S., the author of various
works on Indian ferns. And, while preparing this paper, I unexpect-
edly found myself able to leave India and to settle at Kew ; and on
resuming the study of ferns there — a work which was at first
much hindered by ill-health — I soon found it advisable to refrain
from publication until I could again carefully go through the whole
material, and also that in the herbarium of the British Museum
and the Wallichian Collection belonging to the Linnean Society,
at both of which institutions I was made welcome. During this final
period of study I have had the advantage of free access to Colonel
Beddome's valuable collection, and of discussion with him as to critical
plants common to both Northern and Southern India.

Following the example set by Mr. C. B. Clarke in his " Review ot
the Ferns of Northern India,"* I have not attempted to make
this paper a complete account of the species enumerated in it. I
may say, as Mr. Clarke said of his, that my paper is meant to be an
appendix to Hooker and Baker's Synopsis FiUcum ; but it is also
an appendix to Mr. Clarke's " Review," so fiir as the species found west
of Nepal are concerned, and the remarks on the species are in part
additions to, and corrective of, those works. They are also, and
necessarily so, largely corrective of Colonel Beddome's " Handbook of
the Ferns of British India, &c.," including the Supplement of 1892, so
far as it deals with the ferns found within my limits, for his de-
scriptions of them, and remarks, were chiefly taken from the Synopsis
Filicum and Mr. Clarke's " Review." I have, as a rule, given
no diagnoses of the species which have already been described in
those works, but have merely corrected or supplemented them where
it seemed necessary to do so. I have written full descriptions of the
new species I propose, and also in some cases of the plants I have raised
from the rank of variety to that of species.

References are given to three books only, namely, Hooker and
Baker's Sy?iopsis Filicum, Clarke's " Review of the Ferns of Northern
India, &c.," and Beddome's " Handbook of the Ferns of British India,
* Transactions of the Linnean Society, 2ncl Series, Botany, Vol. I (1880).

.318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

&c.," with its Supplement of 1892 ; a,nd I have quoted the name given
to each of my species in each of those works ; though in some cases
I have found it difficult to identify them. As a rule, no further attempt
has been made to give the synonymy of the species : that will be
found sufficiently given in the books I refer to ; and as this paper is
merely a supplement to these, and not a complete treatise, I see no
necessity for repeating what is already in print. Mr. Clarke said in
his ^' Review:" " No person is likely to undertake the study of Indian
ferns without this book " [the Synopsis Filicum] " at his elbow ; and
I have not wished to print more repetition than the large quantity
always absolutely necessary in work of this kind." So I would
say of Mr. Clarke's " Review" — though the price of the " Transactions
of the Linnean Society," in which it appeared, is somewhat prohibitory.
Beddome's " Handbook " also must be kept at hand and the Supplement
of 1892. A third edition of the Si/nopsis Filicum is much wanted,
though Mr. Baker, in 1891 and since, has contributed summaries of
new ferns discovered or described since 1874 to the "Annals of
Botany."'

The system of classification and nomenclature followed in this paper
is that of Hooker and Baker's Synojysis Filicum. Specific names used
in the Synojysisj in Clarke's " Review," and in Beddome's *' Handbook,"
with its Supplement, are adhered to so far as is possible. And in
reviving some species which, though originally proposed and named
by competent authorities, have been dro])ped by recent authors, and
in raising so-called varieties to the rank of species, I have
adopted the names originally given by the collectors or describers
of them.

The present list admits 212 species : of these 16 are new, including
3 which have before been described by other authors as varieties of old
species; 45 are new to the regions dealt with, and 6 old species are
new to the Indian region. 20 are old species revived, or so-called
varieties erected into species. In his " Review " Mr. Clarke
admitted 363 species of ferns, besides many varieties, in Northern
India, of which 16 were new. 142 species were, he said, found in
the Himalaya west of Nepal, including Afghanistan apparently.

No place is given in this list to so-called varieties, though in a few
instances " forms " are noted where there seems to be a divergence

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 319

from the normal, due probably to difference of altitude or climate, but
insufficient to prevent identification or to warrant separation as a species.
To such "forms " separate numbers are not given. So-called varieties,
when distinct enough from the so-called types to be separately describ-
ed, and, so far as I know, constant as to characters, are given as species
in the absence of any good reason why they should be given any less
important a position. Most of these were originally named or described

CORRECTIONS.

Vol. XII., page 319, bottom line, for '' Naphrodium " read "Nephro-

dium."
„ „ 323, 20th line from top, for " West " „ "East."

„ „ 411,17th „ „ bottom, for "holes" „ " boles."

„ „ ., 20th „ „ „ ,, "general" „ "genial."

„ „ 412, 8th „ „ top, for " Bifosoma " „ ''Ligosoma."

9th „ „ „ „ "digested" „ "ingested."

?> « 55 ^^^•^ }> J> 5) 3> ^^g

by authors as growing in India, the types of which are expressly stated
as not having been found in that region. Thus, after giving an elabo-
rate description of Aspleniuni (Athi/rmm) Filix-foimina, Bernh. [forma
europcea), apparently by himself, Mr. Clarke goes on to say that
the typical form has not exactly been got in the Himalaja, and to give
no less than seven varieties of ft, which have been got there, with a
short description of each. In this case Colonel Beddome, in his
" Handbook," follows Mr. Clarke almost verbathn, giving all seven
varieties. At least two of these, A. Schimperi, A. Br., &ud A. pedi-
nalum, Wall., which have widely creeping and branching rhizomes or
sarmenta and distantly springing fronds instead of the erect caudex and
fasciculate vernation of A. Filix-fcemina, have been recognised as good
species by Colonel Beddome in the Supplement to his " Handbook."
In the other instance, that of Naphrodium {Lastrea) FilLv-mas, Rich.,

.318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

&c.," with its Supplement of 1892 ; and I have quoted the name given
to each of my species in each of those works ; though in some cases
I have found it difiB.cult to identify them. As a rule, no further attempt
has been made to give the synonymy of the species : that will be
found sufficiently given in the books I refer to ; and as this paper is
•" " cnnnlmnent to these, and not a complete treatise, I see no

reviving some species which, though originally proposeu -aim ^^

by competent authorities, have been dropped by recent authors, and
in raising so-called varieties to the rank of species, I have
adopted the names originally given by the collectors or describers
of them.

The present list admits 212 species : of these 16 are new, including
3 which have before been described by other authors as varieties of old
species; 45 are new to the regions dealt with, and 6 old species are
new to the Indian region. 20 are old species revived, or so-called
varieties erected into species. In his *' Review " Mr. Clarke
admitted 363 species of ferns, besides many varieties, in Northern
India, of which 16 were new. 142 species were, he said, found in
the Himalaya we^t of Nepal, including Afghanistan apparently.

No place is given in this list to so-called varieties, though in a few
instances " forms " are noted where there seems to be a divergence

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 319

from the normal, clue probably to difference of altitude or climate, but
insufficient to prevent identification or to warrant separation as a species.
To such "forms '' separate numbers are not given. So-called varieties,
when distinct enough from the so-called types to be separately describ-
ed, and, so far as I know, constant as to characters, are given as species
in the absence of any good reason why they should be given any less
important a position. Most of these were originally named or described
as good species by the collectors of them, but have afterwards been
reduced by authors who have never seen them growing in their native
habitats. In no such instance does there appear any evidence of
origination by variation from another hnown species ; and the place as
a variety seems in most cases to have been assigned either from a fancied
resemblance to an old species, or merely because the plant, being of the
same genus,has been observed or discovered, and described, subsequently
to the date of the description of the so-called type plant. Such plants
have been ranked as varieties long enough, and, having successfully
passed a period of probation, may now be promoted to specific rank.
As to most of them, the difhcultv seems to me— not how to distinguish
them from their so-called prototypes, but — how to think and write of
them as being near these. Admitting, for the sake of argument, their
origin by variation, they have become good and permanent species
showing no tendency to revert, and ought to be treated as species.

In two notable instances numerous varieties of plants have been setup
by authors as growing in India, the types of which are expressly stated
as not having been found in that region. Thus, after giving an elabo-
rate description of Asplenium {Athyrium) Fili.v-fcemina, Bernh. [forma
europcBo), apparently by himself, Mr. Clarke goes on to say that
the typical form has not exactly been got in the Himalaja, and to give
no less than seven varieties of ft, which have been got there, with a
short description of each. In this case Colonel Beddome, in his
" Handbook," follows Mr. Clarke almost verbatim, giving all seven
varieties. At least two of these, A. Schimperi, A. Br., &nd A . pedi-
natum, Wall., which have widely creeping and branching rhizomes or
sarmenta and distantly springing fronds instead of the erect caudex and
fasciculate vernation of A. FilLv-fcemina, have been recognised as good
species by Colonel Beddome in the Supplement to his " Handbook."
In the other instance, that of Naphrodium (Lastrea) Filix-mas, Rich.,

320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Mr. Clarke wrote a diagnosis, which, he said, was "designed to inckide
various North Indian ferns diflBcult to separate from the ordinary
European N. Fili.v-mas, i.e., the first four varieties following " ; and he
then gave nearly as long diagnoses of each of these four, with
figures of three of them, and diagnoses of three more varieties,
with figures of them. Colonel Beddome gave in his " Handbook " a
description of N. Fillx-mas entirely different from that written by
Mr. Clarke, and said the plant was found " throughout the Indian
reoion, but generally confined to considerable elevations on the
mountains" ; and he then gave four varieties, in the first of w^hich —
var. 3. pamllelogramma, he combined two of Mr. Clarke's varieties
and three other plants which had previously been described as species.
Another of these varieties Colonel Beddome gave — N. cochleatum,
Don., — Mr. Clarke had given as a distinct species, hesitating to give it
feneric rank, though it had previously been made a new genus by two
different authors. In his Supplement of 1 892, Beddome says the Euro-
pean type of Lastrca Filix-mas does not occur in India! But he
repeats the four varieties given in the" Handbook," including L. cocldeata
(sp.), Don, and adds six new ones, two of which — Nepkrodium subtrian-
gidare and N. assaniense—are sub-tropical, low-level species, which had
been described by me in the " Journal of Botany" for November, 1890,
and included by Mr. Baker as described new species in his " Summary
of New Ferns" published in 1801. Here, then, are in India ten
varieties of a fern which itself is said not to occur in India, only two or
three of which Colonel Beddome can, I think, have seen growing.

In other cases authors have not hesitated to place common North-
West Indian ferns as mere varieties of species not found at all in
North-West India, e.g., Pterls stenophi/lla, Hk. & Gr., Ic. Fil., t. 30,
was placed by Hooker, in his Species Filicum, as a mere variety of
Fteris cretica, L., and this reduction has been perpetuated by
Mr. Baker. But Mr. Clarke in his " Review " altered this reduction,
and placed P. slenophylla as a variety of F. pellucida, Presl. ; and
Colonel Beddome followed suit. F. pellucida has never been got in
North-West India. F. stenopihylla is wholly unlike it, and it is very
plentiful in some localities round Mussoorie — exactly Hooker and
Greville's plant. After long and intimate acquaintance vith this fern,
1 have no hesitation in calling it a species.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 321

The theory underlying all this restriction or reduction of speciea
seems to be that recently observed plants, however apparently
distinct, are likely to be mere varieties of previously kno\^Tl and
described species. But a variety must surely be a variation proved to
have originated from a known plant, and not merely a different plant
which botanists think resembles a well-known plant, and, from dislike
to increase the number of species, choose to call a mere variety of it.

I am well aware that there are hundreds of cultural varieties of
ferns — European chiefly — and that these, having been propao-ated
from plants found wild, retain their characters permanently when
cultivated, or diverge even further from the type. But such
varieties are for the most part sports, or monsters in appearance, and
no one thinks of setting them up as species ; and botanists do not even
enumerate them under the species from which they are known or are
supposed to have originated. Fern-fanciers, on the other hand, would
probably cease to take an interest in them if they were recognised by
botanists as species. Such sports are rarely found in India, and when
met with are treated as sports not named as varieties. The so-called
varieties of Indian ferns are serious entities, with no eccentricities of
form or habit, and, were it not for slight or fancied resemblances in
them to previously described species, there seem to be no good reasons
why they also should not be favoured with full descriptions and specific
names. Differences of mode of growth and venation are surely good
specific distinctions ; and yet we find plants so differing grouped under
the same specific name, and one called a variety of the other on merely
fanciful grounds. There is sometimes doubt as to the separate entity of
species described in the books, because the nature of the rhizome has
not been observed and described. For this collectors are of course
partly to blame ; but in many cases authors are silent as to the rhizome,
and seem to think it a feature of no importance. An isolated i)lant with
a woody root-stock, perhaps nearly as thick as one's wrist, of slow and
almost secular grovv'th, and which is erect, or merely decumbent, and
throws up fronds from the apes in a tuft, and, if decumbent,
dies off behind, while it continues to grow slowly forwards, is of a
totally different nature from a fern vvhich has a thin, perhaps succulent
quickly growing and widely-creeping and branching rhizome or aar-
mentum^ which throws up fronds singly at greater or less intervals

322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

over a large surface of ground ; and it seems impossible that the
same species of fern can ever have habits so widely differing as those
I have just described. I think I may challenge fern-fanciers to produce
on instance of variation between such habits. It is, though there are
others, mainly on this ground that Mr. E. W. Trotter and I have
separated Poly podium (^Pheg.), late repens, Trotter MS., from P. distans,
Don, which has an erect caudex, and that I am now proposing Neph-
rodium {Laslrea) repens as a new species, distinct from Aspidium
ocJdhodes, Kze. {Nephrodlum proUxum^ Baker).

Some pains have been taken to give the habitats of the species in
regular order from West to East,* and in sufficient detail to show the
distribution in India ; and the distribution in other parts of the world
has been carefully arranged by continents, which is not always satisfac-
torily done in the three works here followed and reviewed. And, except
in the cases of the long recognised and common species, the authorities for
the habitats or the names of collectors whose specimens have been seen
and are known to have been gathered in the habitats named, have been
quoted. I have not used the mark *' ! " ; but it must be understood that I
have either seen the specimens on which I found, or have satisfied myself
that my authority for their existence is trustworthy. This mark (!) is not
used in the books I make reference to. As to the new or rarer species,
the year of collection, in other cases the names of collectors — at least
those of the more modern of them — are arranged, under the geo-
graphical areas, in the order of date of collection. This much
seems due to those who have done so much of late years, and have
helped to make the present list so full ; and in many cases it is an
acknowledgment of specimens given to myself. And such full citation
seems to give authority which might otherwise be thought wanting.
Such an entry as — " Himalal^'as, ascending to 10,000 feet "• — docs not
seem at all snfficient, or even useful. Taken literally, this would
mean — " throughout the Himalaya, from west to east, and at all alti-
tudes from the plains up to 10,000 feet " ; but in many such instances it
turns out that the plant has been got only in the Eastern Himalaya,
and not below (say) 5,000 feet. Again: " Himalayas, from Garhwal to
Bhotan," not only involves the assumption that the plant grows from

* The Hazdra District of the Pnnjab lies to the westward of Kaf-hmir, but is given
along with the other districts of the Punjab for convenience sake.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 323

west to east of Nepal, a country of many hundreds of miles in length
that has not been open to explorers for the last 70 years or so, but
it leaves in doubt in what part of Garhwal — a tract extending from the
Tons to the Ramganga — the plant has been gathered. Especially in
the cases of new species, or species new to India, or to the limits dealt
with in this paper, does it seem proper to give full authority for state-
ments as to habitat. Colonel Beddome, in the Supplement to his " Hand-
book," enters Ci/stopterh viontana. Link., as a species new to India ; but
he gives " Cashmir " as the habitat, and does not give the name of the
person who found it there. Until recently, when I found in the Kew
Herbarium a specimen of this fern collected in Kashmir in 1877 bv the
late Dr. Aitchison, I was unaware of the authority for this habitat, and
before I read of it I had believed that the plant had not been found in
Asia, except in Kamschatka, until 1884, when it was found in Kumaun,
in the North-West Himalaya, at an altitude of 12,000 to 13,000 feet,
by Mr. Duthie. Other stations for the plant were discovered by
Mr. Duthie over the west border of Nepal in 1886 ; but he never
found it in Kashmir. So far as I know, no one besides Dr. Aitchison and
]\Ir. Duthie has ever found this plant between the Carpathians in Europe
and the extreme west of Asia. In the case of another entry in Beddome's
Supplement — Asplenium germanicum, Weiss — said to have been got
in Kashmir, and therefore to be new to the Indian region —
the collector's name ought to have been stated. Mr. J. C. McDonell did
find a scrap of this species in Kashmir early in 1891; but he did not
know he had got it until sometime after Colonel Beddome's Supplement
had been published. As will be seen, recorded in the proper place,
A. germanicum had been got previously in Afghanistan and Chamba.

For reasons which will be obvious, when it is considered that this
paper is being published in instalments, all the new species are given
first, as Part 1 1. ; and Plates of all of them will be issued along with
the descriptions, or thereafter, as may be found possible. Not being
a draughtsman, I am at a disadvantage in attempting to give illustra-
tions ; but Mr. N. E. Brown, the well-known botanist, has carried out
my ideas and wishes very correctly as well as artistically. The
details and enlargements and arrangement of the Plates are entirely
J\[r. Brown's ; but as he could not spare time for making the finished
drawings of fronds, these have been dor.e, from his sketches and the

324 JOURNAL, BOJIBAY NATUEAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

specimens we selected from my herbavium, in Calcutta, by Bengal
artists, under the supervision of Dr. D. Praiu, the Superintendent
of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, who also kindly adopted
the undertaking by his predecessor, Sir George King, to have the Plates
lithographed for me (and the Bombay Natural History Society) in Cal-
cutta where, as is well known from the numerous examples in the
" Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta/' such work is very eflfi-
ciently done. My very best thanks are due to Dr. Plain for having
thus so materially contributed to the preparation of this paper, 1 am
also greatly indebted to him, as well as to Sir George King and Mr. J.
F. Duthie, for their help in securing the co-operation of the Bombay
Natural History Society for the publication of my paper in their
valuable Journal. To Mr. Duthie I must also ei' press my grateful
thanks for having passed the final proofs for the press at Bombay,
which has saved many weeks of time. Additional Plates will, 1 hope,
be given from time to time, as I may be able to get them prepared ;
the Society in Bombay is not wanting in liberality in that respect.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

BoTAXicAL Terms.

Caud. : caudcx, from which arises the frond or stipes.

llUiz. : rhizome, a creepiug or climbing stem, taking the place of a caudex.

St. : stipes, or stipites, the stallc of the frond.

Fr. : Frond, or fronds, exclusive of the stipes.

Jlh. : rhachis, the continuation of the stipes up the middle of the frond to the ter-
minal point.

Ser. Ilk. : secondary rhachis, or rhachises, the main branch or branches of the
rha^iis.

Finn. : pinnae, the primary complete divisions of a frond.

Finnl. : pinnule or pinnule", the secondary complete divisions of a frond, or com-
plete divisions of a pinna.

,Si'{jm, : segments, the divisions of a pinna, or ox a pinnule, when more than mere
teeth, lobes, or crenations.

r<!?j. : venation, the system of veins in a frond, pinna, pinnule, or segment. '

Costa : the main vein of a group proceeding from a rhachis.

Iiivol. : involucre, the covering (cup or cap) which incloses and protects the sorus.

Measures of Lexgth.
Ft. : foot or feet.
In. : inch or inches.
X. : long, thus 1 in. 1., 1 ft. 1.
IF : wide ] ^jjyg J .^ ^^ ,^j. ^ jj^_ ^^
Br. : br(iad I '

5-7000' : 5000 to 7000 feet altitude. 5.".-7000' : 5600' lo 7000'.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 325

AuTHOKs'' Names and their Works.
Ilooh. Sj}. Fll. : Sir W. J. Hooker''s Species Filicuni.
Syn. t'il. : Hooker and Baker'.-^ S//nopsis Filicunf.
C. R. : Mr. C. B. Clarke's " Review ot the Ferns of Northern India."
Bedd. H. B. : Colonel E. H. Beddome's " Handbook of the Ferns of British India''^
and Supplement.

Wall. : Wallich in Catalogue of Plants.

(Besides other abbreviations already in general use.)

Names of Habitats.
Afghan. : Afghanistan.

Trans-Ind. States : Trans-Indus Protected States.
Simla Reg. : Simla Region.

N.-W. P. : The North-Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency.
(^Tliin.'j: The Himalaya Range of Mountains.
n. B. Bist. : The Dehra Dun District of the N.-W. Provinces.
T. Gar'i. : The Tehri Garhwal State in the N.-W. Himalaya.
Brit. Garli. : District of British Garhwal.
iV. Ind. : Northern India.
Cnitr. Ind. : Central India.
Centr. Prov. : The Central Provinces of India.
S. Ind. : Southern India.
Malay. Renins. : The Malayan Peninsula.
3Iasc. Isles. : Madagascar, Mauritius, Bourbon, etc.
Vy. : Valley.

(Besides other usual and obvious abbreviations.)

Collectors"' Names.
Aitch. : the late Dr. J. E. T. Aitchisou.
Beddome : Colonel R. H. Beddcme.
Blanf. : the late Mr. H. F. Blanford.
Bliss : Mr. T. Bliss.
C. B. Clarlte : Mr. C. B. Clarke.
Davidson : Colonel Davidson.
Buthie : Mr. J. F. Duthie and his collectors.
Bdjeio. : the late Mr. M. P. Edgeworth.
Gamb'e : Mr. J. Sykes Gamble.
Ganii ie : Mr. G. A. Gammie.
Hook. Jil. : Sir J. D. Hooker.
J/ojifi : Mr. C. W. Hope.
Jacquem. : Jacquemont.
King : Sir George King.
Lace : Mr. J. H. Lace.

lev. : the late Mr. H. C. Levinge and his collectors.

3Iackinnons : Mr. P. W. Mackinnon and Mr. V. A. Mackiunon, and their collecto s.
JlacLeod : Colonel R. W. MacLeod.
M'Done'l : Mr. J. C. M'Donell.
3Iann : Mr. Gustav Mann.
R. Blinli. : Mr. R. Blinkworth.
S. <)'• W. : Strachey and Winterbottom.
Trotter : Mr. E. W. Trotter.
T. T. : Dr. T. Thomson.
Watt : Dr. George Watt.

{To he continued.)

3-JG

NOTE ON THE LAND MOLLUSOA OF BOMBAY.

By W. T. Blanford, E.R.S.

{Read before lite BomhaTj NoJural Historjj Society on 2Sth of Feb., 1899.)

In llio Journ.'il of tlio Boinbii}'' Ntitaral History Society, Vol. XI, p.
131, is a very good account of (ho terrestrial Mollusca found in Bombay
Island by Mr. A. J. Poilo, II. A. The list given contaius all tlie
kinds known to occur in the island, and comprises the following
15 species : —

Bnlifninus (Mastus) insuhiris.
B. abyssinicus var. nioussoni-

anus.
B. (Rhachis) bengalensis.
B. (R) punctatus.
Stenogyra gracilis.
Glessula sp.
Suocinoa vitrea.

Cyclophorus indicus.

Ario[thanta Irovipes.

A. bajadera.

^'anina pelina.

N. (Microcystina) temiicula.

N.(M.) perrottoti.

Helix (Trichochloritis) pro-

pinqua.
Pupa (Leucochila) ca^nopicta.

With one exception I believe the species are correctly identified,
though I cannot always concur in tho generic names. But genera
among Pulmoniferous Mollusca are, and aro likely to remain for a long
time to come, either guesses (when the animal has not been criticnliy
examined) or else mere expressions of i), dividual views. Species are
far more definite, at all events when those of one locality come under
consideration. The particular species as to the name of wdiich I would
suggest further consideration is that Avhicli Mr. Peile (p. lo4) identi-
fies as Naniiid [Microci/stina) peri'oUetu 1 am well acquainted with the
Bombay Mollusk, which is pretty common (or was some thirty years
ago) on Malabar Hill, and which attracted my attention by having,
instead of the pointed, narrow shell-lobes (or as Mr. Peile very a})tly
crills them shell-polishing lobes) of Macroclilamr/s, (the genus to m hich
I refer both M. ^v^^ma and M. tenuicula, although neither is a typical
form) broad spatulate lobes which, in the height of the monsoon, when
the mantle and its lobes are fully developed, completely cover the
shell.

The name i/^-Z/a-^jen-of/lC'/;? was applied by Pleiifer to a species inha-
biting the Nilgiri Hills. It was described as " spim brevissime subturb-

NOTE ON THE LAND MOLLUSC A OF BOMBAY. 327

inata^ ap'ice amt'mscul a^ anfr. 5 5, Dkan. maj, 8, m/n. 7, alt. 4 mill."
Tlie Bombay shell lins neither a snbtnrbinnte spire nor a sharpish apex ;
it has but 5 whorls, and the measurement of an average specimen is
about 11 milleraetros in major diameter, 9i in minor, and 5| in altifuile.
I have collected in some numbers on the Nilgiris, at Pykara and
Avalanche, a shell that precisely corresponds to Pleiflfer's description of
H. pen'oiteti both in form and measurements, Ijut which is not the same
as the Bombay species. B'or the latter, in 1880 (Joun. As. Soc. Bono-.
Vol. XLIX, Pt. 2, p. 195, pi. ii, fio-. 9) I proposed the name" f
Macrocfdamijs (?) 'platiiehlamys,'^' and I mentioned that I had obtained
this species, or a shell which I was unable to distinguish from ii
from (Jhampanir near Broach to the North, and from the Wynaad to
the South.

Specimens of this Mollusk and of other Bombay species laave recently,
by the kindness of Mr. Phipson (and I believe of Mr. Peile) been
sent to me, and the aninnil has Ijeen dissected by Col. Godwin-Austen,
to whom we are indebted for many additions to our knowledoe of
Ind'an snails. The result, I hope, will shortly be published. I he
animal proves to be somewhat diiferent in several respects from typical
forms of MacrochlamijS, such as the Bengal shell conmionlv, but
incorrectly, known as M. vitrinoides ( M. indlca of Benson, M.
pseudoviinnoides of Nevill), and must be placed in a separate
sub-genus. M. pedina also exhibits striking peculiarities of its
own.

I do not think that either MacrocJdamys tenulcula or J/. Platy-
chlamys can be referred to Mlcrocystina, a sub-generic group founded
on M. rinkii^ an Andaman snail with a peculiar notch in the columella.
It is true that Mr. G. Nevill, in his Hand-h'st of Mollusca in the
Indian Museum, Calc':tta, referred numerous small forms of Macro-
chlamrjs, and amongst them M. perrottetl and M. tenuicvla to Micro-
cystis of Beck, but in this he was certainly in error, and moreover
Microcystis and Microcyslina are by no means the same. I think it
possible that Mr. Peile has taken his nomenclature in part from Nevill's
Hand-list, because he adopts the specific name tennicola, which was a
mistake or misprint of Nevili's, instead of tenuicula, the term originally
applied by A. Adams.

* ■nXoir-j!^ broad ; Xxa^vj^ a cloak or mantle.

:j28 journal, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Tho only species of Glessvla thut I luive certainly from Bombay
Island is G. noiigena (Bs.)' some specimens of wliicli were obtained l)y
myself. I have . another species marked " Island of Bombay," but I
did not procm-e it myself, and it h possible there may be a mistake
about the origin of the only specimen I possess.

iiVmc/iw p<ndrt/'(« is found throughout a large area iu the Bombay
Presidency, but the occurrence in Bomljay Island of E. hengalensis,
the representative Bengal form, is, I strongly suspect, dne to that
species having been introduced. The ova or young might easily have
been broucrht with plants. It is not improbable that Bidiminits insidaris
which, as Mr. Pelle points out, is an inhabitant of a drier climate than
that of Bombay Island, may also have been unintentionally imported
by man.

L de NICEVILLE, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist, Soc.

Plate BE-

"West.lTewniaxi chroTno.

TEINOPALPUS IMPERATRIX.

320

NOTES ON SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM TENASSERIM
IN BURMA.

By Lionel de Nickville, f.e.s., c.m.z.s., &c.

With Plate BB.

{Readhefore the Bombay Natural Histonj Society on 2Sth of Feb., 1899.)
In October and November, 189(S, I visited Mandalaj and other
places in Upper Bnrnia, and at Taungoo, on the northern borders of
Tenasserim, esannned the collection of butterflies made by Mr. T. A,
Hauxwell, Deputy Conservator of Forests, during the last few years
in Tenasserim, with that gentleman. As the collection contains many-
rare and interesting species, I made notes regarding all such which
notes are embodied below, together with some field notes by Mr.
Hauxwell, the latter being given in quotation marks.

Family NYMPHALID^.

S ul ifamily Satyrin.e.

1. Anadebis himachala, Moore.

Occurs rarely in the Chin Hills, Upper Burma, in April. The usual
pale outer marginal area in these specimens is " almost obsolete "
Mr. Hauxwell notes.

2. Neorixa crishna, West.vood.

This species was described from Java and Northern India. Mr.
Moore in " Lep. Ind.," vol. i, p. 227 (1892), says that the type specimen
is from Java and is now in tlie British Museum. N. crisJuia is quite
distinct from iV. loestivooJii, Moore, from Assam. N. crishna occurs in
the Ye Valley, Lower Tenasserim, in February and March, and in the
Ataran Valley, Middle Tenasserim. " Found in high bamboo juno-Je
only. Rests chiefly on the ground, occasionally settles low down on
bamboo sprays. Is very rare." Tenasserim specimens agree absolutely
with Javau ones in my collection.

3. Ccelites binghami, Moore.

" Crepuscular, flies only in the evening along open [lalhs throuo-h
evergreen jungle."

4. Zophobssa sura, Doubleday and Hewitson.

One male from the Daunat Range, Middle Tenasserim, taken
in March.

5. Blanaida bhadra, Moore,

330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol NIL

TiUin<2;oo Hills, Upper Tonasserim, 4,00'.» feet, February.
(). Blanaida ruLAiiA, Moore.
Taunf'Go Hills, 4.000 feet, November.

7. Okinoma damaris, G. R. Gray.
Taiiiigoo Hills, 4,000 feet, May.

Subfamily Elymnhn.E.

8. Elymnias {Bruasa) chklrnsis, de Niccville.
Taungoo, December ; Daunat Range, February ; luales only.

Subfamily AMA'rnusiiN.E.

d. Zeuxidia douuf-edaii, Wostwood.

Ora^ male, Ataran Vallej', IMarcth. I possess anotber iViale from
Tavoy in Lower liurma, taken in Ajtril. IMr. Moore does not include
this species from India in his " Lep. Ind."

10. STlClIOrilTlIALMA CAMADEVOIDES, n. sp.

Occurs rarely in the Chin Hills, Upper Burma., in April. The ocelli
on the undersi(l(^ in these specimens are all comjdete and are much
more distinct than in examples from Sikkim and Assam, and the
outer-discal blue band on the ujiperside of the lundwing has each
component si)ot of eijual breadth throughout, instead of being cone-
shaped ; cojiseqnently the band is continuous instead of being formed
of jiairs of spots, eaeh pair being anteriorly ^Yell separated froai the ])air
on either side of it. 1 have u specimen (the type) from the Katlia
District of Upper l)urnia.

11. iEMONA LENA, AtkiusOU.

One pair of this exceedingly rare species taken in the Taungoo Kills,
4,000 feet, in May.

Subfamily Nymphalin.e.

12. CiiAUAXKs (Ilavidi'a) niciiolii, Grose Smith.
One male taken in the Daunat Range in March.

13. Charaxes (Eul('j)/s) SCHREI15ERI, Godart.

One female taken in the compound of ]\Ir. IlauxwolTs btmgalow,
at Taungoo, in November. J\[r. W. Dohorty picked up otV the ground
a male also in Taungoo. This species seems never to occur
commonly.

14. Hei.cvua iiEMiNA, Hewitson.

One male, Taungoo Hills, 4,000 feet, October,

NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM TENASSERIM. 331

15. Apatura ambica, Kollar.

Males only, from the Taungoo Hills, taken in March, and the
Thaungyin Valley, Middle Tenasserim, in January and February.

16. Apatura sordida, Moore.

One male from the Ataran Valley taken in March. This species has
hitherto been known only from Sikkim.

17. EuLACURA OSTEUIA, Westwood.

Thaungyin Valley, March. One male. I possess another male from
the Daunat Range.

18. Sephisa CHANDRA, Moore.
Taungoo Hills, 4,000 feet, October.

19. DiCHORRHAGIA NBSIMACHUS, Boisduval.

Daunat Range, March and April.

20. Stibochiona nicea, G. R. Gray.

Taungoo Hills, 4,000 feet, Octoiior. Specimens from Burma and the
Malay Peninsula have the marginal white baud on both sides of the
hindwing more or loss developed, in e:!i:trome specimens very greatly
so, but every intergrado exists l)otween these voi'y white examples and
the normal form. The white form has been named S. nicea suhucula
by Herr H. Fruhstorfer, from Malacca (Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol.
xlii, p. 329 ( 1897 ).

21. Neurosigma nonius, de Niceville.

Taungoo Hills, 4,000 feet, April and May, several examples, all males.
This species was described in "Ann. and Mag. of Natural History," sixth
series, vol. xvii, p. 396 (May, 1896), from Karenni, Burma, but is not
mentioned by Mr. Moore, though described a year before
part xxviii of his " Lep. Ind. " was published. I think
Mr. Moore in '* Lep. Ind., " vol. iii, p. 79, &c., (1897), has confused
the species of this genus. N. doudledaii, Westwood, was described
from a female from Sylhet. I have both sexes from this locality, and
they agree with others in my collection from kSikkim, Bhutan, Joreh^t
in Assam, and Katha in Upjier Burma. Mr. Moore has figured the
female of this correctly on pi. coxviii, fig. 13, but its male he describes
as a new species under the name of N.fraterna, and figures it on the
same plate, figs. 2, 2a. My N. nonius is accurately figured on the
same plate, figs. 1, la, as the male of N. douhledayi \jic\. He gives
Bhotan [=Bhutan], the Khasia Hills, and the Chittagong Hills for

332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

N. fvaterna, while for N. douUedayi he gives Sikkim, Assam, the
Khasia and Naga Hills, and Burma. These localities are strangely
mingled, and as far as my experience goes N. douhledaii is confined to
Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam and Upper Burma, while N. nonius occurs to
the southwards, in Karenni and Upper Tenasserim. The female of
N, nonius has yet to be discovered.

22. EuTHALiA {Zalapia) taooana, Moore.

One male of this very rare species from the Taungoo Hills, 4,000 feet,
taken in May. Colonel C. T. Bingham has given me a single male
captured on the ascent from the Tbaungyin Valley to the Taoo
Plateau at about 2,000 feet, taken 1st March, 1890.

23. EuTHALiA (Chucapa) fkanci^, G. R. Gray.
Taungoo Hills, 4,000 feet, one male in October.

24. LiMENiTis (Sumalia) zulema, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Taungoo Hills, 4,000 feet, October, one male.

25. Athyma kanga, Moore.

As A. rauga, Moore, and A. mahesa, Moore, are seasonal forms of one
and the same species, buc as the former name occurs earlier than the
latter in the work in which both are described, it must stand for the
species. A. ranga is found in the Daunat Range in December, the
Thaungyin Valley in May and December, and in the Taungoo Hills,
4,000 feet, in November.

26. Athyma selenophora, KoUar.

Daunat Range, February. Males only met with.

27. Calinaga sudassana, Melvill.

Originally described from Siam. I have specimens from the
Kunlon Ferry, Salween River, N. Shan States, taken on 11th March,
1895, and Mr. Hauswell obtained three males on the Taungoo Hills,
at about 2,000 to 2,500 feet elevation, also in March.

28. Penthema binghami, Wood-Mason.

I have a single male taken in the Yunzalin Valley, Middle
Tenasserim, in April, Mr. Hauxwell has obtained one male in the
Daunat Range, and another in the Thaungyin Valley, both in
April. F. lisarda, Doubleday, occurs in the Chin Hills very rarely in
February, while P. darlisa, Moore, is fairly common in high forest
throughout Burma ; hence all the known species of the genus occur
in the province.

NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM TENASSERIM. 333

29. Kallima alompra, Moore.

Mr. Hauxwell obtained a single male in the Daunat Range in March,
1895. For me it is a most interesting discovery, as amongst the very
many thousands of butterflies from all parts of Burma that have passed
through my hands, — and I have always been looking uut for a blue-
banded Kallima from Burma, — this is the first specimen 1 have seen
of the species from thence. Mr. Hauxwell had overlooked it, as it was in
a paper envelope. On setting it I find that it agrees absolutely with
males of K. knyvettii, mihi, from Sikkim and Bhutan, so that species falls
as a synonym of K, alompra., as Mr. H. J. Elwes thought it would do,
vide his remarks on K. hvjvetti [sic] in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891,
p. 283, when writing about it from the Naga Hills, 5,000 feet.

30. Prothob angelica, Butler.

Mr. Hauxwell notes that this species '' Flies low, and settles low down
on the trunks of trees with closed wings only two or three feet from
the ground. Once frightened it never returns to the same spot."

31. Prothoe belisama, Crowley.

Originally described from " Tonghou." It occurs rarely in the
Ataran Valley in March, and in the Taungoo Hills, 3,000 feet, in
April, Mav and June. "As stated by Mr. A. K. Wallace in 'The
Malay Archipelago ' with regard lo the very closely-allied Prothoe
calydonia, Hewitson, this species flies high and settles high up on
tree trunks with closed wings, very rarely descending to the ground.
It invariably returns to the same Sj)ot when frightened off, so if its
resting place is within rej;ch, the butterfly with patience can be secured
with certainty. To capture one specimen my men and I had to
construct three high platforms of bamboos adjoining three trees
between which a P. helisama continually flew backwards and forwards.
After some while we managed to secure the specimen."
Family LEMONIlDiE.
Subfamily LiBYTmEiK^.
32. Libythea geoffroyi, God art.

I redescribed and figured this species in the Journal of tha Bombay
Natural History Society, vol. v, p. 205, n. 6, pi. D, flg. 5, male
(1890), from Syinbyudine, on the Tavoy-Siam Frontier. The form
figured is the most variegated as regards coloration and markings, bnt
every gradation exists between it and one with no markings whatever

334 JOURNAC, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

on the upperside of the forewing in the male, this plainly-marked form
agreeing exactly with some I have from the island of Wetter. From
my Burmese collection of this species alone it is obvious that
L. geoffroyi is exceedingly variable. It occurs in the Ataran Valley in
February and March, also in the Daunat Range ; in Upper Burma
it is found at Myittha in January, and in Lower Burma in Tavoy in
January and March. Mr. Hauxwell notes : " Males only seen. Found
always on the sand at the edge of the water sucking up the moisture.
Where L. geoffroyi occurs the otherwise common L. myrrha, Godart,
is never seen."

Family LYC^NID^.

33. Zarona jasoda, de Niceville.

Three males of this rare species in the Daunat Range in March.

34. MoTA MASSYLA, Hewitson.
Daunat Range, March, one pair.

35. Tajuria maculata, Hewitson.
Taungoo, one male.

36. Charana mandarinus, Hewitson.
Taungoo Hills, 4,UC0 feet, April, one female.

37. Cheritrella truncipennis, de Niceville.

Taungoo Hills, 4,000 feet, April, one male. It is very common at
Lwe Long near Bhamo in Upper Burma at about 5,000 feet, in
March.

38. Deudorix GiETULiA, de Niceville.
Taungoo, April, one male.

Family PAPILIONID^.
Subfamily PiERiNiE.

39. Dercas verhuelli, van der Hoeven.

In a recent revision by me of this genus (Ann. and Mag. of Nat.
Hist., seventh series, vol. ii, p. 470 (1898), I stated that no species
of Dercas is known to occur in Central or Southern Burma. Mr. Haux-
well possesses a single male taken on the Taungoo Hills, 4,000 feet,
in May, and since this another from the Chindwin Valley.
Subfamily Papilionin-^.

40. Papilio adamsoni, Grose Smith.

This species occurs apparently throughout Tenasserim, but is always
rare. I have specimens from the Ataran Valley taken in March, the

NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES FROM TENASSERIM. 335

Thanngyin Valley taken in the same month, and the Daunat Range
taken in January. ,

41. Papilio noblei, de Niceville.

in my collection from the Katha district of Upper Burma, and in
Mr. Hauxwell's from Taungoo taken in March.

42. Papilio rhetenor, Westwood.
Daunat Range, February, males only.

43. Papilio arcturus, Westwood.

The Taoo Plateau, Middle Tenasserim, 4,000 feet, December.

44. Papilio palinurus, Fabricius.

Better known to Indian collectors as P. hrama, Guerin. Widely
distributed in Burma, but is always rare. Mr. Hauxwell notes : " The
butterfly has the habit of bathing in shallow water in hill streams. It
akims over the surface of the water like a swallow, and dips its body
into the water, giving itself a shake as it comos out and then flies on
again." Amongst moths, many of the Sphingidce in India have a
similar habit.

45. Papilio pateni evan, Doubleday.

Daunat Range, March. Not hitherto recorded south of Assam.

46. Papilio gyas, Westwood.

Mooleyit Mountain, 6,000 feet, February. Not hitherto recorded
south of Assam.

47. Teinopalpus imperatrix, n. sp. Plate BB.

Habitat : Taungoo Hills, 4,000 feet. Upper Tenasserim, Burma.

Expanse : ^, 4'4 ; $ , 5*7 inches.

Description : Male. Differs from T. imperialis, Hope, from
Sikkim, Bhutan, the Khasi Hills, and Chang-yang in Central China, in
the following particulars : — Upperside, forewing darker green, the
black ground-colour shewing through the green scales more prominently.
Hindioing with the rich chrome-yellow discal fascia with its inner edge
not encroaching on the discoidal cell, instead of reaching well into it,
that portion of the fascia in the second subcostal interspace consider-
ably longer ; all the tooth-like projections on the outer margin much
longer, especially those at the terminations of the second subcostal and
first median nervules. Underside, forewing with the five black fascise
crossing the wing much broader, especially the middle one. Hindwing
with the discal yellow fascia broader. Female. Considerably larger

336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

than that sex of T. imperialls. UrPERSlDE, loth wings much darker,
all the black coloration much more prominent. Hindivmg has the pale
violet black-irrorated discal area of T. imperialis almost entirely
replaced by a black sulFused area, the black line closing the cell
entirely obliterated ; the chrome-yellow subanal area at least twice as
broad, the outer-discal lunnlated black fiiscia consequently placed much
nearer to the outer margin ; all the tails very much longer. Under-
side, holh wings with much the same differences as on the upperside.
The male of T. impenalis has been figured by Hope, Westwood
and Staudinger, the female (as T. parrycb*) by Hope and Westwood,
and as T, imperialls by Doubleday and Hewitson. A reference to
all these figures will bear out the distinctions between these two species
detailed above. Mr. T. A. Hauxwell obtained a male in January
and a female in March, and the types are in his collection.
Family HESPERIIDiE.

48. Odina decoeatus, Hewitson.

Taungoo, February, one male. I possess males of this rare species
from the Garo Hills of Assam tub-n in March, tlie Katha District of
Upper Burma, Taungoo taken in April, and the Meple Valley in Middle
Tenasserim taken in Ootol^'r.

49. Tagiades pin WILLI, Butler.

Taungoo, April and May; Diiuna' Range, April; AtaranY alley, March.

50. Caprona SYRicHTHi;s, Felder.

Taung-.o, June, one male. It appears to occur throughout Burma.

51. AcERBAS ANTHEA, Hewitson.

Thaungyin Valley, April, one male. I possess a male from the
Daunat Range.

52. PiRDANA RUDOLPHii, Elwes and de Nic^ville.

Taungoo, April, one male (striped below). This species is placed by
Elwes and Edwards as a synonym of F. hyela, Hewitson, but is appa-
rently distinct in both sexes, I have it from Sikkim and the Khasi Hills.

53. PiRDANA DisTANTi, Staudinger.
Taungoo, February', one male (plain below).

54. LoTONGUs CALATHUS, Hewitson.

Taungoo, February, one male agreeing with Distant's figure of
the species. 1 have another male from the Daunat Range.

• This name is spelt parryia by Doubleday and porryia by Kirby and Leech.

337

BIRDS COLLECTED AND OBSERVED AT TBULL DURING

FIVE MONTHS IN 1898, AND NOTES 0?^ THEIR NIDIFICATION.

By Major R. H. Rattkay.

(^Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 28«A of February, 1899).

Having been stationed at Thull during the months February to June of
this year, I have made notes of the birds observed and collected there. It
may be of interest to many readers to hear from this out-of-the-way corner
of India.

Thull is situated at the junction of the Kurram and Miranzai valleys, and
is about 2,500 feet high. The Kurram river runs past the Fort, and a small
stream joins it about a mile and- a-half below the Fort. Tbe surrounding
country is one mass of hills and broken ravines, covered with dry hill grass
and stunted bushes and trees. Once away from the river there is little water.
I have added notes on the nidification of some birds that have n.it apparently
been before found, and others little known. I have followed Oates and
Blanfurd as the latest work, in classification and names.

1. CoRVUa CORAX (Linn.) — The Raven.
Common at all seasons. It breeds freely on the hills on ledges of rock and
trees.

4. CoRVUS MACRORHYNCHUS (Wag.) -The Jungle Crow.
Very common and to a great extent takes the place of the common crow
of India. Breeds on trees in the hills.

7. CoRVDS SPLENDENS (Vieill.)— The Indian House Crow.
Not common ; a few birds were to be seen in the vicinity of the fort and
village.

9. CoRVCS MONEDDLA (Linn.)— The Jackdaw.
Rare, I only saw one bird. This bird was feeding in amongst a number
of C. machrorhynchus in newly ploughed fields.

16. Dendrocitta rufa (Scop,)— The Indian Tree-pie.
One or two birds at the base of the hills about 7 miles from Thull and
only during February. I do not think the birds breed there but migrate to the
hills.

24. Gaerulus lanceolatus (Vigors.) — The Black-throated Jay.
I saw these birds on the higher hills near Thull, they were common on the
Dargai hill during November and December, 1897.

99. Troghalopterum lineatum (Vig.)— The Himalayan Streaked
Laughing Thrush,
Common during the winter on the hills up to about 7,000 feet ; they breed
on the hills round the neighbouring station of Parachinar, I found one nest
with young there on 30th July, 1898.

105. Argya caudata (Dum.) — The Common Babbler.
Very common all the year, and breed freely.

338 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NA TUBAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

187. Myiophonedb temmincki (;Vigors.)-— The Himalayan Whistling

Thrush.
Common along the river bed during February and March, about which
time they disappear,

285 MoLPASTES LEUCOTis (Gould.) — The White-eared Bulbul.
Common during February and March, a few pairs remained to breed.
I found some half a dozen nests, but the greater number leave during

April.

327. DiCRURUS ATER (Herm.) — The Black Drongo.
This bird is hardly seen during the cdd weather, but in the beginning of
April appears in large numbers, and at once set about nesting operations.
I noticed the same thing at Kohat during 1896.

402. Sylvia affinis (Blyth). — The Indian Lesser White-throated

Warbler.
A cold weather visitant but not numerous. I shot one bird in the begin-
ning of March.

445. SCOTOCERCA INQUIETA (Cretz.)— The Streaked Scrub-Warbler.
Common on all the hills and breed freely. These birds do not come down
at all into the plains, but keep entirely to the foot of the hills.

466. Prinia INORNATA (Sykes,)— The Indian Wren-warbler.
A few birds in the reeds along the river bed. I left before they began
breeding, but from their being there in the middle of June I presume they

do 80.

469. Lanius lahtora (Sykes.)— The Indian Grey Shrike.
Thifl bird, like D. ater, only appears in the beginning of April. I did not
find it nesting but saw young birds before I left. It is not common.
473. Lanius vittatus. — The Bay-backed Shrike,
Very common in both the cold and hot weather, and breeds freely.

476. Lanids erythronotus (Vigors.)— The Rufous-backed Shrike.
This is the commonest shrike, and pairs are to be seen in every group of
trees ; breeds freely.

518. Oriolus kundoo (Sykes.) -The Indian Oriole.
The birds only pass through Thull. They were fairly numerous during
the end of March, but by the beginning of April all had gone. They are
shot in numbers by the villagers for food.

528. Pastor roseus (Linn.) -The Rose-coloured Pastor.

Pass through in vast numbers during the end of March and the first
half of April. They are shot and snared in numbers by the Pathans
and fetch high prices for food. Their flesh is excellent.

529. Stdrnds humii (Brooks.)— The Himalayan Starling,

Not common, but a fair number may be seen any day during April and
May. I searched most carefully for their nesta but could not find any tracea,
nor do I think any breed near.

BIRDS COLLECTED AND OBSERVED AT THULL. 339

532. Sturnus menzbieri (Sharpe.)— The Common Indian Starling.
This is our commonest starling all through the cold season. It was found
at Shinowari about 25 miles from Thull, and at the latter place till the end
of April.

549, AcRiDOTHERES TRiSTis (Linu.)— The Common Myna.
Common at all seasons, and breeds eVerj'where in houses and holes in
trees.

608, Pratincola caprata (Linn.)— The Common Piod Bush-Chat.
Not common, but a pair or two maybe met with in a day, it stays to
breed in patches of reeds near the river bed.

610, Pratincola maura (Pall.)— -The Indian Bush-Chat.

These birds appeared in great numbers, at the end of March ; during
April it was the commonest bird at Thull, but by the beginning of May
every bird had gone. They, however, breed freely at Parachinar, 54 miles off,
at an elevation of about 6,000 feet,

619, Saxicola capistrata (Gould,)— The White-headed Chat,

Common winter visitant, I notice that Mr. Gates says it is a constant
resident in the plains of the Punjab, but I have most carefully watched this
bird during the last eight or nine years at various Punjab stations but have
never seen a single specimen during the hot season. My experience is they
disappear in the beginning of May and return to their usual places in October.
I searched all the hill sides round Thull during May and could not find them.
In July at Parachinar they were common and breed freely. I saw numerous
young birds about.

625. Saxicola isabellina (Cretz.)— The Isabelline Chat,

Common in winter ; a few birds however remain to breed. I was lucky
enough on 7th June, 1898, to find a nest with two eggs ; unfortunately the
native with me handled the nest rather roughly, before I could stop him. I
left the nest three days in hopes of more eggs being laid, but I found it
deserted ; I, however, saw the bird originally fly off the nest. Ihe nest was
a neat cup of grass under a stone with a deep egg cavity lined with finer
grasses ; eggs, two, of a clear pale blue, marked all over with rusty red spots
like dried blood ; shape, long narrow ovals slightly pointed at the small end ;
elevation about 4,000 feet. These birds breed freely at Parachinar about
5,700 feet. I found a second nest in a similar situation with young ready to
fly on 24th July, 1898.

628. Saxicola chrysopygia (De Fil.)— The Red-tailed Chat.

Appears in Thull about the middle of May and is fairly common. On 25th
May, 1898, 1 saw a pair of birds building, and on 2Ed June I visited the nest,
and found four fresh eggs, which I took, shooting the female. I have already
described nest and eggs in a note in this journal. I subsequently found other
nests. These birds do not seem particular as to situations. The first nest was
in a dense wild olive bush, about 18 inches from the ground ; another, on the

340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XII.

6tli June, 1898, was on a stump of a thorny bush about 2 feet from the ground,
a third, on 12th June, was on a flat bough of a thorny tree about 4 feet from
the ground, while three nests were on the ground under roots of the dwarf
palm — all the nests were similar, the general number of eggs three, the
greatest number being four,
638. CniMARimoRNis leucocephalus (Vig.)-The White-capped Redstart.
I did not find this bird at Thull itself, but saw one specimen at Shino-
wari, 26 miles distant, and about the same elevation, in January. It was in a
nulla with a small stream running through it, the sides covered with ferns.
661. TiiAMNOP.iA CAMBAVENSis (Lath.) — The Brown-backed Indian Robin.
Common at all seasons and breeds freely. The eggs found were all very
highly coloured, one clutch being a distinct green with large reddish-brown
blotches, especially at large end.
722. Ploceus bengalensis (Linn.)— The Black-throated Weaver-bird.
Appeared suddenly about beginning of June, in all the reed patches on river
banks ; they fly about in flocks of 20 to 30 birds. On 25th June, 1898, 1 found
a nest containing three eggs much incubated. There were at the same place
numerous nests in various state of completion, all attached to reeds.

734. Uroloncua malabarica (Linn.)— The White-throated Munia.
Not common, but a few birds are occasionally met with ; they breed at Thull,
I found one nest with four eggs incubated in the beginning of May.
738. Spor^eginthus amandava (Linn.)— The Indian Red Munia.
A few flocks of these birds are to be met with on the jheels near the river,
also in the high grass on clifl's above the river. I did not see any after the
beginning of April.

775. Gymnorhis ^lavicollis (Frunkl.)— The Yellow-throated Sparrow.
Rather rare. I only saw 3 pairs, and those during May. They were
evidently breeding, as I saw a female with some cotton in her bill but could
not see where she went.

776. Passer domesticus (Linn.) — The House Sparrow.
As common and as great a nuisance as in the rest of India.

779. Passer montanus (Linn.)— The Tree Sparrow.
During March these birds passed through in thousands, and all from these
parts appear to go to the Upper Kurram Valley to breed. I found 20 and 30
nests in every house and verandah in Parachinar in July.

804. CiiEUDON URBiCA (Linn.)— The Martin.
Rare. On the eveningof 14th May, 1898, 1 saw some 7 or 8 birds flying round
the edge of a jhecl near the Kurram river. I shot one, a male, testes much
enlarged ; they probably breed in some of the higher hills near. On the 17th
all birds had gone.

809. CoTiLE SINENSIS (J. E. Gr.)— The Indian Sand Martin.
Very common and breed in hundreds along the river bank. By 10th March
almost all nosts I opened out had young, in one or two very hard-set eggs.

BIRDS COLLECTED AND OBSERVED AT TEULL. 341

811. Ptyonoprogne concolor (Sykes.)— The Dusky Crag Martin,
Common at all seasons and breed in hills near. I did not get their eggs,
owing to the hills they retire to being across the river and border, thus for-
bidden ground.

813, HiRUNDO RUSTiCA (Linn.)— The Swallow.
This is the commonest swallow here, and is a permanent resident ; breeds
freely in houses and buildings in the village of Thull during April. I obtained
numerous eggs.

818, HiRUNDO SMiTHii (_Leach.) — The Wire-tailed Swallow.
Common all the year, and breeds.

823, HiRUNDO ERYTHROPVGiA (Sykes,)— Sykes's Striated Swallow.
Great numbers arrived about 10th May, and remained till about 20th May;
all seem to go to Upper Kurram to breed. During their stay the whole
country seemed alive with this bird, H. rustica and Cypselus apus.

831, MoTACiLLA MADERASPATENSis (Gmel,) — The Large Pied-wagtail.
Common, in winter a good number of birds remain to breed.

832. MoTACiLLA MELANOPE (Pall,) — The Grey Wagtail.
Rare. I saw some four birds during April apparently passing through.

847. Anthus rufulus (Vieill.) — The Indian Pipit,
Common during the cold weather, I did not observe any breeding or about
later on in the year.

871. MiRAFRA ERYTHROPTERA (Jud,) — The Red-winged Bush-lark,
Rare. I only saw one pair in the end of April. They evidently had a neat
near, but I failed to find it.

874. Galerita cristata (Linn.) — The Crested Lark,
Very common. During March great numbers arrived and commenced
pairing. I took numerous nests with eggs during April and the early part of
May, This part of India appears to be a great breeding ground, as there
were not very many birds during January and February.

878. Ammomanes ph(ENICDBOIDES (Blyth.) — The Desert Finch-Lark.
Rather rare. I only saw some 8 or 9 birds in a rather extended search
for them. I failed to find a nest.

895, Arachnechthra asiatica (Lath.) — The Purple Sun-bird,
Common all through the hot weather ; arrived in May ; breed freely,

933. Dendrocopus sindianus (Blanf.) — The Sind Pied Woodpecker.
This is the only woodpecker found near Thull ; in the hills saw one other
species, but was unable to identify it. The bird is numerically not rare, but
few birds were seen, I obtained 2 eggs, on point of hatching out from a hole
in a mulberry tree on 20th April, 1898, shooting the female.

1024. CoRACiAS GARRULA (Linn.) — The European Roller.
This bird is decidedly migratory in these parts. There was not a single
bird to be seen during the cold season. About 10th May they began to

342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

arrive in large numbers and remained to breed, I found nests in holes in
cliffs during June.

102G. Merops viridis (Linn.) — The Common Indian Bee-eater.
Not by any means a common bird near Thull, A few couples were
observed breeding in May and young birds were about by the end of June.
1027. Merops philippinus (Linn.) — The Blue-tailed Bee-eater.
Very rare here. I only saw one pair in the beginning of June. I do not
know whether they remained to breed, as I did not see them again, but think
they were merely passing through.

1033. Geryle varia (Strickl.)— The Indian Pied Kingfisher.
Common and breeds freely on river banks in March ; at the end of April
young birds were numerous.

1035, Alcedo ispida (Linn.) — The Common Kingfisher.
Not common here, as far as I observed there were five pairs near Thull. 1
found one nest-hole containing five young birds in the end of May. The
others were also breeding. Permanent residents.

1044. Halcyon smyrnensis (Linn.) — The White-breasted Kingfisher.
This is the common Kingfisher in these parts. They were found on every
part of the river, are permanent residents, I obtained eggs at end of April.
1067. Upupa indica (Reich.) — The Indian Hoopoe.
Common everywhere where there were trees, and near villages. Perma-
nent resident, breeds during April.

10G8, Cypselds .MELBA (Linn.) — The Alpine Swift.
A rare bird, I only saw 3 birds at the beginning of May, of which I shot
one,

1069, Cypselus apus (Linn.) — The European Swift.
On the 12th May I observed these birds in large numbers flying with
swallows over cornfields near the river — they kept very high, I with difficulty
obtained two specimens — by the 15th of the month all had disappeared. They
undoubtedly breed in higher hills near as occasionally of an evening, up to end
of June, I saw one or two birds fly rapidly over. They are numerous now
in the high Safedkoh range near Parachinar at the end of July,
1073, Cy'pselus affinis (G-ray and Hardw.) — The Common Indian Swift,
Rare, I only saw one pair early in May. This pair kept near the Fort
three or four days and then disappeared. Breeding here doubtful.

1089. Caprimulgus mahrattbnsis (Sykes.) — Sykes's Nightjar.
Fairly numerous. The birds are not permanent residents, but arrive about
middle of May with C. europaus, I always found this species on the open
hill sides and not amongst jungle. They breed in the more open nullas
during June and July. I obtained four nests with eggs, the female in each case
being shot on leaving the eggs, I notice that the eggs of this species can
readily be distinguished from those of C. europcRus by being more spotted,
not marbled, each spot being distinct, and having less gloss.

BIRDS COLLECTED AND OBSERVED AT THULL. 343

1090, Caprimulgus monticola (Franklin.) — Franklin's Nightjar.

Common and a permanent resident. I found it breeding plentifully ; all
the eggs I procured, from five nests, were laid without any depression and
extremely highly coloured, all being almost a brick-red,

1092. Caprimulgus edrop.eus (Linn.)— The European Nightjar.

Very common. They arrive about the middle of May, and almost every
wooded nulla contained a pair— this is the commonest nightjar here. Breed
freely during June and July ; I obtained 10 nests with eggs all laid under
a bush in a depression scraped by the bird. The eggs are all much mottled
and marbled with two shades of brown, a light sepia overlaying the dark mark-
ings and being equally numerous, I find all the nightjars lay much later
here than in other parts; I did not find a single egg until the beginning of June,
and most were found at the end of June and beginning of July,

1168. Bubo bengalensis (Blyth.) — The Rock Horned Owl.

Rare, I only saw one pair in June, A nearly fully fledged young one was
brought in for sale about the same time,

1182. Athene bactriana (Blyth.)— Hutton's Owlet.

Not uncommon. I saw several pairs living in holes in cliffs, shooting one
male. A pair was brought in for sale, but as they would not eat in confine-
ment, I released them. In one hole I found some broken egg shells, so know
they breed here about March I think.

1192. Gyps fulvus (Gm,) — The Griffon Vulture.

Common in the hills, I did not see any in the lowlands. On the Dargai
hill they were very numerous and breed on the cliffs there and the Samana
range.
1196. PsEUDOGYPS bengalensis (Gm.)— The Indian White-backed Vulture.

Common on the plains round Thull, they were feeding on the dead trans-
port animals all along the road from Kohat to Thull.

1198. Neophrom percnoptertjs (Linn.) — The Egyptian Vulture,

This is the common scavenger vulture up here. It is found round every
camp and village as in other parts ; breeds in the hills on ledges of rock in
May,
1199. Gyp^tus BARBATUS (Linn.) — The Bearded Vulture or Lammergeyer.

Very common, the birds round here grow to a very large size — a female
I measured was just under 7 feet across the wings and body. Breed during
January on inaccessible cliffs. I notice that Blanf ord remarks that it is doubt-
ful Avhether it attacks living prej' or not. I myself saw a pair, some years
ago, at Kajuri l^ach, trying to knock a young Markhov off a ledge on a deep
precipice. One or other bird repeatedly swooped down on the young one
which was protected by the females of the herd.

1203, Aquila viNDniANA (Franklin.) — The Indian Tawny Eagle.

Common. I saw it frequently feeding on the bodies of dead ponies and
camels in company with vultures.

344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL H I STORY SOCIETY, Vol. XU.

1227. PoLio^TUS nuMiLis (Brooks.) — Hodgson's Fishing Eagle.
Rare, I only snw one bird, it was daily fishing in the Kurram river. It is
a permanent resident ; one pair breed annually at Hangu about 30 miles
distant. A large white egg was brought in to me that can only belong to
this species. I saw it daily at Thull working up and down the river
but never once saw it catch a fish.

1229. MiLVUS GOViNDA (Sykes.)— The Common Kite.
Exceedingly common at all times round the Fort and villages near.
1230. MiLTUS MELANOTis (Temm.) — The large Indian Kite.
Rare. I only saw one pair on a hill about five miles off. I shot the
female off a nest with two partly incubated eggs on the 5th May. Nest like
that of M. govinda, but larger.

1247. AcciPiTER Nisus (Linn.J — The Sparrow-Hawk,
A bird or two occasionally came down from the hills, it is not a resident
as far as I could see. It breeds on the cliffs of the Safedkoh range not far
distant, one young bird in down was brought in to the Political Officer,
Kurram, at Parachinar, early in July.

1255. Falco peregrinator (Sundw.)— The Shahin Falcon.
Common along the foot of the hills, and are often seen hawking doves in
pairs. They breed in the near hills, one pair nnnually having its nest on a
precipice near Dargai, and a second on a hill called Mir Quali about 15 miles
distant. I have not been able to procure the eggs.

1265. TiNNUNCULUS ALAUDAEius (Linn.) — The Kestrel.
Common and a permanent resident, one pair had their nest and hatched
their yourg on a high cliff about a mile from the Fort, and a young one was
brought in to me at the end of May.

1292. CoLUMBA INTERMEDIA (Strickl.) — The Indian Blue Bock-pigeon.
Common during the cold weather. They were breeding in hundreds on
a hio'h cliff near the Fort. About the middle of April they all disappeared
suddenly. I did not know before that this pigeon was in any way migratory,
but here it seems to be so.

129.'^. CoLUMTA LiviA (Bonnatent.) — The Blue Rock-pigeon.
During January and February these birds were in large numbers, flying
about the fields in large flocks. I cannot say when they left, as I did not
go in the direction they were to be found between Februnry and the end of

March.

1309. TuRTUR CAMBAYENSis (Gm.) — The Little Brown Dove.
This is our commonest dove and found all over the country, breeds freely
in low stunted trees and bushes from March to June.

1310. TiiRTUR RisoRiDS (Linn,)— The Indian Ring Dove.
Common but not so much so as the last, it is found in the same places, is a
permanent resident, and breorls freely.

BIRDS COLLECTED AND OBSERVED AT TUULL. 345

1311. (Enopotelia teanquebanca (Herm.) — The Eed Turtle Dove.
Decidedly a rare bird here, I only saw four birds during the five months,
but more may have escaped my notice mixed up with other doves.

1316 Pterocles arenarius (Pallas.)— The Large or Black-bellied
Sand-grouse.
A bird of passage only. They arrived at the end of March and passed on
immediately. We only shot a few birds. They all went up the Kurram
Valley into Afghanistan.

1355. CoTURNix COMMUNIS (Bonn.)— The Grey Quail.
These birds do not arrive in the usual large numbers in spring and
autumn. The greatest number shot by one gun in April was twenty birds. A
few are to be found at all times of the year and breed. I procured a nest
with four eggs slightly incubated on 21st April. The nest was in a wheat
field under a tuft of grass.

1370. Caccaris chukor (Gray.)— The Chuker.
Very common all round, are permanent residents and breed. This year,
owing to early heat, they began breeding very early and many eggs were
spoiled, three addled eggs were brought to me on 6th March. The natives
here have a curious method of catching them. A call bird (a cock) is placed
in the centre of a patch of grass in a cage, all round ai"e placed numerous horse-
hair nooses. On shaking the cage the decoy commences calling ; the chal-
lenge is taken up and other birds run iu towards him, and are caught in nooses.
1371, Ammoperdix bonhami (Gould.) — The Seesee.
Common, but not very, in all the low hills and ravines round. It is a
permanent resident. I procured one nest with seven slightly incubated, and a
second with four, fresh eggs in May. I consider them the best partridge we
have for eating, the flesh is not so dry and tasteless as the others.

1372. Francolinus vulgaris (Steph.)- The Black Partridge.
Very common all round and breed freely in the dwarf palm patches. They
afford excellent sport as the jungle is not too high.

1375. Francolinus pondicerianus (Steph.)- The Grey Partridge,
Very common and breed freely with Ji". vulgaris. Out of about twenty nests
I examined, only two contained nine eggs, all the remainder without a single
exception contained eight. Most of the nests were found in May ; at the end
of June all old birds had fairly grown chicks larger than the quail running
with them,

1393, Porzana pusilla (Pallus.) — The Eastern Baillon's Crake.
These birds arrived in great numbers during the end of May and the first
week in June, but all seemed to pass on, as before I left I frequently searched
the reed beds and did not flush a single bird.

1407. Grus communis (Bechst.) — The Common Crane,
During April this bird with No. 1411 passed over Thull in countless
numbers going up the Kurram "Valley. They flew high and did not as a

346 JOURNA L._ BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

rule rest near. Often after a severe storm up the Valley they were
driven back.

1411. Antiiropoides virgo (Vieill.)— The Demoiselle Crane.
Passed through in great numbers in April. I shot one out of a flock early
in the month, but usually they flew too high.

1427. Glareola lactea (Temm.) — The Small Indian
Swallow-Plover.
Common at all seasons along the river. Bred freely on the stony islands
in the river during April, In May I found numerous unfledged young ones
unable to fly, they all possessed a remarkable facility for concealing
themselves, and in many instances I only found them through my dogs.
1431. Sarcogrammus indicus (Sharpe.) — The Red-wattled Lapwing.
Very common everywhere along the river, but more seem to come in
durinw April and breed freely. One nest I found was in rather a curious
place : it was on the highest point of a hill, a good 300 feet above the water,
and was made of a lot of small pieces of stone put together,

143C. Vanillus vulgaris (Bechst.'^ — The Lapwing or Peewit.
Not common and only found when passing through. During heavy
wind and rain in February I saw one flock ( about twenty birds ), and
shot two.

1437. CiiETTUSiA GREGARiA (I3onap.) — The Sociable Lapwing.
During April large flocks of these birds passed up the Kurram Valley.
They usually stayed a day or two near the river before passing up, I
must have seen about 300 passing one day,

1447. yEaiALiTis Dur.iA CBlyth.) — The Little ringed Plover.
Very common, and a permanent resident. These birds are generally found in
small flocks of five to eight birds all along the river, but separate at the begin-
ning of May. On 21st May I shot a female with an egg ready for expulsion,
and a few days later found a nest with four eggs. Nest —a small depression
scraped among the pebbles in the bed of the river. This year owing to the
numerous floods many nests must have been destroyed. Eggs were of two
distinct types : one a pale sea-green profusely speckled with dark purple, and
the second a stone-colour speckled with almost black-purple,

14G0. ToTANUS HVPOLEUCUS (Temm.) — The Common Sandpiper.
A common cold weather visitant everywhere near water. All had left
by the end of May, about which date I shot one or two, but they showed no
signs of breeding.

1482. Scoi.oPAX RUSTicoLA (Linn.) — The Woodcock.
A rare winter visitant. One was shot a few miles up the Kurram river
about Christmas time,

1484. Gallinago cielestis (Dresser.)— The Common Snipe.
Common on the marshes near the river during March. They are then
passing up the Kurram Valley,

BIRDS COLLECTED AND OBSERVED AT THOLL. 347

1487. Gallinago gallindla (Bljth.)— The Jack Snipe.
Commou at the same time and the same places as the last. These birds, if
anything, arrive slightly earlier,

14S8. RosTRATOLA CAPENSis (Veill.)— The Painted Snipe.
Very rare. I was in the marshes daily during February and ?tTarch and
only saw one bird, which we shot — a female. This was about the middle of
March. One bird was also shot higher up the Kurram Valley.

1498. HvDKOPROGNE CASPIA (Kaup.)— The Caspian Tern.
Very rare. I only saw one party of seven birds on the 22nd May, 1898,
and shot one. They had evidently been blown down by a severe rain and
wind storm,

1499, Sterna anglica (Mont.)— The Gull-billed Tern.
A bird of passage during March, They were common during that month
all along the river, but ail had left before the end of the month.

1527. Phalacrocorax fdscicollis (Steph.) — The Indian Sbag.
Very rare. I shot one bird, the only one I saw, in February. It was diving
and feeding in a small back-water after severe rain up the Kurram
Valley.

1545. Platalea leucorodia (Linn.)— The Spoonbill,
Rare. I only saw them on one occasion, a flock of, perhaps, fifty birds flew
over me while I was fishing at the end of May. I followed them up and
shot one bird,

1555. Ardea cinerea (Linn.)~The Common Heron.
Not numerous, but a bird or two was to be seen at all seasons near the
river ; they were there at the end of June, so I presume they breed some-
where near.

1559, Herodias alba (Blyth,) — The Large Egret.
Rare and only a passenger, A few birds appeared about the middle of May
for a day or two ; one was shot and brought in to me, it was in splendid
breeding plumage.

1568, Nycticorax grisens (Blyth,)— The Night Heron,
A rare but, I presume, permanent resident. A party of five or six birds
used to fly over the Fort every evening about sunset the whole time
I was there.

1574, BoTAURDS STELLARis (Blyth.)— The Bittern.
A very rare winter visitor. One was shot while we were snipe-shooting at
the end of March, it was in a dense bed of reeds six feet high.

1588. Casarca rutila (Bonap.)— The Ruddy Sheldrake.
A rare visitor ; I only saw six birds the whole time. Four of them stayed
over a week on the river during April.

1592. Anas boscas (Linn.)— The Mallard.
Common during March, on the river ; they were then oa their way to their
breeding-grounds.

348 J0UENAL,B02fBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

1595. Chaulelasmus streperus (Bonap.^l — The Gadwall.
Common during passage with other ducks during March, one male was
shot out of a party of three in Ju:ie and brought in to me.

l?/97. Netium crecca (Kaup.)— The Common Teal.
Very common during February and March, numbers were shot daily on
the river.

1600. Dafila acuta (Biyth.)— The Pintail.
I saw only one flock of about a dozen of these ducks in March, they were
flying too far for a shot. They seem to be a rare duck in these parts.
1602. Spatula clypeata (Roie.) — The Shoveller.
Common during February and March with other duck. Many were shot
by the natives.

1604 Netta rufina (Kaup.) — The Hed-crested Pochard.
A few of these pochard were occasionally to be seen in March with other
duck, but not common.

1612. Mergus albellus (Linn.)— The Smew.
Eare. I saw two birds in the beginning of February, of which I shot one, a
female. They were in a small back-water of the river.

The above list is of course very incomplete owing to the small amount of
time I could devote to collecting, also the disturbed state of the country, I
saw numerous Warblers which I was unable to satisfactorily identify, as well
as many water birds. It was most interesting to watch the migration of the
various birds, and the time of their stay. The various duck only stayed a
very short time, and owing to every man being armed, and continuous firing
all day long, I undoubtedly missed seeing many species. The number of
Weai^rn species found here was also interesting, more so as I was fortunate
enough on one or two occasions to find their nests and eggs.

349

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW OR RARE TREES
FROM TRAVANCORE.

By T. F, Bourdillon, f.l.s., Conservator of Forests, Travancore.

[With 6 Plates.]
[Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 1th December, 1898.]

GUTTIFER^.

Garcmia Imberti, sp. nov. Plate I.

A medium sized tree. Leaves simple, opposite, entire, dark green,
elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate, base narrowed, 1-^ to 3 inches long by
I to 1^ broad. Petiole -it) inch. Inflorescence dioecious, terminal,
the male flowers 3, 6 or 9 together at the ends of brauchlets : the female
flowers borne singly or in pairs. Male flowers ^ inch diameter : female
flowers i inch, yellow, succulent, and sessile. Calj'x and corolla of both
sexes 4-lobed, much imbricated. Stamens of the male flowers in a
globose central mass, about 16. Staminodes in the female flowers
about 16 in a ring surrounding the ovary. Stigma broad, sessile,
convex. Ovary 2-celled, ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit about 1
inch long and broad and 2 iwcli thick, consisting of one or two seeds
enclosed in a leathery covering.

An evergreen tree 30 to 40 feet hish with a stem 1 foot in diameter.
Bark brown and white, smooth, j inch thick. Juice thin, sweet-scented.
Wood yellowish-grey, very hard, but liable to split. Pores medium to
small, scanty, evenly distributed. Medullary rays indistinct, annual
rings not visible. No heart. Weight 56 lbs. to the cubic foot. Value
of P.= 685.

Fairly common in the evergreen forests of South Travancore above
3,000 foet elevation, but very local.
Description of Plate I —

1. Branch of male tree,

2. Branch of female tree.

3. Column of stamens in male flower X 4.

4. Ovary of the female flower X 4.

5. Fruit — natural size.

Meliacb^.

Dysoxylum purpureum, sp. nov. " Kar agil." Plate II.

A very large tree. Leaves pinnate, about 15 inches long : leaflets 7
to 11, subopposite or alternate, narrowly ellliptic, dark green, acuminate,
5 to 8 inches long by 1| to 3 broad, glossy, veins 9 to 10 pair, conspic-
uous beneath: petiolules ^ inch. Inflorescence in terminal and leaf

350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

opposed, small pn nicies or spikes appearing in February to April. Flow-
ers about f inch long, hermaphrodite, pedicels \ inch. Calyx d-lobed,
green fleshy, lobes obtuse. Petals 4, fleshy, buff- coloured. Staminal
column tubular, mouth crenulate : anthers 8, large, included. Style
equalling'the column, thick, fleshy. Stigma large, appearing above the
column. Disk cup-shaped, toothed. Ovary 4-Gelled. Fruit, a smooth
round capsule 2 to 3 inches in diameter, ripening about October, seeds
3 to 4, large. A very large evergreen tree, up to 100 feet high and

3 feet in diameter, fairly common in the forests of the Ravi river from
1,000 to 2,000 feet, but very local, somewhat resembling D. malaharicum
but leaves darker, broader and softer.

Bark pale, smooth, wood reddish-brown, hard, not scented. Pores
small, evenly distributed. Medulary rays crossed by irregular bands of
white tissue. Annual rings marked by dark lines, but not distinct,
6 to an inch.

Weight 52 lbs. per cubic foot. P.-=708.
Description of Plate II —

1. Flowering branch with leaves.

2. Flowering branch.

3. Fruit — natural size.

4. Flower X 4.
Aqlaia mai(c, sp. nov. Plate III.

A medium-sized tree. Leaves alternate, pinnate, from ] to 2 feet
long. Leaflets 9 to 13, opposite and alternate, pale when young, very
glossy and dark green when old, elliptic, acuminate, quite entire, sides
often unequal, obscurely penniveined with about 1 5 pairs of veins,

4 to 9 inches by ^ to 2^. Petiolules ^ to | inch. Inflorescence in terminal
lax panicles, 8 to 15 inches long. I lowers polygamo dioecious, small,
globose, honey-scented, about ^ inch long by /^- inch broad, almost
sessile, j^ellowish. Calyx 5-lobed, imbricate. Petals 5, concave, imbri-
cate. Staminal tube subglobose, obscurely 5-toothed : anthers 5, large,
sessile, included. Ovary 2-celled, style very short. Fruit, a fleshy
berry, buff-coloured, downy, globose, | inch in diameter, containing one
large seed.

An evergreen tree found in the forests about Ariyaukam and
Colatoorpolay from 500 to 1,500 feet. Flowers in May and June. Fruit
ripens in August and September.

Journal Borotay Na.* Hist, Soc Vol XE.

PLATE

I

I

:s:fe^:^:::-

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--^'^

m"

M M. BourQi-Fion. delt.

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GARLTiNIA I\ffiERTI, Bouraill

Lith.ivChiti-a bilpi C^-

^""^

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW OR RARE TREES. 351

Bark mottled brown and white, rather smooth, \ inch thick.
Wood moderately hard, very fragrant, pale brown, very strong, medul-
lary rays fine, numerous. Pores medium-sized. Annual rings indis-
tinct. No heart.

Weight 70 lbs. per cubic foot. P.=1061.

Description of Plate HI —

1. Flowering branch with leaves.

2. Fruit — natural size.

3. Section of fruit — natural size.

4. Seed — natural size.

5. Staminal tube X 4.

6. Do. showing stamens X 4.

COMBRETACE^.

Terminalia angustijolia, Roxh. *' Pei kadakkay " " Sula maruthu. "
Plate IV.

Leaves simple, alternate, or snbopposite, entire, narrowly elliptic
to lanceolate, accuminate, glabrous, pale green, 2 to 4 inches by 1| inch.
Venation pellucid. Petiole ^ to f inch. Flowers small in terminal
and axillary panicles, hermaphrodite ; each flower about | inch diameter,
cream-coloured, sessile. Calyx 5-cleft, tomentose. Petals none.
Stamens 10, much exserted, filaments long. Style simple. Ovary
l-celled with 2 or 3 ovules. Fruit a drupe about | inch long and 2
inch broad, brown mottled with w^hite, containing one 5-angled stone.

A very large tree found in the evergreen forests about Colatoorpolay,
Ariyaukam and Acchankovil, ailied to T. chehula^ but very different
to it in appearance, and found in evergreen forests, whereas T.
chehula occurs only in the deciduous grass forests. The fruit also is
very much smaller. Flowers in May and June. Fruit ripens in
January.

Barli pale brow^n, smooth, ^ inch thick. Heart- wood small, hrowri,
sap-wood yellowish-white, thick. Wood moderately hard, very good ;
fibre long, fine, and straight.

Weight 51 lbs. per cubic foot. P.== 1012.

This tree w^as seen by Roxburgh, who found it in Travancore, but
C. B. Clarke in " Flora Britannica ludica," ii, 449, regards it as a
doubtful species, which it certainly is not.

362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XII-

Description of Plate IV —

1. Flowering branch with leaves.

2. Panicle of flowers — natural size.

3. A flower X 4.

4. The ovary X 4.

5. Fruit — natural size.

RUABICE^.

Canthium psrgracile, sp. nov. *' Palaga." Plate V.

Leaves opposite, simple, entire, narrowly elliptic, acuminate,
narrowed to tha base, dark green, very glossy ; veins conspicuous
bnt distant ; size 2 to 3 inches by | to 1 inch ; petiole ^ to | inch ;
stipules small, acute. Flowers hermaphrodite, small, in axillary
cymes, ]0to20 together, yellowish-green, j inch long and broad,
pedicels slender, ^ inch loug. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes very short,
corolla campauulate, lobes 5, valvate ; reflexed ; throat villous. Stamens
5, alternate, with petal inserted between them, filaments short, anthers
large. Style very long, stigma large, capitate. Ovary 2-celled, with 1
ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe, dark green and smooth, from | to 1
inch long and broad, and containing 2 hard pyrenes.

A very graceful tall tree ; up to 80 feet high and 1| foot in diameter,
unarmed, found in the evergreen forests near Colatoorpolay at an
elevation of 500 feet or so. Flowers in February : fruit ripens in
August and September.

Bark light brown, rather rough, J inch thick. No heart, wood pale
brown, straight grained, moderately hard. Pores small and numerous.
Medullary rays fine. Annual rings marked by dark lines about 16 to inch.

Weight 48 lbs. per cubic foot. P. =- 870.
Description of Plate V —

1. Flowering branch— natural size.

2. Flower X 4.

3. Ovary X 4.

4. Section of fruit — natural size.

5. Fruit — natural size.

Ebenace^.
Diospyros hnmllis, sp. nov. " Velloi thuvarei." Plate VI.
Leaves simple, alternate, entire, narrowly elliptic, acuminate.
1 to 3 inches by | to 1 inch, glabrous above, veins indistinct. Petiole

Jo-arjial. Bomta/ lla.t. Hist.. Soc.Yol.Sl.

.PL^TE V.

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i

Litll: tj CLltrsL Sipi C?

CAl^TTHIUM PEHGRACJLE, Bcmrdillon.

Journal. Boml>ay ITat. Hist. Soc.Vol Xil-

rLA-_ h VI

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lyl.M. Baiardillon. delt .

DIOSPYROS HUMILIS, Som-dillc

Litli: l-^r Cjiitra Silpi C?

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW OR RARE TREES. 353

y^ iuch. Brauchlets and undersides of leaves downy. Flowers dioeci-
ous, small, numerous, sessile, white, turning black in drying, solitary
or in fascicles. Male flowers ^ inch, with a long tube to the corolla.
Calyx and corolla 4-lobed. Stamens 16 to 20, of unequal length and
connected at their bases. Female flowers J inch long. Calyx cleft
half way, downy, 4-lobed, not accrescent in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed,
white, glabrous. Ovary 4-Gelled, with one ovule in each cell. Stami-
nodes about 4. Stigmas 4, black. Fruit globose, succulent, green,
smooth, about g to | inch in diameter, containing 3 to 4 seeds. Albu-
men equable (?).

A small tree of the evergreen forests at elevations about 2,000 feet,
near Merchiston estate. Height 30 feet. Diameter 10 inches. Flowers
in March and April. Fruit in June.

Bark J inch thick, green and black-mottled. No heart. Wood
hard, dull greyish-brown tinged with purple, with small patches of black
near the centre, coarse and rough. Medullary rays extremely fine. Pores
very small, arranged in radial lines. Annual rings none. Weight 54
lbs. per cubic f jot. P.=579.
Description of Plate VI —

1. Flowering branch with flowers — female tree.

2. Part of female branch.
'6. Part of male branch.

4. Ovary X 4.

5. Stamens X 4.

6. Fruit — natural size.

7. Section of fruit — natural size.

354

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA.

By G. MAiiyHALL Woodrow, Professor of Botany,

College of Science, Poona.

Part VL.

( Continued from page 176 of this Volume?}

CVII. — BlGNONJACE^,

2. MilUngtonia.

M. hortensis, L.-/., F.B.I. — IV-378, Cowla Nlm. Planted widely. Oct.-Nov.

3. Uroxylum.

0. indiciim, Vent., f.b.i.— IV-378. Tetu. Peiut Taluka. W. Ghats. M ly, July.

4. Tecoma.

T. stans, Jiiss., D. C, Prod.— IX-224. Planted widely.

T. undulata, G. Don., f.b.i. — IV-378, Rahta rolikla. Lohero. W. Kandeish,

Bunass River. Gujerat, Dalzell. Mar.-Apl.

5. Doltchandrone.

D. falcata, Seem., f.b.i.— IV-380. Morslung, Mershing. Poona. May.

D. Lawii, Seem., F.B.I, — IV-380. iledashingi. Konkan. N. Kanara. Mar,

May,

6. Heterophragma.

H, Eoxburghii, DC., f.b.i. — IV-381, Warns, Varasa. Poona. W. Ghats. Dec,

8, Stereos perm um.

S, chelonoides, DC., f.b,i. — IV-382. Pddal. Ginsingmara, Khandalla,

Bankot, Apl.-May,
S. sauveoleus, DC, f,b,i. — IV-382. Parul, Patala, Kdlgari. Poona, planted Apl,
S. xylocarpum, TFij/ii, f.b.i. — IV-383. Kadashinga,Kursing. Peint Apl.

9, Panjanelia.

P. Rheedii, Z)6'., f.b.i.— IV-384, Yellapm- Taluka. Talbot. Cold Season,

Parmentiera (Tropical America),
P. cerifera, Candle tree of Panama. W. I. Club Garden, Poona.

C VIII. — Pedalin e^,

1. Pedalium.

P. murex, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-386. Malvi gokharu. Badami. Shrivardhan. Oct.

2. Sesamum..

S. indicum, DC., f.b.i,— IV-387. Ted. Cult. Aug.-Sept,

S, laciniatum, Klein., f.b,i,— IV-387, Badami. Oct,

CIX— Acanthacb^,

1. Thunbergia.

T. fmgrans, Roxb., f.b,i.— IV-390. Chimine. Panchgani. Oct,

T, alata, 5o;er, f,b.i,— I V-391. Cult.

T. liawlayneana, T-FaW., f.b.i.— IV-391. Dharwar,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN TNDTA. 355

T. grandiflora, Roxb., k.b.i— IV-392. Cult, Gardens.

T. mysorensis, T. Anders., f.b.i.— IV-393. Planted Mahabl. Poona. Near

Gairsoppa, Talbot. Nov .-Jan.
2. Eli/traria.

B. crenata, Vahl., f.b.i. -IV-394. Das7norl. Ahmedabad. Oct.

3. Nelsonia.

N. campestris, Br., f.b.i.— IV-394. 23 miles East of Rutnagiri. Jan.

4. Ebermaiera.

E. glauca, Nees., f.b.i.— IV-395. S, Konkan, Dahell.

E. zeylaniea, Nees., f.b.i.— IV-397. Warree Jungles, Dahell.

6. Cardanthera.

C. balsamica, Benth., f.b.i.— IV-404. Siddapur, A. P. Young. Mar.
C. pinnatitida, >Be«<^., F.B.I.— IV-405. Divimana, N. Kanara. Feb.

7. Hygrophila.

H. polysperma, T. Anders., f.b.i. — IV-406. Verawal. Rajkot.

H. serphyllum, T. Anders., f.b.i. — IV-406. W. Ghats, widely. Sept.-Jan.
H. spinosa, T. Anders., f.b.i. — IV-408. Kolista Kolasundd Talimkhana,

Ekara, Deccan, widely. June- Jan.
9, Calophanes.
C. Nagchana, Nees., f.b.i.— IV-410. Dang. Nasik. Apr,

C. Dalzellii, T. Anders., f.b.i. — IV-411. Dang. Poena. May.

10. Ruellia.
R, patula, Jacq.^ f.b.i. — IV-412. Katmora. Deccan. June-Nov.

R. longifolia, T. .4«(Zers , F.B.I, — IV-412, Scind, Stocks.

12. Petalidium.

P. barlerioides, iV^ees., F.B.I. — IV-416. Bansda, Dang. Feb.-April.

13. Phaylopsis.

P. parviflora, V/illd., f.b.i. — IV-417. Akkinachori . Badami. Jan.

1 4. Dcednlacanthus.

D, nervosus, T. Anders., f.b.i. — IV.-419. 12 miles west "f Poena. Dec.

D. roseus, T. Anders., f.b.i. — IV-419. Dasamuli. Konkan. Nov.-Jan,

D. purpurescens, T. Anders., F.B.I. — IV-420. Konkan. Nov.-Jan.

D. montanus, T. Anders., f.b.i. — IV-421. Ghats near Dhirwar. Dahell^

] 5. Hemigraphis.
H. dura, T. Anders., f.b.i.— IV-422. Gantelbu. Surat, Gadak, Jan.

H. latebrosa, Nees., f.b.i. — IV-422. Rewadanda. Marmagoa, Dec.

H. elegans, Nees., f.b.i. — IV-424. Nasik, Jan.

18, Strobilanthes.
S. barbatus, Nees., f,b.i, — IV-437. Castle Rock, Matheran, Oct.-Nov.

S. warreensis, Dak., f.b.i. — IV-439. Nilkund Ghat. Feb.

S. ciliatus, Nees , f,b,i. — IV-439. Sawantwadi, Nov.

S. lupulinus, Nees., p,b,i.— IV-443. Ram Ghclt, Belgaum, Ritchie.

S, Heynean us, iVees., F.B.i, — IV-443, Castle Eock. Matheran. Oct.-Nov,

356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

S. ixiocephalus, 5«ni/*., F.R.I. — TV-444. Waiti.\\r\got\&. M'war. Dec.-Jan.
S. scrobiculatus, Dtilz., f.b.i, — IV-445. Mahableshwar. Nov.

S. callosus, iV«-es., F.B.I. — lV-451. Karw!,Kara, Karoica. Mahableshwar. Oct.
S. leticulatus, Staph., Kew Bull., IS94, tol.Sil. Mahableshwar, Oct.

S. asper, Wgt., F.n.i, — IV-452. Santaveri. Dec.

S. sessilis, Nees., var. b'essiloides, Wt., f.b.i, — IV-452. Ambooli. Jan.

S. perfoliatus, T. Anders., f.b.i. — IV-458. Matheran, Kadgal, N. Kanara.

Jan.-Feb.

19. Calacanthus.

C, Dalzelliana, T. Atidem., f.h.i. — IV-478. Matheran. Lonauli. Oct.-Jan.

20. BlepJiaris.

B. asperrima, Nees., f.b.i. — IV-478. AJcada. M'war. Rewadanda. Oct.
B. boerhaavifolia, Pers., f.b.i. — IV-478. Surat. Ahmd. Eajkot. Oct.-Dec.

B. molluginifolia, Pei-s., f.b.i.— IV-479. Kanti Maha. Badami. Karnalee.

Guzerat. Sept.-Oct.
B. sindica, StocJcs., f.b.i. — IV-479. Jasad. Bulokhan, Sind. Aug.

21. Acanthus.

A. ilicifolius, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-481. Marandi. Thana Creek. Karwar.

Apl.-May,

22. Barleria.

B. Prionitis, Zv"«n., f.b.i.— IV-482. Pivala Koranti. Kalsunda. Matheran.

Deccan, widely. Nov.

B. Hochstettari, Nees., f.b.i.— IV-483. Sind.

B. acanthoides, Vahl., f.b.i. — IV-484. Sind, Oct,

B. tomentosa, 5o<^., F.B.I.— IV-485. Badami. Nov.

B. involucrata, Nees,, f.b.i, — IV-485. Ambooli Ghat. Oct.

B. Lawii, r. /l7;fZe7-s., F.B.I. ,-lV-486. Shinvaghad. Oct.

B. sepalosa, Chirhe, f.b.i. — IV-417. Konkan. Gibson,

B, montana,i\^ees„ F.B.I.— IV- 487. W. Ghats, Oct.
B, Gibsoni, Dalz., f,b.i.— IV-487.

B. grandiflora, Dalz., f.b.i.— IV-488. W. Ghats. Oct.

B. cristata, Linn , f.b.i. — IV-488. Gokran. W. Ghats and Deccan Hills. Dec.

B. courtallica, Nees., f.b.i.— IV-489. Arbail Ghats, N. Kanara. Feb.

B. Stocksii, T. Anders., f.b.i,— IV-489. Bababiidan Hills, Stocht.
B. strigosa, Willd., f.b.i.— IV-489.

var. terminalis, f.b.i, — IV. Kali Koranta, M^ahii. Vingorla.Marmagoa. Dec.

B. lupulina, Ldl. D.C., Prod. XI-237. Gardens.

23, Neuracanthus.

N, trinerviua, IFf., F,B,i.~IV-4ijl. Khandalla. Dec.-Jan.

N. spuerostachys, Dalz., f.b.i.— IV-491. Khandalla. Pen. Sept.-Oct.

24. Crossandra.

C. undulifolia, SaZisi&., f.b.i.— IV-492. Aboli. Kumpta. June-Jan.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA.

357

25. Asy stasia,

A. coromandeliana, Nees., f.b.i.— IV-493. W. Ghats. Nov.-Dec.

A. violacea, Dalz., f.b.i.— IV-493. Mathersn. Bassein. Nov,

A, Lawiana, Dalz., f.b.i.— IV-496. Belgaum. Poona. Aug.-Oct.

26, Eranthemum.
E. malabaricum, Clarke, f.b.i. — IV-497.
E. bicolor.

28. Andrographis.
A, paniculata, ^ees., F.B.I. — IV-501. Oleikaryet.
A. Neesiana, Wgt., f.b.i. — IV-504.
A. echioides, Nees., f.b.i. — IV-505. Guz. Karnala,

29. Haplanihus.

H. verticillaris, iVees., F.B.I.— I V-506. ^aferi.: Mahableshwar. Sinvaghad. Dec.
H. tentaculatus, Nees., f.b.i.— IV-507. Surat. Marmagoa. Dec.

30. Gymnostachyum.
Gr. glabrum, T. Anders., f.b.i.— IV-509.
G. canescens, T. Anders., f.b.i.— IV-50S.
G. latifolium, T. Anders., f.b.i.— IV-509.

31. Phlogacanthus.
P. curviflorus, Nees., f.b.i. — lV-511.

34. Lepidagathis,
L. criatata, Willd., f.b.i.— IY-516. Bat Gend.
L. mitis, Dah., f.b.i, — IV-516.

Marmagoa. Dec.
Gardens.

Honawar. Dec,

Badami. Sept.-Nov.

Castle Rock. Jan.

Kanara Ghats, Law.

Castle Rock. Dec.

Cult. Gardens.

Deccan. Oct.-March.
Belgaum, Dalzsll.

L. trinervius, iVees,, f.b.i.— IV-517. Pahlanpur. Perim, Kathiawad, Nov. -Feb.

L. lutea, Dalz., f.b.i,— IV-517.

L. clavata, Dalz., f.b.i. — IV-518.

L. prostrata, Dalz., f.b.i. — IV-518.

L. rigida, Dalz., f,b,i.— IV-518.

L. cuspidata, Neea., f.b.i. — IV-519. Akhara.

L. calycina, Hochst., f.b.i. — rV-519.

L. scariosa, Nees., t.b.i, — IV-520.

L. hyalina, lYeea., f.b.i. — IV-521.

L. faaciculata, Nees., f.b.i. — IV-522.

38. Justicia,
J. montaua, Wall., f.b.i. — IV-525.
J, Betonica, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-525.

var. ramosissima.
J. trinervia, Vahl., f.b.i. — IV-525.
J. glauca, Roth., f.b.i.— IV-529.
J. heterocarpa, T. Anders., f.b.i. — IV-531,
J. Gendarussa, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-532. Tew.
Ji. wynadenais, Wall., f.b.i. — IV-533.

Jaighur. Dec.

Marmagoa. Dec.

Scind, T. Anderson.

W. Ghats. Dec-Mar.

Sind, Stocks.

N. Kanara. May.

Yacombi, N. Kanara. Feb.

Sangameshwar. Dec.

Mahableshwar.

Badami. Aug.-Occ.

Porebunder, Nov.

Cult. Nov.-Jan.

Marmagoa. Dec.

358 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, Xll.

J. micrantha, Wall., f.b.i. — IV-536. Vingorla, Dalzell. Aug.

J. quinquangularis, Koen., f.b.i. — IV-636. Badami.

J. quinquangularis, var. peploides. Poona. Oct.- Apr.

J. diflEusa, TriVW., f.b.i.— IV-538. Pooua. Oct-Dec.

J. simplex, Don., f.b.t. — IV-539. Pahlanpore. Rajkote. Dec.

J. simplex, var. serpyllifolia, Benth. Badami, N. Kanara. Noy.-Dec.

J, procumbens, Linn. Karambal Kalmashi. Deccan. Oct.-Mar,

39. Adhatoda.

A. yasica, Neex.,v.u.i. — ■IV-540. Adulsa, Karav. Guzerat to N. Kanara. Aug.

40. Rhinacanthus.

R. communis, iVees., F.B.I. — IV-541. Gajaharni. M'war. Gardens. Oct.-J an.

Dianthera. {West Indies).

D. secunda (Rhytiglossa), DC, Prod.— XI-340. Bot. Mag. 2060. Gardens. Oct.-

Nov.
Jacobinia {Central America).
J. (Drejera) boliviensis, Z?C'., Prod.— XI-334. Gardens,

44. Echolium.

E.Linneanum, Kurs,, f.b.i. — IV-544. RanaboU. Dahhtvaduha. Matheran.

Nov.-Dec.

E. Linneanum var. dentata. Karanja. Sept.

45. Graptoj/hyllum.

G. horfcense,iVees., F.B.I.— IV-545. Gardens.

46. Rungia.

R. crenata, r. .l?jc?ers., F.B.I.— IV-547. Kanara. Lflio. Konkan, S^oc^s,

Belgaum, Ritchie.
R. linifolia, Nees., f.b.i. — IV-548. Banks of Kala Nadi.

R. repens. Nees., f.b.i. — IV-549. Dandali, N. Kanara. Jan.

R. elegans, Dalz., f.b.i.— IV-549. Dharwar. Poona. Sept.

R. parviflora, Nees., f.b.i. — IV-550. Kalinachi, Turmura. W. Ghats. Jan.-Feb.
R. parviflora, var. pectinata. Turbura. Pauvel. Marmagoa. Dec.-Feb,

47. Dicliptera.

D. zeylanica, Nees., f.b.i. — IV-552. W. Ghats. Dec.-Jan.

D. cuneata, Nees., f.b.i. — IV-552. Mawal. Jaronda Hill. Jan.

D. micranthos, Nees., f.b.i. — lV-553. Amaphutavani. Sahkpur, Sind. Oct.

48. Peristrophe.

P. bicalyculata, Ncs., f.i.b. — IV-5o4. Poona. Surat. Sind. Nov.

49. Uypoestes.

H. lanata, Dalz., f.c.i.,— IV-557. Konkan.

CXI. — Verbenace^.
2. Lantana.
L. indica, i^x6., f.b.i.— lV-56i, Jamnager. Jooncr. Sep.-Jan.

L. oamara, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-562. Tantani. Spread widely. All the Year.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 359

3. Lippia.

L. nodiflora, Rich., f.b.i. — IV-563. Boolean (Siudj. Deccan. Guzerat.

Sind. All the Year.

4. Bouchea.

B. marrubifolia, Sc^auer, F.B.I.— I"V-564. Siad.

5. Stachytarpheta.

S. indica, Vahl,, f.b.j. — IV-5o4. Weed in Gardens. Aug.-Nov.

S. mutabilis, Vahl., DC, Prod. — XI-565. Gardens. Aug.-Nov.

6. Priva.

P. leptostachya, Juss., f.b.i. — IY-565. Bijapur. Sind. Dec. -Jan.

7. Fcr6ett<r,

V. venosa, Gill, DC., Prod.— XI-541. Planted. Sinvaghad.

V. officinalis, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-565. A weed in gardens. Sept,

Citliarexylum.

C. subserratutn, Swartz., DC, Prod.— XI-614. Gardens. Nov -Dec.

Duranla.

D. Plumieri, Jao^., DC, Prod.-XI-615. Planted. June-Dec,
- " - 9. Callicarpa.

C. lanata, Z-mn., f.b.i.— IV-567. Aisur. Khandalla. Castle Rock. Nov.-Feb.

10. Tectona.

T. grandis,//./., f.b.i.— lV-578. Saga.Sagnvan. Deccan Hills and Konkan.Aug,

11. Premna.

P. scandens, Roxh., f.b.i.- lV-573. Guradwel. Matheran. Oct.

P. coriacea, Clarice, F.B.I.— IV-573. Khandalla.

P. integrifolia, Linn., f.b.i,— lV-574.
P. latifolia, Roxh., f b.i.— lV-577.

12. Gmeltna.

0, ^Thorea,Linn., F.B.^.-iy-bSl. Sievan,Bothee. Dang. Mawal. Feb.-Mar.

G asiatica, £m«., F.B I.-IV-582. Lahan Shivan. Poena,

G. Hyxttix, Kurz., f.b.i.- IV-582. Gardens.

13. Vitex.

V. negundo, Linn., f.b.i.— IV-583. Nirguri, Nagocla. W. Ghats. Konkan. Jan.
V. altissima, Linn, f.b.i,-IV-584. Banalgay. Yacumbi, N. Kanara. July-Feb.
V alata,J/e2/ne,F.B.l.-lV-584. Limbagaon. Sattara. May.

V. leucoxylon, Linn., F3.I-IV-587. Atgaon, Thana. Limbagaon. Mar.

14. Clerodtndrnn.

C inerme, Ga^rin., r.B.l.-IV-589. Koirrale, Wanjai, Nurwale. Konkan.

Guzerat, Nov.-Jan.
• C. pblomoides, Li.n., f.b.i.- IV-590. Airan, Takle. Surat. Broach.^Thana.

360 JOURNAL, BOMB A Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xll.

C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.

c.
c.
c.
c.

H.

s.
s.

c.

A.

A.

M.

0.
0.
0.

P.
P.
P.

calamitosura, Linn,, f.b.i. — IV-591. Gardens. Bombay. Sep .-Oct.

nutans, Wall., f.b.i.— IV-591. Gardens. Aug.-Sept.

serratum, tS/jr., F.B.I. — IV-592. Bhdrangi. W. Ghats. Purandhur. Aug,
infortunatunijG'opriK., f.b.i. — IV-594. Kuri,Bhandira. W. Ghats. Aug.-Sept.

Gardens.

Gardens.

Gardens.
Gardens.
Gardens.
Gardens.

Gardens.

June-Dec.
Sept. -Oct.
Oct.
Sept.-Oct.
Sept.-Nov.
Sept.-Dec,

Sept.

Washind, Thana. Mar,
Belgaum.

Gardens.

Buchanani, Ro.rb., f.b.i.— IV-596.
Siphonanthus, Br., f.b.i.— IV-595.
aculeatum, Linn., DC, Prod. — X[-656.
emirense, Bojor., DC., Prod.— XI-66I.
fragrans, Vent., DC, Prod.— XI-666.
Thomsonae, Bot. Mag., 5313.

15. Holmskioldia.
sanguinea, Retz., f.b.i. — IV-596.

20. Si/mphorema.
involucratum, Roxh., f.b.i. — IV-599,
polyandrum, Wight, f.b.i.— IV-599.

22. Gongea.
tomentosa, var. azurea, Roxb., f.b.i. — IV-.604.

23. A vicennia.
officinalis, Linn,, f.b.i. — IV-604. Tivar. Bombay, Seashore. May-June.

CXII. — LABIATEif,

1. Ocimum.
canum, Sipis., f.b.i. — IV-607. Rantulasa. Eeccan, widely. July-Nov.

Basilicum, Linn., P.u.i. — IV-608. Sahja Kama-Kasturi. Cultivated,

gratissimum, Linn., f.b.i.— IV-608. Malitulas, Ramtulas.
adscendens, WilUK, f.b.i. — IV-608. Common, Dalzell.

sanctum, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-608. Cultivated.

2. Geniosporum.
prostratum, Benth., f.b.i. — ^IV-610. S. Konkan, Nimmo.

4. Plalysoma.

flaccidum, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-611. Konkan on the Kala Nudi, Dahell.

5. Acrocephalm.
capitatus, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-61].

6. Moschosma.
polystachyum, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-612.

7. Orthosiphon.
pallidus, Boyle, f.b.i.— IV-61 3.
tomentosum, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-613.
tomentosum, var. glabratum

8. Plectraiithu&.
Stocksii, Hooh. f., f.b.i.— IV-618.
Wightii, Benth., f.b.i.— IV-61 9,
menthoides, Benth^ f.b.i.— lV-620.

Poladpur, Vingorla. Oct.

Nadiad, Ahmedabad. Not.

Deccan, widely.

Narel, Pali. July.

Konk»D, Stocks.

Mahableahwar, Londa. Oct.

Fancbgani, Siaghur. Dec.

TEE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 361

P. incanus, ii'nifc., F.B.I. — IV-621. Lal-agadha. Poona, Khandalla. Sept.
P. subinciaus, 5en<A., P.B.I. — IV-621. Poona. 8ept.

9. Coleus.
C. spicatns, Benih., f.b.i. — IV-624. Gokak Coast, North of Bassein. Feb.
C. barbatus, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-625. Mdin'tnool, Garmal, Mawal. Guzerat. Sept.

C. aromaticus, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-625. Fathur-chur, Oioa. Cult. Gardens.

C. Blamei. Garden Coleus. Gardens. Dec.-Feb,

10. Anisochilus.
A. carHosns, Wall., f.b.i. — lV-6"27. Kapurli, Pan-jiray. Mawal. Sept.

A, eriocephalus, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-627. Konkan Ghats, Sward, Dalzell.

A. adenanthus, Dalz. & Gibs., f.b.i. — IV-630. Panchgani. Oct.

10.« Hi/ptis.
H. sauYeolens, Poit., f.b.i. — IV-630. Marmagoa.

11. Lavandula.

L. Gibsoni, Grah., f.b.i. — IV-631. Niwali. Sinvagad. Jan.-May.

L. Bnrmanni, 5cni^, f.b.i. — lV-631. Gor'ea. Deccan, widely.

12. Pogostemon,

P. paniculatus, Benth., f.b.i. — IV-631. Halyal. N. Kanara. Dec.

P. plectranthoides, Desf., f.b.i. — IV-632. Poona. Jan.-Feb.

P. purpurascens, Dalz., f.b.i. — IV-632. Pangala. W. Ghats.

P. parviflorus, Benth., f.b.i, — ^IV-632. Pangala. Sulgeri, N. Kanara. Dec.-Jan.
P. Patchouli, Pell., f.b.i.— IV-633. Pach. Gardens.

13. Dysophylla,

I>. myauroides, Benth., f.b.i.— IV-638. Mahableshwar. Jan.

D. salicifolia, Bah., f.b.i.— IV-638. Mahableshwar Hills, Gihion.

D. auricularia, Bl., f.b.i.— IV-638. Belgaum, Ritchie.
D. quadrifolia, Benth., f.b.i.— IV-639, Malwan., Dahell.
D. stellata, Bmth., f.b.i.— IV-640. Belgaum, Law.
D. tomentosa, Dalz., f.b.i.— IV-641. Malwan, Dalzell.
D. gracilis, Dalz., f.b.i.— IV-641. Phonda Ghat, Ritchie.
D. erecta, Dalz., f.b.i.— IV-641. Walwan, Dahell.
D. Stockaii, Booh. /., F.B.I.-IV-641. Konkan, StiicJcs.

14. Colehrookia.

C. oppositifolia, Sm., f.b.i.— IV-642. Bahmini. W. Ghats, widely. Jan.-May.

18. Mentha.
M. viridis, L., DC, Prod.-XIT-168. Spearmint. Gardens.

M. piperita, L., DC, Prod.— XII-1 69. Peppermint. Gardens.

M. arvensis, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-648. Pudina.

20. Origanum,

0. Vulgare,Zinn., F.B.I.— IV-648. Murwa, Marjoram. Gttltifated.

21. Thymm.

T. SerpylluiB., Linn., f.b.i.-^IV-648. Thyme-. Gardens

362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

M. capitellata. Benth,, f.b.i
M,

Mahableshwar. May.

Gardens.

Kinro.

S.

s.
s.

N.
N.

S.

A.

A.
A.

L.

L.

L.
L.
L.
L.
L.

L.
L.
L.
L.
L,
L.
L.
L.
L.

23. Micromeria.
-IV-549.

27. Meriandra.
bengalensis, Benth., f.r.i.— IV-653. Kafurkapatta.

28. Salvia,
lanata, Roxb., f.b.i. — IV-654.
plebeia, Br., f.b.i.— IV-655. Thorla Aginthamba.
regyptiaca, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-656. Tulcra.
segyptiaca, var. pumile. TuTchm Malanga. Jooneer. Karachi. Rajkot. Not.

Dec.
coccinea, Linn., DC., Prod.— XII-343.
involucrata, Cav., DC, Prod.— XII-333.
farinacea, Benth., DC, Prod.— XII-302.

29. Nepeta..
ruderalis, Ham., f.b.i. — lV-661.
bombaiensis, Dalz., f.b.i. — IV-661.

32. Scutellaria.
discolor, Coleh., f.b.i.— IV-G67.

36. Anisomeles.
Heynean!*, Benth., p.b.i. — IV-672. Sambarboradu

Sinvagad.

Gardens.

8ept.-Feb.

Malanffa.

GardenSi

Gardens.

Konkan.
Aug.-Sept.

Castle Rock. Oct.

Badami, Deccan.
Konkan. Jan.
Sinvagad. Aug.
Katriz Ghat. Oct.-Nov.

Santaveri. Bombay. Sept.

ovata, Br., f.b.i.— IV-672. Gopali.
malabarica, Br., f.b.i. — IV-673. Mugbir.

41. Leonurus.
sibiricus, Linn., f.b.i, — IV-678.

45. Leucas.
urticsefolia, Br., f.b.i. — IV-680. Koomba. Ahmedabad. Deccan, widely. Nov.
montana, Spr., f.b.i. — IV-682. Purandhur. Bhor. Dec.-May.

mollisima, Wall., f.b.i.— IV-682. Sinvaghad. Juggal Peit. N. Kanara. Nov.
procumbens, Desf., f.b.i. — IV-683. Kanara, Ritchie.

biflora, 5r., f.b.i. — IV-683. Bala. Guzerat. Deccan, widely. Nov.

longifolia, 5en</i., F.B.I. — lY-QSi. Shetwad, Dudani Goma. Deccan, widely.

July-Jan.
stelligera, Wall., f.b.i. — IV-686. Burumbi.
vestita, Benth., f.b.i.— IV-686.
ciliata, Benth., f.b.i — IV-687.
stricta, Benth., f.b.i,— TV-688.
nutans, Spr., f.b.i.— IV-688,
martinicensis, Br., f.b.i. — IV-688.
Cephalotes, Spr., f.b.i.- IV-689. Tumba.
diffusa, Benth., P,B,i.— IV-G89. Borang.

Mahableshwar. Jan.

Badami. Aug.

Mahableshwar. Jan.-Mar.

Karlimati, Dharwar. Aug.

Karlimati. Aug.

Karli, Poona, Oct.- Feb.

Chandod, Guzerat. Nov.

Badami. Oct.

aapera, Spr.^ f.b.i, — ^IV-690, Thurdari baji, Tamba,

Deccan, Oct.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 303

46. Leonotis.
L. nepotaefolia, Br., f.b.i. — IV-691, Dipmal, Matiml. Deccan, Konkan,

widely. Sept.-Oct,
CXIII. — Plantagin/E.

1 . Plantago.

P. major, Lhm., f.b.i. — IV-70J. Bdrtang. Poona. Sept.-Feb.

P. Stocksii, Boiss., f.b.i. — IV-706. Khirtar Mountains, .7. E. M. James. Mar.
P. amplexicaulis, Cav., f.b.i. — IV-70G, Gajpipali. Boogta ITills, S-ind, Vicary .
P. ovata, f'ors/t., F.B.I. — IV-707. Isabghol. Sind, Stocks.

P. oiliata, D^sf., f.b.i.— IV-707. Khirtar Mts., J. E. M. James. Mar.

CXXVIII.— Nyctagine^.

2. Boerhaavia,

B. repens, Z,2u«., F.B.I. — ^I'V-709. Vasu, GhetuU. Deccan, Guzerat. Sind, Nov.
B. repanda, Willd., f.b.i. — IV-709. Pungali. Deccan. Oot.-Nov.

B. verticillata, Poir., f.b.i. — IV-710. Sutura. Deccan, Konkan, Kathywar.

Aug.-Dec.
B. fruticosa, Dalz., f.b.i. — IV-710. Joonneer Fort, Dalzell.

B. elegans, Chois., f.b.i. — IV-710. Sind, Stocks.

3. Pisonia.

P. alba, Span., f.b.i. — IV-711. Chinai Salit. Gardens.

3Iirahilis.
M. jalapa, L., DC, Prod. — Xin-426. Gulbas, Guldbash. Gardens. Aug.-Dec.
CXXIX. — Illecebeace^.
2. Comet es.

C. surattensis, Burm., p.b.i. — IV-712. Sind. Jan.

CXXX. — Amarantace^.
2. Celosia.
C. argentea, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-714. Kurdu, Very widely. Oct.-Dec.

C. criatata, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-715. Cockscomb. Cult, and as an escape, Oct.-
Dec.
C. pulchella, 3Iog., f.b.i. — IV-715. Santavori, Talbot. Dec.

C. polygonoides, Retz., f.b.i. — IV-715. Badami. Nov.

5. Allmania.

A. nodiflora, Br., f.b.i. — IV-717. Purandhar. Badami. Nov.

6. Digera.

D. arvensis, Forsk., f.b.i. — IV-717. Lulir, Kanjaro. Deccan, Guzerat, Sind.

Oct.-Nov.

7. Amarantus.

A. spinosus, Zmn,, F.B.I. — ^IV-718. Katematha. Widely. Sept_

A. paniculatus, Linn., f.b.i — IV-718. Rdjagird. Cult,

A. caudatus, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-719. Love lies bleeding. Cult

A, gangeticus, Lmn., f,b,i. — ^IV-719, Math. Cult.

3G4 JOURNAL, B03JBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII-

A. mangostanus, Lfnn., f.b.i, — IV-720, Pokala. Gardens. Cult.

A. viridis, Linn., f.B.i. — IV-720.

A, Blitum, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-721. Tandulza.

A, polygamus, Linn,, F.n.i. — IV-721. Tandulza, Chauli. Poona. Dec. -Mar.

A. tenuifolius, Willd,, f.b.i. — IV-722. Tandulza, Choivlia.

9. Pupalia,
P. atropurpurea, Mog., f.b.i. — IV-723. Gardens.

P. orbiculata, Wight., f.b.i. — IV-724, Sind.

P. lappacea, Mog., f.b.i. — IV-724. Daliya^ Antrihi. Badami. Champaner.

Sept.- Jan.

11. Psilostachys.

P. sericea, floo7i'. /., f.b.i.— IV-726. Perim. Katiawad. Jan.

12. Nothoscerua.

N. brachiata, Wight, f.b.i.— IV-726. Surat, Nov.

13. j3^erua.

M. javanica, /i^ss., F.B.I. — IV-727. Buh-wado (Sind). Shikarpur, Sind.

Deccan. Dec.
JF. scandens, Wall., f.b.i. — IV-727. Marmagoa. Sinvagad, Dec.

M. lanata, Juss., f.b.i. — IV-728. Kapuri-Maduri. Deccan. Aug.-?ept,
M. Monsonia, Mart., f.b.i. — IV-728. Badami. Oct.-Dec.

15. Achyranthes.

A. aspera, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-730. Uhat Khandi, Agada. Deccan. Sind.

A. bidentata, Blume, f.b.i. — IV-730, Not yet found.

16. Alternanthera.

A. sessilis, Br., f.b.i. — IV-731. Kanchrl, Jaljamba. Deccan, Konkan. July-Dec«

17. Gomphrena.

G. globosa, Linn., f,b,i.— IV-732. Cult. Aug.-Mar.

CXVII. — Chenopodiace^e.

2. Chenopiodium.

C. album, Linn., f.b.i. — V-3. ChaJcravat. Poona, widely. Nov.

C. murale, Linn., f.b.i.— V-4, Dharwar. Poona. Aug.

C. ambrosioides, Linn., f.b.i. — V-4. Sherui. Poona. / ug.-Apr.

3. Beta.

B. vulgaris, Linn., f.b.i. — V-5. Beet. Cult.

4. Spinacia.

S. oleracea, Linn., f.b.i. — IV-6. PdlaJc. Cult'.

5. Atrijilex.

A. hortensis, ZeHw., F.B.I.— V-8. Karake, Suraha, Oraehe. Cult.

A. Stocksii, Boiss., f.b.i. — V-7. Sind. Verawal. Jan.

11. Kochia.

K. scoparia, Sc/iracZ,, F,B,i, — V-11. Sibi. Sept.

K. indica,, Wight., F.B.I.— Y-11. Sibi. Sept.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 365

12. Anthrocnemum.

A. indicum, Mog., f.b.i. — V-12, Ulachur, Macliola. Chil. Karachi, Dec.
A- glaucum, Mog., f.b.i, — V-12. Machola, Chil. Karachi, Dec,

13. Salicornia,

S. brachiata, Roxh., f.b.i. — V-12. Machul. Nowsaree. Porebandar, Nov.-Dec.

14. Suceda.

S, fruticosa, ForsA:., F.B.I. — V-13. Jforasa, Ushuk-lani. By? avka. Bhownuggar.

Nov.-Dec.
S. monoica, ForsJc, f.b.i. — V-13- Kurrachee. Dharampter. Nov.-Dec.

S. mudiflora, Mog., f.b.i. — V-14. Morasa.
S. maritima, Duraort, f.b.i, — V-14. Khari-lani, Laua. Sind. May.

15. Haloxylon.

H. recurvum, Bunge., f.b.i, — V-15. Khari-lani. Sukkur. Nov.

H. salicornicum, Bunge., f,b,i. — V-16- Sibi. Oct.

ft

16. Sal sola.

S. fcetida, Del., f,b,i, — V-18. Lanan, Ellahura.

18. Halocharis.
H. sulphurea, Mog., f.b.i. — V-19. Sibi, Sind. Sept.

20. Basella.
B. rubra, Linn., F.B.I, — V-20, Tamhadi-velhondi, Myal-ke-haji. Gardens, Oct.-

Dec.

B. rubra, var. alba, Velbondi, Myal-he-laji. Gardens- Oct.-Dec.

CXVIII. — Phytolacce^.
1. Rivina.
R. Isevis, Liim., DC., Prod.— XIII-10. Gardens. Aug.-Dec.

CXIX, — POLYGONACE^.

1. CalUgonum.

C. polygonoides, Linn., f.b.i, — V-22, Sind, Stocks.

2. Pteropyrum.

P. Oliveri, Jauh. and Spach., f.b.i. — •V-23. Laki, Sind, Oct,

3. Polygonum.

P. plebejum, Br., f.b.i, —V-27. Deccan, Siud, Dec, -Mar,

P. tomentosum, Willd., f.b.i. — V, 30. Kumpta. Samusgi. Dec-May.

P. limbatum, Meissn., f.b.i, — V-30. Konkan, Law.

P. glabrum, Willd f b.i.— .V-34. Dongar-rketa, Parala. Deccan, widely, Oct.-

Mar.
P. lapathifolium, Linn., f.b,i, — V-35. Konkan.

P. barbatum, Linn., f.b.i, — V-37. Alur- Dbarwar Coll, Mar.

P. Hydropiper, Linn., f.b.i. — V-39-
P. flaccidum, Meissn., f.b.i. — V-39.
P. alatum, Ham., f.b.i. — V-41. Mahableshwar. Aug.-Oct.

3G3 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

chinense, Linn., f.b.i. — V-44.
pedunculare, Wall., f.b.i. — V-48,
pedunculare, var. angustissima,

4. Fagopyrum.
esculentum, MoencJi., f.b.i. — V-55. Buchoheat.

7. Ruviex.
dentatus, Linn., f.b.i.— V-59. Sind. Konkan. Lan

nepalensis, <S/?r. f.b.i.— V-60. Poona. Gardens. Sept.-Oct

vesicarius, Limi., f.b.i, — V-61. Chuha.

CXX. — PEDOSTEMONACEiE.

1. Terniola.
[ulchella, To/., f.b.i.— V- 62. Karalc-ful.
Lawii^ Wedd., f.b.i.' — V-63,
longipes, Tul., f.b.i. — V-63.
pedunculosa., f.b.i. ^V-63.
foliosa, Wedd., f.b.i. — V-63.

2. Podostemon.
dicotomus. Gerdn., f.b.i.— V-64,
Hookerianus, Wedd., f.b.i. — V-65. Karal-ful.

CXXIII. — Aristolochiace^.
2. Bragantia.

Rutnagiri. Missar. Oct.

Gardens. Jan.

Cult.

W. Gbats. Oct.

W. Ghats. Oct.

VY. Ghats, Dalz.

W. Ghats, Dalz.

W. Ghats, Dalz,

Mawal. Oct.

B.
B,

A.
A.
A.
A.

A.

Wallichii, Br., f.b.i.— V-73.
Dalzellii, H. /., f.b.i.— V-73.

Nalkund Ghat. Nov.
Konkan, Dalzell.

Arisiolochia.

Kalipat, Kidamar, Ghandata.
Sapsanda.

bracteata, Retz., f.b.i. — V-75.

indica, Linn., f.b.i. — V-75.

fimbriata, Cham., DC., Prod.~~XY—S. I. 454.

ornithocephala, Hort.

elegans. Bot. Mag. 6909.

OXXXIX.— PlPERACE^.

1. Piper.

trichostachyon, Cos., f.b.i. — V-80. Konkan

Gardens.
Gardens.
Gardens,

Cult.
Cult.
Cult.

longum, Lirm., f.b.i. — V-83.
Betle, Linn., f.b.i. — V-85.
nigrum, Linn., f.b.i. — V-90.
Hookeri, Mig., f.b.i. — V-88.

Pipli.

Nagwail, Betlc'Vine

Merewail.

Kanara.
Gardens.

Khandala.
Oct.-Nov.

Gardens. Oct.

3. Peperomia.

Wightiana, Mig., f.b.i. — V-98.
portulacoides, A. Dietr., f.b.i.— V-yO.
pellucida, H. B. & E.

Konkan on trees, Stoclca.

Mahableshwar. Aug.

Bombay, common. Oct.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 367

CXXVI. — Myristice^e.
1, Myristica.
M. laiirifolia, £r,/ & T., f.b.i. — V-103. Jayai)hal,Jajikai. Chandawar.

N. Kanara, Feb.
M. malabarica, LamJc., f.b.i.— V-103, Ranjaiphal, Kaiphal. Chandawar.

N. Kanara.
M attenuata, Wall., f.b.i. — V-110. Ruhl-mara. Divimana Ghat. Feb.

CXXVIII.— Laurine^.
1. Cryptocarya.
C. Wightiana, T/(w., F.B.I.— Y-120. Gulmur, Matheran. Apl.-May.

3. BeilscTimiedia.
B. fagifolia, Necs., f.b.i. — V-122. Matheran. Ainshi Ghat. Dec.

B. Wightii, Benth., f.b.i.— V-124. Matheran. Sept.

7. C'lnnamomum.

C. zeylauicum, Breyn., f.b.i. — V-131. Dalchinl, Ohez, Bojevar. Lanauli. Londa.

Nov.-Mar.
C. macrocarpum, Hook., f.b.i. — V-133. Supa, N, Kanara. Jan.

8. Machilus.
M. macrantha, Nees, f.b.i. — V-140. Gulum. Lanauli. Kumtha. Dec.-Mar,

10. Alseodaphne.

A. semicarpifolia, Nees, f.b.i. — V-144. Phudgus. Yacombi, N. Kanara. Dec.

11. A ctinodaphne.

A. Hookeri, J/ezssw., F.B.I — V-149. Pisha. Mahableshwar.

11a. LitscBa.
L, tomentosa, Herb., f.b.i.— V-157. Chilcna. Castle Rock. Nov.

L. sebifera, Pers., f.b.i. — V-157. Maidalahdi. Yacombi. Feb.-May.

L. Stocksii, Hook.,/., f.b.i. — V-176. Mahableshwar. Oct.

L. Wightiana, Wall., f.b.i.— V-177. Ghats, W. In^ia., DeCrespigny.

Near Gairsoppa, Talbot. Oct.-Noy.
L. zeylanica, C. & Fr., f.b.i. — V-178. Kanvel, Chirchira. Mahableshwar.

N. Kanara. Nov.
l4. Cassytha.
C. filiformis, Linn., f.b.i. — V-188. Amarwela, Kotan. Konkan. Sept.

CXXIX. — Pboteace^.

Jlacadamia {Eastern Australia").
M. ternifolia, Gard, Chron., 1870—1181. Planted.

Grev'dlea {Australia).
G. robusta, A. Cunn., DC., Prod. Silver Oah. Planted.

CXXX. — THYMETJi:ACE.S;,

7. Lasiosiphon.
L. eriocephalus, Dene., f.b.i.— V-107. Rametha. Mahableshwar. Dec-May.

358 JOUhNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIBTORY SOCIETY, Vol. Xtl.

CXXXI.— ELTiEAGNACEJ5.

1. Eltcearjnus.

E. latifolia, Linn.^ v.b.i. — V-202. Amhagula. Mahableshwar.

CXXXII. — LORANTHACE.'E.

1, Loranthus.
The naires Bhangul, Vonda, Vundo, are generally applied in this genus and
to other parasites and epiphytes.

L. Wallichianus, Schultz, f.b.i. — V-204. Karwar. Aug,

L, obtusatus, Wall,, f.b.i. — V-205. Mahableshwar. April.

L. scurrula, Linn., f.b.i. — V-208. Panchgani. Wada. Oct.-Feb.

L. pulverulentus, TFaZ/., F.B.I. — V-211. Konkan, S<ocA;s.

L. tomentosa, flf)/?ie, F.B.I. — V-212. On Phyllanthus einblica. Near Gairsoppa.
L. Stocksii, //^oo/c. /., F.B.I. — V-213. Sawantwadi. Nov.

L. cuneatus, 5e?/»e, F.B.I.— V-214. Mahableshwar. May.

L. longiflorus, DessoMss,, F.B.I. — V-214. Deccan. Feb.-Mar.

L. elasticus, Z)essoMs, F.B.I. — Y-216. Mahableshwar.

L. lageniferua, Wight, f.b.i.— V-218. Lanauli. Castle Rock. June-July.

L. trigonus, W. & G., P.B.i. — V-219. Banda. Dang, Aug.-Nov,

L. loniceroides, Linn., f.b.i. — V-221. Mahableshwar. Matheran. Mar.-Apl.
L. capitellatus, W. & A., f.b.i.— V-221.

2. Viscum.

V. monoicum, Rovh., f.b.i. — V-224. Londa. Sept.

V. orientale, Wild.jY.ii.i — V-224. On Terminalia paniculata. Nilkand, N.

Kanara. Nov.
V. capitellatum, Sni., f.b.i — V-224. Yellapur. Aug.

V. ramosissimum, Wall., f.b.i. — V-225. Mahableshwar. Feb.-May.

V. angulatum, Heyne., f.b.i. — V-225.
V. articulatum, Burm., f.b.i. — V-226. Lanauli, July.

CXXXIII. — SANTALACEiE.

S. album, Linn., f.b.i. — V-231. Chundana. Gardens widely. June.

4. Osyris.
0. arborea, Wall., f.b.i.— V-232. Lotali Popli. Deccan Hills, widely.

CXXXIV. — Balanophore^.

3. Santalum.

B. sp. inc. On roots of Acacia arah'ca. Poona. Oct.

,, ,, Carissa carandas. KhandaUa. Oct.
B, indica, Wall. Mahableshwar.

CXXXV. — EUPIIOBBIACE.E.

Pedilanbhus (Tropical America).
P. tithymaloides, Poit., DC, Prod. XV.— 5. Planted. Jan.

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA.

369

E.
E.
E,
E.
E,
E,
E.
E.
E,
E.
K.
E.

E.
E.
E,
E,
E.
E.
E,
E
E,
E.
E,
E.
E.

S.

B.
B.
B.

1. Eupliorhia.
pycnostegia, Boiss., p.b.i. — V-246.
zornioides, Boiss., f.bj. — V-246.
elegans, Spr., f.b,i,>— V-246.
notoptera, Boiss., f.b.i. — V-240.
erythroclada, Boiss., f.b.i. — V-247.

Hullihul. Khandalla. Nov.

Matheran. Nov.

Badami. Aug.-Nov.

Vingorla. Nov.

Mawal. Aug.-Sept.

coccinea, Roth., f.b.i. — V-248. Diksal. Poena. Rajewadi. July-Dec.
Atoto, For St., v.B.i. — .V-248. N. Kanara, Seashore. Feb.

linearifolia, Roth., f.b.i. — V-249. Diggi Ghat. N. Kanara. May.

hypericifolia, Linn., f.b.i. — V-249. Guzerat. Deccan. Sind. Aug.-Nov.
pilulifera, Linn., f.b.i. — V-250, Nayati. Deccan. All the year,

rosea, Betz., f.b.i. — V-251. Badami. Aug.

thymifolia, Burn., f.b.i. — iV-252. Dhahati dudhi. Lahana nayati. Deccan.

Sind. All the year,
microphylla, Heyne., f.b.i. — .V-252. Deccan widely,

clarkeana, HooTc.f., f.b.i.— V-253. Sind,

Tirucalli, Linn., f.b.i. — V-254. Shcra. Planted widely.

Neriifolia, Linn., f.b.i. — V-255. Sabur.

Nivulia, Ham., f.b.i. — V-255.
antiquorum, Linn., f.b.i. — V-255.

trigona, Ham., f.b.i.— T-256. Planted,

fusiformis, Ham., f.b.i. — V-257. Poona Hills. April-May.

dracunculoides, I/om6., f.b.i. — V-2G2. Kandi, Sabur.
Rothiana, Spr., f.b.i.— V-263. Dudhi.

geaiculata, Orteg., DC, Prod. — XV-72. Poona, a weed. Oct. -Mar.

pulcherrima, Wild., DC, Prod. — XV-71. Poinsettia. Gardens,

heterophylla, Jacq., DC, Prod. — XV-72. Gardens, Sept. -Mar.

Synadenium {C. Africa.)

Grantii, fl./., B. M., 5G33.

4. Bridelia.
retusa, Spr., f.b.i. — V-268. Kathi, A sun,
montana, Willd., f.b.i. — V-269. Patharphoda.
Hamiltoniana, Wall., f.b.i.— V-271.

5. Cleistanthus.
malabaricus, Muell., f.b.i. — V-27t3. Konkan.

Gardens. Nov.-Feb.

Khandalla. Aug.

Amba Ghat. Oct.-Dec.

Matheran. Aug.-Nov.

Banks of the Shirawah,
Law, Stocks.

6. Actephila,

A. excelsa, Muell, f.b.i. — V-282

A.

P.

7.

Castle Rock. Sept.
Laki Sind. Aug.

Andrachne.
aspera, Spr., f.b.i. — V-284.

10. Phyllanthus,
reticulatus, Pair., f.b.i. — V-288. Nilumbi, Holi, Kamboi, Kalapisaroot,
Datwan, Pavan, Kali-madh-ke-Jhar, Dharwar to Sicd. Mar.-Apr.

370 JOURNAL, BOMBAY N ATORAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

P. Emblica, Linn., f.r.i,— V-289. Avali, Nelli. W. Ghats. Mar.-Apr.

P, Lawii, Grahm., f.b.i.— V-290, Castle Rock. Oct.

P. madraspatensis, Linn., f.b.i. — ^V-292. Badami. July-Aug.

P. Rheedii, Wight, f.b.i. — V-293. Gadak. Sind. Aug.-Jan.

P. urinaria, Linn., f.b.i. — V-293, Matheraii. Khaiidalla. Aug.

P. simplex, Betz., f.b.i. — ¥-29;'). Dharwar. Konkan, Oct.-Nov.

P. Niruri, Linn., f.b.i. — V-298. Deccan. July.

P. debili:^, Ham., f.b.i.— V-299. Sind.

P. scabrifolius, Hooh.f., f.b.i. — V-299. Dongar Ganj, Ahmednagar, Oct.
P. distich us, MuelL, f.b.i. — V-304. Harparaa-ri, Raiavala. Gardens.

P. indicus, Muell, f.b.i. — V-305. Pattagudda, N. Kanara. May.

P. falcatus

11. Glochidion.

G. lanceolarium, Da'z., f.b.i. — Y-308. Bhoma. W. Ghats. Jan.-Mar.

G. tomentosum, Dah., f.b.i.— V-309.

G. Talboti, HooTc., f.b.i. — V-310. N. [\anara, Stocks.

G. zeylanicum, .1. J?«s., F.B.I. — V-310. Yelapiir. Juggalpet. Mar.-Apr.

G. Hohenackeri, Bedd., f.b.i. — V-314. N. Kanara. Dec.

G Ralphii Hooh.f., f.b.i. — V-314. Mwar., near Gairsoppa, raZfto^Feb.-June.
G. malabaricum, Bedd., f.b.i. — V-319. N. Kanara Ghats.

G ellipticum, Wight, f.b.i. — V-321. Ainshi Ghats, N. Kanara. Dec.

G. velutinum, Wig'^t, f.b.i.— V-322. Londa. Aug.

12. Flueggia.

F microcarpa, Bl., f.b.i. — V-328. Pandarphali. May-June.

F Leucopyrus, Willd., f.b.i. — V-328. Pandriphali. May-June.

13. Breynia.

B. patens, Benth., f.b.i.— V-329. Khandalla, Yellapur. July-Aug.

B.' rhamnoides, Muell, f.b.i.— V-330. Devimana. N. Kanara. Dec.

14. Sauropus.

S. quadrangularis, Muell., f.b.i.— V-335. Chihli. Vingorla. Aryl Ghat. July.

15. Pulranjiva.

P. Koxburgbii, Wall, f.b.i.— Y-33G. Putranjiva. N. Kanara. Deccan.

Planted. Mar.-Apr_

16. Hemicyclia.

H. sepiaria, W. V. G., f.b.i.— V-337. Konkan southwards.

17. Cyclostemon.
0. confertiflorus, Ilook.f., f.b.i— V-341. Katgal. N. Kanara, Talbot. Dec.

20, Bischojia.

B. javanica, BL, f.b.i.— V-345. Boke. Sup a Ghats, N. Kanara. Mar.-Apr.

21. Aporosa.

A. Lindleyaua, BuilL, f.b.i.— V-349. Arbyl Ghat, N. Kanara,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA.

371

23. Antklesma.
A. Ghaesembilla, Gaertn., f.b.i.— V-357. Papada-Khatamhdi. Londa. Dang,

July.
A. Bunius, SjJr., F.B.i, — V-358. Noar Gairsoppa. Apl,

A. Menasu, Mig., f.b.i. — V-364.
A. Menaau, var. linearifolia. Ainshi. N. Kanara. Feb,

31. Jatropha.
J. glandulifera, Roxb., f.b.i. — V-382, Undirhihi. Pandarptir, Ang.-Nov,
J, nana, DaZs., F.B.I,— V-382. Poona Hills, May-July.

J. gossypifolia, Limi., f.b.i. — V-383. Vilayati, Ratanjok. Naturalised widely.
J, multifida, -LzVm., F.B.I. — ^ V-383. Coral Plant. Gardens.

J. curcas, L?«;?., F.B.I, — V-383. Mogli Yerendi, Ratanjok. Planted,

J, podagrica, Hook., DC, Prod. — XV-1093. SivoUen JatropJia. Gardens.

June-Jan.

Planted.

Arabe Ghat. Oct.
Nasik, Dulz.

Near Gairsoppa. Nov.

33. Aleurites.
A. molnccana, WtUd., f.b.i.— V-384, Akrot.

34. Croton.
C. reticulatus, Heyne., f.b.i. — 'V-SSS. Panduray.
C, oblongifolius, Roxh., f,b,i, — V-386, Ganasur.
C, aromaticus, Linn,, F B.l, — V-388.
C, Gibsoniauus, Nim., f,b,i, — V-392.

35. Givotia,

G, rottleriformis, Griff., f.b.i, — V-395, Katriz Ghat. Diggi. Aug.-Sept.

37. Codiaeum.

C, variegatum, i?Z,, f,b,i. — V-399. Croton. Cultivated. Gardens,
The garden " Orotons," infinitely variable in form and colour, are varieties

of this plant.

39. Blackia,

B. umbellata, Baill., f.b.i.— V-402,
13, denudata, Benth.

40, Dimorpliocalyx

D. glabellus, Tlno., f.b.i.— V-403.
D. Lawianus, Hook., /., f.b.i.— V-404.

42. Agrosiistachys.
A. indica, Dalz., f.b.i. — V-406.
A. longif oUa, Benth., f.b.i.— V-407.

44. Chrozophora.

C, tinctoria,^. Jmss,, F.B.I. — V-408. Okharada. Deccan, Guzerat widely, Nov,
C. obliqua, A. Jiiss., f.b.i. — V-40S Sind, Stocks.
C, plicata, A, Juss., f.b.i. — V-i09, Suryavarti. Poona. Baroda, Ap],

Gairsoppa. Nov.
Karwar. Potelli. Jan.

Matherau, Jan.
Konkan, Law, Stocks.

Tulkut Ghat, Dahell.
N, Kanara. Feb.

372 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

Manihot.
M. utilitissima, DC., Prod. 1064 Gardens.

M. Glaziovii. ? Gardens.

45. Claoxylon.

C. Mercurialis, Thw., f.b.i.— V-412, Barda Hills, Pore bunder.

46. Acalypha.

A. Dalzellii, Hook.,/., f.b.i.— V-414. Konkan ?

A. indica, Linn., f.b.i. — ^V-416. Kupi, Khohali. Deccan. Dharwar. June-July.

A, brachystachya, Horn., f.b.i — V-416. Panchgany. Aug

A. fallax, AIuelL, f.b.i.— V-416. Badami. Aug.
A. ciliata, Forsh., f.b.i.— V-417. Jooneer. Ilallihal. N. Kanara. Sept.

A. Lispida, Bwrm., f.b.i, — V-417. Syn. A. Sandfiri. Gardens. Sept.-Dec.
A. Wilkesiana, DC., Prod.— XVI-817.

47. Adenochlcpna.

A. indica, Bedd., f.b.i, — V-418, N. Kanara. Gairsoppa, Talbot. Oct,-Dec.

51. Trewiii.
T. nudiflora, Linn., f.b.i,— V-423. Petari. Banda Warree, Konkan. Dec.-Feb,
T. polycarpa, Benth., F.B.I.— V-424. Konkan, Law.

53. Mallotus.
M. albus, Muell., f,b.i.— V-429. Castlerock. Nov.

M. stenanthus, Muell., f.b.i.— V-437, N. Kanara, Yellapur. Talbot. Sept.
M. Lawii, Muell., f.b.i.— V-438. Khandalla. N. Kanara. Jan.-Feb. ,

M. philippinensis, Muell., f.b.i. — V-442. Kunkum-fali. Kunhosaya, Kamala,

Sendr. Guzerat. N. Kanara. Nov.-Feb.

55. Cleidion.

C, javanicum, Bl., F.B.I.— V-444. Ainshi Ghat. Yacombi.

56, Macarangt.

M. Roxburghii, Wgt., f.b.i. — V-448, Chanda, Chandada. Matheran,

N. Kanara. Jan,-Mar.

58. Homonoia.
H. riparia, Lour., f.b.i. — V-455. Scrayii. Dang. Karwar, Ambi-Ghat. Jan.
n, retusa, Muell., f.b.i, — V-456. Mach/m. Deccan river beds, April.

60, Ricinus.
R. communis, L/wH., f,b.i. — V-457. Erendi, Castor-oil plant. Cult,

64. Baliospermuni.

B. axillare, Bl., f.b.i. — V-461. Danti- Hareshwar. Konkan. Dec.

67. Tragia.
T. involucrata, Linn., f,b,i. — V-465, Khajaholati, Kolati. Matheran. Nov.

70. Dalechampia.

D, indica, Wgt., f.b.i,— V-467, Katiawad, Dec,

THE FLORA OF WESTERN INDIA. 373

71. Hippomane (West Indies).
H. manchinella, L., DC, Proc?.— XV-1200. Manchineel. Victoria Garden,

Bombay. May.

72. Sdjnum.

S. sebiferum, Roxb., P.B.I.— V-470. Pimpalpala. Gardens. June.

S. indicum, Willd., f.b.i.— V-471. Hurna. Planted.

S. insigne, Benth., f.b.i.— V-471. Ura^ Dmlla. Lanauli. Konkan, Dec.-Feb.

7?t. Exccecaria.
E, agallocha, Lmn., f.b.i.— V-472. Geva, Surund Phungcdi. Tidal marshes.

July- Aug.
E. robusta, Hook./., f.b.i.— V-474. Konkan, Stocks.

74. Sebastiana.
S. chamaelea, MueL,¥.B.i. — V-475. fi/iWf-ereMf^J.Rutnagiri. Vingorla. Oct.-Dec.

Hura (Trop. America).
H. crepitcons, Z)C., Prof?.- XV-1229. Poona. Khandalla. Planted,

374

ON SOME SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS IN OUTOH.

By the Revd. J. F. Blake, M.A., F.G.S.

Part II.

(With a Plate.)

(Continued Jrojn page 18^ of this Volume.)

THE ASSOCIATED BOULDER BEDS.

These are not mentioned by Mr, Wynne, unless he refers to them in the
passage quoted above when he writes of the concrete that it is " sometimes
conglomeratic" {ojh cit p, 81). As no asolian deposit can be in itself conglo-
meratic, these boulder-beds require explanation.

I will first describe the three localities where I have observed these beds.
The first is in the banks of a river running out from the Habo Hills at
Fulae near Kotae, where the subrecent concrete has been above recorded.
Here we find the following section (see fig. 1) : —

Fig. I. — Section on stream loest of Kotae.
A— Oxfordian, 1 C — False-bedded concrete,

B— Boulder-bed, ! D— Smaller boulder-bed.

The bed of the river and about 4 to feet of the vertical sides are
composed of Oxfordian shales dipping at a very high angle. Their surface,
except for the river-erosion, is nearly flat, and immediately on the top lies a
5-foot bed of rounded and subangular stones, from the size of a quarto book
downwards, embedded in a fine loamy material without any stratification.
The boulders lie irregularly jumbled together, with a tendency however for
the long axes to lie horizontally, so that the deposit has very much the aspect
of a boulder-clay. Over this comes 7 to 8 feet of false-bedded concrete, and
then follows another boulder-bed 5 to 12 feet thick up to the top of the clifi',
in which the boulders are smaller, about the usual size of coals in a scuttle.
All the boulders, so far as observed, can be matched in the neighbouring hills.
The stratification is approximately horizontal ; but the boulders only
commence some way down stream, away from the outer slopes of the hills
and below the spot where the Miliola-heaving concrete is seen resting direct-
ly on the Jurassic rocks.

The second locality is on the south side of the Jhurio Hills, in the con-
crete-filled gorge and beyond. The description of these deposits would be
practically a repetition of the last— only the thicknesses are somewhat
greater, and the bed-rock is not reached in the stream-lottom, where the
boulders are seen in the aides.

Journal Bombay IVal.IRst. Soc-

VolXII

Fig. 1. Section on stream west of Kot/w.

A= QxfordiaTi.
B= Boulder jjed.

C ^ False Ledded concrete.
I) = Smaller lioTiIder-ied

Fig. 2. Soulder-hecLs m the north/ of Tatdicmv.

A= Boulder-teds
B= Subrecent concrete.

C=- Jurassic rocks.
D = Hypothetical former extension of
concrete with boulders.

Jig. 3. InfraXrap-pean grits at Bhajia Hill .

A= Jurassic rocks.

^ = Infratrappean grits.

C^Trfip.

SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS IN CUTCE. 375

The third locality is a more remarkable one, namely, that on the north
side of the Kala Dongar in Patcham. It was here that the boulder-beds
were tirst noticed, and called loudly for some explanation. At this spot
there are marked on the map of the Trigonometrical Survey two long
projecting elevations running out at right angles from the Jurassic escarp-
ment, where it is coated with the subrecent concrete. These no doubt
were originally one, the end having been eroded along the dividing water-
course. Their length is f^ mile, the united breadth ^ mile,;and their eleva-
tion (not marked on the map) is perhaps 100 to IPO feet above the plain.
They have the general aspect of the tip-heaps of a cyclopean railway
embankment in course of construction. As seen weathered on the surface
they are covered with large fragments of rock from 5- cwt. downwards, more
or less rounded, but not scratched, and all to be apparently matched in the
neighbouring Jurassic hills. Where a section is seen the matrix is rubbly
more or less tufaceous, and tough enough to form a cliff. At the base of
the valley laterite isfound, and the long mounds appear to rest
upon it.

In the first two localities the stratification in alternate boulder and non-
boulder-bearing beds may be without discussion assigned to the action of the
streams when they were depositing and not eroding ; but in all three cases
the diPBculty is to account for the carriage of the large stones and their pro-
miscuous heaping together. The principal agents that have been supposed to
possess sufficient transporting power are ice, torrents, and sea-waves. In a
place where the present range of temperature is between 70° and 120° it
is scarcely feasible to call in the aid of ice, and certainly sea-waves are out of
the question. In the first two, and localities where the boulder-beds
filled up the bottom of valleys at the end of gorges leading out from
lofty domes, the bottom beds may be fairly ascribed to the force of
the water, with or without further aid ; but those which overlie the
soft concrete could scarcely, one would think, be borne along in so rapid a
torrent that they could not even be sorted without that torrent eroding
the surface below.

For the third locality, however, there seems no possibility of calling in
the aid of a torrent, as there is no gathering-ground for the water. The
whole history of the deposit must at the outside be confined within an area of
If square miles, on which a line no longer than 21 miles can be drawn with
a maximum difference of elevation of 1,150 feet. But the mounds
point in the direction of the scarp only 1:^ miles distant, and whose highest
point is only 640 feet above their surface, and for three-quarters of this dis-
tance the boulders occur. Nor do they fill up a valley, but form mounds on a
ilat surface. The only area whence the water could be obtained to form a
torrent would thus be the slopes of the bills opposite the mounds with an
average fall of only 320 feet. This appears to me quite inadequate to pro-

316 JOURNAL, SOMSAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

(luce ii torrent sufficient to carry large stones over a nearly level surface for
^% mile. If we take the longer oblique line and greater height, the difficulty
is found to be not lessened but increased.

In the 29th volume (1873) of the Journal of the Geological Society, p. 493,
Dr. W. T. Blanford describes similar deposits en a far larger scale in Persia.
Here there are boulder- ridges extending for 5 to 10 miles from the foot of
the hills, with a fall of their upper surface in that distance of 1 ,000 to 2,000
feet. He says that the large fragments are commonest near places where
small streams issue from the higher ranges, but the mounds increase in
quantity towards the north and east, where the rainfall is less. I thought that
this last fact would have led the author to enunciate the theory which I am
about to expound, but he argues only that there must have been a greater
rainfall in past times, and that lakes were thus produced— without saying
how even then these boulders could have been transported for 5 to 10 miles
with so little fall.

In Cutch these boulder-beds occur only where there are deposits of a^olian
origin ; and in Persia they are most abundant where there is less rain and
therefore presumably more dry sand to be blown about, so that some con-
nection between the two is suggested. It appears to me that if we suppose
that at one time there was more blown sand present so as to make a greater
slope, the weathered blocks which fell on it from the hills would, under the
influence of the rains saturating the sand below, slip gently forward along the
slope, supported by the underlying sand, till they reached their farthest
destination without sinking to the bottom. Thus the aeolian deposits have
served as the carrier (see fig. 2 ).

Fig. 2. — Boulder-beds in the north of Patcham.

A^Boulder-beds,
B:=Subrecent concrete.

C^Jurassic rocks,

D=Hypothetical former extension of
concrete with boulders.

This explanation is analogous to that made use of by Sir Wyville Thomson to
account for the forward motion of the stone-river in the Falkland Islands*;
and, if it be a true one, it is possible that it may in some cases account for
deposits of loose blocks which have been referred to glacial action. There
will always be antagonism between this process and the running away of the
water in definite channels, and at last, when the slope of the ajolian deposit
became too low, the growth of the mounds would cease and the streams would
begin to sensibly denude the deposits, and even cut channels in the bed-rock
It might be thought that all along the rain would wash the sand away and
let the boulders drop, but we see that as a matter of fact it does not ; besides
which, the boulder itself protects the sand below it, as in the case of earth-
pillars, and what is washed away above or below will be replaced by the next
dust-storm.

Nature," vol xv (1876), p, 359,

SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS IN CUTCH. dll

(3) INFRATRAPPEAN GRITS.

These deposits, lying as they do below the traps, cannot in strictness be called
superficial, but it will be seen that they were probably of that character —
that is, deposited on the land before the traps were poured on the top of
them. This is what Mr. Wynne says of them: — " These form a peculiar, soft,
loosely granular, and obscurely stratified group of earthy and sandy rocks,
largely composed of trappean materials . , [they] are frequently associated
with the base of the stratified traps, but they also occur in separate patches
over the country, and sometimes at a considerable distance from them. They
are clearly beneath the trap in some localities ; in others they fill up hollows
in the Jurassic beds, the planes of stratification not being conformable even
to the surfaces of the hollows which they occupy,"!

In the detailed description, however, I can find only eight places where
they are recorded, namely, west of Bhachau, Bhujia Hill, two places north of
Katrod, Rhojla Bill, " Khirgreea," Rampur, and Lakhapur, The letter d by
which they are indicated is also marked on the map at Sanosra and west of
Mundhan, Of these, one of the localities obviously represents, by the descrip-
tion, some fault-rock only ; that at Lakhapur and west of Mundhan is related
to an intrusive mass of igneous rock which the deposits do not underlie, but
merely abut against, so that they may possibly belong to the subrecent
concrete. Of the deposit at Rampur, it is stated that " it may have been the
basal portion of the trap series," It is not connected with the trap of the
neighbourhood, and consists of " scoriaceous lumps of trap mixed with sand "
etc., so that this also may be an old variety of subrecent concrete. Of the
other deposit north of Katrod, we read that beneath the trap is " a hard bed
of black ferruginous grit ;" it therefore contains no trap-fragments, and may
perhaps be dismissed as doubtful. There remain therefore five spots where
peculiar deposits are actually found below the traps, with a sixth
at Artara, unrecorded by Mr. Wynne, and in no case are they large
enough to map .2

These six may also be grouped together, for those at Artara and at Sanosra
are of the same character, and those at Khirgreea and Bhojla Hills are
described as similar to that at Bhujia Hill. There are thus, with that west of
Bhachau, three types of such deposits,

I have thought it necessary to thus analyse the evidence on account of the
statement that they are " largely composed of trappean materials," which
is difficult to understand if they are infra and therefore presumably
pre-trappean.

1. Mem. Geol. Surr. India, vol. ix. 1 1. i ( 1872) , p. 56,

?. On Mr. Wynne's map there is marked a considerable expanse of iufratrappean rocks in
the neighbourhood of Bhachau, but there is evidently something wrong here. A distinct
unexplained colour is inserted, and the details do not correspond with the text. Moreover'
the deposits are not overlain by the traps.

378 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol.XII.

We will first examine the deposits on Bhujia Hill. The following are the
only two sentences in Mr. Wynne's memoir which give us his description of
them : — " To the eastward from beneath the highest summits, the basalt is
underlaid by, and intercalated with, a rapidly increasing mass of soft (?),
ashy, sandy rock of greenish-yellow colour, passing in places into a hard sili-
ceous trappoid sandstone of coarse texture, containing fragments of woody

plants From Bhujia to the conical sandstone hill on which Soorul

temple stands, and near the latter, the subtrappean grits are occasionally seen ;
the trai)pean blotches and interstitial portions weathered out into little
cavities on the surface of the rock, which sometimes occupies pockets or
wide fissure-like spaces in the underlying Jurassic"! With this description I
am in perfect agreement ; but tie accompanying map and section do not
correspond to it, and I am at a loss to understand them. It will be seen that,
beyond calling some of the rocks " ? ashy " and " trappoid" and speaking of
" trappean blotches," the author speaks of nothing but grits. It is true that
in some parts they are so much and so irregularly discoloured, apparently
by infiltration, that they then bear a superficial resemblance to some rocks
of volcanic origin, but their essentially gritty nature is unaltered.

The best exposure is on the northern slope of the hill, where the section
shown in fig, 3 is seen. Here the bulk of the hill is composed of the Jurassic
sandstones, which on the western side rise up and meet the capping of basalt.
East of this junction there comes in rapidly a series of thick beds of very
porous character, all of which are laminated, but not conformably to the
base on which they lie. Their porous character gives them a very "ashy"
appearance — that is, the appearance of fine debris deposited in the open air ;
but they are almost entirely composed of sand-grains lying in a loose matrix
of finer dust, and are so like some of the samples of subrecent concrete that
without labels they can scarcely be distinguished in hand-specimens. The
larainfe run up to and meet the basalt above, and as we pass eastward the
deposit becomes thinner till the basalt and Jurassic sandstones come together
a^ain. The other patches referred to as lying in the open hollows are gene-
rally darker and more compact, but they are still sandy. The isolation of
this and similar deposits at Khirgreea and Rhojla, its occurrence in a shelter-
spot on an old Jurassic hill, its porous character and sandy composition, — all
point to an ;volian origin, representing as they do the same (onditions as
those represented by the subrecent concrete.

The second type of deposit at Sanosra,due south of Bhuj, and at Artara,
between the .Jurassic rocks and the trap, is simply a collection of stones
derived from the rocks below, cemented by finer material, and lying in
hollows over which the trap passes ; that is to say, it is the surface-debris of
the land on which the lava was poured out.

1 Ob. cit. 1 . 168.

SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS IN CUTCH. 379

The section west of Bhachau, which appears to show a third type, I have
not seen, as at the place where alone I was able, from lack of more time, to
examine the trap, it was lying directly on the Jurassic rocks, showing, as
pointed out by Mr. Wynne, the very local character of the subtrappean
group, I therefore copy here the description in the memoir (p. 13G) of the
beds referred with a query to this group, as taken from Mr. Fedden's note-
book : —

Feet.
"7. Brecciated and conglomeratic bed, lower part almost wholly of pink
lava(?) ... ... ... ... ... ... 3

6. Yellow sandstone ... ... .. ... ... 2

0. Conglomeratic and concretionary bed of pale lavender and piok lava (?J,
with large pebbles of hornstone, fragments of yellow clay, and tine
sandstone ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-4

4. Hard, yellow and pinkish, gritty sandstone ... ... ... o"

It will be seen from this description that the only ingredients which could
not be derived from the Jurassic^rocks are the fragments of " pale lavender
and pink lava (?) " I think it is very doubtful whether these are really
volcanic fragments, Even Mr, Fedden queries them, and as the large area
south of Bhachau, mapped as trap, is now seen in the cuttings of the new
road to be entirely lateritic, it is more probable that the fragments here noted
are also of that character. Perhaps, however, it comes to the same thing if
laterite is derived from trap, in which case the basalt of Bhachau must be
one of the later flows. The stratification also of these deposits indicates the
agency of water, so that we may perhaps sum up as follows : —

The subtrappean rocks are all superficial deposits on the pretrappean land-
surface, those at Artara and Sanosra, being the ordinary results of weather-
ing ; those at Bhachau, the washing-down of similar debris on to a lower
water-covered level j and those of Bhujia Hill, etc., ^i^olian drift.

Taking this last in connection with the subrecent concrete, we have thus a
record of the constancy of the meteorological conditions in Cutch from
recent times as far back as the Cretaceous epoch.

(4) THE LA.TERITK.

The deposits hitherto dealt with are on a small scale and more or less
peculiar to Cutch, but those which remain to be discussed are widely dis-
tributed in this part of India.

The various deposits which in different parts of India have gone by the
name of laterite are, with exceptions, superficial in origin. As however the
term has been so widely applied that the only definition which will cover all
the varieties is that it is a very ferruginous rock of peculiar character, it
follows that the rocks included under this definition may be of many
origins and of many ages. All the laterites of Cutch are classed and mapped
by Mr. Wynne, as " sub-Nummulitic," so that they stand, with those of

380 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

the Nerbudda Valley near Surat, as the only laterites which lie below well-
defined marine deposits.

That there are lateritic beds below and associated with the Nummulitic
series in Cutch admits of no dispute; but those whose age can thus be prov-
ed all lie on the south side of the trap-escarpment and rest immediately on
the trap itself, where there can be little doubt that the lower red earthy
varieties are the products of decomposition in situ. It is with an entirely
distinct area that I am concerned, where the laterite is separated from the
trap by miles of intervening Jurassic rocks and Ran, and is overlain by
nothing but alluvium. That these also are sub-Nummulitic depends on the
assumption that all the lateritic deposits in a province as large as Cutch must
necessarily be of the same age — an assumption which does not appear to
me to be warranted.

The superficial group of laterite is found only on the southern and west-
ern margins of the Ean islands and along the northern border (and eastern
also according to Mr. Wynne) of Wagir. In the course of this range it is
found lying on various members of the Jurassic series. In the north of
Patcham it lies on the oldest, in the north of Wagir on the youngest, and on
intervening members at other places.

This distribution indicates, I think, a later age than the Nummulitic rocks,
for these latter rest upon the decomposition products of the trap, which do
not require long to form, and they nowhere extend to the Jurassic rocks, as
they surely must have done, if these had been already denuded to any great
extent. Whereas, before these laterites were produced, not only must the
lowest Jurassics have been exposed by denudation, but the general contour of
the country have been not far different from what it is at present. The
only indication of age that I can quote is that they underlie the boulder-beds
in Patcham,

The laterite here is a sort of gravelly deposit, the pieces being of fantastic
shapes with a crinkly surface. They arc dark red or black, in colour, and
consist of concretionary and stringy ferruginous matter, more or less closely
sprinkled with sand-grains. The several pieces often interosculate into a
vacuous spongy mass, in which case the rock so closely resembles some of the
higher members of the Jurassic series as to be undistinguishable in hand-
specimens. In certain well-defined spots the surface of the ground is cover-
ed with small,irregularly-shaped, and obviously detrital agates , sometimes white
and sometimes tinged yellow and red. These ferruginous beds are frequent-
ly seen to overlie well-stratified, soft, white sandstones and earthy beds, which
are tinged with pink and purple by the infiltration from the laterite, as seen
by the stalactitic form of the coloured parts (see fig. 1, p. 69 of Mr, Wynne's
memoir).

Deposits of this kind are mostly found at levels relatively low as com-
pared with the surrounding Jurassics, and they seem to be limited to a level

SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS IN CUTCH. 381

lower than about 120 feet above the Ran. They are only found inland at
spots which would become lakes if the water-level were restored to that
height.
From the preceding observations we may safely conclude that
(i) this laterite and its associates were formed in water ;
(ii) they are not the result of the decomposition of any rock in situ ;
(iii) they are detrital in origin ;

(iv) they were formed at a time when the surface of the country was
not very different from what it is at the present day, but
when the water-level was 120 feet or more higher than now.
As to the source of the detritus, the materials of the sandstones, etc., might
easily be procured from the higher Jurassic rocks, and the iron of the laterite
itself could be found abundantly in the same beds or in the lower Jurassics —
though possibly not in a state suited for solution. But we cannot derive the
agates thence, and agates and iron probably came together. Agates are
abundant in certain of the lower flows of trap, and to such rocks we must
look for the source of the laterite. Now, as the " stratified traps" are flows
without pipes, and in the Jurassic area to the north of them there are several
pipes without flows, it has been natural to connect the one with the other ;
and if the southern traps were emitted from these pipes, there must have
been flows also to the north. Here, however, is a sharp anticlinal visibly
bringing in the higher Jurassics, so that the relics of such flows would now be
hidden beneath the Ean ; and it is from the degradation of these flows that
we may best seek the source of the laterites. This would account for their
occurrence on the north side, but not on the south side, of the inner Ran,

In the absence of any organic remains, it is impossible to say whether they
are marine or lacustrine deposits. Their resemblance to the higher Jurassic
rocks which have associated plant-beds points to the latter, in which case we
may call in the aid of vegetation, as suggested by McGee and by MaUet ; but
as there are other deposits which have a similar distribution, and yet contain
remains of apparently marine shells, and as moreover a depression is easier
to imagine than a barrier, the former becomes at least equally probable.
(5) THE ALLUVIUM AND RAN,
The area marked as alluvium on Mr. Wynne's map is a very large one. It
occupies no less than 800 square miles. A large portion of it, however, lies
along the southern margin of the province, overlying fossiliferous Tertiary
rocks, and it is to this portion that I think Mr. Wynne's description must
especially apply when he says that " it is the result of the degradation of
the local rocks, consisting largely of materials derived from the Tertiary beds
frequently mingled with travelled fragments brought by rivers from the hills.
On this part of the alluvial area I have nothing to say, but of those parts
which are in relation to the Jurassic rocks the above is scarcely a suitable
description. In these I have found no evidence that the materials are specially

382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

of local origin or of Tertiary derivation, and no travelled fragments have
been anywhere seen by me. The history, in fact, of these portions must be
somewhat exceptional and instructive.

The alluvium comes into relation with the Jurassic rocks (except in the
lateritic and a few other, possibly marine, patches of similar age, which have
contributed no recognizable elements to it ) in the broad flat area which joins
the mainland of Cutch, north of Bhachau, to Wagir, continues round the
western and northern sides of that district and unites it to Bela, skirts the
south-western sides of the islands of Kharir and Patcham, and forms patches
here and there along the northern coast of Cutch proper. "With the deposits
of this area must be classed about 650 square miles of lower-lying land, still
occasionally flooded, known as the Bani, which lies in the middle of the area
between the mainland and Patcham., and the deposits on the floor of the Ran,
which may be divided into the inner Ean, south of the islands, and the outer
or Great Ran, north of them. All these areas pass insensibly into each other,
being merely distinguished by the relative heights of an undulating surface
above the general level of the sea.

In the area mapped as alluvium there are parts which become muddy in the
rains, and these pass gradually into Ran ; but a larger portion is sandy soil,
which soon becomes dry, including vast tracts where the sand is all loose and
where no amount of rain can remain for an hour on the surface.

The characteristic deposit of the Bani is a very fine micaceous silt, and the
surface is dotted over with groups of trees which stand round the margins of
artificial tanks, or near the wells which are known to be abundant here. The
surface of the Ran, in the wet season, is everywhere covered with the slimes
of muds, on which the camels can scarce maintain a foothold ; but this is
probably underlain by a firmer, perhaps sandier deposit, as below the first two
or three inches the ground is firm and may be easily traversed while covered
with water.

Before attempting the history of this strange area, attention must be drawn
to the further features which may help to elucidate it. One of the most
important of these is the aspect of the Ran where the alluvial deposits are,
absent. It has been shown long ago by Dr. Blanford i that both the Ran and
the sandy desert on the north of it may be reasonably concluded to have been
formerly occupied by the sea, and the latter to have been since more or less
choked by blown sand. Mr, Wynne^ quotes the numerous statements that
have been made that the Ran was navigable and provided with various ports
within the period covered by native traditions, though in describing the
Kharir clifl"s ( p. 106) he appears to be doubtful of the geological evidences.
In one place in Patcham ( op. at. p. 27 ) he quotes a deposit with " marine
shells nearly 20 feet above the Runn'' as " traces of this old sea" ; but elsewhere

1 Jonrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlv, pt. ii { 1S7G ), p. 86.

2 Mem, Geol. Surv, India, vol. ix., pt. i ( 1 872 ), p. 2(J

SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS IN CUTCH. 383

he states that these " shells " are casts and may be " very new Tertiary."
They are therefore no evidence that before the sea left in comparatively
recent times, it stood 20 feet higher than the present surface of the
Ean.

Standing by the edge of the Great Ran, on the northern shore of Patcham,
Kharir, or Bela, one might fancy oneself looking over flats which have just
been deserted by the tide. Save for the absence of the scraps of sea-wrack
and the greater firmness of the mud, there is little to distinguish the
appearance from that which might be seen along the coast of Britanny and
Normandy between St. Malo and Mont St. Michel. Here, too, are the clean
swept foreshore, the low cliffs on its landward margin, i the broken tumbled
masses on the slopes, and the frowning scarps above — all recalling the aspect,
though wilder in type, of the Undercliff of the Isle of Wight, where the lie
of the strata also is the same as it is here. But, since the formation of the
laterites and other minor deposits, there is no evidence that the sea has stood
at a higher level than when it washed the low cliifs that now edge the Ran,

Why then has the sea departed, as it were yesterday, and left its bed to be
dried up by the sun ? Two explanations are possible : either the sea has
been dammed out of the area by deposits on its surface, or the land has
relatively risen. If the former were the solo explanation, the level of the
borders of the Rm would still be uniform. But, according to the figures on
the Trigonometrical Survey maps, it would require a depression of about 30
feet to bring the sea-water to the edge of the inner Ran along the northern
shores of the mainland, whereas on the edge of the eastern side of Kharir it
would require no more than 5 or 6 feet. The land therefore must have risen
unequally, which is not an improbable counterpoise to the depression that has
taken place over the Sindree basin.

But that deposits also have taken place and that the peculiarities of the
Ran results from these will, I think, appear probable from what follows: —
In the first place the Ran proper is extraordinarily level ; this may be seen
from the figures on the Trigonometrical Survey map, where, over wide areas,
we find 1, 3, 5, 4, 8, 11, 12 feet, showing a difi'erence of very few feet, and I
have myself ridden over 10 miles of it in the rainy season with water on it
almost all the way of never greater depth than the knees of the coolies.
Yet, beneath the lofty scarps of Patcham and Kharir with their broken
undercliff, the shores are swept quite clean, and the debris must have been
carried away when these shores were in the making, and when the small
cliffs, sometimes 30 feet in height, were being worn away. Now, in such a
shallow sea as the Kan would be if the water returned no waves or currents

1 I do not specially qaote in this connection the curiously worn cliff figured by Mr.
Wynne a? " ? sea-cliff," because it happens to be composed of irregularly hardened sandstone
which even inland weathers into similar fantastic shapes, as near Mundhan.

384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

could originate, nor would the harbours, of which tradition tells, be restored,
and I conclude that in former times the bottom must have been deeper and
have been since filled up.

Again, the Ran is traversed by no rivers ; some of those from the northern
side of the mainland reach its edge, and the projecting higher alluvial land
in their neighbourhood may be taken to represent their deltas. But the great
majority begin and end without reaching it. At the lower end they break
up into constantly sub-dividing branches, which dwindle away to nothing.
In this latter case all the water which runs even during the heaviest rains is
absorbed by the porous soil, and sinks Un before it can reach the Ran ; in
the former case the quantity and velocity of the water are too great for this
to be entirely effected, and the remaining water spreads out in a broad sheet
on the surface, and so helps to flood the Ran. In the higher parts of the Bani
and in the alluvial area west of Wagir, there are a number of short nullahs,
which begin and end in the middle of a flat surface, and sometimes follow
each other in a broken line. They indicate the course of underground
streams, the roofs of which have fallen in and exposed them in places.
Such an underground course must be due to the original valley being filled
in with loose and porous material, into which the water sinks. This it may
be actually seen to do with great rapidity. I have known 4 inches of rain
to fall in the course of a night, and the rivers to be torrential in the morning,
but before evening to be all dry again ; and one can watch the water sinking
in on the bottom of their beds.

The nature and origin of these deposits can also, I think, be determined.
With regard to the Bani, as it is separated both from the mainland (except
at the two extremities) and from Patcham by an area of Ran, it can hardly
be " a bank formed. ..by the discharge of the Cutch streams," while the fine
micaceous sUt of which it is composed could scarcely be obtained from thence.
Its composition and the power which it has of retaining water indicate
rather that it is a relic of the sea-bottom, corresponding perhaps to a higher
level of the submerged bed-rocks. The highest part of the alluvial area
between Wagir and the mainland lies in the direct line of an anticlinal which
passes from one area to the other, and is doubtless continuous. This may
have originated the higher level here.

With these two exceptions, the whole of the features may be put down to
the wind and rain. The importance of the former may be argued from the
wide sheets of loose sand that lie to the west of Wagir and on the south-
western edges of the islands. These are comparatively scarce on the margin
of the mainland, and entirely absent along the northern island-coasts ; that is,
these sands occur where the prevailing strong winds will be stopped, and are
lacking on the lee of high grounds. Moreover, the rivers that reach the
Ran on the north side of the mainland (with one exception where there is
higher Tertiary ground to the west) are deflected to the west by the accu-

SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS IN CUTCH. 385

mulation of sand, etc., on the east ; hence the distribution of this sand may
be assigned to the wind. Nevertheless, much of the dust that is carried by
the gales must fall en route and beyond the lee of the hills. Here, however,
it will be covered by water during the rains, and the finer particles will come
to the surface and form the mud, but the ground as a whole will be fairly
firm.

The amount of deposit from rivers must be comparatively, if not very,
small. Doubtless much of the material is brought down in the first instance
by the Indus and other rivers, but from the neighbourhood of their mouths
this has been blown about in an easterly and northerly direction, and has
thus afforded a constantly renewed source of fresh fertility.

(-Froffi tlie Journal of the Geological Society.')

386

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR

ISLANDS.

By a. L. Butler, f.z.s.,

Curator, Selangor State Museum.

{Read before the Bomhay Natural History Society on 2dih Fehy. 1899.)

Part I.

The publication of Mr, Blanford's long-expected fourth volume of the
" Birds of India" enables me to contribute to the tSociety's Journal, arranged
in accordance with the latest classification of Indian Birds, the notes on the
avifauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands which I made during a recent
stay of nine months in those groups.

Mr, Hume's long papers on the ornithology of the islands (" Stray Feathers,"
Vols. II and IV, 1874-76) being now exceedingly difficult to obtain, I have
done my best to make this as far as possible a complete list of the birds
hitherto recorded as occurring in the islands. Not having access, however,
to any large ornithological library— the great difficulty of a field naturalist—
I have had to do my best with Vols. II and IV of " Stray Feathers," the
invaluable Bird Volumes in the " Fauna of India," and my own field notes.
Hence I fear that I may have omitted a few species through having been un-
able to search the back volumes of the " Ibis " and the remaining volumes of
*' Stray Feathers " for scattered notes on Andaman and Nicobar ornithology.

The gleanings from a field worked by men like Hume and Davison are
necessarily small, but I believe that some species are here recorded from
the islands for the first time, and that the notes on some of the birds
peculiar to these two groups, such as Rallina canninrji, Sturnia erythropygia,
etc, will be of interest to naturalists. The discovery of a beautiful new
Goshawk on Car Nicobar, probably peculiar to that one small island, is
noteworthy and was quite unexpected.

I was at Port Blair from May, 1897, to February, 1898, and worked that
locality very thoroughly, but the other parts of the Andamans I was
unable to visit : these islands, however, lie so close together that the same
birds are met with throughout the group.

In the Nicobars I visited the central islands of Camorta, Nancowry,
Teressa, and Katchall, and on Car Nicobar, the most northerly, I collected
for six weeks.

To my great disappointment I was unable to visit the Great Nicobar, the
interior of which still remains unexplored, and on which, from the large
size of the island, it is probable that some new species will in time be
found.

It is impossible to work these islands properly without a boat of one's
own. Port Blair being a convict settlement no shipping is allowed in the

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 387

vicinity, while the Nicobars are only visited, besides the short official visits
of the R. I. M. steamer stationed at Port Blair, by a few Burmese and
Chinese buggalows and junks trading in cocoanuts, and these do little travel-
ling about, but lie for months off the same island until they have got
together a full cargo.

The best plan for a collector would be to hire a small sailing ship and
visit the islands in the fine months of February and March.

Ornithological collecting in the Andamans is not very easy ; the rainfall
is excessive ; the trackless jungles are the most abominably dense and
thorny that I ever saw, and the atmosphere inside them is so intensely
steamy that forcing one's way through the tangled undergrowth is fatiguing
in the extreme. I know no place where nests are more difficult to find.

To a casual observer the most noticeable feature in these Andaman forests
is the abundance of the Gurgeon trees, whose straight and lofty stems rise
like countless tall white masts among the dark greea cover of luxuriant
vegetation which clothes the hills. Inside the jungles the almost entire
absence of mosses (excepting some small and inconspicuous kinds) is very
remarkable. The absence of monkeys and squirrels, &c., is very
striking.

The geographical position and physical aspects of the islands have been so
often described that no remarks on these are necessary here.

Port Blair is, as Mr. Hume remarked twenty-four years ago, as well-
known as Southampton Water ; the Nicobars, however, are further from
the beaten-track, so I give a few notes on my stay among the islanders
whom I found most friendly and hospitable though very lazy and apathetic
when I tried to get any assistance from them. At whatever villages I
visited I was always made welcome, and received with offers of young
cocoanuts, cigarettes, etc. The latter are not a strong form of smoke, being
composed of a little China tobacco rolled up in a long strip of Pandanus
leaf, the tobacco being in about the same proportion to the Pandanus as the
lead to the wood in an ordinary pencil.

The manner in which some of the Nicobarese have, with hardly any
iutercourse with Europeans since the abandonment of the settlement at
Camorta, kept up their curious pidgin English does them great credit. The
more intelligent of them have an insatiable thirst for knowledge, and some of
their questions are decidedly amusing. For instance, it was rather startling
to be asked in the year of Jubilee 1897 " Who got England Chief Commiss' ?
Colonel Temple brother ? I think so !''

Many of their enquiries are personal in the extreme. They nearly all want
to know whether you are married, and if not why not, and so on. My name
they rendered with every imaginable variation from " Buttala" to '* Pot-
luck," and they absolutely declined to accept my plea of impecuniosity as a
satisfactory explanation of my state of single blessedness.

388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

The pride of the Nicobarese in English names is well known. The ugliest
man on Car Nicobar, with hideous projecting teeth covered with horrible
incrustations of betel, rejoices in the name of " Sweet William," and many
other names testify to the delicate irony of the officers of the Andaman
Commission.

There is a tale of a ship-wrecked crew, who, huddled together at night on
the beach of one of the Nicobars, heard the sound of paddles and then voices
and approaching footsteps. Fully expecting to be attacked they sang out to
the newcomers in good nervous Anglo-Saxon to keep their distance. History
hath it, that the reassuring reply received was " What for you fraid me !
I not eat man ! My name Lady-killer !"

I lived for a week with one Kingfisher, headman of a village called Perka,
where I got the new hawk. I found him by far the most intelligent man on
the island, and he gave me a great deal of help, besides most hospitably mov-
ing out of his house to make room for me, and bringing me fowls, yams, &c.;
his willingness to assist, unlike that of his neighbours, outlasting my stock of
rum.

One day a deputation from the village of Kakana came to a?k me to come
with my gun and capture or shoot a man who had run amok, which seemed
to promise a little excitement. They complained that he had fired a house
and killed a lot of pigs with his dah and threatened to cut down the first
man who interfered with him. On enquiry as to whose house he had burnt,
they said his own. Further questioned, they admitted that the deceased pigs
also were his own property. I came to the conclusion that a punitive expedi-
tion was unnecessary.

The Nicobarese ought to be among the most contented people in the world.
Every one lives on terms of perfect equality with his neighbours. Beyond
occasional illness they have no cares or troubles, and there is absolutely no
straggle for existence, cocoanuts and pandanus, their staple foods, being in
such profusion that a child old enough to climb a tree could support himself
without exertion.

The marriage relations are very loose, but for all that seem to work very
smoothly. As long as a couple are fond of each other and agree they live
together ; if they get tired of each other they separate and marry again.
There seems to be no objection to an unmarried girl having as many lovers
as she likes. The place would interest Mr. Grant Allen immensely.

There is generally some sort of festivity going on,- principally canoe racing
and dancing. A pair of the large racing canoes from Chowra manned by
twenty-five or thirty men make a fine sight, but their pace suggests unfavour-
able comparison with the speed of an English racing eight. The course is
generally long, and as every one sings at the top of his voice throughout the
race, the performers are pretty well exhausted at the finish. Both canoes
keep nearly parallel, and no one seems to mind much which comes in first.

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 389

Dancing is carried on every fine night, the performers making a large ring
with their hands on each other's shoulders, the men on one side and the girls
opposite them on the other. They do not dance round, but take two or three
paces and a stamp to one side and then to the other. If the dancers are few
in number the ring is left one-third open rather than made smaller.

Toddy goes round freely and by midnight every one is more or less intoxi-
cated and consequently fuddled and stupid next morning. When heavy
rain prevents dancing the Nicobarese make the best of it and lie beside
their nectar inside their huts.

Wrestling is rather a favourite sport between the lad.s. The rounds are
very short, one or the other going down at once.

The Nicobarese did not seem to me very good fishermen, and I did not see
a single fish of any size captured during my stay. I noticed four methods of
fishing— by hook and line, netting with a small casting net, spearing fish by
torch-light, and killing the small fry left in the pools at low tide with an
intoxicant made by nrashing up some jungle fruit which I could not
name.

Mr. Hume's account gives one a capital idea of the islanders excepting on
one point. Mr. Hume gives one the impression that the Nicobarese are partly
amphibious, diving from their canoes and catching large fish, sometimes two
at a time, in their hands. The Nicobarese of the present day certainly are
unable to do anything of the sort, I questioned many Nicobarese on this
point, and none of them seemed at all familiar with this method of fishing;
in fact, the idea rather tickled them. The officer in charge of the Nicobars,
who knows more about the islanders than any other man living, had never
heard of it either ; and when I found Captain London, still hale and hearty,
though growing old, the very man whom Mr. Hume describes as " diving
stark naked from his canoe and bringing up fish in his hands" — and he too
had never heard of this style of angling — well, it did occur to me that
Mr. Hume had for once been enlivening his ornithology with a touch of
romance, but I dismissed the thought at once as disloyal to the greatest of
Indian ornithologists ; tempora mutoAitur, and perhaps the Nicobarese are
changing with them.

I have to thank Col. R, C, Temple, C.I.E., Chief Commissioner of the
Islands, for much assistance kindly rendered, and I am, I think, indebted to
nearly every Officer in the settlement for kindness and hospitality shown me
during my visit.

I will now proceed with the ornithological part of this paper, which, it will
be seen, is chiefly a comparison of my observations with those of Messrs.
Hume and Davison in 1873.

The numbers prefixed to the names of species are those employed in the
Bird volumes in the " Fauna of India " series.

390 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

4, CoRVUS MACRORHYNCHU?, Wagl, Oates, I, p. 17; " Str. Feath.," II, p. 243.
Very numerous in the Andamaus ; it has apparently disappeared from
the deserted settlement at Camorta in the Nicobars, where it was
introduced from Port Blair,

Corvus splendens was introduced in Colonel Tytler's time, but gradually
entirely disappeared.

20, Dendrocitta bayleyi, Tytler. Oates, I, p. 34; " Str. Feath.," IT, p. 245.
Fairly common in the jungles in the neighbourhood of Port Blair. The
habits are those of the genus. The bird has a harsh call-note constantly
repeated when a party is broken up by being fired at. It seems rather an
inquisitive bird. I have often, when standing still in thick jungle, noticed
it hopping about in the branches overhead peering down to try and make
me out. On one occasion I noticed a party of three on a bare tree rising
from thick jungle, drying their plumage after a heavy shower. On my reach-
ing the tree I fired at one and missed, the birds flying off in different direc-
tions. In a couple of minutes one came back to look for the others, which I
shot; a minute later the other two returned to the tree and I shot another.
It breeds apparently in April and May, as young birds were common in
June. These differ from the adult in having the black of the head duller,
the brown of the back less rufescent, the reddish-brown of the under parts
duller, and the chest browner. The young bird seeuis to start in life with
an olive-green iris, changing in a short time to bright green. An inner
circle of golden yellow then appears and gradually encroaches on the green ,
until the beautiful clear yellow eye of the adult bird is attained. These
changes were very conspicuous in young birds shot in June and July.

226. ZosTEROPS PALPEBROSA, Temm. Oates, I, p. 213; " Str, Feath.," II, p.224.
The Andaman and Nicobar White-eyes differ only from continental birds
in having a lurger bill. They are, as Davison remarks, commoner in the
Nicobars than in the Andamans, but in neither group are they as numerous
as I have seen them elsewhere. Breeds in the earher months of the year.
Davison found young birds in February,

254. Irena puella, Lath, Oates, I, p. 240 ; "Str. Feath.," II., p. 226.
Occurs in both groups. At Port Blair it is certainly much more numerous
in the N.-E. monsoon than at other seasons. When I arrived in May hardly
a bird was to be seen ; I came across a few in June and July, and on my
return from the Nicobars in September found them numerous everywhere
adult males, however, being hardly one in twenty. Davison says the young
are about in April, Two old males which I shot on June 9th were obviously
breeding.

This lovely bird is by no means so conspicuous as one VAould imagine.
Indeed, in shady forest the male generally looks as black as a drongo, only now
and again showing its satin-blue back as it flutters across some sunlit piece
of open jungle. It is a tame bird, allowing a very close approach, and feed-

TllE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 391

ing quietly upon berries regardless of an observer. The old males are some-
what shier, though far from wild. I usually met with it in small parties
of five or six to twenty or thirty, often without a single old cock bird
among them.

288. Otocompsa emeria, Linn. Gates, I., p. 276 ; " Str, Feath.," II., p. 225.

The Red-Whiskered Bulbul is extremely plentiful in the Andamans, where
it is one of the commonest birds. Davison mentions meeting with it at
Camorta and Car Nicobar, where it had just been indroduced, but I saw
nothing of it at either of these localities, from which it may have since
disappeared. I found a nest or two in June.

297. loLE KicoBAKiENsrs, Moore. Gates, I., p. 285 ; " Str. Feath,'' 11^ p. 223.

A forest bulbul, peculiar to the Nicobars. It has been recorded from the
islands of Teressa, Bompoka, Tillangchong, Camorta, Nancowry, Trinkut
Katchall and Pilu Milu. Mr. Hume says that he did not observe it on Great
or Car Nicobar. Gccurring as it does on Pilu Milu, it is pretty sure to
extend to both the Little and Great Nicobars, but from Car Nicobar lying by
itself to the north of the other groups, it is certainly absent.

312. MicROPUS FUSCiFLAVESCEN?, Hume. Gates, I, p. 295 j "Str.
Feath.," I, p. 297, and II, p. 224.

This species has only apparently been obtained on the South Andaman
where Mr. Gates says '• it appears to be abundant." It appeared to me very far
from being so; indeed, I do not think I saw the bird more than a dozen times
during a stay of eight months. Davison's experience seems to have been
similar ; he only collected eight specimens in six months, and remarks that it
is "comparatively rare." It is a quiet, unobtrusive little bird, keeping to thick
jungle, and is almost always in pairs.

326. DiGEBRUs ANNECTENS, Hodgs. Gates, I, p. 312; "Str. Feath,," II, p, 209.

Mr. Hume says that Blyth received a specimen caught at sea by Captain
Lewis when nearing the Nicobars. Mr, Gates gives no later record cf its
occurrence in either group.

332. DiCRURUS LEUCOGENYP, Wald. Gates, I, p. 317 ; " Str. Feath. " II
p. 210.

Is, like the last, only a straggler to the islands. Captain Wimberley sent
Mr. Hume a specimen procured on November 5th, 1873.

336. DissEMDROiDES ANDAMANENSis, Tytler. Gates, I, p. 321- "Str.
Feath.," II, p. 211,

The small Andamanese Drongo is very common in the Andamans. Mr.
Gates says :" Habits, apparently, the same as those of D. ater." It is much more
of a forest bird than D. ater, being seldom met with outside the jungles. It is
highly gregarious, flocks of half a dozen to twenty travelling through the
forest together in search of food, either by themselves or in company with
Irena pudla, Sturnia andaraanensis, Graucalus dohsani, Pericrocotus anda-
manensis, etc.

392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol Xtl.

337. DissEMUROiDES DicRURiFOEMis, Ilume, Oates, I, p. 322 ; " Str.
Feath.;'II,p.211.

Occurs only on the Great Coco and Table Island, where it is numerous. I
did not visit the Cocos and know nothing of the bird myself. Its habits
are said to be those of the Dicruri.

340. DissEJiuRDS PARADiSEUS, Linn. Gates, I, p. 325 ; " Str, Feath.," II,
p. 212.

The Large Racket-tailed Drongo is fairly common in both groups, and its
sharp lively call of five notes is constantly heard in the jungles. Sometimes
in the evening they rise above the tree tops to capture termites and other
insects, following them to some elevation, and their flight is then graceful
in the extreme.

3G0. LocusTELLA CERTiiiOLA, Pall. Oates, I, p. 352 ; " Str. Feath., " II.,
p. 235.

Fallas's Grasshopper Warbler is a winter visitor to the Andamans, appa-
rently scarce, though from its skulking habits doubtless often overlooked. I
only saw it once, when it rose from some grass right under my feet. I
failed to flush it again, but am certain of its identity, as I could see the
white on the tail which distinguishes it from the next species.

361. LocusTELLA LANCEOLATA, Temm. Oates, I, p. 353 ; " Str. Feath.,"

I, p. 409.

This Locustelle is fairly common in the Andamans in winter. Between
November and January I flushed it constantly in paddy fields, high grass, &c.
It is hard to flush — very hard to put up a second time, and probably for
every one seen a dozen are passed over. I found it very hard to i^rocure
specimens without knocking them to pieces. Its jerky flights are so short
that one has to fire at it at under twenty yards or it drops into the grass
again. It is extremely annoying after missing a dodgy little bird like this
once or twice through giving it too much law to see a perfect cloud of
feathers drift away after a shot, and to know before picking your little
victim up that it will be utterly useless as a specimen and has been destroyed
to no end.

381. CiSTicOLA CURSITANS, Frankl. Oates, I, p. 374; "Str. Feath.,"

II, p. 235.

This little Grass-Watbler is extremely numerous on the open grass-covered
plains and hills that are a feature of the Nicobar Islands j I am not aware
that it has been obtained in the Andamans, where the only open hills are
covered with short spear-grass, and not the rank coarse growth in which this
bird delights.

393. Arunoinax aedon. Pall. Oates, I., p. 390; "Str. Feath.," II, p. 234.

The Thick-billed Warbler is a common winter migrant to the Andamans ;
in the Nicobars it appears to be somewhat scarcer. When approached it
usually utters a loud " click-cliok-click, " which Davison aptly likens to the

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 393

cocking and uncocking of an old musket lock. It is found in any sort of
cover, but is particularly partial to a kind of herbage which grows to a
height of two or three feet in and around ponds of standing water. In this
thick cover it works its way about like a reed warbler, hopping from stem to
stem low down near the water, its presence being only apparent from the
jerking movement of the herbage and its incessant clicking note. On the
wing between one patch of cover and another when disturbed, owing to a
certain similarity in size and colour, it is not unlike one of the small
Shrikes, Lanius lucionensis or L. cristaius.

410, Phylloscopus fuscatus, Blyth, Gates, I, p. 405; " Str. Feath.,"
II, p. 236.

A winter visitant to the Andamans 5 scarce,

424. AcANTHOPKEUSTE MAGNiROSTRie, Blyth, Oates, I, p. 415 ; " Str.
Feath.," II, p, 236,

Mr. Hume procured a single specimen at Mount Harriet in the Andamans,

42C, AcANTHOPNEUSTE LUGDBRis, Blyth. Oates, I, p. 417; " Str. Feath.,"
II, p, 236.

Not uncommon in the Andamans in winter, but very far from being
numerous.

451. HoRORNis PALLIDIPES, Blanf. Oates, I, p. 437.

I procured a single specimen of this tiny Bush Warbler on June 26th
in dense undergrowth in jungle on the very summit of Mount Harriet.
Unfortunately I had no choice but to shoot it at very short range with a
12 bore and No. 8 shot, the result being that it was terribly knocked about
a portion of the breast being shot away altogether. However the head
wings, tail, and legs are perfect and the back view of the specimen is all
right. Its action and a low rattling note reminded me rather of Rhopocicha
Length, 4^%", wing l\i", tail 1^", tarsus |", bill at gape ~i|". Bill brown, basal
half of lower mandible and gape yellow. Legs and claws pallid whitish-
fleshy.

481. Lanius cristatds, Linn. Oates, I, p. 468; " Str, Feath,," II, p. i^g
Occurs in the Andamans in most months of the year, its numbers being

augmented by an influx of young birds in the summer. At no time is it
nearly as numerous as the next species, which is the Shrike of the Andamans
and seldom out of sight in the cold weather,

482. Lanius lucionensip, Linn. Oates, I, p. 469; "Str. Feath.." II
p. 199,

The Philippine Shrike is extremely common in the Andamans in the cold
season. Mr. Oates says it appears to be a permanent resident, as the Hume
collection contains specimens killed in these islands in almost every month
of the year. The bulk of the birds certainly are not residents ; personally
I never saw it at all until September, after which one might have shot any
number. I do not think that the stragglers left in the hot weather breed

394 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIl .

in the islands. It is curious how many of the winter migrants to the
Andamans leave a certain percentage of their number to remain throughout
the year.

This shrike is also found in the Nicobars, but is less numerous there than
in the Andaman group.

492. Perickocotus andamanensis, Tytler. Gates, I., p. 481 j " Str.
Feath.," II, p. 208.

Common in the Andamans, to which it is confined. Habits the same as
those of P. sjyeciosus, of which it is little more than an insular race.

500. Perickocotds peregrinus, Linn. Gates, I, p. 487 ; " Str. Feath.,"
II, p. 209.

The Little Minivet is common in the Andamans but does not extend to
the Nicobars. Parties of this bird are extremely regular in their habits,
working their way to their roosting place along the same line of trees
night after night. This Minivet is sociable to a degree ; I have several times
known a whole party to flutter down after a shot bird (dead or living) and
for several seconds remain by it on the ground, moving with very short hops.
Their concern, however, seems short-lived, and in a minute they are playing
their usual game of follow-my-leader among the trees as gaily and light-
heartedly as if nothing had happened. These are the only occasions on
which I have ever seen a Perlcrocotus of any sort on the ground.

I think May to July is the breeding season in the Andamans. On the 15th
of the latter month I watched a pair building for some time. The hen bird
was doing all the work, but the male never went a yard from her side,
accompanying her on every journey to and from the nest, and watching her
lovingly and admiringly as she added each tiny piece of material. I left
them to the enjoyment of love's j'oung dream and they eventually reared
two young safely.

503. Perickocotus cinereus, Lafr. Gates, I, p. 489.

I killed a single specimen, an adult male, near Port Blair on the 19th
November. It was associating with a party of P. andamanensis to which
it had attached itself. From its entirely grey back and whitish breast I
recognized it at a glance before I shot it,

Mr. Gates says he procured one near the town of Pegu in February, and
that it has not been recorded from any other part of the Empire. Unfor-
tunately the specimen I obtained was so disfigured by shot — the whole bill
being blown away — that I did not preserve it, but as to its identity I have
not the slightest doubt, having since had an opportunity of examining
several examples of the species.

509, Campopuaga TERAT, Bodd. Gates, I, p. 495 ; "Str. Feath,," II,
p. 202.

The Pied Cuckoo Shrike was obtained by Davison at Camorta in the
Central group of the Nicobar Islands ; it probably occurs also on the Little

THE BIRDS OF TEE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 395

and Great Nicobars, as a single specimen was obtained at Acheen. It does
not occur on Car Nicobar, I did not come across this bird at all. Davison
found it not uncommon at Camorta ; from his account it appears to be a
rather tame bird, associating in small parties and feeding in thick under-
growth near the ground. In the Malay Peninsula I have generally found
it singly or in pairs.

510. GRAUCALrs MAcn, Less. Oates, I, p. 496; " Str. Feath,," II., p. 204,
The Large Cuckoo Shrike is a very common species in the neighbourhood

of Port Blair, where clearing and cultivation have made the country open
enough for its liking. Unlike the next species it is not found in thick
forest, keeping to gardens, clearings, or trees standing in the open,

511. Gradcalds dobsoni, Ball. Oates, I, p., 497; "Str. Feath.," II,
p. 206.

This species is common enough in forest, out of which it is never met
with. It is a quiet bird without the noisy whistling cry of G. macii,
associating with the Mynas, Mini vets, Drongos, etc., which roam through the
Andaman jungles in company. It has a rather pleasing, though short, song.

513. Artamus LEUCOGASTER, Val. Oates, I, p. 499,- "Str. Feath.," II, p. 214.

The White-rumped Swallow Shrike is very common in the Andamans,
especially so in the opened and cultivated country round Port Blair. It is a
charmingly fearless little bird, often allowing one to watch it from as short
a distance as six feet. It is sociable in the extreme, a party frequently
settling on a bare branch or other suitable perch and nestling closer
and closer to each other until they form a regular feathery ball. Any
one who cared to shoot at them then might kill a dozen at a shot.
A pair alone nenrly always sit touching each other, and should one dart ofE
after a passing insect its companion utters a rather harsh little chirp of
encouragement ; with a few rapid wing-strokes and a graceful pkimming
swoop the prey is captured and the pursuer settles at the side of his mate
again. They seem to have a great affection for each other, and if one is
shot its companion circles backwards and forwards round the head of the
slayer in the most obvious distress. Davison remarks that it is an exceed-
ingly easy bird to shoot on the wing, its flight, though very graceful, being
slow and steady ; so much is this the case that I have frequently killed it
flying with a catapult.

This Artamus settles freely on the ground, on which it moves with very
short hops. I have noticed it following a plough, and alighting among
the newly turned clods of earth in search of the insects exposed. I have
also noticed it perching on roofs of buildings and bungalows, which I do
not recollect having seen Artamus fuscus do. A. leucogaster is by far the more
familiar bird of the two.

Very little is known of its nidification, Davison found a nest in May in
which the bird had not then laid. It was placed about twenty feet from

396 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII,

the ground in a rotten mangrove stump. April and May are certainly the
principal breeding months, I found no end of newly fledged young sitting
about the trees in May, but a careful search only resulted in my finding
one nest. This was placed on the bracket formed by a parasitic " oak-leaf "
fern {Poly podium quercifolium) which was growing against the stem of
a jak-tree some fifteen feet from the ground. The nest was composed
almost entirely of dry grass, and contained one young one large enough
to fly when my fingers touched it as I felt for eggs. I fancy these birds
breed in fairly close company where there are suitable trees, as I saw several
very young birds in one clump of jak-trees where they, were probably
hatched.

516. Oriolus macrueus, Blyth. Gates, I, p. 503; " Str. Feath.,"
II, p. 228.

The Nicobar Oriole is extremely abundant throughout the islands of that
group. Its habits in no way differ from those of its congeners. Its note
is a long drawn modulated whistle, sounding like " pee-u,"

Car Nicobarese name — " macheon."

517. Oeiolus andamanensis, Tytler. Gates, I, p. 504; " Str. Feath.,"
II, p. 226.

Extremely common throughout the Andamans. I believe the nest has
not been described ; I found two, the first, found on May 19th, situated about
eight feet from the ground in a small rain-tree {Pithecolobium sp. ?) by the
roadside, was a very small and slight nest of the usual Oriole type, and
contained one large young one only. The other nest, taken on June 1st,
was some fifteen feet from the ground in a Hibiscus of sorts standing some
forty yards from the jungle edge, and contained three hard-set eggs. This
nest was much larger and more solid than the first, almost double the size ;
it was lined with fine roots and fibres, under which was a layer of strips of
dead plantain leaf (one of these pieces as large as 6 ins. by 2 ins.) j then came
the foundation of dead and skeleton leaves held together and suspended
to the fork of the branch by fibres of the cocoanut palm.

Eggs. — Ground-colour white with a strong pinkish-brown tinge, spotted at
the large end with madder-brown, with a few underlying purplish-grey spots.
Some of the larger spots have a pinkish-brown nimbus round them, giving
them the appearance of having been put on a wet surface and having " run."

521. Oriolus melanocephalus, Linn. Oates, I, p. 506 ; " Str. Feath.,"
II, p. 230.

Davison seemed to think the Black-headed Oriole only a migrant to the
islands, as he did not meet with it at all until April, after which it was
not uncommon. My experience was exactly the same ; I shot two in May,
and saw several between May and July, after which I neither saw nor
heard it. Mr. Hume, however, doubts its being only a seasonal visitant,
and as Mr. Oates remarks that it is " everywhere a resident in well wooded

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 397

parts," it is probably a permanent resident in the Andamans, though for
some reason undoubtedly more in evidence in the summer months. Not
recorded from the Nicobars.

524. EuLABES INTERMEDIA, Hay. Gates, I, p. 511 ; " Str. Feath.," II,
p. 254.

This Grackle is extremely common in both groups. Mr. Gates says that
typical Andaman and Nicobar birds have a longer wing and a larger white
wing patch than true E. intermedia, but he does not recognize E. andamanensis
as a species.

527. Calornis CHALYBETUS, Horsf, Gates, I, p. 514 J " Str. Feath.," II,
p. 253.

The Glossy Tree-Stare is very numerous in both groups, especially in the
Nicobars. According to Mr. Gates, the Andaman race of this bird is, " in
addition to being somewhat larger, of a much darker green, almost a black in
some lights."

These starlings appear to grip the bough on which they are seated very
tightly. Gn one occasion I fired up into a flock which were feeding among
the foliage of a huge Ficus high over my head. The flock left the tree with
a whirr of wings, and somewhat to my surprise nothing fell ; then after
quite half a minute's interval, and with several seconds between each, four
birds fell one after another at my feet.

I once saw half a dozen feeding on the ground below a Ficus on the berries
which the remainder of the flock were dropping from above.

Car Nicobarese name — " tukkuliv."

528. Pastor koseus, Linn. Gates, I, p. 518 ; " Str. Feath.," II,
p. 252.

At most only a rare accidental 7isitant to the Andamans, where it has
not, apparently been procured, its claim to a place on our list resting only
on Colonel Tytlers statement that several arrive in flocks in January
Mr. Hume says that Colonel Tytler knew the bird well and was not likely to
have been mistaken,

540. Sturnia andamanensis, Tytler. Gates, I, p. 529 ; " Str. Feath.,"
II, p. 248.

This Myna is one of the commonest birds in the Andamans, where it
literally swarms when attracted by any extra abundance of food supply. It
feeds a great deal on the ground in paddy fields, on open grass-land, &c., and
also frequents heavy forest, flocka travelling in ^jearch of fruits and insects in
company with Z)2SsewiMro2(?es andamanensis, Graucalusdobsoni, and Pericro-
cotus andamanensis. It is particularly partial to a small caterpillar which
rolls itself up in the narrow leaves of the bamboo, and flocks may be seen
hanging in all sorts of tit-like attitudes diligently opening every rolled up
leaf they can detect, with varying results, the little shelter not being always
tenanted.

'in JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HtSTOR'^ SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

I believe both this and the next species differ from the genus Sturnia in
having the young not brown but very similar to the adults (see remarks on
next speciesj. Mr, Hume says that his party preserved nearly fifty old and
young, and shot altogether nearly a hundred. He then proceeds to give a
very careful description of the adult, but says nothing whatever about any
brown young birds. His collection was made too in the earlier part of the
year when these would be about.

541. Sturnia erythkopygia, Blyth. Gates, I, p. 529j "Str. Feath." II,
p. 248.

This species was described by Blyth in 1846 ; in 1873 Mr. Hume's party
obtained a specimen, now in the British Museum, on Car Nicobar island.
Mr. Gates says that no other specimen has been procured by any naturalist
since.

The fact is that this extremely little-known Myna is peculiar to the one
island of Car Nicobar, which lies by itself to the north of the other groups,
and on this island it is quite a common bird. I brought away 27
skins, some very good and some indifferent specimens. In action, habits,
notes, etc., it exactly resembles the common S. andamanensis , except that it is^
from the nature of the island it inhabits, entirely arboreal, while S. andama-
nensis feeds as much on the ground as Acridotheres tristis. There is not a
yard of open grass on Car Nicobar, except the savannahs covered with rank
grass three feet in height, so that a Myna cannot possibly find the smallest
piece of turf to walk on. The Nicobar Myna feeds almost entirely on berries
and fruits, though I once or twice saw it capture an insect on the wing.
During the day these Mynas disperse in pairs and small parties to feed, col-
lecting in large flocks in the evening to return to roost. These large flocks,
often of three or four hundred birds, invariably used to pitch on some tall
and gnarled old Casuarina trees, growing at the edge of a low cliff beneath
tvhich the surf was breaking in great sheets of white spray. Many of the
birds shot on these trees dropped into the sea and were lost.

I am inclined to think they breed chiefly at the beginning of the year,
probably from February to May. I saw a pair frequenting a hole in a
pandanus which contained an old nest, composed of pieces of grass and
cocoanut fibre. They must breed chiefly in holes in the pandanus and
Casuarina trees.

The chesnut on the plumage of this bird shows very conspicuously in
flight, and it could be distinguished from S. andamanensis, did the two occur
in the same locality, at a considerable distance.

It is rather a shy bird, and flocks after being once or twice fired at
become very wary indeed.

The following description is from my series of twenty-seven birds : —

Adult (nine males and five females), — Entire head, neck, breast and abdomen
cream-colour, with a pale yellowish tinge, moat pronounced on crown and neck,

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAE ISLANDS. 399

tliis cream-colour becoming pure white on the upper back ; middle back and
scapulars smoke-grey or brownish-grey. (In four males out of nine the
scapulars are distinctly tinged with chesnut, and have chesnut shaft stripes.)
Rump and upper tail coverts bright chesnut. Wings black, strongly glossed
with rifle green ; tail black with a green gloss, the central pair of feathers very
narrowly tipped with chesnut, the tips becoming succesaively broader on
each pair of feathers until, in the outer pair, nearly the whole of the outer
and about an inch of the inner web is chesnut. Lower abdomen from a
little above the vent and lower tail coverts deep chesnut, with which the
flanks also are more or less suffused. Wing-lining white, generally mingled
with a few black and chesnut feathers.

Four adult females out of five differ distinctly from the males in having the
chesnut of the vent shading up into the white of the abdomen, so as to tinge
the whole of it with creamy-chesnut or fawn-colour ( in one right
up to the shoulders;. None of the females have any chesnut on the
scapulars.

Soft parts. — Bill, lemon-yellow, with upper mandible behind nostril and
base of lower mandible smalt-blue ifeet, dirty lemon-yellow. Iris, opalescent
white to pale Cambridge-blue ; nis»(/e of mouth smalt-blue; in apparently a
very old bird, blackish-blue.

Young birds (eight males and five females).— Mr. Gates, says (■'Birds," J,
p. 525) : " In Sturnia the young are brown till the first autumn." I can hardly
believe that this is correct with regard to these two species. In the Anda-
mans and Nicobars, from May to March, I saw certainly two or three
thousand of S. erythropygia and tens of thousands of S. andamanensis, and in no
case did I ever see a bird with any traces of brown, although I killed one
iS. andamanensis with the gape still soft [and yellow and the old birds
feeding it.

The young of Sturnia erythropygia differ only from adults in having the
feathers of the crown with narrow brownish-grey shaft-stripes (very faint
in some) ; the upper wing coverts, secondaries, and tertiaries narrowly edged
with fulvous, except the innermost tertiary feather which is broadly edged
with grey ; and the abdomen more tinged with creamy-fawn than in adults.
Sexes alike, except that the oldest immature female (which has dropped all
rufous edgings to the feathers and only differs from an adult in retaining
the pink at the base of the bill) has the abdomen more strongly tinged with
chesnut than any male.

I am of opinion that the young leave the nest in the plumage above
described, and are never brown.

The immature bird has the iris pale grey ; bill yellow, inclined to dull
greenish above ; base of the lower mandible (blue in adults) fleshy-pink or
rosy-pink; legs and feet yellow, claws dusky yellow. Inside of mouth fleshy

400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol XII.

pink. Both sexes are similar in size, though varying inter se ; as the bird
is ?o little known I give the naeasurements of a dozen examples: —

^ad.

5 ad.

^ad.

9 ad.

^ad.

^ad.

^ad.

9 ad.

^J- $j-

$i-

s).

Length

85

9

9

81

81

85

9g

»3

85

9

81

H

Wing

H

41

4ro

4f

H

41

4i

4f

•ii

H

4§

H

Tail

2j|

2il

2|

2i

21

3

2il

2f

3tV

21^

n

Tarsus

1 r,

T6

1

life

1

1

1^

We

1

1

1

1

1

Bill at G.

Ifc

H6

lA

1^

1 3-

13.

H

li

Ife

lirk

iT^e

u

Bill at F.

1 3

i

1 3

TS

1 3
16

f

1 3
1 6

1 r.

16

1 X

1 6

i

1 -)

i

1 3
16

Mr. Blyth's type specimen is stiil in the Calcutta Museum, where I lately
examined it.

Car Nicobarese name — " halue " or " haroitch."

542. Agkopsar sturninus, Pall, Gates, I, p, 530 ; " Str. Feath,," II,
p, 249,

The Daurian Myna occurs in the Nicobars ; Mr. Davison met with a flock
of seventy or eighty together at Camorta. I did not come across it ; I do not
think it can be common in the Nicobars, to which it is only a winter
migrant,

549. AcRiDOTHERES TEiSTis, Linn. Gates, I, p, 537 ; " Str. Feath,," II,,
p. 246.

Mr. Hume writing in 1873 says that this species, introduced by
Col. Tytler, though exceedingly numerous on lloss Island, had not then
extended to the main land.

It is now one of the commonest birds at Port Blair, being very abundant
wherever there is cultivation, and roosting in hundreds in the clumps of
bamboos with which the Settlement roads are shaded. I also saw a few
frequenting the old guard house at the abandoned settlement at Camorta in
the Nicobars, where they were introduced from Port Blair,

582. MusciTREA GRISOLA, Blyth. Gates, II, p. 31; "Str, Feath,,"
II, p, 201,

Gccurs on the Andamans and Cocos. It appears to be rare ; Mr. Hume's
party only obtained four specimens, and I only saw the bird once, oddly
enough the first morning I was at Port Blair, It was hopping about in some
mangroves near the sea j I watched it closely for some minutes, but having
other specimens to skin, and naturally concluding that a bird I met with
on my first morning I should be sure to see again, I did not shoot it — ^an
unfortunate mistake, as I did not have another chance of securing an
example.

THE BIRDS OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 401

587. Anthipes sp. V (olivacbus ?), Hume. Gates, II, p. 34.

I can only make a guess at the identity of a flycatcher I met with
near Port Blair during the first week in October. It flew out of a clump
of bamboos overhanging a stream, captured an insect, and returned to its
perch. My attention being attracted by its reddish-brown tail and rump,
I crept close up to it and had a good view of it sitting not more than
ten feet ofP. In colour it was brown above, the rump and tail conspicuously
reddish when it was on the wing ; below pale buff or whitish. In size
it was similar to, or perhaps a trifle larger than, A. latirostris. I had only a
12 bore gun with me at the time, and, the bird being so tame, I thought
I could knock it over with a catapult I had in my pocket, and with this
rather uncertain weapon I managed to miss it. The next day I went after
it with a '410 bore gun, but though I saw the bird again it darted off
among the bamboos and dodged me somehow, nor could I find it a third
time. Looking through the flycatchers in Mr, Oates's work it struck me
this might have been the above species, which he says occurs in Tenasserim,
Java and Borneo. At any rate one species of flycatcher must be added to
those already known to occur ia the group.

588. ALSEONAX LATIROSTRIS, Raffl. Oates, II, p. 35i "Str. Feath.," II, p. 219.
A fairly common winter migrant to the Andamans.

600. Terpsiphone nicobarica, Oates. Oates, II, p. 48 ;" Str. Feath.,"
II, p. 216.

This form of Paradise Flycatcher occurs in both groups. Davison says

it is " exceedingly rare at both the Andamans and Nicobars." At the

Andamans it is certainly rare — I only saw it twice in eight months— but

. on the Nicobars young birds seemed to me fairly numerous. I did not see

a single specimen in the white plumage of the adult male.

601. Hypothymis AZUREA, Bodd. Oates, 11, p. 49; "Str. Feath.," II, p. 217.
The Azure Flycatcher is exceedingly common on the Nicobars, but in the

Andamans is replaced by the next species. Mr. Oates says he has not seen
a nestling ; noting this, I tried to get one on Car Nicobar during my stay
there, where the bird was very plentiful. I failed to get a very young bird,
but from the number of birds in female plumage, I suspect the nestling
much resembles the adult female.

Mr. Oates is quite correct in considering that the alleged difference
between //. azurea and H. ceyloneusis does not hold good. I have seen
and shot numbers of the Ceylon bird, and in adult males the black-throat
bar is, I think, always present.

Car Nicobarese name — "Kalong tesa. "

602. Hypothymis tytleri, Beavan. Oates, II, p. 50; "Str. Feath.,"
II, p. 217.

This species — or race ? — replaces H. azurea in the Andamans, where, how-
ever, it is much scarcer than tbat bird is in the Nicobars, Mr, Hume got

402 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

forty-two specimens : it would take a long time to get as big a series near
Port Blair. I don't think I saw half as many all told, I only shot three, and only
preserved one, so am rather chary of making any remarks on the bird. All
three of mine, however, had some white on the lower surface. Mr, Hume says:
"The typical adult //, tytleri has not a particle of whiteabout the abdomen,
vent, and lower tail coverts"; and Mr. Gates in his key to the species says :
" Abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white:=//. azurea ; abdomen, vent
and under tail coverts blue=://. tytleri.'' Mr. Hume says, however, that a
Teressa bird (//. azurea) could not be separated as regards coloration from one
of the least typical H. tytleri. Mr. Gates says : " Such birds are not often met
with, and do not, in my opinion, affect the question," It seems to me that
adult males of //. tytleri with some white on the lower parts cannot be uncom-
mon, and I cannot see why these do not affect the question.
My three birds were :

(1) $ adult (breeding), — Lower abdomen and vent white, under tail
coverts greyish-blue.

(2) $ adult (breeding — nest taken). — Centre of abdomen white, vent
and lower tail coverts dull whitish-blue.

(3) $ — apparently adult. Similar to last.

Certainly none of these had anything like the amount of white on the
lower surface that a typical //. azurea has, but a beginner in ornithology —
myself, for instance — would have been puzzled, not knowing the locality
from which the birds came, to identify No. 1 by Mr. Gates' key,

A nest and three eggs I took were exactly similar to those of //, azurea.

610. Pkatincola MAURA, Pall. Gates, II, p. Gl ; " Str, Feath,, " II,
p. 233.

Gnly a rare winter visitant to the Andamans.

647, Cyanecula suecica, Linn, Gates, II, p. 99; "Str, Feath.," II,
p. 234.

A scarce winter visitant to the Andamans, Mr, Gates considers it
probably also reaches the Nicobars,

663, CoPSYCHUS SAULARis, Linn. Gates, II, p. 116; "Str, Feath,," II,
p. 230.

An extremely common bird near the Settlement in the Andamans, probably
absent from the wilder parts of the islands, and not extending to the
Nicobars.

I found numerous nests in the early part of the year.

G65. CiT'iociNCLA ALBivENTRis, Blyth. Gates, II, p. 120; "Str. Feath.,"
p. 232.

This Shama is common throughout the dense jungle of the Andamans ;
its habits are much the same as those of C. macrura, excepting that
it keeps lower down in .the dense cover it frequents ; even when einging it

THE BIRDS OF TEE A NDA MAN A ND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 403

seldom perches more than five or six feet from the ground. It is a shy
bird, and, in thick jungle, very difficult to shoot, flitting off at the least
crack of a stick.

It is very lively at dusk, and is late in going to roost, after which it con-
stantly utters a long-drawn note like " chee-ee" from the bush in which it
has taken up its quarters for the night before finally settling down to sleep.
I never heard it utter this note in the day.

Mr. Hume says this bird " Has no voice, no ear, and not the faintest
conception of singing." This seems to me a most undeserved libel on our
little Andaman Shama ; it certainly has a large and varied repertoire of
harsh notes and most unmusical cat-calls, but it can and does sing well, its
song being very like that of the Indian bird, though never so sustained and
not so varied. It sings mostly during the first half of the 3 ear — the breed-
ing season. I found a nest in June, from which the young bad apparently
just flown ; it was in a crevice in a rotten stump in thick jungle, composed
of grass and dead bamboo leaves, and very like a nest of Copsyckus saularis.
I have known one of these Shamas enter a house : but this was quite unusual,
it being strictly a forest bird and seldom venturing into the open.

(To he continued.)

404

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS.
Part II.
The Mullet and Gaefish.
By Fred. O. Gadsden, R. I. M.

In a former article (p. 194 ante) I have spoken of the bahmin or Indian
salmon as standing pre-eminently forward as the sporting fish that we get out
here ; but it is not to be inferred from this that we really have no other.
As the bahmin has been compared, and in my opinion justly so, to the salmon,
so the fishes mentioned above may be likened in many ways to a fish which
has always been a great favourite with all who follow the gentle art, viz.,
the grayling. This may appear a very far-fetched idea, but any one who
knows them both will, I am sure, agree with me in this matter.

The Mullet {^Mugil ceur. Murjll cceruleus macuJatus). — In appearance he is
not really unlike the grayling — in fact, he is as like as it is possible for two
fish of absolutely difEerent species and inhabiting different waters to be.
In their niggling, fiddling way of feeding they greatly resemble each other,
and when once hooked, in their manner of playing or, perhaps, one should say
of fighting for their lives, there is a strong resemblance.

I cannot quite remember now where I once saw the remark that if the
trout was a gentleman and lord of the stream, the grayling was as certainly a
lady and queen of fresh-waters ; but no one can fish often for mullet and
catch them, without feeling, involuntarily, what a really nice lady-like, well-
behaved fish he is, and any one acquainted with dear old Izaak Walton must
recall to mind what he says about this fish : '* And therefore, I pray you,
barken what Du Bartas says of the mullet : —

" But for chaste love the mullet hath no peer ;
For if the fisher hath surprised her pheer,
As mad with wo to shore she (oUoweth,
Prest to consort him both in life and death."
Such const incy as this is more often an attribute of the female than of the
male, I fear.

I do not know that we have any really fresh-water mullet in English
waters, though there are several fresh-water species out here ; so I presume
that our old friend was referring to the sea mullet. And I have often
noticed myself, when a fish has been hooked, and is being slowly drawn in,
that it is very often accompanied by its companions, and not seldom you may
catch nearly the whole school before those that are left will leave. I know
this, that I have never caught mullet without having forcibly brought back
to me the memory of many, many happy days spent on the banks of the Wye,
the Lugg, and the Munnow after grayling j and often during the heat of a
really hot Aden day for instance (mullet bite best in the midday without a
breath of wind), have I thought of the pleasant days spent at home when
the country was looking simply gorgeous with the meridian splendour of its
autumnal hues, and when to loaf along the river banks, to drink in the fresh

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS, 405

and creamy air, to enjoy the scenery, listen to the song of the birds, to expe-
rience the life blood racing through your veins — in short, to feel young and
fit, and strong, was to live indeed. Such feelings come back upon me very
often when growing old out here in exile, and one yearns for the time that
has gone, for the days that will not return.

But to return to our friends the mullet, I know that at home he is consi-
dered difficult to catch, and is always looked upon as a very shy and a very
wary fish. That very wariness seems to be a part and parcel of his very
nature, for even out here, where he is not often troubled by the flash of the
green heart wand, he is still almost, if not quite, the most difficult fish to get
on even terms with, I have every reason to suppose that he enjoys a variety
in his diet, and yet after many years I have come to the conclusion that
there is but one bait which is worth trying, and to which he will generally
succumb -a very simple bait, and one easily obtained and 5\s easily applied,
viz., the light-brown crust of a loaf of bread.

There are, I believe, some six-and-twenty species of Mugilklce in Indian
water?, but many of these are fresh water species, and some are naturally
pigmies, and never attain very considerable size ; but in some places, and
notably in Aden and in the Andaman Islands, there are some really fine,
portly, aldermanicapecimens of the species noted above, and, granted you
can drop across them, they are well worth the trouble of catching. In Aden
the mullet is fairly common and grows up to a length of about 3 ft., and
weighs anything from lib. to 51bs. and even 71bs. and 81bs.; I have never been
able to get one over S^^lbs. though. In Port Blair several species are repre-
sented, but there is one that is especially handsome. This fish, when first
caught, has a lovely blue sheen on the back and shoulders, and though never
so large as the Aden lot, running up to about 15ins. in length, is a particularly
delicate fish for the table. The models operandi of catching them is de-
lightfully simple. Send some one down to the pier or rocks, and if they see
the fish about, well and good. If not, then you must try and induce them to
show up. To do so, get your loaf of bread, and having bored a hole through
it, make fast a good long line to it (linen thread is the best), and heave it out
as far as possible— 30 yds. or 40 yds. or further if you can — and then wait
a while. With any luck, in a short time yoa will see the loaf agitated and
you will hear a sort of " suck suck " noise. Your friends are there, and they
are quietly and quickly chewing away at the undercrust.

Now comes in the delicacy of the operation, for you have to try
and induce them to come within your reach, without frightening or dis-
turbing them. Little by little — in fact, inch by inch— you gather in your
thread and you will find, if you are not in too great a hurry, that you will
eventually get them to within an easy casting distance of where you are.
You will, of course, be ready, rigged up with a very long and a light trace
made of the finest gut, certainly not less than 4 yds. long, armed with a small

406 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

crystal hook, baited with a piece of this self-same light brown crust, and sup-
ported by very small pieces of cork fastened at intervals up the trace to
prevent it sinking. When you find them well within your reach, cast lightly
and carefully close to the loaf and then ten to one if you have made a good
clean cast, you will get your reward. The mullet, as I have remarked, is a
" niggly'' feeder, and many times you will see your bait apparently in his
mouth, and yet when you come to taughten up he will quietly let go and you
will find that all this time he has simply been " pulling your leg.'' But there
comes a time when you have the " bulge" on your side. He may, perhaj'S,
have closed his lips a little harder than usual upon the crumb, and the hook
has responded to your gentle twitch, the barb has gone home, and you find
yourself making the acquaintance of your finny friend.

I have not specifically mentioned, but I take it for granted that my
readers have understood that this game can only be played with the finest
lackle-rod, reel, line, cast and hook all on a par ; and when once hooked you
can easily understand how delicate must be the manipulation if you and your
friend are not to part company. For this game I nearly always use a light
single-handed trout rod, made for me by F. M. Walbran of Leeds of the
pattern known as the " Bickerdyke." It has a long and a short butt, and is a
beautifully handy little rod and just the very thing. Keel to suit the rod.
Line, an 11 sized American dressed taper line, GO yds. Trace of ordinary fine
gut, and the hook — well, generally a round bend, size from 16-20 Milward's
scale, tinned, No, 13G1, are what I like best. This may not sound very exciting,
but it is surprising what vicissitudes can be experiei ced even in fishing for
mullet, and how very absorbed one can become, and alack and alas ! how very
often one manages to Irse one's fish. A good large landing net is distinctly a
nne qua non, and the larger the better, and as this sort of fishing is generally
carried on from a pier or landing stage, your net should have a good long
handle so that you may e>perience to the full the benefit of not having to
bring the fish too close to the pillars or supports. Pier supports seem to
exercise an irresistible attraction for a hooked fish, they rush to them as a
needle to a magnet, and when once there it is generally a case of '' Good-bye
dear, see you again soon," as your line comes home, clean cut by the minute
shells and rough sea growth which is invariably found in these situations.

Unlike the bahmin, which loves the rushing, tumbling, broken water,
mullet affect the still and quieter waters and are more often found in quiet
bays near rocks, and also in docks and wet basins among the shipping. The
best places I know are Aden, and Port Blair in the Andamans, Perim
Harbour, nearly all the bays and inlets about Bombay Harbour, while Suez
Roads and the Suez Canal are simply full of them. Favourite spots in Aden
Harbour are off the Post Office Pier and the Gunner's landing stage. There
used to be two officers stationed in Aden who were adepts at this class of
fishing, one especially so, who used always to be very successful among the

FISBING IN INDIAN WATERS. 407

lar<^er tish, and who uow has turned his attention of later years to theliahmin,
chiefly through having gone out with rao ; and I know of one occasion when,
one day, a 5-lb. fish was caught from the verandah of the present Aden Club.
In Perim they arc to be had round the landing pier by the lighthouse. In
Bombay you will nearly always see men and boys fishing for them in the
Prince's Dock, off the Dock walls, and in the hot weather there are a good
many to be had in the wet basins inside the Government dockyard.

The Gar Fish. {Belone stronrjylurus, Eemiramphun far'). — I have no
doubt that most of your readers have seen and know what the Garfish is like
as he is not at all an unknown quantity ia English waters, but to those who
know him not I may here remark that he more resembles a pike than any
other fish with his long tapering snout and well-armed jaws. I have at the
head of this paper named two species, the one Belone, the other Ilemiram-
phus. The former is orthodox in every way, possesses a pair of jaws and has
nothing very odd about him ; but the latter dispenses altogether with an
upper mandible, and goes about this wicked world with only an underlip
sticking out, and moreover seems, like the wicked, to thrive exceedingly. It
is rather a peculiar sight and slightly disconcerting to the beginner to see the
fish sail up to the bait, and then when you expect to see him take it between
his jaws, lo and behold only a gap appears above his projecting snout and the
top of his head seems to disappear and your bait vanishes from view. It is
as if this most polite fish had taken ofl: his hut, put his dinner therein and
replaced his head gear, and before you have time to realize that he has simply
opened his mouth, he is off with a rush — and such a rusli. I always think that
garfish of both sorts, size for size, make the most brilliant play on a Ught rod
of any fish I know, the only fish to be compared with them being a well-fed
lusty English trout in full season. In their runs they dart about all over the
place, and being of a long, lithe build, their struggles are acrobatic to a degree,
and one requires to be very tender with them. I have said that tliey resem-
ble pike, but it is only in their outward and visible form. In their way of
sporting, in the habit they have of lying close behind piles, rocks, basements
of piers or lighthousen, by dock gates, or under a ship's stern — in fact any-
where where they can find shelter, and provided it is in a good tideway with a
rush of water, they much more resemble trout. Here they will lie for hours
keeping stationary with occasionally just one lazy wag of their tail, until
perchance they perceive some tit-bit passing, and then, with a movement like a
lightning flush, they are out and have seized their prey and are back again
waiting and watching for more. Ever on the alert, eyes lifting all around
for what they can seize, they remind one involuntarily of the enemy of
mankind who is said " to go about seeking whom he may devour."
. Like trout, too, they feed on the top as well as in mid water, and very often
when nothing else will tempt them, an ordinary large sized English trout fly
thrown deftly and quietly in front of them will tempt them to their doom.

408 OURNAL, BOMB A Y NA TUliAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

This is by far tlie prettiest sea-fishing there is to be had, and many an hour
have I spent over it. Ordinarily, however, one fishes for garfish with a small
fish for bait, varying the size of the bait to suit the size of the fish about, but
in every case it must be fine and far off. I have found that it is always best
when possible to use the fish-bait alive, just keeping it on to the hook, either
by passing the hook through its lip, or better still, just under the skin behind
the dorsal fin, and then simply letting it roam. In hot weather it is very
difficult to keep the fry alive, and if used dead, they should be spun. Under
these circumstances a small spinner of sorts is most useful. I personally
like the Chapman best, and I use the smallest size I can get, and have had
many and many a run and lost many and many a fish.

However much garfish like the fry, there is one thing that they like much
better, and I know of no bait that comes up to it for downright dea'iliness.
It is the common cockroach — not the insect that runs about the kitchen at
home which is more of the nature of the black beetle, but the luscious full-
powered odoriferous "janwa"that is always to be found roaming about
ships that have been in the Eastern trade and which are so common and, I
think, peculiar to Oriental and tropical countries. Every one who has ever
sailed out here knows them well. They possess a peculiarly strong pungent
and disagreeable smell and. are perfectly fiendish in their capacity for des-
troying one's boots, books, clothes, &c., and their activity is such that it takes
a smart boy indeed to kill one even in the open, while in a ship's cabin full of
nooks and crannies, he seems to carry out his own wicked will and go his
own aggravating way with absolute impunity. You may catch him in
flagrante delicto and carefully raise your slipper and determine in your own
mind that in one second more his blood shall stain the heather — or your best
counterpane — and crash, bang down comes the slipper, as yon think, on his
devoted head; but nothing of the sort j he has executed most neatly a strategic
movement towards his own particular corner, and the cnly thing you will see
will be his long antennai waving as he disappears down some chink probably
between the boards of your bunk, only to appear shortly in some other place,
from which he will watch his chanee as soon as he feels assured that the
coast is clear, to be up to his trices again. With such a brute to deal with, it
can easily be imagined that it is almost as difficult to catch your bait as it is
to catch your lish, and truly so have I found it. While on the subject of the
cockroach I may tell you that the only satisfactory way I know of catching
them is to get a few open gallipots or large-mouthed pickle bottles and put a
small quantity of a mixture of beer and sugar in the bottom and place these
in the cupboards and store rooms which they frequent. If you are in a ship
blessed with cockroaches you will scon get as many as you may want. It is
almost incredible how many can be caught in this way even in a ship where,
as a general rule, they are not much in evidence, and when, if you were asked
if there were any, you would probably indignantly deny their existence.

FISHING IN INDIAN WATERS. 409

Now taking for granted that all these obstacles have been overcome there is
still one last and great difficulty. This is the absolute and invincible repug-
nance that ninety-nine men out of every hundred have to touch the creature at
all. Cold-blooded and case-hardened as T am and have become by years of
worming, daping, &c., with all sorts of baits alive and dead, it was a long time
before I could make up my mind to seize the creature and hold him sufficiently
tight to put him upon a hook. But it had to Ve done, and eventually I got
over that difficulty ; but even to this day there are many unpleasant thincrs I
would much rather do. The stench he leaves behind on one's fingers hangs
about them for days in spite of even "Sunlight Soap," but once on, the effect is
simply magical. If the fish are anywhere about you have only to dape in their
neighbourhood. They appear simply rampant, and you can see them darting
forward for this particularly tasty morsel, nothing will keep them off it. I
remember one afternoon, with the ship anchored in the outer harbour at Port
Mahe, Seychelles, when a shoal of Hemiram2)hus came round under the stern.
Several of the fellows on board were trying to coax them but to no effect. I
had been rather busy all day and could not spare the time, but later on in the
afternoon having secured a bottle full of really lively, high and evil-smolling
cockroaches, I got into a small boat under the ship's stern and began operations
Nearly every cockroach accounted for a fish, and in about one and-a-half hours
I had landed into the small boat some twenty-seven of these fish — and a very
fine and even lot they were, from about 1 J to Iflbs. apiece. Of course there
was a general cry for cockroaches, but very few could be obtained off-hand
and even when they had been procured, few were thf re among the ano-lers who
cared to handle the loathsome beast. I know no better place for Hemiramphus
than the Seychelles and Andaman Islands. In Aden the Belone appear laro-ely
to predominate. For this a light single-handed rod only is required. Here
again I use my " Bickerdyke" with ordinary fine trout tackle, and best of all
for cockroach baiting is a very fine 3 hook " Stewart" tackle. Upper hook in-
serted in the thorax, middle in abdomen, leaving the lower hook loose hangino-
just clear and below the bait. No fish, as I have said, can resist this bait and
few escape the Stewart tackle.

The one drawback to mullet and garfish fishing, as I have described it is
that the best of it is to be had during the hottest and stUlest hours of the day
and a breathless day with a burning sun usually produces the best result from
the fisherman's point of view. You ought to be careful in going out that you
are properly protected from the sun. It does not add to one's enjoyment to
feel a splitting headache coming on, or to feel one's neck, lips and nose smarting
under the effects of sunstroke. If it were not for this, or if perchance it could
be carried out in cool places and breezy weather instead of off the burnino-
rocks or from an open boat, then indeed would it be the dolce far niente of
sea fishing.

410

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. I.— A MARK ON THE SKIN OF A MAN-EATING TIGER.

In 1894 a tigress with a three-quarter grown male cub was the scourge of
the valleys at the foot of the western slope of the Amboli Gh/it in the Sawant-
vadi State. The tigress killed and mauled many men and women, but, instead
of eating, used to toss them over to the cub, who always preferred human
to animal flesh. I went out several times after the pair, and though my
anxiety was naturally to bag the tigress, that of the villagers was that I should
kill the cub, for, they said, the mottier will not attack human beings if there
is no one to eat them. The villagers declared that the cub was born
with the propensity for man-eating, and assured me that when it was killed,
I should find the " man-enting mark" upon it. I asked what this might be,
and was told a distinct cross on one side of the body, generally the left side.
I laughed at this iden, but found that it obtained universal credence.

On the 1st January, 1895, I shot the cub, and as the beaters came up, the
headmea Slid to me, " Now, Saheb, we shall see if the inen-eater's mark is
there or not." The cub was lying on his left side, where he had fallen to
one bullet. We turned him over, and, sure enough, there was the mark. I
send you herewith a photograph in which it is distinctly visible. It will be
interesting to know if any of your readers have had experience of similar
marking, or a similar belief ; the villagers could not have saen the mark, yet
six weeks before I killed the beast they told me I should find it. Is it possible
that the superstition is confined to the jungle country bordering upon Roman
Catholic Goa ? The villagers were Hindus and not Christians.

1 shot the tigress afterwards, but that is another story,

W, B. FERRIS, LiEUT,-C0L.
Sadea, lOth October, 1898.

No. II.— A BUSH QUAIL AND RAIN QUAIL LAYING IN THE

SAME NEST.
On the 12th August I found a quail's nest containing twelve eggs. Six were
white and oval and six were pointed and yellowish-brown, evidently a Jungle
Bush Quail {PercUcula asiaiica) and a Rain Quail {Coturnix coromandelica),
laying in the same nest. I have since then visited the nest and have on
three occasions seen the bush quail leave it. The nest was fairly well made
of grass, under a dried-up piece of indigo about a foot in height. There
were often a pair of rain quail near the nest, that is to say, about twenty or
thirty yards away ; but I never saw any at the nest itself. This fact of two
different species of quail lajing in the same nest must be unusual.

B. C. HARINOTON, Lieut., R.A.,

Hyderabad Contingent,
BoLARUM, Deccan, September, 1898,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 411

No. III.— NOTES ON 26 SPECIMENS OF THE POHUR, OR
HIMALAYAN VIPER (ANCISTRODON HIMALAYAN US).
During my two months leave in Cashmere (Jukc and Julyj, I had the good
fortune to obtain thirty-nine specimens of the Ancistrodon himalayanus
all captured in the Lidda Valley around Pahlgam at an altitude of
7,500 ft.
This snake is exceedingly common here, where it is called by the Cash-

merees "pohur, '' and is report-
ed by them to be very fatal, not
that native evidence in this
direction is of much value.
The poison fang is well deve-
loped, and enjoys a good range
of movement, about 90 degrees,
but the poison gland is very
small.

Most of the specimens were broug-ht to me by natives, thirteen in such a
state of mutilation that I took no notes upon them. A few were, however,

found and captured unhurt by me. The
following characteristics I was able to
glean of their habits, &c : —

Like many of the snates in tem-
perate climates, they enjoy bas'-ing in
the general warmth of the sun, lying
out on the grassy slopes or in the sunny patches of the chequered sylvan
shade. When disturbed, they move cautiously, and not over-quicbly, to the
nearest cover, long grass, a bush, or beneath holes or rocky recesses.

In the evening they retire to these haunts, and apparently do not inhabit
holes in the earth in these situations.

Their movements in locomotion and when on the defensive are compara-
tively sluggish, and they avoid, rather than strike at, a stick or
other menacing agent until repeated molestation. One peculiar characteristic
which fascinated me considerably, and which I observed in all my living
specimens, and which I pointed out to several of my friends camping around,
is the way that this species, whan molested, coil themselves ready for defence
and vibrate their tails vigorously. This is very interesting when one considers
that this species belongs to the rattle-snake subfamily, not that this behaviour
would appear limited to the " CrotoZiwce, " for I have noted tLis in at least
one specimen of Tropidonotus stolatus, and others have recorded similar
instances occasionally regarding species outside this subfamily.

Many of my specimens were pregnant females, and I found usually five to
seven eggs in various stages of maturity. The more highly developed showed
on their dorsal aspects a transparent window (part of the egg envelope) cover-

412 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XII.

ing an oval chamber with clear fluid contents, in which was suspended an
embryo, coiled upon itself in a spiral manner, each spiral consisting of some
three to four coils. The aqueous chamber was itself embedded in the homo-
geneous yolk-contents of the egg, which material decreased in amount as the
aqueous chamber increased in size to accommodate the growing embryo within.
These immature embryos measured about 2 to 2^ inches unravelled. The
A ncistrodon himalayanus (in that locality) appears to subsist exclusively on
the Bifosoma himalayanus. I found as many as three adult specimens in the
intestine of one specimen, but I never found any other creatures digested,
either reptile, insect or worm.

Description, — Length of longest specimen 2 ft. 1^ ins, ; tail li ins.
Scales.— Anterior corporeal (one to two inches behind head) — 21, all strongly
keeled except last row, where keels are distinct, faint or absent ; present, 14 ;
absent, 12,

Mid corporeal — 21, all strongly keeled except last row, where keels are dis-
tinct faint, or absent ; present, 17; absent, 9.

Post corporeal (one to two inches before vent) — 17, all keeled, last row
keels present, 25 ; absent, 1.

Ventral — (149 — 164) evenly rounded on to flanks.
Anal — Single.

Suhcaudals — (34 — -52) double.
Rostral — Broad as high,

Internasals — 2,, obliquely placed, diverging backwards.
Prefrontals — 2, larger than internasals.
Frontal and supraoculars. — Subequal, latter not divided,
Parietals — 2, larger than frontal.

Nasals — Variable. Usually semi-divided, a suture running from nostril to
first labial.

(o) A more or less developed furrow, )tot a svture running upward to

internasals. Thus in (16).
(6) Less commonly quite divided (6), In three specimens divided
completely on one side and incompletely on opposite. In one
specimen semi-divided on one side and undivided wholly on
opposite.
Nogtril — Almost entirely situated in the anterior and larger half of the
semi-divided or divided nasals ; equidistant from internasals above and first
labial below.

Loreal pit — Placed between 3 scales —

(a) one anterior large and concave, wedged between a supraloreal and

1st or 1st and 2nd labial ;
(h) one superior, fillet-like, and forming the 2nd preocular scale ; and
(c) one inferior and f