RECORDS of the INDIAN MUSEUM (A JOURNAL OF INDIAN ZOOLOGY) Vol. XII, 1916. EDITED BY THE DIE ECTOR OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Calcutta : PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM. BAPTIST MISSION PRESS. 1916. -yVarS- CONTENTS. — O — Part I. Published 2qth February, 1916. Page I. On some undescribed Aphides from the collection of the Indian Museum . . . . . . i II. On some Indian Cestoda, Pt. II . . . . 5 III. Notes on Oriental Dragonflies in the Indian Museum, No. 4 . . . . . . . . 21 IV. Report on a collection of MoUusca from the Cochin and Ennur backwaters . . . . . . 27 V. Four new species of Aidacobolus, Poc. (Diplopoda : Spirobolidae) from India . . . . . . 41 VI. On the Hydrozoon Campanulina ceylonensis (Browne) 40 Part II. Published 28th March, 1916. VII. The Evolution and Distribution of the Indo- Australian Thelyphonidae, with notes on the distinctive charac- ters of various species . . . . . . 59 VIII. Report on a small collection of Marine Mollusca dredged in shallow water in the Andaman Islands . . 87 Part III. Published igth May, 1916. IX. A new Chlamys from Calcutta . . . . . . loi X. Description of two new Fish from the Chilka I^ake . . 105 XI. Description de la larve de Lasiodactylus chevrolati, Reitt. (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) . . . . 109 XII. Contributions to a knowledge of the Terrestrial Isopoda of India, Pt. II . . . . . . , . 115 Part IV. Published ^ist August, 1916. XIII. Notes on Indian Odonata . . . . . , 129 XIV. vSome Ivignicolous Beetle-Iyarvae from India and Borneo 137 Part V. Published zjth September, 1916. XV. Notes on the Ciliate Protozoa of Lahore . . . . 177 XVI. The Cephalopoda of the Indian ■Museum . . . . 1S5 ii Contents. Part VI. Published -^ist October, 1916. Page XVII. Notes on the Freshwater Fish of Madras . . . . 249 XVIII. Studies in Indian Helminth ology, No. Ill . . . . 295 Part VII. Published 16th November, 1916. XIX. On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum . . . . . . . . 299 Part VIII. Published 18th December, 1916. XX ) XXT \ ^^t^s °^ Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum : — VI. — Indian Crangonidae . . . . . . 355 VII.— Further Notes on Hippolytidae . . . . 385 UST OF PLATES. — ♦ — Plates I— IV (Thelyphonidae) Plates V— VII (Hydvozoa) Plate VIII (Crustacea Decapoda) Plates IX— XIX (Isopoda) Plates XX— XXri (Beetle-Iyarvae) . Plates XXIII— XXIV (Cephalopoda) Plates XXV— XXIX (Fish) Plates XXX— XXXIII (Oligochaeta) Plates XXXIV— XXXV (Cestoda) . Plate XXXVI (Crustacea Decapoda) . Follow page 86 58 384 128 176 248 294 354 298 406 IvIST OF AUTHORS. Page Annandale, N., D.Sc. On the Hydrozooa Cainpanulina ceylonensis (Browne). I. — The Systematic Position and Synonymy of the species . . 49 Bhatia, B. Iv., M.Sc. Notes on the Ciliate Protozoa of Lahore . . . . 177 Chaudhuri, B. L., D.Sc. Descriptions of two new Fish from the Chilka Lake . . 105 COLLINGE, W. E., M.Sc. Contributions to a knowledge of the Terrestrial Isopoda of India, Pt. II . . . . . . • • 115 GooT, P. van der. On some undescribed Aphides from the collection of the Indian Museum. . . . . . . . . i Gravely, F. H., M.Sc. The Evolution and Distribution of the Indo- Australian Thely- phonidae, with notes on the distinctive characters of vari- ous species . . . . . . . . . . 59 Some Lignicolous Beetle-Larvae from India and Borneo . . 137 Kemp, S., B.A. Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum : — VI. — Indian Crangonidae . . . . . . 355 VII. — Further Notes on Hippolytidae , . . . 385 Laidlaw, F. F. Notes on Oriental Dragonflies in the Indian Museum, No. 4 21 Notes on Indian Odonata . . . . . , . . 129 Lloyd, R. E., M.B., D.Sc. On the Hydrozoon Campanidina ceylonensis (Browne). II. — Life History of the Hydroid and Medusa . . . . 52 Massy, Anne L. The Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum . . . . 185 Maulik, S., B.A. A new Chlamvs from Calcutta . . . . . . loi Peyerimhoff, p. de. Description de la larve de Lasiodactylus chevrolati, Reitt. (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) . . • • ■ • 109 vi List of Authors. Pa%e Preston, H. B., F.Z.S. Report on a collection of Mollusca from the Cochin and Bnnur backwaters . . . . . . ,27 Report on a small collection of Marine Mollusca dredged in shallow water in the Andaman Islands . . . . 87 vSlLVESTRI. F. Four new species of Aulacobolus Poc. (Diplopoda : vSpiro- bolidae) from India . . . . . . . . 41 Southwell, T., A.R.C.Sc, F.Z.S. , F.L.S. On some Indian Cestoda, Pt. II . . . . . . 5 Stephenson, J,, M.B., D.Sc. On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum . . . . . . . . . . 299 Stewart, F. H., D.Sc. Studies in Indian Helminthology, No. Ill . . . , 295 SuNDARA Raj, B., M.A. Notes on the Freshwater Fish of Madras . . . . 249 INDEX. -O- N.B.— An asterisk {*) preceding a line denotes a new variety or subspecies ; a dagger (f) indicates a new species; a double dagger (J) a new genus or sub- genus : synonyms are printed in italics. A Page Page Alectrion unicolorata 28 Abalius . . . . 62, 63, 77, 78, 82 Aleochara bilineata . . 150 manilanus . 7S, 81 Alope 387 nasutus 81 Alphitobius diaperinus 168 rohdei . 78, 8[ fagi 169 samoanu . 78, 81 mauvitaniciis . . 169 willeyi . 78, 81 piceus 169 Abothrium crassum . . 6 Alphitophagus bifasciatus 167 fragile 6 Ambassis ambassis . . 251 279 rugosuni 6 commersoni 279 Abralia andamanica. . ■ 239 miops 251 279 trigonura 240 myops 279 Acanthocirrus macropeos 13 ranga 251 278 macrorostratus . . 13 Amblypharyngodon . . 259 Acanthosepion hasselti 223 microlepis 251 260 Aceraius . . 139 mola 251 260 grandis hirsutus 142, 143 Amia calva 15 helferi 143 Amphibia. . 14 kuwerti 142 Amphicotylinae 5,6 pilifer 143 Amphilephus fasciola . . 181 Acmaeodera adspersula 152 Amphiprion percula . . 390 Aegeon .. ..355 , 374, 375,383 A mphotercotyle elegans 7 afpne • 376 Anabantidae 251 andamanense . . 375, 379 Anabas scandens 250,251,276, 277 278 bengaleuse 375, 379 Anaitis calophylla 95 cataphractus 375, 376, 378 Anatinacea • 39, 99 habereri 374. 375 Ancylocaris 390 lacazei 374, 375 aberrans 389 390 medium 376, 377- 378 Ancylocheira douei 153 obsoletmn 37^, 377 Angasia armata 399 orientalis 374, 375, 378 Anguilla . . 261; pennata 375, 376, 377 australis 251 266 propensalata . . 375, 376, 377 bengalensis 265 Aegeon ( Parapontocaris) anda bicolor , 266 manense ■ 379 elphinstonei .. 251, 265, 266 bengalense ■ 379 Anguillidae 251 Aegus ISO Anomalocardia squamosa 36 roepstorffi 147, 149. 150 Anomia 35 Aesalus scarabaeoides 147 Anoplocephalinae 18 Agrilus anxius 155 Atithaxia inculta 154 auricoUis 155 umbellatarum . . 154 granulatus 155 Aphanisticus consanguineus 155 ruficoUis 155 krugeri •55 Agrioninae 21, 129 Aphididae. . I Akidinae . . .. 158 Aploclieili. . 270 Akis bacarozzo .. 158 Aplocheilns inelanostigma 294 punctata ■■ 158 panchax 294 reflexa .. 158 rubrostigma 268 Alaba rectangulata , . 30 Aplustridae 93 Albtila Conor hynchiis . . 253 Arachnida 84 vulpes ■ • 253 Area 93 Vlll Page Area granosa 35 Area (Anadena) holoserica 93 Area (Fossularca) lactea 35 Arcaeea . . 35,93 Areidae 35,9^ Ardeola grayi 13 A rgis 383 Argonauta boettgeri . . 188 bottgeri 188 Argonautidae 188 Arius 264 falcarius 51, 264 Armadillidiidae . 118 Armadillidium . . 117 Armadillo. . 117 infuseatus 126 intermixtixs 126 nigromarginatus 126 Armadilloidea 117 Asida bigorrensis . 158 corsiea . 158 dejeani . 158 jurinei . 158 sericea . 158 Asidinae . . . 158 Astevotenthis andamanica 239 Aulacobolus 41 fexcellens 41 . 42,43 tgravelyi . 43, 44 tnewtoni . 45, 48 thurstoni 46 fvariolosus . 46, 47 Aulacocyclus kaupi . . . 138 Aulophorus 299, 300, 304 f urcatus . . 300 304. 30s, 306 palustris 305, 306 stcphensoni 304, 305, 306 Aviculariinae 85 B Barb lis 254, 257 amphibius 251. 255, 257 ehrysopoma 251, 254, 255 dorsalis 251, 255,256 filamentosus 251, 257, 258 mahecola 251, 257, 258 pinnauratus • 25<; sarana • 255 sophore 251 256,' 257, 258 stigma 256, 257 vittatus 251, 258, 259 Bathj'botlirium 6 Bathyteuthidae 241 Bathyteuthis abyssicola 241 Belone caneila 251, 270 Bcnthoteuthis megalops . 241 Bithynis . . • 390 tBittium gravelyi 29 Blaps chevrolati 160 fatidica 160 gigas 159 lethifera 160 lusitanica 160 rnorlisaga 160 mueronata 160 obtusa t6o plana 160 Page Blaps pt'oducta . . . . 160 Blaptiiiae. . . . . . 159 Bolitonaeus quadridentatus . . 165 Bolitophaginae . . . . 164 Bolitophagns agaricola 165, 166 armatus . . . . 165 reticulatus . . . . 165 Bolitotherus cornutus . . 164 quadridentatus . . . . 165 Bos taiirus . . . . 16 Bothridintaenia . . . . 7 Bothrioeeplialus macrocephalus. . 7 Botliriotaenia . . . . S Brachys aeruginosa .. .. 155 Buceiuum . . . . 28, 29, 89 Bulla . . . . . . 92, 93 Buprestidae .. .. 152 Buprestis doiiei .. .. 153 Burmoniseus .. 115, 126, 127 fkempi . . 115, 127, 128 moulnieinus . . 126, 12S Bycrea villosa . . . . 163 Calliteuthis reversa Calyptraea pellucida . . Campanulina acuminata ceylonensis repens Camptosomata Capulidae . . Cardiacea . . Cardiaspis pisciformis mouhoti Cardidae . . tCardiomya andamaniea Cardium . . Caridea Cassidinae. . Catapiestus indicus . . Catla huchanani catla Catoxantha Cephalopoda Cerandria corniUa Ceratognathus froggatti irroratits Ceriagrion. . eerinorubellum coromandclianum erubeseens olivaceuni trubiae Ceritliiidae Ceropria suboeellata . . Ceruchus tarandus Cestoda Cestoidea . . Cetonia aurata Cha/copJtora viyginiaca virginiensis Chara Chela argentea clupeoides Chenopus atrata 243 242 90 49, 50, 51, 55 49 • • 49, SO 50 lOI 90 94 .. iq6 .. 156 94 99 94 383, 394, 400 lOT 171, 174 •'54 254 152 186 167 146 147 132 132, 134 133 133 132 29 . . 167 146 .. 5,16 . . 17, 18 ■ . . 146 152 152 250 261 251, 260, 267 250, 251, 185 IX J Page Page Cheraphilus 355 fCubaris bninneo caudatus 115 121, 123 Chilifera . . 182 fcavernosus IIS, 123 Cliione imbricata 36 fchiltoni . . 115 122, 123 marmorata 3^-' tdilectum 115, 120 Chiroteuthidae 243 texpansus 115, 119 Chiroteuthis (Chirotliavima) im pe- tgravelii IK, 118 rator 243 tlobatus . . 115 124, 125 Chlamydinae lOI t])usilliis 115, 120 Chlaiuydodonta 182 fe')lidulus 122 Chlamys . . lOI Cucujidae . . 150 tgravelyi 101 102 Cultellus subelHpticus 37 Clirysobothris affinis . . 154 Cuspidaria annandalei 39 dentipes 154 tcochinensis 39 feniorata 154 Cuspidariidae • • 39, 99 Chrysochroa (Megaloxantha) bi- Cj^clodinina x8o color gigautea . . 152 Cyclostrema micans . . 33 Chrysomelidae lOI Cyclostrematidae 33 Chrysophlegma flavinucha II Cylichna cylindracea. . 92 Cichlidae . . 251 fCylichnella syngenes 92 Ciliata 177 Cyprinidae 251, 278 Cirrhina reba 251 254 Cyprinodontidae 251 Cirroteuthidae 186 Cyrenidae . . 36 Cirroteuthis grimaldii 1*86, 247 Cysticercus cellulosae 16 macrope 187 fasciolaris . . 16, 17 meaiigensis 186 pisiformis 16 Cistopus bursarius 204 indicus 204 205 D Clarius batrachus 251, 262 maguy 262 Davainea . . •• 7,^ Clupea finta 6 cesticillus 9 ilisha 252 corvina 9 Clupeidae . . 251 echinobothrida 9 Cobitididae 251 Davainea friedbergeri 8 Codokia fischeriana . . 37 polycalcaria 9 Coelenterata 56 proglottina .8 Coenagvioninae 129 Davaineidae • • 5' 7 Coleoptera.. 59 109 Davaineinae • ■ 7, 8 Colepina . . 180 Davidius . . 135, 13*5 Coleps hirtus 180 aberrans I3S Colpoda cucuUus 182 davidi 135 Conchacea. . ■ • 3f , 94 *davidi assamensis 135, 136 tCoiiradia cancellata. . 30 zallorensis 13s Coraebus bifasciatus . . 154 Dendrocitta 13 Coralliocrangon . , 384 Dendroctonus III tCorbicula cochineiisis 36 Diaperinae 166 Corvus macrorhynchus 8, 9, 10 Diapens aeiiea 166 splendens 9 boleti 166 Cotugnia . . 7 Dibothrium longicollc . . 8 digonopora 8 Dibranchia •• 37, 9S Cranchiidae 245 Dicerca 157 Crangon .. ..355, 379 '383 384 divaricata •• 153 affinis 380 Dichogaster 299, 346 cassiope 380 affinis ■• 348 consobrinus 380 Dichogaster bolaui palmicola 300, 348 crangon . . 379 380, 381 nialayana 346, 348 hakodatei 380 Dicranotaenia 10 propinquus 380 Didinium nasutum . . 180 Crangonidae .. 355 383, 384 Diorchis acuminata . . 12 Cricelomys gambianus 18 americana 13 Cristovomer namaycush IS Diplocanthits 10 Crustacea Decapoda . . 355. 385 Diplopoda. . 41 CrN'pticinae 164 Dipylidiinae 13 Crypticus glaber 164 Discosoma 385, 387, 389, 390 quisquilius 164 Dorcus 149, ISO Cryptocheles 392 parallelopipedus 146, 147, 148, 149 Cubaridae . . 126 Doyyichthys 269, 270 Cubaris . . 115, 117, 119 123, 126 bleekeri .. 269 falbolateralis . . 115, 125 cimcalns 270 Doryrhamphus brachyuras cuncalus Dosinia laminata Drawida . . ghatensis tjalpaigurensis robusta typica travancorensis. Drepanidotaenia gracilis lanceolata Echinocotyle Echocenis cornutus Egeon orien*alis Eichhornia Eireiie Eledona agaricicola . . agaricola Eledonella diaphana heathi Elenophorinae Elenophorus coUaris . . Eleodes dentipes gigantea opaca Eleodiini . . Eleodiiiae . . Eleotris f usca Elodea Elopidae . . Elops apalike hawaiensis indicus lacerta machnata saunts Enallagma parvum . , Enchelina . . Enchelys arcuata Engraulis purava Enoploteuthidae Episphenus indicus . neelgherriensis. Epitonium robillardi . Ethalia capillata Etroplus . . maculatus suratensis Eucentrobolus Eudichogaster bengalensis Eulima oxytata frossinsulae Eulimidae Euprymna morsei Eutyphoeus *annandalei ful bastianus incommodus . nicbolsoni waltoni = 51 299: Page 269, 270 250, 251, 269, 270 270 94 307 309 307 309 309 ), II 12 12 10 .. 167 379 .. 183 50 .. 165 . . 165 2I,:J 213, 214, 215 214 157 ■• 157 161 160, i6t i6[ 161 161 160 251, 286, 287 250 .. 251 253 251 251, 252 252 251 .. 251 131 .. 178 179 251, 253 •• 239 141, 142, 143 139, 141 91 .. 87, 92 285, 289 251, 282, 285 251, 285, 286 41 299, 344, 345 344 .. 87,91 91 91 216 299, 342 ?idus . . 342 342 342 342 342 Exhippolysmata tugelae Figulinae . . Piguhis striatvis FoUiculina Fossaridae Fulvia papyracea 385, 401, 402 402 149 146, 149 54 30 94 G Galhis bankiva . . . . 9, 14 gallus . . . . 8 Gastropoda . . . . 27, 87 Gelastocaris parouae . . . . 401 Glossoscolecidae . . 299, 349 Glossoscolecinae . . . . 299 Glyphidrilus . . 299, 300, 349 annandalei . . . . 349 stuhhnanni . . . . 300 ftuberosus . . 300, 349 Gnathoceya (Ccrandria) cornuta . . 167 Gnathocerus cornutus . . 167 Gobiidae . . . . . . 251 Gobius giuris kokius . . . . 288 fostreicola . . . . 105 setosiis . . . . 287 striatus . . . . 250 Gobius (Acentrogobius) acutipin- nis . . . . 251, 287, 288 neilli . . 251, 287 Gobius (Glossogobius) giuris 251, 288, 289 Gobius (Oxyurichthys) striatus 251, 289 Goniphinae . . . . 135 Gonocephaluni intermedium . . 162 micans . . . . 163 Gonocephalum pusillum . . 163 pygmaeum . . . . 163 simplex . . . . 163 Greenidea . . . . . . 3 Gryporhynchus pusillus .. 13 Gryporhynchus (Acauthocirrus) macropeos . . . . 13 H Hageniui aberrans 135 Halammobia pellucida 164 Halysis gracilis 12 Haplochilus 270, 291 , 292, 293, 294 dayt 291 melanostigma 251, 266, 268, 269, 291 293 melastigma 266 panchax 269 nibrostigma '268 291 Hectarthrum 150 trigeniinum ISO iSi Heliopathes abbreviatus 161, 162 gibbus 162 ibcricus 161 Heliophilus ibericus . . 161 Helodrilus 299 352 Helodrilus (Bimastus) constrictus 352 eiseni parvus 352 352 XI Page 1 1 Helodrilus (Eisenia) foetida 352 Page Helopinae. . 172 Ichthyotaenia IS, 16, 18 Helops agoHUS 172 Ichthyotat-nia (Acanthotaenia) angustatus 172 nilotica 15 assimilis 172 Ichthyotaenia (Proteocephalus) Cerberus 173 ambloplitis 15 coeruleus 172 pusilus '5 ecoffeti 172 Ichthyotaeniidae 15 laevioctostriatus 172 Idotea 401 lanipes 173 Infusoria .. 183 laticoUis 173 Inioteuthis japonica . . 215, 216 pellucidus 173 maculosa . . 215, 216 pyreiiaeus 173 morsei 216 striates 172 Iphthimus italicus 169 Heterophaga opatroides 168 tiravadia annandalei 31 Hippocampi 270 fennurensis 31 Hippolysmata 385 401, 402 ffunerea . . 30 dentata 402, 405 Irene ceylonensis 49, 51, 52 eusirostris 385, 401, 402, 403 palkensis Ischnura . . 51 129 ensirostris punctata 403 aurora 130^ 131 vittata 402 404, 405 delicata 131 Hippolysmata (Lysmatella) prima 404 forcipata 129 Hippolyte 387 , 391, 392 gangetica 129, 130 ventricosus 391 immsi 131 Hippolytidae '38s, 402 inarmata 130, 131 Hispinae . . lOI nursei 131 Histioteuthidae 242 rufostigma 130, 131 Holocrates gibbus 162 senegalensis 23, 129, 130 Holophrya '178 179 Isocerus purpurascens 161 coleps 179 Isopoda 115, 126, 127 findica 178 . 179 180 simplex 179 J Holophryina 178 Hoplocephala haemorrhoidalis Hydrobiidae Hydromedion nitidum sparsutum 166 31 173 173 Japatella diaphana Julodis albopilosa onopordi 213 152 152 Hymenolepididae 5,9, 14 Hymenolepidinae 9, 10, 12 L Hymenolepinae 9 Hymenolepis .. 9, 10, ] I, 12 , 19, 298 Labeo calbasu •• 253 251, 253, 255 capillaroides 10 Labochirus 60, 61, 62, 53,64,67, 79, dimmuta 10 80, 82, 83 flavopunctata . . 10 africanus 64 murina 16 , 295 296 andersoni • • 66, 83 nana 29s , 296 browni 66 Hypoctonus 60, 61, 62, 63 , 67 , 69 , 73, cervinus • - 65 79, 80, 8 1,83 dawnae . 66, 67 binghami 68 ellisi ■ ■ 67, 83 birmanicus 68 gastrostictus . 65 fcarmichaeli . 67 kraepelini .. 65 formosus 68 proboscideiis . .. 64 formosiis insular is 68 tauricornis 6s granosus 69 Lacrymaria vermicularis 180 oatesi 61, 66, 67, 68 Lamellibranchiata 33 rangunensis 68 L,ampito . ■299 315, 317, 327 saxatilis 69 fdubius • • 315 stoliczkae . . 60, 69 mauritii • - 315 sylvaticus 69 I,ampra rutilans 153 wood-masoni 69 solieri • • 153 Hypophloeus bicolor , . 169 Lasiodactylus 112 fasciatus 169 caliginosus .. 113 femigineus 169 chevrolati 109 ,110, III, 112 linearis 169 pictus 112 pini 169 lyates calcarifer 251, 278 unicolor 169 Ivat rentes 392 396 398, 399, 402 Xll Latreutes auoplonyx laminirostris niucronatus 396, planirostris planus tporcinus Ijygmaeus unidentatus Lepidocephalichthys thertnalis Lepidotrias Leptaulax bicolor .. 139. bicolor vicinus dentatus I/inmodrilus Lionotus . . Liosiphou stromphii Litiopidae Litonotus . . fascial a varsaviensis Littorina arboricola Littorinidae Loliginidae Loligo iudica pealii spectrum Loliolus investigatoris Lordites . . glabricula Loxophyllum fasciola fasciola punjab Lucanidae Lucanus alces saiga Ivuciiia semperiana Lucinacea . . Lucinidae . . Lumbricidae Lyphia pcicola tetraphylla Lysmata . . Lysmatella prima 185, 218, 38s Page 399 399 397, 398 396, 397 399 397, 398 396, 398 399 251, 261 10 140. 144 140, 145 144 299, 307 182 182 30 182 181, 182 181, 182 30 30 218 204. 222 221, 222 221 221 222 • 113 112 181, 182 t8i, 182 181, 182 • 145 • 145 • 145 145 > 148 146 95 • 37,95 • 37,95 299, 352 402, 404 385, 402 402. 404 Pas,e M Macrolinus andamanensis . . Macrones . . cavasius keletius vittatus Macropoduscupanus . . viridiauratus . , Mangilia gracilenta . . Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus armatus pancalus Mastigop rectus Mecistocerus corticeus Megalops. . cyprinoides kundinga 139 143 265 251, 264 251, 265 250, 251, 265 251, 281, 282 282 .. 87 .. 251 251, 290 250, 251, 290 62,63, 83 150, 151 .. 150 •• 253 251. 252, 253 252 Megascolecidae 299, 3" Megascolecinae 299, 327 Megascolex 299, 327 cingulatus 329 insignis 329 konkanensis . . 328 tpentagoualis . •• 331 tpumilio •• 333 ratus •■ 327 travaucorensis . 333 ftrivandranus . 330 Megascolides 299, 300, 311, 327 *oneilli inonarchis 313 *tenmaltU karakulameiisis 311 Megeleates sequoiaruna . . 16.; Melanimon tibiale 162 Melanophila 154 Melia azadirachta 109 Melc/basis cupriceps . . 154 iridescens 154 Menephilus cylindricus 170 Meiiephilns (Tenebrio) ciirvipes 170 Meracantha coiitracta 173 Meracanthinae 173 Meretrix casta 35 ovum 35 zonaria 35 Mesalia 32 Metroliasthes lucida . . 14 Microchaetinae 299 Micromelo undatum . . 93 Micronynihha aurora . . 131 riifostigma .. 130 senegalensis 129 Microphis . . . , 270 Microzoum tibiale 162 Mimoscorpius . . 62, 63, 7 1,80, ^3 pugnator 71 Mitophyllus irroratus. . 147 Modiola taprobanensis 35 Mollusca . . . . 27, 87 Molurinae . . .. 158 Moniligastcr deshayesi gravelyi 309 grandis 353 Mouiligastridae 299, 307 Mormula . . 32 Muricidae . . 29^ Mus decumanus 16, 295 decumanus albino 296 rattus . . 16, 17 Mytilacea . . •• 35,93 Mytilidae . . •• 35,93 Mytilus curvatus 93 N Naididae . . . . 299 , 300 Naidium teniae nlatum . . 304 Nais . . 301 , 302 Nandidae . . . . . . 251 Naiidus marmnratus . . . . 278 nandus . . 251, 278 Nassa . . . . . . 89 denegabilis . . . . 28 tkempi . . . . 88 kieneri . . . . 28 *orissaensis ennurensis . . 28 tplioenicensis .. .. 88.8^ XI 11 Nassa (Alectrion) uuicolor Nassa (Arcularia) cancellata golobosa Nassa (Hima) tindalli Nassa (Niotha) livescens Nassidae . . Nassodonta tgravelyi insignis Nassula stromphii fNatica kempi marochiensis Naticidae . . Nautilus Neaera Nectocraugon Nematotaenia dispar Neritidae . . Neritina Nigidius davvnae impressicollis Nitidulidae Notopteridae Xotoptcrus kapirat notopterus Notoscolex tgravelyi sarasinorum Nucula bengalensis tsemiramisensis Nuculidae . . Nuria danrica o p«i 148, 90 89 89 89 . 28. 28 29 28, 29 182 88, 90 32 32,90 i8s 38,39 383 14 32, 92 93 149, 150 149 109. 112 • 251 253 251, 253 299, 325, 327 325 327 94 • 93, 94 93 251, 259 Obeliscus . . 32 Ochtochaetinae 299 Ocnerodrilinae 299 Ocnerodrilus 299, 348 Ocnerodrilus (Ocnerodrilus) occi- dentalis 348 Octochaetus 299 338 tbarkudensi-. . . 340 f ermori 338 surensi 338 Octopus 204 acitleatus 191 areolatiis 193 194 bandensis 201 hoscii pallida 189 brocki 193 cuvieri 192 cvanea 19s DeFilippe 196 Defilippi 196 defilippi 196 de-filippi 196 fusiformis 203 globosus 202 granulatus 189 190 hongkongensis . . 197 januarii 199 kagoshimensis . . 189 lev is 198 macropus 192 micro phthalmiis 205 ocellatus 193 194 pisiformis 203 Orlop us polyzenia punctatits rug OS us toyiganits Odonata . . . . 23, 2^ Oligochaeta Onchorhynchus tschawytscha Oniscidae . . Oniscinae . . Oiiicoidea . . Opatrinae. . Opatntm intermedium pus ilium sabulosum tibiale verrucosum Opatrum (Microzoum) tibiale Ophiocephali Ophiocephalidae Ophiocephalus .. 271, gachua punctatus striatus 25. Page 189 197 ?, 202 2CK) 129 299 210 117 117 117 162 162 163 163 162 62, 163 162 271 21^1 276, 289 251, 273, 249, 251 /5i 251, 275 276, 284 270, 271, 272. 273, 274, 275 Ophrygonius can tori convexifrons 141 Opisthobran chia Opisthobranchiata Osphromenidae Osphromenus gourami olfa.v Ostracea . . Ostrea canadensis fmadrasensis . virginica Ostreidae . . 92 27 251 ;i, 279 279 33 33 ae, 34 33 33 Pachychile servillei Pachyschelus Palorus depressus Panchax dayi lineatum panchax tparvus 270, 291 , 292 291, 292. 291, 292 291, 292, 250, 251, 268, rubrostigma 268, 291 Panicum jumentorum Paracephala cyaneipennis Paracrangon Paramaecina Paramaecium caudatum putrinum Paraperiscyphis gigas tpulcher . . 115 jscabrus stebbingi Parapontocaris Paratelphusa Paruterina Paruterinae Paruteiininae Passalidae Passalus . . cornutus' . . 13S, 157 IS5 168 293, 294 293, 294 - 293, 294 293, 294 269, 291, 292, 293 292, 293 281 155 ■■ 383 • . 183 ■■ 183 177. 183 177 115, 116 116 116, ti7 115,117 115, 116 375, 378 288 14 14 14 138, 139 139, 140 XIV Page Page Passalus distiiictus . . 13 Placuna placenta 35 interruptus 138 Plagiotomina 183 punctiger 138 Platybema pristis 392 Pavo nigripennis 8 yitgosum 392 Pectinibranchiata 28 Platyceru^ caraboides 146, 148, 149 Pedininae . . 161 1 Platydema ellipticum 166 Pediuus femoralis 162, 163 1 euyopaea 166 Pelecypoda 93 europaeuni 166 Pentaphyllus testaceus 167 palliditarse 167 Pericephalus 117 violacea 167 Periclimenes hermitensis 3«9 violaceum 167 Pefilaiiipiis at pur 261 Platyscelinae 161 cachius 251, 261 Platyscelis gages 161 Perimylops antarcticus 173 Pleurarius. . 139 Perionychella 327 brachyphyllus . . 140, 141 Perionyx 299, 300, 317, 323, 327 Pieurotoma fiisca 87 aboreusis 320 Pleurotomidae 87 annulatus 327 Poecilonota solieri 153 ceylonensis 325 Polyacanthus cupanns 281 excavatus 317 Polycesta californica . . 152 tfulvus 322 data 152 tinornatus 320 Polypodidae 189 tparvulus 321 Polypus . . 185, 209, 210, 211, 212 tpincerna 319 aculeatus 191 tpulvinatus 317 aranea 197 Periscyphis gigas I to arborescens 107 Petrosia testudinaria. . 401 areolatus 193 fPetroscirtes bhattacharyae 107 australis 210 Phaleria bimaculata . . 164 bandensis . . ■ 201 cadaverina 164 cyanea 19s hernisphaerica . . 164 defilippi 196, 197 Phaleriinae 164 elegans 205 Phenicopterus roseus. . 12 fontanianus 197 Pheretima 299, 300, 318, 321, 327, 331. fusiformis 203, 205 334 335 globosus 202 bicincta 335 herdmani 206 feae 335 hongkongensis. . 197 198 hawayana typica 334 lioylei 207 heterochaeta . . 317 334 januarii 199 houlleti 334 levis 198 jkuchingen^ . . 337 macropus 192 lignicola 335 microphthalmus 205 posthuma 334 . 344 pictus 197 "ftrivandraua . . 335 polyzenia-granulatus 190 Phialina vermicularis 180 pricei 205 209 Philocheras 355 punctatiis 198 megalocheir 372 rugosus 189, 211 213 Philoscia . . 127 tonganus 200 coeca 126 vulgaris 211 Phortis •• 50, SI Pontocaris 374 gibbosa 51 ■media 378 Phthora crenata 168 pennata 376 377 it Phycocaris ■ -S^S, 391 ,392 ; 395 propensalata 377 ,378 fsimulans 39 1 ,392 . 393 Pontodrilus 299 , 311 Phylan abbreviatus . . 161 bermudensis ephippiger 3" gibbus 162 Pontophilus 355, 356, 381, 383, Pliylax littoralis 162 384 picipes 162 abyssi 356 357 ,381 Phylethus quadripustulatus 167 austi'alis 38.1 Pica rustica 9 bideutatus 364 Pimelia bipunctata . . 159 bispinosus 382 boyeri 159 brevirostris 381 grossa 159 fcandidus 356, 357. 365, ^ee, 371. inflata 159 382 pilifera 159 chiltoni 381 sardea 159 echinulatus 382 Pimeliinae 159 gracilis 356 357 ,381 Pitaria 94 hendersoni 357 , 368 372 ,382 XV Page fPoutophilus incisus 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 363, 364, 367, 371, 38 X japonicus . . . . 364 tlowisi 356,361, 362, 364, 367, 382 norvegicus . . . . 381 oocidentalis . . . . 381 tparvirostris 357, 369, 372, 373, 374, 382 tpilosus 357, 367, 368, 369, 382 tplebs .. 357,370,382 sabsechota . . 356, 364, 382 sculptus356, 359, 360, 361 , 363, 381 spinosus . . . . 381 trispinosus . . . . 382 victoriensis . . . . 382 Pontoscolex . . 299, 349 corethrurus . . . . 349 Potamides (Tympanotonos) fluvia- tilis . . . . 29 Prionocrangon 355, 379, 383, 384 ommatosteres . . . . 379 Prioscelis serrata .. .. 171 Pristina . . . . 299, 304 aequiseta . . . . 304 longiseta . . 301 , 304 tentacitlata . . . . 304 Prosobranchia . . . . 87 Prosobranchiata . . . . 28 Proteocephalidae . . . . 19 Proteocephalus . . 16, 18, 19 gallardi . . . . 19 Protecocotyle . . . . 7 Protozoa . . . . 177, 183 Psammodes reichei .. .. 158 Pseudagrion . . 2 1 , 24 , 1 34 aureof rons . . . . 2 1 australasiae . . 21, 22, 23 azureum . . . . 22, 25 bidentatum . . 21, 22, 25 decorum . . 21, 22, 24 hypermelas . . 21, 22, 25 microcephalutn 21. 22, 23, 24, 25 rubriceps .. .. 22, 24 Pseudeutropius atherinoides 251, 264 Pterochlorus . . . . 4 ftropicalis . . . . 3, 4 Ptychobothriidae . . . . 5 Ptychobothriinae . . . . 5 Pycnocerinae . . . . 171 Pyramidella (Mormula) . . 32 Pyrgulina humilis . . . . 32 humilis chilkaensis . . 32 Pyrrhosoma tenellum .. 131 R Rasbora buchanani . . . . 259 daniconius .. 251,259 rasbora . . . . 259 fRetusa ennurensis . . . . 27 estriata . . . . 27 Rhinoceros sondaicus . . 18 Rhipidandrinae . . . . 165 fRhopalosiphum indicum .. 1,2 Rhyncobdella aculeata 251, 289, 290 Rissoidae . . . . . . 30 Sabinea Saccobranchus fossilis singio Salmo sebago Saron marmoratus Scalaria Scalidae . . Scaphandridae Scaphidema aeneum ' . metallicum Scaurinae . . Scaurus atratus tristis Schistocephal us Sclerocrangon Scombresocidae Scrobiculariidae Sepia Page 383, 384 251, 262, 263 262, 263 6 385, 387 385 91 91 92 166 166 159 159 159 272 383 251 38, 99 185, 228, 229, 231, 236, 237 aculeata . . 223, 226 farabica blainvillei elliptica esculenta indica microcheirns plangon rouxii fugosa sinensis singalensis singaporensis . Sepia (Doratosepion) oides kobiensis Sepiella curta inermis ocellata ornata Sepiidae . . Sepiola bursa Sepiolidae. . Sepioteuthidae Sepiotouthis arctipinnis Septaria crepidularia. . Serranidae 228 224 226 225, 226, 231 224 23] 225 227, 228 189 231 227, 228 .. 225 andrean- 229 . . 230 231, 236, 237 232, 234 185, 231, 232, 234, 235 232, 234 234,235,236 223,237 ..216 215,217 237 237 si 251 tSigaretus (Eunaticina) calaraphe 90, 91 Siluridae . . . . . . 251 Silvanus surinamensis . . 150 Sinodendron .. 147, 149 cylindricum . . 147, 149 Sinoius colliardi ,. .. 163 Slavina .. .. 299, 301, 302 appendiculata . . . . 302 punjabensis . . . . 302 tSolariella deliciosa . . . . 33 Solen . . . . • • 95 fonesi . . . . 2i7 Solenidae . . . . . . t,7 , 95 Solifugae . . . . . . 84 Sphenoptera arachidis .. 153 gossypii . . 153, 155 lamellata . . . . 153 neglecta ,. 153 Spinoniformia . . . . 54 XVI Spirobolidae Spirobohis thii: stoni uroceros Spirogyra . . Spirontocaris . . 386, pandaloides rectirostris Spirostomum ambiguum minor tStenothyra perpumila Stenotrachelus aeneus Sterna bergii ."^tigmatoteuthis japonica Stigmodera rufipennis Stilesia Slrongyliinae Strongylium sobrinum tenuicolle Stylaria . . . . 299, 301 fkempi lacustris lomondi Swietenia Syngnathidae vSyngnathus Syrnola attenuata 41 41 . . 41, 42 250, 283 387, 402 386 .. 386 .. 183 31 169 7 243 242 . . 154 14 174 174 174 303 303 303. 304 304 156 251 270 32 T Taenia agama cesticillus phasianonim collo-longissimo crassicollis digonopora dispay echinohothrida erostris fosteri friedbergeri gracilis immerina infundib uliformis infundibiiliformis phasic macropeos miirina nana solium Tapes textrix turgida Tectibranchiata ITellina bertiniana tbrunneo-flavida jennurensis ■finnocens micans tpersimplex tpervitrta tphoenicensis tsoror tunguis fvadorum vestal is viator Tellinacea. . i'cUinidae. . Tenebrio molitor obscurus opacus 8 8 12 17 8 14 9 7 7 8 12 7 9 um 8 13 297 297, 298 16 95 36. 27 95, 96 38 38 96 96 96 96,97 97 97 97,98 90, 99 38.95 38,95 70, 171 171 171 62.63, 7^, 82 ■ .79,81 .. 79,81 *.. 5.7 7 93 33 16 390 15 45 Page Tenebrio picipes ,. .. 171 transversalis . . . . 171 Tenebrionidae 157, 158, 164, 174 Tenebrioninae . . . . 169 Tentyria miicronata .. .. 157 interrupta . . . . 157 Tentyriinae .. .. 157 Terebra . . . . . . 32 Tetrabalius nasutus seticauda Tetrabothriidae . . * Tetrabothrius erostris Tetrabranchia Tetrabranchiata Tetracotyhis Tetradrachmum trimaculatum Tetraphyllidae Teuthowenia (Hensenioteuthis) joubini Thais carinifera . . . . 29 Thelyphonellus .. 61,63,83 Thelyphonidae 59, 62, 63, 65, 80, 82, 84 Thelyphonus 62, 63, 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, S3. 84 angustus . . . . 63 anthracinus .. 75,76,81 asperatus . . . . 78, Si assamensis . . . . 71 boneensis . . . . 76, Si burchardi . . .. 77, 81 caudatus . . . . 75, Si celebensis . . . . 76, 81 cristatus . . . . 73, 74 doriae . . .. 77, 81 doriae hosei . . . . 77 hanseni . . . . 78, 81 insulanus . . .. 77, 81 klugi .. .. 76, 81 leucurus . . . . 78, Si linganus . . 75, 76, 81 lucanoides . . . . 63 manilanus . . . . 74, 81 manilanus halmaheivae . . 74 nigrescens . . . . 73 pococki . . .. 77, Si schimkewitschi 72, 77 schnehageni semperi sepiaris . . 60, 73 sepiaris indicus sepiaris muricola seticauda spinimanus sucki sumatranus wayi Theodoxus oualauensis sowerbyana fTheora hindsiana iridescens opalina ttranslucens Thor tdiscosomatis 38 maldivensis paschalis 7^, Si 74, 82 77, 81 74,82 74 74 63 ^>3 77,81 78, Si 75 92 32 98, 99 39 3^. 99 3^ 387, ^92. 394 5, 387,388, 389, 390 385, 387, 391 387, 388, 389 XVll Thysanosoma actinioides garabianum giardii Tiara (Platia) scabra Tiaridae . . Tima Tornatina . . Tornatinidae Tozeuma . . armatum Trachelina Trachycaris rugosus Tribolium castaneum confusum ferrugineuin Trichoda pura Trichoniscidae Trichosiphum tminutum Trigastrinae Triorchis . . Trochidae . . Tubificidae Turritellidae Typopeltis 62, 63 amurensis crucifev dalyi harmandi kasnakowi niger stimpsoni tarnani Page 17, 18 17, 18 17, 18 17 29 29 50 27 27 3Q9, 400 398, 399- 400, 401 181 392 392, 398 168 168 168 182 126 3 299 10 33. 92 299, 307 32 70, 80. 82, 83, 85 70, 80 71 70 71 70 70 71 70 u Uleiota iiidica Ulonia culinaris perroudi Ulominae . . Upis ceramboides Urogonoporus Uroproctus 60, 6 assamensis Urotricha globosa 63 66, 71,7 7', 78 V Vallisneria Vanesia rambhaensis Varanus bengalensis tVelorita delicatula Veneridae . . Venus excavata Vercoia 35. 36. Page 150 168 168 167 169 '9 79,81, 82,83 74< 7S- 82 179 250 32 35, 94 94, 95 94 384 w Wallago attii Woodwardia Yoldia tenella Ziziphus jujuba 251, 263 327 94 I ON SOME UNDESCRIBED APHIDES FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM. By P. VAN DER GooT, Salatiga, Java. During the course of the years 1913 to 1915, Mr. F. H, Gravely had the kindness to submit to me for investigation and determination some 60 tubes of Aphididae from the collections of the Indian Museum. Some of the specimens contained therein had already been determined by Mr. Buckton; many others proved to be well-known species, already described either from Europe or from other tropical countries. Three of them however, appeared to me to be new to science. With the kind permission of the Superintendent of the Indian Museum I am giving here the descrip- tions of these new species, Rhopalosiphum indicum, sp. nov. Apterous viviparous female. Measurements. Length of body . . 4-40 mm Breadth of body .. 270 ,, Length of antennae •• 4-30 ,, Length of siphunculi .. 1-03 ., Length of cauda • • 0-47 ,, Colour. — Body light reddish-brown. Eyes black. Antennae black. Legs brownish-black, the base of the femur more 3^ellovvish. Siphunculi dark brown. Cauda light reddish-brown. Morphological characters^. — Body ovate, slightly arched; dor- sum with only a few very short hairs, integument with distinct reticulation. Antennae nearly as long as the body, with a few short hairs ; relative lengths of the last antennal joints about as : 70. 45. 34. 12. 58. The third antennal joint bears at its base some 5 small circular sensoriae. Frontal tubercles fairly large, distinctly protrud- ing and rounded on the inner side. Rostrum reaching to the second pair of coxae. Siphunculi relatively short, only slightly swollen, considerably constricted near the tip, with a fine reticulation only at the ' Notes from specimen in alcohol. Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, extreme top-end. Cauda short, club-shaped, about hah" as long as the cornicles. Legs fairly long, with a few short hairs. Biology. — Collected in large numbers on the shoots of an unknown plant. Only wingless females and numerous larvae were captured. Locality. — Kurseong, Darjeeling (4700 feet), 24-xi-i9io. Types in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; labelled no. 9602/19. Fig. I. — Rhopalosiphiim indicuni, sp. nov. Hind part of body of apterous female (dorsal view) X 50. Trichosiphum minutum^ sp. nov. Alate viviparous female. Measurements. Length of body Breadth of body Length of antennae Length of siphunculi Expanse of wings 2*07 mm. 0-86 ,, 1-98 „ 770 ,, Colour. — Head and thorax brown, abdomen brownish-yellow. Eyes red. Antennae black. Legs yellowish. vSiphunculi yellowish- brown. Wings hyaline. Morphological characters^. — Body elongate, with the forehead, the prothorax and the sides of the body clothed with long bristles. Antennae nearly as long as the body, with numerous bristles, seven- jointed; relative lengths of the five last antennal joints about as: 40. 13. 15. 12. 16. The third antennal joint bears on 1 Notes from specimen in alcohol. T916.] p. VAN DER GooT : New Indian Aphides. 3 its whole length about 20 sensoriae ; these are broadlj' oval and occupy nearly half of the antennal circumference. Rostrum slender, reaching to the third pair of coxae, Siphunculi very long, about f- of the whole length of the body, cylindrical, thin, with numerous fine bristles. Cauda obso- lete, the last abdominal segment broadly rounded, without a small point at the apex. Rudimentary gonapophyses apparently 3. Wings with the same venation as in the genus Greenidea, with the media II curved. Hooking-hairs 2. Biology. — The aphids described above were collected on a jungle creeper. Only a number of nymphs and a few winged indi- viduals were caught. Locality. — Kurseong, Darjeeling (4700 feet). Types in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; labelled no. 9620/19. Note. In the genus Trichosiphum (Perg.), v. d. G. I include those species that differ from Greenidea, Schout., in having the caudal segment broadly rounded, not protruding into a small point like the species of the genus Greenidea. Pterochlorus tropicalis, sp. nov. Apterous viviparous female. Measurements. Length of body . . 5*40 mm. Breadth of body .. 2*90 ,, Length of antennae . . 270 ,, Siphunculi (diam.) .. 0"i4 ,, Colour. — Head and prothorax brownish- black ; the rest of the body greyish, with four longitudinal rows of minute black dots on the dorsum. Eyes, antennae and legs black. vSiphunculi sur- rounded by a broad black ring ; caudal segment brownish-black. Morphological characters '. — Body broadly oval, slightly arched, clothed with numerous fine, short hairs. Antennae half as long as the body, six-jointed, with numerous short hairs; relative lengths of the last four joints about as : 55. 23. 18. II. Distribution of sensoriae on the different joints mostly as fol- lows : III9 IVe Vi VIi ( +i). The secondary sensoriae are round and small. Processus terminalis fairly long, about \ of the length of the entire sixth joint. Rostrum long, nearly reaching halfway to the ventral part of the abdomen. Siphunculi only very slightly protruding, nearly reduced to pores. Caudal segment not constricted at the base, nearly obso- lete. Rudimentary gonapophyses 3. ' Notes from specimen in alcohol. 4 Records of the Indian Museum. [V^ol. XII, 1916.] Legs long, especially the hind shins, with numerous short fine hairs. Alafe viviparous female. Measurements. Length of body . . 5 05 mm. Breadth of body . . 2 07 ,, Length of antennae . . 2*52 ,, Siphunculi (diam.) . . 0'I3 ,, Expanse of wings .. I2'70 ,, Colour. — Head light brownish, thorax black, abdomen grey- ish. Eyes black. Antennae and legs black. Siphunculi sur- rounded by a broad dark ring ; caudal segment black. Forewings beautifully tinged with brown ; the following parts only are h^^aline : the basal part of the radial cell, a small stretch from the base of the media I to the first furcation, a larger one from the first furcation point of the media I to the top of the Fig. 2. — Pterocliloinis fropicalis, sp. nov. Forewing of alate female, X 60. media II, the tips of all veins except the cubitus and the base of the forewing itself. The hind wings are uniformly light brownish. Morphological characters '. — Body clothed with numerous fine, short hairs. Antennae about half as long as the body ; relative lengths of the four last antennal joints about as: 50. 25. 24. 15. The distri- bution of sensoriae on the different joints is as follows: IIIi2-ie IV 5-7 Vi VI 1 (+6). The secondary sensoriae are circular and moderately small. Rostrum , siphunculi, etc. as in the apterous female. Wings with the normal Pterochlorus-YonoXion, the media II distinctly curved. Hooking-hairs 6 in number. Foodplant. — Unknown. Locality. — Dibrugarh, N.-E. Assam (Abor Exped.), 20-xi-i9ii. Types \nt\\Q: collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta; la- belled no. 4695/20. ' Notes from specimen in alcohol. II. ON SOME INDIAN CESTODA. PART II. 5>'T. vSouTHwEi.iv, A.R.C.Sc. {Lond.), F.L.S., F.Z.S., Dy. Director of Fisheries, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa ; Honorary Assistant, Indian Museum, Calcutta. The object of the present paper is merely to record a number of parasites for the most part found commonly in certain Indian birds. The characters given for the members of the family Ptycho- bothridae are after Liihe. Those of the families Tetrabothridae, Davaineidae and Hymenolepidae are after Ransom. The writer hopes in succeeding papers to confine his attention to the ana- tomical details of a series of families. Family PTYCHOBOTHRIIDAE, Liihe, 1910. Scolex unarmed, or rarely armed, and always with two sepa- rate", more or less perfectly-developed suckers, which may excep- tionally be replaced by a pseudo-scolex. Neck absent. Outer dif- ferentiation of segments always present, but very often imperfect, or partly obliterated by secondary formation of folds. Genital organs numerous, but single in each proglottid. Genital aper- tures single. Cirrus devoid of spines, but with a striated cuticle. Apertures of the cirrus and vagina behind that of the uterus, ar- ranged on the surface, or on the edge. In the first instance, the openings of the cirrus and vagina are on the opposite surface to that of the uterus, and are approximately median. No muscular bulbus in connection with the inner extremity of the cirrus sac. Usually, the receptaculum seminis is missing, but, if present, it has the shape of a small caecum, placed internal to, and in close connection with, the vagina. Ovary and shell-gland median ; testes in two side fields. Uterus never takes the shape of a rosette, but usually exists as a wide, uniform cavity. Eggs with a thin shell, without operculum ; embryonic development takes place in the uterus, and, on account of the cessation of the egg- production, all the eggs of the tapeworm are ultimately in the same stage of development. The cessation of egg-production however, appears, in some species, to have a relation to the season of the year. Mature in the intestine of fish. Development of larva unknown. There are two sub-families. Characters of the sub-families. (ij Apertures of cirrus and vagina arranged on the sur- face ... ... ... ... Ptychobothriinae (2) Apertures of cirrus and vagina arranged on the edges... Amphicotylinae. 6 Records of the Indian Mttseum. [Vol,. XII, Sub-family AMPHICOTYLINAE, Liihe, 1910. Scolex unarmed. Mouth of cirrus and vagina marginal, irregularly alternate, with a more or less strongly pronounced partiality for being unilateral. The deferens strongly coiled. Mouth of uterus median ; aperture of uterus large. In the in- testines of fishes. In fresh water there are two genera. Characters of the genera. (i) Yolk-gland follicles numerous, Irregularlv formed, in loose coils, and situated, at least partly, between the muscle bundles ... ... ... ... Abotliritim. (2) Yolk-gland follicles in small numbers, on each side, pressed together very closely, on the outer edge of the nerve strands, between the main longitudinal nerves and the muscles ... ... ... ... Bathybothriitm. Abothrium (Van Ben.), 1871. Scolex unarmed, not very long, with two strong (but not specially deep) suckers. Segmentation of the posterior part of the strobila is often indistinct on account of the superficial wrinkUng of the skin. The ripe segments are considerably wider than long. Nerve strands lateral, dorsal to the cirrus sac and vagina. Vesicula seminis lies exclusively between the two nerve strands, in the two lateral fields. Yolk-glands irregular in shape, in two broad lateral fields, situated partly between the bundles of the longitudinal muscles. The yolk-glands of each proglottid do not appear to be distinctly separated. Ovary somewhat bean or kidney-shaped, median, and situated, along with the aperture of the uterus, ventrally. Shell-gland dorsal to ovary. Aperture of uterus, in mature proglottides, is a uniform sac, almost filling the whole of the nerve areas. The uterine apertures appear as a more or less distinctl}^ marked median, longitudinal, furrow, running the length of the proglottides. There are three species. Characters of the species. (i) Yolk-glands partly internal to the longitudinal muscles. Parasitic in Gadoid fishes ... ... ... A. nigosiim. (2) Yolk-glands only between the longitudinal muscles. Parasitic in Salmonidae ... ... ...A. crassum. (3) Yolk-glands partly external to the longitudinal muscles. 'Pavai^\i\c \n Chi'pea fijiia (Cuvxer) ... ... A. fragile (After T.uhe) Abothrium crassum (Bloch, 1779) Ivuhe, 1910. ZEV ^-V"- Pyloric caeca of Sebago Lake, H. B. Ward. Salmo sebago. Maine, U.S.A. One specimen named and presented by Professor H. B. Ward of the University of Illinois. Literature: — Liihe, 1910. 1916.] T. Southwell : Indian Cestoda. 7 Family TBTRA.BOTHRIIDAE, Linton, 1891. = Tetrabothridae, Diesing, 1850 (in part). Family diagnosis: — Taenioidea. Scolex unarmed, without rostellum. Suckers with an outwardly projecting auricular appendage on the anterior border. Neck short. vSegments of the strobila, with the exception of the hindermost segments, always much broader than long. A single set of reproductive organs in each segment. Genital pores unilateral. Genital cloaca deep. Cirrus pouch small, and nearly spherical, united with the genital cloaca by a muscular cloacal canal. Yolk-gland in front of ovary. Eggs with three transparent envelopes. Adult in birds and mammals. Tj^pe-genus : — Tetrabothrius, Rudolphi, 1819. Genus Tetrabothrius, Rudolphi, 18 19. = Ampliotercotyle, Diesing, 1863 (type, A. elegans, Diesing, 1863). = Frosthecocofvle, Monticelli, 1892 (type, Taenia fosteri, Krefft, 1871). =: Bothi'idiofaenia, Lonnberg, 1896 (type. Taenia erosti'is. Lonn., 18891. Generic diagnosis : — Tetrabothriidae. With the characters of the family. Type-species: — Bothriocephalus jnacrocephalus , Rudolphi, 1810. Tetrabothrius erostris, Lonnberg, 1889. ZEV ^'ii? Sterna bergii. Tamblegam, T. Southwell. Ten specimens. (Tern). C-eylon. This parasite has previously been recorded from Ceylon by Shipley. Synonym: — Taenia immerina, Abildg., 1790. Literature: — »Shipley, 1903; Johnston, 1912 ; Ransom, 1909; Fuhrmann, 1908 ; Monticelli. 1892. Family DAVAINEIDAE, Fuhrmann, 1907. (See Rec. hid. Miis., Vol. IX, Part V, Dec. 1913). ' Sub-family DAVAINEINAE, Braun, 1900. Sub-family diagnosis : — Davaineidae. Suckers armed around periphery with several rings ol booklets which are unstable or persistent. Uterus breaks down into numerous egg capsules, each containing one or more eggs. Para-uterine organs not present. Adult in mammals and birds. Type-genus: — Davainea, Blanchard and Railliet, 1891. Genus Cotugnia, Diamare, 1893. Generic diagnosis: — Davaineinae, Segments broader than long. Several layers of longitudinal muscles, alternating with layers of transverse muscle fibres. A double set of reproductive 8 Recoyds of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, organs in each segment, close to the longitudmal excretory canals. Genital canals pass dorsal of longitudinal excretor}'- vessels and nerve. Testicles numerous, filling the median fields, and extend- ing dorsal of the female organs and excretory vessels to the extreme edge of the medullary parenchyma. Uterus breaks down and the eggs become enclosed singly in egg capsules. Adult in birds. Type-species: — Cotugnia digonopora (Pasquale 1890) Diamare^ 1893. Cotugnia digonopora (Pasquale, 1890) Diamare, 1893. ZKV ^-if-" Covviis niacroyhyucluis. Calcutta. T. Southwell. Two speci- (Crow). mens. ZEV ^-V-^ Galliis galliisl Berhampur, Major Lane, I. M.S. Five spe- (Hen). Bengal. cimens. Length 70 mm. Greatest breadth 6 mm. Length of last segment i"2 mm. Head i'4 mm. broad. Suckers '45 mm. broad, globular and prominent. Spines on rostellum exceedingly minute. Neck absent. Genital pores double and situated about the middle of the segment. Calcareous corpuscles large. Synonym: — Taenia digonopora, Pasquale, 1890. Literatuie: — Pasquale, 1890; Diamare, 1893; Stiles and Hassall, 1896; Ransom, 1909. Genus Davainca, Blanchard and Railliet^ 1891. = Botliriotaeiiia, Railliet, 1892, (type, Dibothriiim lo>igicolle, Molin, 1858). Generic diagnosis : — Davaineinae. A single set of reproductive organs in each segment. Genital pores unilateral or occasionally irregularly alternate. Uterus breaks down into egg capsules each containing one or several eggs. Adult in mammals and birds. Type-species: — Davainea proglottina (Davaine i860) Blan- chard, 1891. Davainea friedbergeri (Von Linstow, 1878) R. Blanchard, 1891. ZEV ^-"/-i Pavo nigripennis. Berhampur, Major I,ane, I. M.S. One (Black shouldered Bengal. specimen, peacock). I very doubtfully refer a single damaged specimen to the above species. It measured 140 mm. long and the greatest breadth was 5 mm. The genital pores were unilateral. Synonyms: — Taenia friedbergeri, Von Linstow, 1878. Taenia agama, Megnin, 1878. Taenia infundibuliformis var. phasianorum, Meg- nin, 1878. Taenia cesticillus var. phasianorum, Neumann^ 1878. Literature: — Stiles and Hassall, 1896. 1916.] T. vSouTHWEix : Indian Cestoda. ^ 9 Davainca cchinobothrida (Megnin, 1881) R. Blanchard, 1891. ZEV -"Y-^ Galliis baiikjvd. Berhampur, Major Lane, I. M.S. Over thirl)- (Hen). Bengal. specimens. Synonyms: — Taenia infundihuliforniis, Megnin (part.), 1880. Taenia echinobothrida, ]\legnin, 1880. Literature: — Stiles and Hassall, 1896; Ransom, 1905. Davainea corvina, Fiihrmann, 1905. /EV ^y-'-i Pica riistica. Zoological Gardens, Two specimens. (Magpie.) Calcutta. Our specimens agree exactly with the description given by Fiihrmann. Synonym: — Davainea polycalcaria, von Linstow, 1906. Literature : — Fiihrmann, 1905 ; von Linstow, 1906. Examples of this parasite were also obtained as under: — Nine specimens, Corvns niacrorliyn- Chilka Lake, Orissa. T. Southwell, clius. Twenty-one ,, Corvns macrorliyii- Sabour, Bihar. T. Southwell. chiis and Corvns splendens. Twelve ,, Corvns splendens. Calcutta. T. Southwell. Six ,, Corvns macrorhyn- Colombo, Ceylon. T. Southwell. chns and Corvns sp!endei?s. Davainea cesticillus (Molin, 1858) R. Blanchard, 1891. ZEV ^y.s Small intestine of chick. ? H. B. Ward. One specimen named and presented by Professor H. B. Ward of the University of Illinois. The locality is not given ; presum- ably it is from the United States (Nebraska ?). Literature: — Molin, 1858; R. Blanchard, 1891. Family HYMENOLEPIDIDAE, Railliet and Henry, 1909. For characters of famil)'^ see Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. IX, Pt. V, December 1913. Sub-family HYMENOLEPIDINAE, Ransom, 1909. = Hymenolepinae, Perrier, 1897. Subfamily diagnosis: — Hymenolepididae. Rostellum armed with a single crown of hooks, or more rarely rudimentarj^ and un- armed. Segments always broader than long. Longitudinal mus- cles in two layers. A single set of reproductive organs in each segment. Genital pores unilateral. Genital canals pass on the dorsal side of the longitudinal excretory vessels and nerve. Vas deferens always short, with seminal vesicle. Uterus persistent, sac-like. Eggs with three transparent shells. Adult in mammals and birds. Type-genus: — Hymoiolepis, Weinland, 1858. lo Records of the Indian Museum. [Voiv. XII, Genus Hymenolepis, Weinland, 1858. = Diplocantliiis, Weinlnnd, 185S ; = Lepidotrias, Weinland, 1858 ; = Di-e- panidotaenia, Railliet, 1892 ; ^ Dicranotaenia, Railliet, 1892 ; = Echinocotyle, Blanchard, 1891 ; =: TriorcJiis, Clerc, 1903. Generic diagnosis: — Hymenolepidinae. Rostellum generally well developed, and armed with a single crown of hooks, or more rarely, rudimentary and unarmed. Suckers in adult rarely armed with hooklets of fine spines ; are generally unarmed. Testicles three in each segment. Vas deferens with internal {i.e. inside the cirrus pouch) as well as external seminal vesicle (out- side the cirrus pouch). Sacculus accessorius generally absent. Adult in mammals and birds. Type-species: — Hymenolepis flavo punctata^ Weinland, 1858, r^ Hymejiolepis diminjita {^.udo\\ih\, i8iq) Blanchard, i8gi. Sub-genus Hymenolepis, Weinland, 1858. Sub-generic diagnosis : — Hymenolepis. Rostellum generally well developed, and armed with a single crown of hooks, or more rarely rudimentary and unarmed. Suckers in adults generally unarmed, or, rarely, their entire surface may be covered with rudimentary spines. Sacculus accessorius generally absent. Adult in mammals and birds. Type-species : — Hymenolepis -fiavop^mctata, Weinland, 1858. =i Hymenolepis diiuiniitd (Rud., iSlQ) Blanchard, 1891. Hymenolepis capillaroides ? Fiihrmann, 1906. ZEV -^y-i Corvus macroyhynchus. Calcutta. T. Southwell. Twenty-eight (Crow). specimens. The specimens under consideration are placed in the above species with a little uncertainty. The rostellum in every specimen was slightly damaged and the exact size and number of spines could not be determined. If not absolutely identical, our speci- mens are closel}" related to Hymenolepis capillaroides , Fiihrmann. The specimens measured 25 to 30 mm. long. The last seg- ments were "22 mm. long, '22 mm. broad, and the edges were slightly salient. In one specimen, only, which was more mature than the rest, and which had contracted to a greater degree, the greatest breadth was -58 mm. The head is -14 mm. long, and -2 mm. broad. As far as could be ascertained, there was a single row of 10 hooks, '021 mm. long, on the rostellum. The suckers were '098 mm. in diameter. Neck -4 mm. long. The genital pores unilateral. The testes are three in number, and have a diameter of 'ob mm. Two were situated posteriorly, one on each side, and the third was lateral and somewhat anterior. The vari- able disposition of the testes noted by Fiihrmann ( 1906 ) was not seen in our specimens. The cirrus bulb measured '12 mm. long, and was situated anteriorly. The internal extremity abutted on the posterior edge of the preceding segment. It will be noted 1916.] T. SouTHWEix : Indian Cestoda. il that the last segments in our specimens are square. The segments figured by Fiihrmann for this species are broader than long, but possibly those figured were not the posterior gravid segments. Literature : — Fiihrmann, 1906. Hymenolcpis sp. ZRV <^-. Thorax blue with a black line on either side of carina. Superior anal append- age falcate in profile with a large in- ternal two-pointed tooth ... ... P. biiioifatiiui, Morton, ii. Segment-s 8-9 blue,l 10 black dorsally. r. Dorsum of thorax with three narrow black stripes, Superior anal append- ag'es as long as segment 10 ; marked with white internally ... ... P. microcephnlum (Ramb.). (/. Dorsum of thorax with three broad black bands. Superior anal appendages onlj' half as long as segment 10 ... P. niistralnsiae, Selvs. iii. Segments 8, 9, 10 blue.' c. Upper lip and head largelj' blue, anal border of segment 10 moderately exca- vate, spines on border very small, Su- perior anal appendages unequally bifur- cate in profile, black above, whitish be- low ; lower pair truncate, much shorter than upper pair ... ... P. deconim {Ka.mh.). f. Upper lip and head largely orange-brown : anal border of segment 10 deeply exca- vate, beset with strong black spines. Upper anal appendages not bifurcate in profile. Lower pair nearly as long, pointed ... ... ... P^ nibriceps, Selys. P» .\bdominal segments all blue except 9, which is black above ... ... P. aziiyeitin, Selys. To suppl}- any key for discrimination between the females of these species is a much more difficult matter. In the first place the Museum material includes female speci- mens of two species only, viz. of P. microcephnlum in some abun- dance, and a solitary female of P. decorum. Secondly the females of P. hypermelas and of P. hidentatum are quite unknown and thirdly it is evident that characters which can be used for pur- poses of identification are much harder to find than in the case of the males. In a general way the female of P. azureum can be contrasted with those of the other species that have been described by the absence in it of any black markings on the abdomen, which ac- cording to Selys is bluish (bleuatre) in colour, paler beneath. The remaining species of which any account is available all have black markings on the abdomen on segments 1-9. P. microcephalum has the post-ocular spots of a fairly bright blue colour with blue on the thorax, P. decorum, which is a rather larger insect, has green post-ocular spots and the ground colour of the thorax is distinctly green. That of P. australasiae is also larger than P. microcephalum and according to Selys the black marks on segments 8 and 9 are more extensive than in the smaller species. Lastly P. rubriceps is described as having the upper lip of an orange colour, the rest of the head yellowish with blue post-ocu- lar spots, the thorax orange yellow. ' The sutures of these segments are ringed with black. igi6. F. F. r.AiDLAW : Oriental Dra^onHies. 23 P. australasiae, Selys. /'. australasiae, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 18^ ; Tilljvird, Proc. Linn. Soc. N, S. Wales, XXXVII, 3, p. 469, pi. xlviii, fig's. 23-2.^ ; pi. xlix, fi_o-. 15. Range: — India to Australia. Recorded Stations: — Pulo Besaor (S^/ys), Queensland (5g/ys), Cape York to National Park, N.S.W. {Tilly ard). The males of this species are exceedingly like those of P. microcephalum. The build is a trifle more robust than in that species, and the three black bands of the thorax are much broader, whilst the black marking on segment lo of the abdomen is more extensive. Examination of the anal appendages of the males will facilitate the distinction of the two species. I believe the Calcutta specimens can be further differentiated from Australian forms by the characters of the anal appendages, but have no specimens for comparison. Tillyard, loc. cit. , describes the superior anal appendages as having the upper lobe shorter than the lower ; in the Calcutta specimens both lobes appear equal in length, whilst the lower appendages in the latter seem to me to be rather more conical and tapering. The specimens are, however, not in the best of condition and study of further material is neces- sary for a satisfactory determination of possible differences. A priori I am inclined to expect the two forms to be moderateh^ distinct. The Museum collection contains an old specimen of the male labelled by Selys. I have found also a single male from Calcutta , amongst specimens of Ischnura senegalensis. Approximate dimensions : cf» abdomen 31-32 mm., hind-wing 21 mm. 9 ,, 2930 mm., ,, 21 mm. P. microcephalum (Ramber). P. mici'ocephal/nn, Ivirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 153 ; Selys, Ann. Mas. Geiwva, (2) X, p. 83 (1891) ; Martin, Mission Pavie (sep.), p. iS ; Ris, Arcliiv. f. Naturgesch ., lyoo, p. 198. Range: — India, Burma, Tonkin, Malaya to the Bismark Archipelago. I have recently dealt with this species in an account of Odonata found about Lake Chilka in Orissa(Mem. /w^. Mws., V, p 178, 1915). In the accompan5nng diagrammatic text-figure I show the colour pattern of the thorax of the female viewed from above The dotted areas are brown in colour, the imshaded spaces blue. The immature male has the same colouring ; in mature males the brown is entirely replaced by black on Pig- i -Dorsum of thorax the three stripes. of p. microcephalum $ 24 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, P. microcejyhalmn is evidently one of the commonest of dragonflies in the low-lying parts of Bengal. Approximate dimensions : & abdomen 27-20 mm., hind-wing 17-18 mm. 27-28 mm. 18-19 ^"^• P. decorum (Ramb.). P. decoyiim, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 153 ; Kruger, Stettin Evt., Zeit., i8q8, p. 119; Morton, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1907, p. 307, pi. xxiv, fig-.s. 7,8. 2SS Calcutta, 4-i-i5 HF)- I ^ Calcutta (^-Y~). Labjiled by de Selys. 1 1^ Sar Lake, Pari District, Orissa, 9-iv-i5 (-ttt-)- Range : — Peninsular India, Sumatra. Recorded Stations : — 'Qom.h^y [Ranibur), Deesa {Morton), Soekranda, Sumatra {Kruger). The adult male closely resembles the newly-emerged male of the closely allied P. microcephalum in colour, so far as the thora- cic pattern is concerned. Approximate dimensions : cf abdomen 28-30 mm., hind- wing 19 mm. 2 ,, 25-27 mm., ., 18 mm. P. rubriceps, Selys, P. nibricefjs, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. iS^ : Selys, Ann. Mas. Geneva, (2) X, p. 83(1891). I (^ imnaturo, witli larval skin. Museum Tank, Calcutta (-f§-). Range: — India, Burma, Java. Recorded Stations :—Fa\on {Selys), " India" {Selys), " Java" {Selys). The specimen was preserved shortly after emerging, conse- quently it is not possible to make any examination of the wing characters. Fortunately the anal appendages are well shown. The colouring of the thorax resembles closely that of an immature P. decorum. In general the insect both as regards colour and the structure of the anal appendages is a typical Pseudagrion. Segments 9-10 of the abdomen are (appa- rentl}') blue ; 8 would appear to have a longitudinal bronze band dorsally, narrc^w- ing in front. The upper pair of anal appendages are tinged with brown, the lower pair are white. The curious series of spines developed along the border of the excavation of segment 10 are black (see text-fig 2). vSelys' accounts of tiie colouring of the abdomen are contra- dictory. In the synopsis he states that segment 10 is black Fig. 2 — Apex of abdo- men of P. rttbi'iceps seen from the side obliquely. 1916.] F. F. Laidlaw : Oriental Dragonfiies. 25 above; in the " Odonates de Birmanie" that segments 8-10 are light blue. The present specimen is too young to show colours satisfactorily, but so far as one can iud^e segment 10 is blue. The larval skin, which is lacking the. gill lamellae, shows a close general resemblance to that of P. microcephalum described by me. Approximate dimensions : & abdomen 29 mm., hind-wing 18-20 mm. 9 ,, 27-29 mm., ,, 19-20 mm. P. bidcntatum, Morton. P. bidentatiim, Morton, Trans. Eiit. Soc. Lo)ition. IQ07, p. .^u8, pi. xxi\-, fiys. 11-12. Recorded Stations : — Deesa, Gujerat. Dimensions: cf abdomen 23*75 mm., hind-wing r6"5 mm. P. hypcrmelas, Selys. P. hy{)ermelas, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 183 ; Kruger, Stettin Ent. Zeit., 1898, p. 119 ; Morton, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1907, p. 307, pi. xxiv, figs. g-io. Range: — India, Sumatra. Recorded Stations: — Deesa (Morton), Sambong, Sumatra {Krug r). Approximate dimensions: & abdomen 15-18 mm., hind-wing 24-26 mm. P, azureum, Selys. P. azureum, Selys, Ann. Mus. Genovn, (21 X, pp. 81-83 (1891). Range : — Burma. Rxoried Stations : — Karin Hills in June; Cobapo in Septem- ber (Selys). Dimensions: cf abdomen 30-36 mm., hind-wing 21-23 mm. 9 ,,36 mm , ,,23 mm. IV. R f: P O R T ON A COLLECTION OF MOIvLUSCA FROM THE COCHIN AND ENNUR BACKWATERS. Bv H. B. Preston. F.Z.S. Class GASTROPODA. Order OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. Suborder Tectibranchiata. Family Tornatinidae. Retusa estriata (Preston). Rec. Ind. Mils. X, 1914, p. ,^03 (as Toriiatiua). Cochin backvx^ater, near Ernakulam {F. H. Gravely). Mr, T. Iredale having pointed out to the author that the name " Tornatina'" is antedated by Retusa, the latter must take precedence. Retusa ennurensis, sp. n. Shell cylindrical, whitish in the median part, painted with a broad pale red band above, and having the base also painted red, but of a deeper hue than that on the upper part of the shell, sculp- tured throughout with fine, closely set, revolving striae which the mi- croscope reveals to be also of a red- dish colour, transverseh^ marked with microscopic growth striae ; apex deeply sunken ; columella margin white, polished, calloused, sloping, scarcely curved ; labrum acute, slightly inwardly bent over the aperture in the lower median part ; aperture narrow, straight- ish, broadening above and especially below ; interior of shell tinged with lilac. Alt. 55, diam. 225 mm. Hab. — Ennur backwater, Madras. Fig. I, Fig. lb. — Retusa eniiiii'eiisis, sp. n. X 4. du., sculpture, X 8. 28 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Order PROSOBRANCHIATA. Suborder Pectin ibranchi ATA. Family Nassidae. Nassa denegabilis, Preston. Rec. Ind. Mits. X, 1914, pp. -•q7-2C)S. Ennur backwater, Madras ; Cochin backwater, near Krna- kulam. Nassa kiencri, Desh. Moll. He Boiirbo)!, 1863, p. I2y. Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam ; a single young specimen {F. H. Gravely). Nassa orissaensis,' Preston var. ennurensis, var. n. Shell differing from the type in its much larger size, it having 6 whorls, and in its more exag- geratedly fusiform shape, more- over both the canal and aper- ture are narrower. Alt. 10*25, diam. maj. 4"5, diam. min. 4 mm. Aperture : alt. 4*25, diam. 2 mm. Hah. — Hnnur backwater, Madras {Type) ; Canal near Fig. 2.— Nassa orissaensis var. emiur- Chingrighatta, outskirts of Fig. 2a.- do., '"'"' 'Sculpture; Calcutta (a single specimen X 6. only). Alectrion unicolorata, Kiener. Monog. Biiccinnm, p. 60, pi. xix, fig. 69. Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam ; a single young specimen (F. H. Gravely). Nassodonta insignis, H. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, p. 445. Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam (F. H. Gravely). In the Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. I, 1^95, pp. 257-258, Mr, Edgar A. Smith doubted the validity of the genus Nassodonta, this view however the author is unable to accept, hence its rein- statement in the present paper. ' Rec. hid. Mits. X. p. 299. i9t6.] H B. Preston : South Indian MoUusca. 2Q Fig. -Nassodoiita gravely i, sp. n. X 4. Nassodonta graveiyi, sp. n. Shell allied to A^ imignis. H. Ad.^ with which it occurs, but differing from that species in its nar- rower form, external dark blackish brown colour and internal dark livid violet tinge. Alt. 7"5, diam. maj. 4 "25, diam. min. 3"5 mm. Aperture: alt. 3'5, diam. i'5 mm. Hab. — Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam ; Type {F. H. Gravely) ; Ennur backwater, Madras. At first sight this might be taken for a variety of A^ insignis, the author has, however, been able to examine a fairly large series of both forms, and as they never seem to blend he is of opinion that the one above described is quite worthy of specific rank. Family Muricidae. Thais carinifera, Lamark. Aiiivi. sai/s Vertebres, VII, 1822, p. 241. Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam ; a single very immature specimen [F . H. Gravely). Family CerithiidaE. Bittium graveiyi, sp. n. Shell minute, fusiform, purplish-brown, encircled by a spiral band of a darker colour ; whorls 6, spirally lirate, not convex; suture impressed ; columella margin curved; labrum acute, 3'ellowish ; aperture sub-cir- cular. Alt. 2-25, diam. maj. 1-25 (nearly) mm Hab. — Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam (F. H . Gravely). F"iG. 4. — BittiiDii gyavelyi, sp. n. X 8. F'iG. 4«. — do., sculpture, X 16. Potatnides (Tympanotonos) fluviatilis, Pot. and Mich. Cat. Moll, de Dottni, p. 363, pi. xxi, figs. 19-20. Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam {F. H. Gravely). Family Tiaridae. Tiara (Platia) scabra (Miiller). Hist. Venn. II, p. 136 (as Bucci iijiiu). Ennur backwater, Madras. 30 Records of the Indian Mnsem [Vol. XII, Family lyiTTORiNiDAE. Littorina arboricola, Reeve. Conch. Icon. pi. vi, Hgs. 27, a and b. Ennur backwater, Madras. w« Family Fossariuae. Conradia cancellata, sp. n. Shell perforate, small, turbinate, in dead condition whitish ; whorls 4, the first two smooth, the remainder cancellately sculptured with spiral lirae crossed by slightly ob- lique, transverse riblets, the last whorl convex ; suture impressed ; perfora- tion narrow, smooth within ; columel- la margin descending in a curve, lab- rum continuous : aperture rather ob- lique, ovate. Alt. 3, diam. maj. 2*5, diam. min. I '75 mm. Aperture: alt, i'25, diam. i mm. Hah. — Ennur backwater, Madras. W» 5 a Fig. 5. — Coiiradia cancellata , sp. n. X 6. Fig. 5fl. — tU).. sculpture, X 12. Family Litiopidae. Alaba rectangulata, Craven. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. XCM, 18S0. Ennur backwater, Madras. Family Rissoidae. Iravadia funcrea, sp. n. Shell small, ovately fusiform, covered with a grayish-black periostracum ; remaining whorls 3, sculptured with coarse, spiral lirae and showing traces of transverse stria- tion ; suture impressed ; columella margin vertically descending, diffused above into a very restricted, well defined, parietal callus which joins it with the upper margin of the labrum ; labrum acute, angled by the terminations of the spiral lirae ; aperture slightly oblique, elliptical. i\lt. 2"75, diam. maj. 2, diam. min. i"25 mm. Hab. — Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam , Lk.) from the E Coast of N. America, it is however of a straighter form and thinner texture and is much more foliaceous externally, the left valve is more concave and the 34 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Figs, ii, iii?. — Ostrea ^nadrasensis, sp. n. i nat. size. 1916.] H. B. Preston : South Indian Mollusca. 35 inner margins of both valves, as well as the muscular scars, are of a deep purplish-black colour. Long. 140, lat. 56-5 mm. Hab. — Ennur backwater, Madras. Placuna placenta, Ivinnaeus. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1154. (as Anomid), Ennur backwater, Madras (a single very juvenile specimen). Suborder Mytilagea. Famil}' Mytilidae. Modiola taprobanensiSt Preston. Anil. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, XVI, p. 84. Ennur backwater, Madras. Suborder Arcacea. Family ArcidaE. Area granosa, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1142. Ennur backwater, Madras. Area (Fossularca) lactea, Lin. Syst. Nat, ed. 12, p. 1141. Ennur backwater, Madras. Suborder Conchacea. Family Veneridae. Meretrix casta, Chem. Conch. Cab. VI, p. 349, pi. xxxiii, fio-. 346 (as J^enus). Ennur backwater, Madras ; Cochin backwater, near Eina- kulam ; juvenile specimens (F. H. Gravely). Meretrix ovum, Hanley. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845, p. 21. Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam. ' Meretrix zonaria, Lamki Anim. s. Vert. VI, p. 299. Ennur backwater, Madras ; Cochin backwater, near Ernaku- lam (young specimens only from both localities). 36 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Chionc itnbricata, Sow. Tlies. Conch. II, 1855, p. 71 "5, pi. clvi, figs. 81, 82. Ennur backwater, Madras. Chionc marmorata, Lamarck. Aiiim. s. Vert. VI, p. 261 (as Venus). Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam. Anomalocardia squamosa, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1133. Ennur backwater, Madras (young "Specimens only). Tapes turgida, Lamk. Anim. s. Vert. VI, p. 355 (as Venns). Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam. Family Cyrenidae. Corbicula cochincnsis, sp n. Shell small, trigonal, covered generilly and in type specimen with a dark olive periostra- cuni and showing traces of radiate painting; umbones not very prominent ; both valves somewhat contracted in the posterior median part and coarsely and somewhat distantly, co'icentrically ridged towards the umbonal region, the ridges becoming suddenly finer and more closelv-set and continuing thus to the margin ; dorsal mirsin narrowly and strong- ly arched : ventral margin gently anteriorly rounded, elongited and very slightly contracted posteriorly ; pos- terior i-ide steeply sloping above, rounded below ; anterior side also sloping above, rostrate below ; inteiior of shell dark livid brownish- violet. Long. 4, lat. 4 5 mm. Hab. — Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam. -Corbt'czila cochinensis sp. n. X 6. do., hinge, x 9. I9i6.] H. B. Preston : South Indian Molhisca. 37 The colour of the shell varies from pale yellowish-green in certain specimens to the dark olive of the type, the paler speci- mens showing a number of narrow, transverse, radiate, reddish or purple bands. Vclorita delicatula, sp. n. Shell small, trigonal, dark olive gray; both valves sculp- tured in the umbonal rt-gion with fine, distant, concentric ridges which suddenly be- come much more serried and numerous, continuing thus throughout the remainder of the shell; umbones small, inwardly bent ; doisal mar- gin sharply arched ; ventral margin slightly rounded, a little contracted posteriorly ; anterior side rather sharply rounded; posterior side slop- ing above angularly round- ed and a little rosirate below. Long. 5, lat. 6 mm. Hab. — Cochin back- water, near Ernakulam {F. H. Gravely). Figs. 13, 130. — Velorita delicatula, sp. n. X 4. Fig. 136. — do., hinge, X 8. Family Solenidae. Cultellus subellipticus, Dunk. Proc. Zool. Soc- London, 1861, p. 421. Knnur backwater, Madras (two young specimens). Solen fonesi, Dunk. Proc. Zool. Soc. Londo)i, 1861, p. 419. Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam (F. H. Gravely). Order DIBRANCHIA. Suborder LuciNACEA. Family Lucinidae. Codokia fischeriana, Issel. Mai. del Mar. Rosso, 1869, p. 83. Ennur backwater, Madras. 38 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol.. XII, Suborder Tellinacea. Family Tellinidae. Tellina ennurcnsis, sp. n. Shell small, ovate, whitish, faintly tinged with pink, irides- cent, polished, shining, marked with fine, concentric growth lines and indistinct, closely-set, trans- verse striae, these latter being only visible with the aid of the microscope ; umbones small, not prominent ; dorsal margin gently sloping anteriorly, rather steeply sloping posteriori}^ ; ventral mar- gin anteriorly, and in the median part, gently rounded, a little contracted posteriorly ; anterior side rounded , somewhat produced ; Figs. 14, 14^. — Tellina einnire/zsis. sp. n, X 4. posterior side shortly and bluntly rostrate. Long. 475, lat. 7 25 mm. Hab. — Ennur backwater, Madras. Tellina brunneo-flavida, sp. n. Shell convex, rather small, thin, roundly trigonal, pale yellowish-brown ; both valves sculptured with slightly distant, concentric striae ; umbones small, not very prominent ; dorsal mar- gin strongly arched, steeply des- cending on both sides ; ventral margin rounded, posteriorly exca- vated ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side bluntly and abrupt- ly rostrate, angled from the umbone downward. Long. 7, lat. 7*5 mm. Hab. — Ennur backwater, Madras. Figs. 15, 15a. — Tellina brunneo flavida, sp. n. X 3. Family Scrobiculariidae. Theora opalina (Hinds). Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, p. 78 (as Neaera). Ennur backwater, Madras ; Cochin backwater, near Ernaku- 1am (F. H. Gravely). I9i6.] H. B. Preston : South Indian Mollusca. 39 Theora translucens, sp. n. Shell allied to T. iridescens (Hinds) * from the Philippines, but much smaller and of a trans- parent yellowish- white colour, it having none of the milky semi- opaque appearance of that species ; it also differs in the somewhat more prominent concentric lines and in being of a generally more regularly oval form, lacking as it does, the posterior ventral ex- cavation and both the anterior and posterior dorsal curves of T. iridescens. Long. 5, lyat. 8*25 mm. Hah. — Bnnur backwater, Mad- ras. 16a. Figs. 16, i6a. — Theora translucens sp. n. X 4. Suborder Anatinacea. Family Cuspidariidae. Cuspidaria annandalei^ Preston. Rec. Ind. Mus. XI, 1915, p. 308, Ennur backwater, Madras ; Cochin backwater, near Ernaku- 1am {F. H. Gravely). Cuspidaria cochinensis, sp. n. Shell small, thin, oblong, grayish- white, inequi valve, the left valve being slightly the smaller, both valves finely concentrically striate ; umbones small, rather prominent; dorsal margin sloping anteriorly in a very slight curve and rather strongly curved and elongate posteriorly ; ven- tral margin very gently and elon- gately rounded; anterior side sharp- ly rounded ; posterior side produced, strongly angled from the umbone downwards, very abruptly and square- ly' truncate. Long. i'5, lat. 3 mm. Hab. — Cochin backwater, near Ernakulam {F. H. Gravely). Figs. 17, ija. — Ctispidarta co- chinensis, sp. n. X 8. I Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, ?• 7^ (as Neaera). V. FOUR NEW vSPECIES OF A U LA COBO LU S POC. (DIPLOPODA: SPIROBOLIDAE) FROM INDIA. By F. SiLVESTRI. The genus Aulacoholus was pioposed by Pocock ' for Sbimho- lus uroceros, Poc , from Madras and up to the present comprises in addition only Spimhnlus thurstom, Poc, also from Madras. Mr. F. H. Gravtdy has sent me specimens of two species collected at Kavalai and Mr. L. Newton specimens of two more collected on the Pulney Hills. Examination of this material his shown that the four species received by me are distinct among themselves and from the species named by Pocock, they are therefore des- cribed here as new. It is worthy of record that the species of Aulacoholus are all from Madras and South India, as are also the two species of Eucentroholus, Poc, a genus distinguished from Aulacoholus only by the very strange sculpture of the body. Aulacobolus excellcns, sp n. 9 Corpus niger capite, antennis pedibusqne rubro-testaceis , vel testaceo-latericiis Caput sulco mediano in fronte, inter antennas, interrupto instructum, sublaevigatum, striis tantum nonnullis transversis per faciem inferiorem exaratum, clypei depressione later li sat pro- funda ; oculi subrotundi, ocellis c. 38 compositi ; antennae (fig. I, 3) accomodatae mandibulatum stipites baud superantes. Col- lum (fig. I. 1) margine antico ad oculorum latum externum rotundatim vix producto. lateribus sat angustatis trunci segmenti primi latcra brevi spatio haud attingentibus, angulo antico acnto, rotundato, angulo postico exciso, obtuso. late rutimdato, superficie sublaevigata. Truncus. Segmentum primum lateribus quam colli latera deorsum aliquantum magis productis, carinain longitudinalem angulo antico acuto antror.^um aliquantum vergente, postico obtuso. margine infero integro formantibus; segm* nti secundi latera ad segmenti praecedentis carinae libellam margine postico incrassalo et retrorsum paullum producto ; segmenta ceteia cylin- dracea. Segmentorum omnium praezona sublaevigata, vix coria- ria tantum subtus et postice sub poris striis n«mnullis instructa, ' Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (y) XII (1903). 42 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, metazona gradatim magis elevata ita ut segmentorutn margo posticus supra segtnenti sequentis praezonatn aliquantutn altior sit, parum coriaria et longe sub poris longitudinaliter striata; sutura ut linea tenuis, supra poros evanescens, tnanifesta est ; pori magni ; sterna transverse et profunde striata. Segmentum praeanale (fig. I, 2) in processum longum, gradatim attenuatum, aliquantutn arcuatum (convexitate supera), acutum, valvulas anales spatio longo superantem productum. Lamina infraanalis lata, brevis. Valvulae anales marginibus bene compressis, depres- sione praemarginali parva. Pedes (fig. I, 5-7) sat longi et crassiusculi, ungue terminali longo . Fig. I. — Aiilacobolus excellens : i. corporis pars antica lateraliter inspecta ; 2. ejusdem pars postica ; 3. antenna; 4. hypostoma ; 5. pedes primi paris , 6. pedes secundi paris; 7. pes segmenti decimi : A. lamina ventralis ; S. pera stigmatica. Segmentorum numerus 51-54. Long Corp. 160 mm., lat. 12, long, antennarum 8, pedum paris decimi 9. & Corpus quam idem feminae parum magis attenuatum pedibus parum longioribus et crassioribus et articulo sexto soleato. Organum copulativum vide fig. 11. Habitat.— Qochin State: Kavalai, 1300-3000 ft. (F. H. Gravely legit). Observatio. — Species haec caudae forma ad Aulac. uroceros (Poc.) proxima est, sed magnitudine, sculptura et metazonarum forma, facillime distinguenda. i9i6.] F. SiLVESTRi : New Indian Diplopoda. 43 Aulacobolus gravelyi, sp. n. 9 Corpus niger capite, antennis pedibusque rubro-testaceis vel latericiis. Caput laevigatum, medium sulco subcontiiiuo (tantum inter antennas subevanescente exaratum), clypei depressione laterali FiG. II. — Aulacobolus excellens : i. organi copulativi par anticum antice inspectum ; 2. idem postice inspectum ; 3. organi copulativi paris postici dimidia pars a latere externo inspecta ; 4. eadem a latere interno inspecta ; 5. ejusdem pars cum pseudoflagello magis ampliata : A. lamina ventral is ; B. pedum arti- culus basalis ; C. articulus secundiis ; F. pseudoflagellum ; S. pera stigmatica. parva; oculi ocellis c. 32, longitudinaliter 7-seriatis compositi ; antennae (fig III, 3) breves, accomodatae stipitum mandibula- rum apicem baud superantes. Collum (fig. Ill, i) margine antico ad oculorum latera externa pauUum convexo, lateribus trunci segmenti primi latera brevi spatio baud attingentibus, angustatis 44 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, et postice aliquantum magis quara antice rotunda'is, superficie laevigata Tnincus Segmentum primura lateribus quam colli latera deorsum aliquantum magis productis, carinam longitudinalem margine integro formantibus, angulo antico acuto, antrorsum et deorsum aliquantum producto ; segmenti secundi latera ad seg- menti praecedentis carinae libellam incrassata et retrorsum paullum producta; segmenta cetera cvlindracea. Segmentorum omnium, piaezona supra pororum libellam longitudinaliter et creberrime stiiata, sub poroium libella vix coriaria, mesozona supra poros pu- ctis parvis impressa sub poris oblique striata, metazona laevi- gata, pone poros vix striata, longe sub poris longitudinaliter Fig. III. — A ulacobolus gravely i : i. corporis pars antica lateral iter inspecla ; 2. ejusdem pars postica ; 3. antenna; 4. pedes secundi paris ; 5. pes stgmenti decimi ; 6. organi copulativi par anticum antice inspectum ; 7. idem postice inspectum ; 8. <'rgari copulativi paris postici dimidia pars a latere externo in - specta ; 9. ejusdem pars apicalis magis ampliata : litterae ut in fig. II. striata ; pori maeni ; sterna transverse et pro^unde striata. Seg- mentum praeanale (fig. Ill, 2) in processum sat longum, sub- rectum crnssum, parum attennatum, in apice obtusum productum, val-ulas anales spatio sat longo superans Lamina infraanalis bievis, lata, postice vix arcunta. Valvulae anales marginibus com- pressis praesertim postice, depre^sione praemarginali sat evoluta. Pede-^ (fig. Ill, 4-5) breves, parum crassi. Segmentorum numerus 51. Long. Corp. 120 mm., lat. 11, long, antennarum 6, pedum pari'; decimi 6 5. a" Corpus quam idem feminae parum magis attenuatum; pedes aliquantum crassiores, articulo sexto soleato. I9i6.] F. SiLVESTRi : New Indian Diplopoda. 45 Oreanum copulativum vide fig. Ill 6-9. Habitat.— Qoch'm State: Kavalai, 1300-3000 ft, (F. H. Gravely, cui species erato animo dicata est, legit). Observatio. — Species haec a ceteris omnibus mihi notis seg- mentorum numero, metazonis baud elevatis, laevigatis, organi copulativi forma distinctissima est. Aulacobolus newtoni, sp. n. 9 Corpus nigrescens capite et antennis latericiis, pedibus rufescentibus vel fulvo-ferrugineis. Fig. IV. — Aulacobolus newtoni : I. corporis pars antica lateraliter inspecta ; 2. ejusdem pars postica; 3. antenna; 4. pedes secundi paris ; 5. pes paris decimi ; 6. org'ani copulativi par ^inticum antice inspectum ; 7. idem postice in- spectum ; 8. organi copulativi paris postici dimidia pars a 'atere externo inspecta; 9. eju.-^dem pars apicalis magis ampliata; 10. maris pes segmenti decimi : litterae ut in fig. II. Caput totum minute et sat crebre punctatum, per fac'em mediara ab antennarum lihella ad laVjrum sulcatum et transver-^e striatum, vertice sulco sat profundo; clypei (lepre^^sione laterali parum profunda; oculi ocellis c. 55, longitndinalit'^r 7 seriatis, iiistructi ; antennae (fig IV, 3) breviores, accomodatae ap;ce u mandibularum stipitum baud superantes. Co'lnm (fig. \\\ 1) pone oculorura marginem externum paullum emarginat jrn et ab hoc puncto usque ad angulum externum linea postmarginali 46 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol.. XII, perparva instructum, angulis lateralibus postice quam antice magis excisis et rotundatis, saperficie leviter coriaria. Truncus, Segmentum primum lateribus quam colli latera deorsum aliquantum magis productis, carinam longitudinalem formantibus angulo antico acuto antrorsum et deorsum aliquan- tum producto ; segmenti secundi latera ad segmenti praeceden - tis carinae libellam deorsum et retrorsum vix producta, segmenta cetera cylindracea ; segmentorum omnium praezona supra pororum libellam longitudinaliter striata, sub pororum libella sublaevigata, vix oblique striata, mesozona punctato rugosa, sub poris gradatim magis distincte oblique striata metazona quam mesozona paullum magis elevata coriaria pone poros longitudinaliter sulcata et longe sub pororum libellam longitudinaliter striata ; pori magni ; sterna transverse striata. Segmentum praeanale (fig. IV, 2) in proces- sum sat longum, crassiusculum, paullum arcuatum (convexitate supera), in apice obtusum, valvulas anales spatio parvo superan- tem productum. Lamina infraanalis brevis, lata, postice subrecte truncata. Valvulae anales sat longae, marginibus, postice quam antice magis compressis, depressione praemarginali sat magna. Pedes (fig. IV, 5) breves, sat tenues, ungue longo. Segmentorum numerus 49. Long. corp. 80 mm., lat. 7*6, long, antennarum 3'8o, pedum segmenti decimi 4' 70. cf Corpus quam idem feminae aliquantum longius (ad 90 mm.) et angustius (ad 7*2 mm ) metazonis parum magis elevatis et sutura profundiore. Pedes (fig. IV, i) aliquantum longiores et crassiores, articulo sexto bene soleato. Organum copulativum vide fig. IV, 6-9. Habitat. — Vicinity of Kodaikanal, Pulney Hills, 5000-7000 ft. (L. Newton, cui species grato animo dicata est, legit). Observatio. — Species haec ad Aul. thurstoni (Poc.) proxima est, sed corporis sculptura et organ! copulativi forma saltern distincta est. Aulacobolus variolosus, sp. n. $ Corpus nigro-castaneum capite et antennis latericiis, pedi- bus rubrotestaceis. Caput ver ice sub coUo obtecto, faciei superficie coriaria et media parum longe ab antennarum libella ad labrura sulco grada- tim magis manifesto sulcata, verticis sulco sat prof undo, clypei depressione lateral! sat profunda; oculi sat magni, subovales, ocellis c. 30, longitudinaliter 7-seriatis, compositi ; antennae (fig. V, 3) breviores, accomodatae mandibularum stipitum apicem baud superantes. Collum (fig. V, i) magnum, lateraliter inspec- tum mandibularum stipites omnino obtegens, margine antico pone oculos parum sinuato, margine antico lateral! quam postico lateral! multo magis exciso, rotundato, angulo lateral! acuto, rotundato, trunci segment! prim! marginem inferum parvo spatio hand attingente, superficie tota punctata et parum rugosa. I9i6.] F. SiLVESTRi ; New Indian Diplopoda. 47 Truncus. Segmentum primum lateribus latis quam colli latera deorsum parum magis productis, carinam longitudinalem formantibus angulo antico acuto antrorsum et deorsum aliquan- tum product©, margine infero obtuse 3-5 dentato ; segmenti secundi latera ad segmenti praecedentis carinae libellam deorsum et retrorsum vix producta ; segmenta cetera cylindracea. Seg- mentorum omnium praezona leviter striata, mesozona supra poros coriaria-reticulata, sub poris oblique striulata, metazona quam mesozona aliquantum magis elevata, variolosa, pone poros pro- FiG. V. — Aulacobolus variolosus: i. corporis pars antica lateraliter in- specta ; 2. ejusdem pars postica ; 3. antenna; 4. pedes paris secundi; 5. pes paris decimi ; 6. organi copulativi par anticum antice inspectum ; 7. idem postice inspectum ; 8. organi copulativi paris postici dimidia pars ex latere externo in- specta ; 9. ejusdem pars distalis magis ampliata : litterae ut in fig. II. funde sulcata et longe sub poris longitudinaliter profunde striata ; pori magni, sterna segmenti secundi (fig, V, 4) infra triangulariter producta, sterna coalita transverse striata. Segmentum praeanale (fig. V, 2) in processum sat longum, crassum, paullum arcuatum (convexitate supera), in apice obtusum valvulas anales spatio parvo superantem, productum. Lamina infraanalis brevis, lata, postice subrecte truncata. Valvuiae anales punctatae, marginibus partem posticam versus gradatim magis compressis et depressione praemarginali bene evoluta. 48 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, 1916,] Pedes (fig. V, 4-5) breves, sat tenues. Segmentorum numerus 45. Long. Corp. 85 mm., lat. 9, long, antennarum 4*30, pedum segmenti decimi 6 25. (f Corpus quam idem feminae paullo angustius pedibus ali- quantum robustiorihus et longioiibus, articulo sexto soleato. Organum copulativum vide fig. V, 6 9. Habitat. — Vicinity of Kodaikanal, Pulney Hills, 5000-7000 ft. (L. Neivton legit). Ohservatio. — Species haec ad A. newtoni, Silv. proxima est, sed colli forma, corporis sculptura et segmentorum numero, cauda crassiore, nee non organi copulativi forma facile distinguenda est. VI. ON THE HYDROZOON C A M P ANU- LI N A CEYLONENSIS (BROWNE). By R. E. IvLOYD, M.B., D.Sc, Major, I.MS., Professor of Biology, Medical College, Bengal, and N Annandale, D.Sc, F.A.S.B., Superintendent, Indian Museum. I. — The Systematic Position and Synonymy of the Species. By N. Annandai^E. The medusa of this species was described by Browne ^ in 1905 under the name Irene ceylonensis, while the hydroid was discovered by myself * in 1906. In a recent paper ^ I have referred the species to the genus Campanulina, van Beneden, and this attribution is fully borne out by a detailed examination since made of the living hydranth. Medusae that agree, so far as structure is concerned, in every respect with Browne's figures and description of /. ceylonensis have made their appearance in great numbers in a canal of brack- ish water in Calcutta in July, 1915, the water having, at the place and time at which specimens were taken, a specific gravity of 1-0085 (the reading corrected to a standard temperature of I5°C.), and no great difficulty has been experienced in rearing young colonies of hydroids in a bell jar. The development is rapid. Medusae were placed in the bell-jar, which was filled with water from the canal, on July 5th; on July 7th numerous planulae and single minute hydranths, many of which had attached themselves to the cast skins of Copepods, were found, with intervening stages ; while two days later young colonies were observed with a single perfect hydranth and a short rhizome bearing at least two hydranth-buds. The buds had the capitate form of those of C. acuminata (Alder) as figured by Hincks.* The hydranth figured here was sketched from life on July loth, by Babu D. N. Bagchi ; only the part exserted from the hydrotheca is shown. The column was capable of great elongation, but the tentacles seemed to be less extensile than in the adult and the whole organism was less sensitive. 1 In Herdman's Rep. Ceylon Pearl Fish., IV, p. 140, pi. iii, figs. 9-1 1 (1905)- 2 Rec. Ind. Mus., I, p. 142, fig. 4 (1907). 3 Mem. Ind. ilJns., V, p. 105 {1915). •* Brit. Marine Hydroid Zoophytes, pi. xxxvii (18681. 50 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi,. XII, This hydranth though immature in several respects, already exhibits the generic characters of that of Campanulina, being webbed at the base of the tentacles, which are surrounded by regular circles of nematocysts, and having a short conical hypo- stome. The hydrothecae of the adult hydroid only differ from those of more robu-t species of the genus in that each grows on a short stalk that arises directly from an adherent stolon while the gonothecae closely resemble those of C. repens, Allman, in outline. Major Lloyd* tells me that a short stem bearing a gonotheca as well as a hydranth is sometimes produced and that more than one medusa is often produced in a single gonotheca. If it is necessary to place the medusa as distinct from the hydroid in a recognized genus, greater difficulty is experienced. It agrees with Phortis, McCrady, and differs from Eirene and Tima, Eschscholtz, in not possessing marginal cirri, but the ten- FlG. I. — Young hydranth of Campamilina cejdoneiisis (highly magnified). tacles have a narrow longitudinal band of muscle on the velar sur- face and the gonads are less restricted in position than in most species of PhortiSy though they do not until very fully ripe extend along the manubri:il peduncle as in Tima. On the whole, there- fore, the medusa may be said to occupy a position intermediate between Tima and Phortis, but to be nearer the authentic species of the latter, to which it should probably be assigned, as Meyer * suggests. The name Campanulina (1847) has priority over Phortis (1857) by ten years. ' 1 regret that, as I am about to leave India for some months, I have not been able to read Major Lloyd's paper printed below. He has, however, kindly informed me as to the results of his observations, and shown me his preparations. * Medusae of the W'luld, 11, p. .^x) i TQio). 1916.] N. Annandale : Campanulina ceylonensis. 51 The only species of Phortis, that has been traced to its hy- droid, if we except '' Irene cevlonensis," is P. gibbusa (McCrady), the hfe-cycle of which was worked out by Brooks ' in North America, His description, which is brief and unaccompanied by figures, does not conform to Campanulina in that it makes no mention of an operculum to the hydrotheca or of a webbing of the tentacles, but both these points are difficult to detect unless attention is specially directed to them and the general conformation of the colony is not unhke that of the species found in the Gangetic delta. Some of the medusae from Calcutta lived in captivity for a week, though all of them had apparently shed their gonads at least three days earlier. Those that remained alive at the end of the week were, as was shown by the asymmetrical form of their bells and their feeble and irregular pulsations, in a degene- rate condition. They had, moreover, assumed completely the peculiarities regarded by Browne {op. ciL, p. 141, pi. iii, figs. 12- 16) as diagnostic of his Irene palkensis. When the gonads first reach or approach maturity the tentacles alternate with sense- organs round the margin of the bell ; the former are capable of great elongation and all are complete in structure ; the otocysts are small and each contains a single otolith or sometimes a pair of otoliths. The shedding of the sexual products apparently takes some days. When it commences the gonads do not extend down the manubrial peduncle, but as it proceeds and approaches com- pletion they do so to some extent. Meanwhile considerable changes take place on the margin of the bell. Numerous addi- tional tentacles begin to bud out, but as a rule only the basal bulb is completed and the filamentous part is altogether abortive. At the same time the otocysts increase greatly in size, becoming three or four times as large as hitherto; the otoliths multiply, so that there may be as many as eight in a single sense-organ, and finally the whole structure divides into two otocysts. Details as to the process of division have not yet been worked out either in the cysts or in their contained concretions. These changes in the tentacles and sense-organs prove that Browne's two species, Irene ceylonensis and Irene palkensis, are identical or rather that the latter represents merely a degenerat- ing phase of the former. Before the sexual products are completely shed the upper part of the bell often becomes constricted, the constriction involv- ing not only the jelly but also the upper part of the subumbrellar cavit}'. The tentacles then degenerate, and finally both they and the sense-organs disappear. The bell shrinks to a half or a third, and finally to about a sixth of its original size and at last ceases to pulsate. The manubrium, however, though also shrunken, still exhibits languid movements, which persist for some days after the complete disappearance of the marginal structures and even i Sfiid. Biol. Lab. John Hopkins Univ., II, p. 470 (1883). 52 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, of the radial canals. Death is thus extremely gradual. All these points are clearly important in considering the systematic position of any medusa that exhibits the slightest signs of degeneracy. II. — Life History of the Hydroid and Medusa. By R.U. LivOYD. In July 1915, Dr. Annandale informed me of the occurrence of the Medusa, Irene ceylonensis (Browne), in the brackish water of a canal in the neighbourhood of Calcutta and suggested that I should enquire into its life-history as his own observations on the subject had to be discontinued. He also kindly lent me a stained permanent preparation showing several planulae, some with bud- ding hydroids and stolons. This preparation was made by Mr. F. H. Gravely from material gathered from the bottom of a glass bowl in which a number of the medusae with ripe gonads had been confined for observation. About the middle of July, the medusae were plentiful throughout the canal so that I was able to obtain a large number, varying in diameter from about 2*5 mm. to 2*5 cm. By the end of the month however none were to be found. No doubt they were killed by the heavy monsoon rain, which greatly diminishes the salinity of the water. I was unsuccessful in again raising the planulae in captivity but was fortunate in obtaining some colonies of the hydroid grow- ing in the canal attached to stones. Some were kept alive for ten days, affording good opportunity for observation. Several gono- somes were obtained from these colonies. These were stained and mounted in Canada balsam. They show certain stages in the development of the medusa, especially the early and late stages, in a satisfactory manner. The Hydroid Colony. The hydroid was defined by Dr. Annandale from material taken in brackish water at Port Canning, but as I had the oppor- tunity of examining the living animal from day to day in the laboratory a few further remarks on its structure will be made. The hydroid varies considerably in size Only the larger and older individuals can be discerned by the naked eye. The colony as a whole is much less conspicuous than most hydroid colonies. The stolon seldom divides, so that it is easy to strip off as much as an inch from the substratum without meeting any outgrowths except the hydrothecae. The stolon however does occasionally branch, the growing point dividing in a simple dichotomous manner. The coenosarc of the stolon has a different appearance from the coenosarc of the hydroid, due principally to the fact that the endoderm cells of the stolon are granular and opaque while those of the hydroid are clear, vacuolated and much larger. The hy- 19 16.] R. E. Li-OYD : Campamilina ceylonensis. 53 droid is not set directly upon the stolon but u])on short inter- mediate branches which have the same structure as the stolon. The line of attachment of the hydroid to these intermediate branches is most conspicuous when the hydroid is contracted, but it is visible at all times as a sudden change in the character of the endoderm cells. The intermediate branch as well as the hydroid lies in the hydrothecae. The Hydrotheca. As a rule the hydrothecae arise directly from the perisarc of the stolon. Occasionally, however, they arise from short lateral branches which are common to them and to a gonotheca. They measure "45 mm. by "15 mm. {Annandale). They terminate in a conical pointed operculum consisting of a number of acute con- verging projections of the perisarc which together closely resem.ble the peristome of a moss capsule. The number of these processes is about twelve but they are difficult to count owing to their transparent delicac5^ The method of the opening and closing of the hydrotheca is simple and effective, depending as it does upon the elasticity of the marginal projections and upon a slight upturning of their points. Because of their elasticity they tend to converge so that they are always in contact with the stalk of the hydroid even when it is fully extended. At first sight it seems that in this con- dition the converging points would hinder the withdrawal of the hydroid by catching in rugosities projecting from the surface of the stalk during contraction, and it also seems likely that the points would strangle the neck and so prevent the entry of the head into the theca. Such possibilities are prevented by the slight upturning of the points. The act of withdrawal is not easy to observe. Low degrees of magnification are insufficient for the purpose , but when using the high power it is of course neces- sary to cover the object which causes immediate and lasting con- traction of the hydroid. The difficulty was overcome by using an ocular of very high power with a low power lens. Ocular No. 18 such as is supplied with Zeiss' oil immersion lens combined with an objective 2/3 in. focus gave good results. A portion of a colony living undisturbed in a capsule of water was thus magnified about 200 times so that the act of withdrawal could be observed. The Hydroid. The principal features of the hydroid are well known. The web or membrane uniting the bases of the tentacles being the chief characteristic. The fully extended stalk of a large individual measures about 2 mm. in length by '06 mm. in thickness. In the living animal the ectoderm of the stalk is a very thin layer devoid of cell outlines or nematocysts. The outlines of the endoderm cells on the other hand are plainly visible even under the low power of the microscope In the expanded state each endoderm 54 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol.. XII, cell appears to contain a single vacuole, so large that the proto- plasm is reduced to a delicate peripheral layer in which nuclei are scarcely visible. Except for the granular contents of the gut cavity the stalk is transparent. The appearance of transverse lines in it is due to protoplasmic septa composed of the peripheral layers of adjacent endoderm cells which separate the vacuoles. Since the diameter of the hydrotheca is not much more than twice the diameter of the extended stalk, it is evident that the cubic content of the stalk must be very much reduced before it can be accommodated by the hydrotheca during contraction. This reduction must be brought about by evacuation of fluid from the vacuoles of the endoderm cells. The process however was not observed. As mentioned before, the endoderm cells of the stalk present a very different appearance from those of the stolon and intermediate branches, the latter being granular and not vacuo- lated. The transition from the one to the other is sudden. When extended the stalk is straight and stiff. It usually appears to be motionless but on attempting to draw the outline with the Camera lucida, it becomes evident that the animal is seldom quite motion- less. In the largest individuals the tentacles are constantly six- teen in number. When extended they measure about '5 mm, in length and they are usually held in two series, eight of them springing from the base of the hypostomc at an angle somewhat less than a right angle, while the other eight which alternate with them project more downwards. When the tentacles are in this position the margin of the web forms a characteristic zig-zag out- line. The web measures about '06 mm. from its margin to the angle between adjacent tentacles The tentacles are as usual in the Calyptoplastica devoid of a central cavity, the outline between the endoderm cells being plainly visible in the living animal. That part of the base of the tentacles which lies in the web usually includes three endoderm cells and bears a few scattered nemato- cysts. Throughout the length of the tentacles the nematocysts are disposed somewhat irregularly in rings, one ring corresponding roughly to each endoderm cell. Hahiis. The hydroid first found at Port Canning was living in as- sociation with the protozoon Folliculina and this organism also occurred among the colonies taken from the canal. A species of small Polychaet worm (Spioniformia), however, was found more plentifully in association with the hydroid at Calcutta. The deli- cate sandy tube of the Polychaet was frequently interwoven with the stolon of the hydroid. On one occasion I was able to observe the hydroid preying upon the worm. Three fully expanded hy- droids which happened to be adjacent were under observation in a capsule of water. An immature worm measuring about a milli- metre in length came within reach of their tentacles and was soon fast entangled and paralysed. One hydroid attached itself to the mouth of the worm another to the anus, while the third which 1916,] R. E. Lloyd: Campanulina ceylonensis. 55 apparently obtained no nourishment helped to subdue the strug- gles of the victim. A yellowish granular stream, the blood and coelomic fluid of the worm was seen pouring slowly into the two hydroids which were attached terminally. The enteroii of the hydroids became considerably expanded for a short distance below the tentacles and this expansion was no doubt the means of suction. A lesser expansion at this point is frequently visible even in the resting condition (plate v, fig. i). The nourishment was not re- tained by the hydroids but passed on rapidly into the general coenosarc of the colony. Within five minutes from the com- mencement of the operations, the stems of the hydroids which remained extended throughout had regained their usual glassy appearance. The body of the worm, motionless and shrunken, was released in less than five minutes after capture. The Gonosome . The gonosome was found in various stages of development (plate vi). Although the series illustrated is not complete the earliest and later stages are well represented. In the latest the young medusa can be seen lying within the gonotheca provided with tentacles and sense vesicles. Although the manubrium is still imperforate, the medusa is evidently almost ready to be liber- ated. As estimated from the drawing to scale, the convexity of the bell of the medusa lying within the gonotheca measures about •7 mm. in the specimen figured The diameter of the bell in the smallest medusa caught swimming freely was at least 2 mm. There is therefore an interval in the life-history including the liber- ation of the medusa and the first part of its free life which was not observed. There are usually two medusae in each gonosome, a proximal and a distal, the latter being always the more developed. Some- times only one medusa occurs which probably represents the prox- imal member of the pair after the liberation of the distal mem ber. About i in 5 of the mature gonosomes were in this con- dition. The gonosome of Campanulina was described by Hincks as growing from the stolon and containing one medusa. In this species, however, the gonosome usually grows from the base of a hydrosome and contains two medusoid buds. In its earliest pnase the gonosome appears as a tubular out- growth from the coenosarc which sometimes arises from the main stolon but more often from the intermediate branches near the base of the hydrosome. This tubular outgrowth is a blastostyle which gives rise to the two medusae by budding. Before an^^ buds have appeared upon it, the blastostyle has a characteristic appearance. It is, we have seen, a tubular outgrowth of the coenosarc and throughout most of its length it appears to have the same structure as the coenosarc of the stolon, the cells of both ectoderm and endoderm being opaque and finely granular. Close to the extremity, however, the cells have a different appearance, ,=)6 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XI I ^ being translucent and vacuolated, having indeed the same appear- ance as the cells of the hydrosome. It has been mentioned that the change in the appearance of the cells at the base of the hydro- some is characteristic and sudden. The junction between the translucent end of the blastostjde and the opaque proximal por- tion has exactl}^ the same appearance (plate vi, fig. i). The trans- lucent end of the blastostyle therefore perhaps represents a reduced hydrosome. Be that as it may, it is a conspicuous feature of the gonosome visible from first to last, forming in the later stages a kind of lid closing in the gonotheca. It may be referred to as the operculum. The medusae arise from buds which spring from the stem of the blastostyle below the operculum. They appear to arise in the usual manner by the sinking in of an entocodon. A conspicuous feature of the development is the early formation of four large lappets, placed radiall}^ on the margin of the bell. Upon these the tentacles appear at a later stage. At the time when the first bud appears upon the blastostyle, it is evident that the cavity of the operculum is in open communi- cation with the cavity of the cylindrical stem But later when the development of the medusae is more advanced, the stem of the blastostyle becomes flattened out and can scarcely be traced. But even at a comparatively late stage the endodermal cavity of the two growing medusae may be seen communicating with one another through the cavity of the blastostyle. One specimen shows a similar communication between the cavity of a medusa and that of the operculum. Though much compressed and rendered inconspicuous by the growing medusae, it is probable that the stem of the blastostyle preserves its status until the end. Thus, in the oldest gonosome met with, the stem of the blastostyle can plainly be seen between the two medusae, and its communica- tion with the cavity of the operculum may be inferred owing to an interesting circumstance. The cavity of the stem of the blasto- style contains a number of irregular nucleated cells which have much the appearance of phagocytes and the same kind of cells are to be seen in the cavity of the operculum. This fact indicates that the communication between the stem of the blastostyle and the operculum persists to a late stage. Little seems to be known of phagocytesis among the Coelenterata but it is unlikely that a process so general in the animal kingdom should not occur in this group. It is possible that the presence of these cells, which, as I have said, have the appearance of phagocytes, indicate the approaching dissolution of the distal part of the gonosome and the liberation of the mature medusa. The Gonotheca. In the early stages of its development the gonosome is com- pletely enclosed by a dehcate perisarc. The later history of this layer, as to how and when it allows the liberation of the medusae, was not ascertained. 1916.] R. E. Lloyd : Campanulina ceylonensis. 57 The Free Medusa. The medusa was described by Browne from specimens taken in the sea off Ceylon, and its systematic position has been dis- cussed by Dr. Annandale in the first part of this paper. It is therefore unnecessary to say much more beyond reference to the pecuh'ar condition under which the organism was found in Calcutta. The unusual and sudden appearance of a swarm of medusae in a brackish canal — far removed from the sea though connected at one point with the tidal waters of the Hooghly — make it most likely that the medusae were all of one species. An examination showed beyond doubt that the many hundreds of specimens taken by the tow-net were indeed of one species though varying very much in appearance according to age and state of activity. Plate vii, fig. I gives some idea of the appearance presented by a number of the medusae at the time of capture. At first sight one might suppose that they included several distinct species. The largest, bearing ripe gonads, measured about 2'5 cm. in diameter, the height of the bell during relaxation being about two-thirds of the diameter, but specimens preserved in formalin are usuall}^ flatter than this. Half-grown specimens, especially when swimming actively, appear higher than the}'^ are broad and in this condition the tentacles may stream out to a length two or three times greater than the height of the bell. When resting they assume a flatter shape and the tentacles are considerably contracted. In this condition the peduncle and manubrium together can often be seen revolving about the fixed base. While so engaged the mouth and lips appear to clean the tentacles and search the groove between the velum and inner wall of the bell for adherent food particles. The smallest specimens, measuring 2-3 mm., show certain differ- ences from the mature form. The peduncles of the manubrium, which is a characteristic feature of the adult, is scarcely repre- sented. The sense vesicles are less numerous than the tentacles, nor are they so regular!}' disposed in alternation with the tentacles as in the adult ; but this is only to be expected at a time when the tentacles are rapidly increasing in number. Plate vii, fig. 4 shows a young medusa with eight tentacles, six sense vesicles and a number of tentacular buds. At this time the primitive germ cells are distinctly visible and they can be seen even before the medusa has left the gonosome. In the mature condition the generative cells are disposed along the radial canals from the base of the peduncle to the margin of the bell. They form prominent ridges with a somewhat contorted edge which projects from the lower surface of the bell, A sec- tion across one of these ridges shows the radial canal lined by attenuated columnar cells between which and the very delicate ectoderm the generative cells lie. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. Campanulina ceylonensis (Browne). Fig. I. — A portion of the stolon bearing three hydrosomes in different states, expanded, retracted and retracting, the last bearing a gonosome. ^, 2. -A very young hydrosome attached to the cast skin of a Copepod (drawn from a preparation by Mr. F. H. Gravely). ,, 3. — Optical section of a portion of the stem of a fully ex- panded hydrosome, protruding from the perisarc, showing the everted points of the marginal processes of the hydrotheca. , , 4. — A portion of the living hydroid showing the web. ,, 5. — Three planulae reared in captivity, one with a stolon, another with a hydrosome and stolon (preparation by Mr. F. H. Gravely). All figures drawn to scale with the Camera lucida. Raclnd MuB.,Vo].XI],19]6. Plate V. Sc-aU 05 for ISfZ. R.E I.loyd, del. 3. Sca-!e-OI rrx . for 3, 'I' & 5. A. C . Chowdhary.lit-h. CAMPANULINA C E YLO N E N S 1 S (Browne ) . EXPLANATION OF PLATE VL Campanulina ceylonensis (Browne). Fig. I. — Optical section of the young gonosome growing from the base of a hydrosome, before the formation of any medusoid buds. Figs. 2, 3, 4. — Similar views of gonosomes at somewhat later stages showing the early formation of the first bud. Fig. 5. — A gonosome with one medusoid. ^j 6. — Upper part of a gonosome showing communication be- tween the cavity of the operculum and the enteron of the medusoid. ,, 7. — Gonosome at a later stage, showing the marginal lappets. ,, 8. — Gono.some at a slightly earlier stage than fig. 7, in opti- cal section. ,, 9. — Gonosome, probably mature: a, marginal tentacles: b, velum: c, sense vesicle. Cells resembling phagocytes can be seen in the operculum and in the lower part of the blastostyle. All fii^ures drawn to scale with the Camera lucida from stained preparations. Hec, Ind.Mus., Vol. XII, 1916. Plate VI. iS' coA-e-fof O'lL -Ol m . R.E. Lloyd, del. A . C . GhowdJiary, lith CAMPANULINA C E Y LO N E N S I S (Browne ) . EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Campanulina ceylonensis (Browne). Fig. I. — Medusae of different ages in different attitudes, from life, natural size. ,, 2. — The mature medusa, from life, X5. The sense vesicles are not shown. The marginal lappets are somewhat exaggerated in this figure. ,, 3. — Section of the generative ridge of a ripe female medusa. ,, 4. — Young medusa, found swimming freely. From a stained preparation, x about 35. Rec. Ind. Mus ., Vol.XII, 19ie. Plate VII. m / 1. R.E, Lloyd, del. A. C . Chov/dhar/,lith CAMPANULINA C E Y LO NE N S I S CBrown e ) . S'« VII. THE EVOLUTION AND D I vS T R I B U T I O N OF THE INDO-AUSTR ALIAN THELYPHONI- DAE, WITH NOTEvS ON THE DIS- TINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF VARIOUS SPECIES. By F. H. Gravely, M.Sc, Assistant Superintendent, Indian Museum. (Plates I— IV.) It has recently been shown {J.A.S.B. [n.s.] X, 1914, pp. 201- 210, pi. xxiv) that in several groups of animals the extraordinarily rich fauna of the Malay Archipelago is composed of highly spe- cialized species, whose more primitive ancestors are represented by species found at the present day mainly in the surrounding countries. And it has been suggested that this is due to the conditions found in the Archipelago favouring the rapid evolution of highly specialized species, these replacing the less SDeciahzed, and tending to force them outwards towards, or even beyond, the borders of the combined Oriental and Australian Regions. In this way it is possible to explain the fact that primitive species found in Ceylon are sometimes more closely related to species found in Australia than to their allies found in the intervening countries. The groups specially referred to were Passalid Coleoptera, Crinoids, and Thelyphonids. But the reference to Thelyphonids was based only on a short preliminary note published in the Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for August 191 1. The object of the present paper is to supplement this note by gathering together all available information bearing on the sub- ject. An excellent account of the Thelyphonidae was written by Kraepelm and published in '■ Das Tierreich" in 1899. Although several new species have since been described a complete synony- mic revision of the group is as yet uncalled for, and would be largely a repetition of Kraepelin's work. In many species, however, the distinctive characters are most difficult to describe with precision and determinations have to be based largely on comparison with authentically named specimens or accurate figures. Opportunity has therefore been taken of publishing with this paper a number of figures which seem to be required. The numerous specimens of certain of the commoner species of Thelyphonidae possessed by the Indian Museum have shown that the characters supposed to be distinctive of different species F 6o Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor,. XII, are sometimes variable within the limits of a single species, and have enabled me to obtain some idea of the extent of this varia- tion. The number of teeth on the trochanter of the arm is one such character, and it sometimes happens that the variation is not uniform on the two sides of the body (see text- figs. 1-4, pp. 64, 72, 74 and 76), The structure of the modified joints of the antenniform legs of the fem-^les of certain species, which Kraepelin has found to afford useful specific characters, is almost certainly connected with the mating habits of the group (Gravely 1915&, p. 522, pi. xxiv, figs. 25-26) ; and I have reason to think that it may pos- sibly vary, not only according to the degree of maturity of a speci- men, but also according to the proximity of the mating period. As, however, none of the species in which the structure in question is developed occur in the Indian Empire, I have been unable to make special collections bearing on this point, and the material at present in the Indian Museum is insufficient for its settlenient. Iwakawa (1908, pp. 287-291, pi. xi, figs. 1-4B) has shown that the form of the genital segment may vary considerably according to age, even when adult characteristics appear to be present. Kraepelin' s classification is based mainly on the presence or absence of a keel between the median and lateral eyes and of a tooth on the inner side of the gnathobase of the arm, the number of vitreous spots (" ommatoids ") on the third caudal segment, and the form of the tibial apophysis of the male. It is now known, however (Gravely, igi2a, pp. loi and ro6), that the keel between the lateral and median eyes, and the tooth on the gnathobase of the arm, may either of them be present in the genus Hypoctonus . which Kraepelin believed to be characterized mainly by the ab- sence of both. In this connection it is perhaps noteworthy that Hypoctonus stoliczkae, the only known species of the genus as hitherto defined in which there is a tooth on the gnathobase of the arm, occurs in the excessively damp region at the base of the DarjeeHng hills together with the genus Uroproctus, which is also characterized by the possession of such a tooth ; and that the remaining genus Labochirus, which is similarly characterized, is found in the excessively damp jungles of the Western Ghats and of the hills of Ceylon.^ There seems, therefore, to be some con- nection, at present unaccountable, between the presence of this tooth and the degree of moisture characteristic of the natural habi- tat of the species possessing ic ; and its value as an indication of phylogen^^ is unlikely to be great. 1 That the S. Indian species inhabit excessive' y damp jungles is an assump- tion based on the habits of the Ceylon species. I failed to find any Thelyphonids in the damp jungles of Cochin. In Cochin, as in Ceylon, Thelyplwniis sepiaris lives in comparatively hot dry places. Places suited to the existence of both forms are often found in close proximity to one another. 1916.J F. H. GRAVKI.Y : I ndo- Australian Thelyphonidae. 61 In my preliminary note on the evolution and distribution of the Thelyphonidae it was suggested that the distinction between the genera with and without keals between the median and lateral eyes was extremely ancient, and consequently of fundamental importance. The discovery of species, clearly allied not to the keeled but to the keelless group, in which this ridge, though not very strong, is quite distinct, renders this hypothesis less probable than it previously appeared. The fact, however, that the species of the keelless group which have the tibial apophysis of the male least specialized appear, so far as is known, to agree in having tibial spurs on the fourth pair of legs only, no matter from what part of the world they come, seems to imply that the group may really be an old one which once had a more continuously ex- tensive distribution than it has a't present. The only known ex- ceptions to this rule are Hypodonus oatesi and one or two other species leading up to the most specialized section of the latter group — a section confined to the neighbourhood of Burma and Assam. Nothing is, however, known of the male of the single African keelless species hitherto recorded ; nor is anything known of the tibial spurs of the American keelless genus Thelyphonellus , in which the male appears to have retained its primitive form more nearly than has that of any Oriental species yet described. The distinction between the keeled and keelless groups may therefore be accepted as being in all probability of fundamental importance, with the reservation that weak keels may occasionally be developed in species whose other characters, especially the form of the tibial apophysis of the male, show them to belong to the latter and not to the former group. The keelless group is at present divided into an Indian genus Labochirus, in which a tooth is present on the inner margin of the gnathobase of the arm, and a (mainly) Burmese genus Hypoctonus, which is ordinarily without this tooth. But in view of the fact that the tooth is now known to be present in at least one species whose other characters show it to be a member of the latter genus, a revised definition seems necessary. The number of legs bearing tibial spurs, a character which is correlated with the form of the tibial apophysis of the male^, supplies an excellent basis for this definition. It is probable, however, that as yet the group is very imperfectly known. For it inhabits country which has for the most part been very imperfectly explored zoologically, and the range of most at least of its species seems to be somewhat circumscribed. For the present, therefore, it will probably be best to transfer to the genus Labochirus, hitherto restricted to Indian species, the African and Burmese species in which only the fourth legs bear tibial spurs, although it is 1 The tibial apophysis of the male has much the same form in the simpler members of both groups defined according to the presence or absence of tibial spurs on the third pair of legs ; but in the more specialized species without these spurs the upper ridge of the tip of the apophysis is most strongly developed, while in those with these spurs the lower ridge is larger. 62 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, by no means unlikely that ultimately these African and Burmese forms will have to be separated under distinct generic names. It may be pointed out here that no two species, either of Hypoctonus or Lahochirus as redefined, have ever been found together; but that several localities are known in which both genera are repre- sented by a single species. The keeled group can be split into three sections : — one in which the tibial apophysis of the male is strongly modified as in the Oriental species of the keelless group, one in which the hand is strongly modified, and one in which both tibial apophysis and hand are unmodified in the male and resemble more or less closely those of the female. The first, which includes only one genus, Typopeltis, may conceivably have been derived from the keelless group by the development of keels, and not from genera with keels and with the tibial apophysis of the male unmodified, as is here assumed. No proof is available for either hypotheses All species of the genus Typopeltis , however , are stated bv Kraepelin to have tibial spurs on all three pairs of walking legs, not on the last one or two pairs only as in the keelless genera The spurs of Mimoscorpius, the only genus in which the hand is strongly modified, have n it yet been des- cribed. In the larger genera, at least, of the section of the keeled group with unmodified or almost unmodified hands and tibial apo- physes in the male, the number of legs with tibial spurs i-^ va iable. The most primitive genus of the last-mentioned section of the keeled group appears to be the American Mastigo'br actus, in which, according to Kraepelin, the sexes are scarcely distinguishable superficially. In all Oriental genera, except Uroproctus . the genital sternum of the male has a strong median groove, and the posterior margin of the following segment beirs a strong med'an tubercle. Uroproctus differs, however, from M astigoproctus in having the tibial apophysis of the male markedly slenderer than that of the female, and differs from this and from all other genera of the group in the presence of a tooth on the inner side of the gnathobase of the arm. The three remaining genera, Thelyphonus. Ahaliwi and Tetra- halius^ are distinguished from one another sol ly by the number of vitreous spots on the third caudal segm^^nt. Nothing whatever is known as to the function of these spots ' ; and their tixonomic significance apnears to me to be equally uncertain. Provisionally, however, the distinctions which they afford may continue to be regarded as generic. The genera of Thelyphonidae may now be redefined thus : — Keels between median and lateral eyes almost al\va}'s absent, never very strong" ; tibial apo- physis of male strongly modified in Oriental genera ... ... ... ... 2. Well developed keels always present between median and lateral eyes ; tibial apophysis of male often unmodified ... ... ... 4« ' See Bonier, 1904, pp. 25-26. Concerning- improbability of their being aminous organs see Gravely, IQI.S^. p. 523. 19 t6.] F. H. Gravely : I ndo- Australian Thelyphonidae. 63 Tliircl caudal scgmcnl without vitreous 5;pots ; tibial apophysis of male slender, but otherwise not very different from that of female ... TJielyphonelhis (American). Third caudal segment with the usual vitreous spot on either side ; tibial apophysis of male more strongly modified ... ... .,, -^. Tibial spurs confined to the fourth pair of legs; tibial apophysis of male strongly modified ... Labochiriis, p. 64. Tibial spurs present on (and confined to) the I third and fourth pairs of legs ; tibial apophysis I of male often still more strongly modified ... Hypoctoiiiis, p. 67. ( Tibial apophysis strongly modified in male; modi- fication of tarsus of antenniform legs of female, when present, affecting one or both of the eighth and ninth (terminal) joints ... ... Typopeltis, p. 70. 4. { Tibial apophysis of male not strongly modified ; modification of tarsus of antenniform legs of fe- male, when present, affecting the seventh joint with or without one or more joints on one or both sides of it ... ... ... 2- Genital sternum of male without median groove, posterior margin of following sternum without median tubercle ... ... ., 6. Genital sternum of male with strong median groove, posterior margin of following sternum with me- dian tubercle ... ... ... 8. Hand flat, twice as broad as the long slender femur; unjointed finger strongly curved at apex Mimoscorpius. p. -ji. Hand normal ... ... ... __ y. Tibial apophysis of male like that of female ; no tooth on inner side of gnathobase of arm Mas fi'gopyoct 11 s {Amerxcan). Tibial apophysis of male much slenderer than that of female ; a tooth on inner side of gnathobase of arm in both sexes ... ... ... Uroprocftis, p. 71. /'Third caudal segment with the usual single vitreous ^} spot on each side ... .. ... ThelvpJwniis, p. jt,. ' ■ j Third caudal segment without or with two such ^ spots on each side ... ... ... q. Third caudal segment without vitreous spots ... Abaliiis. p. 78. Third caudal segment with two vitreous spots on each side, one above the other ... ... Tetrabalius, p. 78. Before considering the connection between the phylogeny of different forms of Indo-Australian Thelyphonidae with their dis- tribution, it is necessary to summarize the zoogeographical informa- tion with regard to the family at present available. In addition to the species mentioned in the summary of this information given below, " Thelyphorms'' spinimanns, Lucas, angustus, Lucas and lucanoides, Butler, from unknown localities, appear to belong to Indo-Australian genera. The identity of the first two appears to have been lost beyoad recall.' The third is stated by Butler (1872, p. 205) to be closely related to " Thelypho- nus " seticauda, Doleschall. The latter species has now, however, been made the type of a distinct genus {Tetrahalius), to which, ' Lucas states that the types were in the Natural History Museum in Paris ; but there is no mention of them in Kraepelin's catalogue of the Pedipalpi of that collection (igoi). 64 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, according to Pocock (1894, pp. 122-3), the former does not belong. The type is in the British Museum and must be redescribed before the species can be recognized. Pocock believes it to have come from Borneo. Localities mentioned below are marked with an asterisk (*) when represented in the Indian Museum collection. References to descriptions are only given in the case of species not mentioned by Kraepelin in " Das Tierreich,'" where descriptions of and references to other species will be found. Genus Labochirus, Pocock. This genus is found in western Africa, western India, Ceylon, Burma and the north of the Malay Peninsula ; perhaps also Borneo. Fig. I. — Abnormalities in the gnathobase and trochanter of the arm of Labochii'us proboscideus, X 4. Labochirus africanus (Hentschel). Western Africa : Senegal. ? Northern Africa: Algeria. This species was described by Hentschel from female speci- mens only in 1899. It was unknown to Kraepelin when the family was revised in '' Das Tierreich." Labochirus proboscideus (Butler). (PI. i, figs. 1-4.) Ceylon: Central Province — *Kandy, 1500-2000 ft.; *Pera- deniya, 1600-1800 ft.; Haragama, ca. 1200-1400 ft. ; *Galagedara,ca. 800-2000 ft. ; *Nalanda, ca 900-1000 ft. ; Matale; * ? Sigiri. ? Western Province — Kalutara. 1916.] F. H. Gravely : Indo- Australian Thelyphonidae. 65 The Kalutara record is based on a young and indeterminable specimen in the Colombo Museum. The Sigiri specimens, which are also young, have remarkably red fore-arms and hands. In young specimens of this, as of other species of Thelypho- nidae, the abdominal sterna are all much alike. The genital sternum begins, however, to extend backwards at a very early stage. Unfortunately the material at my disposal does not show all stages of its development. Two early stages, and the final stage in both sexes, are figured (pi. i, figs. 1-4). Among the five males and three females of this species in the Indian Museum collection one male bears an extra tooth on the gnathobase of the left arm, and three females show abnormalities in the armature of the trochanter of one arm. These abnormali- ties are illustrated in text-fig. 1. Among three young specimens one shows a slight abnormalit}" in the trochanter. Labochirus tauricornis, Pocock. South India: Kanara. Malabar— Mahe. By an oversight this species was given the same name as the next when originally described (Pocock, 1899a, p. 745). Labochirus cervinus, Pocock. South India: South Kanara — Mangalore. Described by Pocock in 1899, and not included in '' Das Tierreich. ' ' Labochirus gastrostictus (Kraepelin). (PI. i, %• 5-) ? Borneo. This species is known only from a single female in the Vienna Museum. A figure of its anterior abdominal sterna, kindly sup- plied to me by Dr. Penther, is reproduced on pi. i, fig. 5. Labochirus kracpelini (Simon). (PI. i, fig. 6; pi. ii, fig. 14.) Malay Peninsula: *Lankawi Island. Perak— *Grik. E. Siamese Malay States — Biserat in Jalor ; Bukit Grab in Nawng-Chik. The anterior abdominal sterna of the female are shown in pi. i, fig. 6, a figure prepared from the type from Bukit Grah, kindly lent me by the Zoological Museum of Cambridge University. The " Tierreich" revision does not include this species, which was des- cribed by Simon from the female sex only in 1901. 66 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Mr. B. H. Buxton recently presented specimens of both sexes to the Indian Museum. The male, which was previously un- known^ may be described as follows : — Length of carapace S-y-io'o mm. ; maximum breadth of same 5"0-58 mm. Closely allied to L. dawnae, from which it differs only in the following particulars : — the distance between the median eyes is perhaps scarcely as great ; the ridge in front of the lateral eyes is indistinct ; the coarser granules on the carapace are somewhat more clearly defined and more regularly rounded ; the arm and hand show more fre- quently a slight rugosity ; the spine on the lower surface of femur of the arm is sometimes obsolete; the tibia and hand are somewhat slenderer ; the tibial apophysis (pi. ii, fig. 14) is slenderer and is not expanded distally — from above it seems no more strongly modified than that of Uroproctus assamensis, but it is triangular in section with the side nearest the hand strongly grooved. Labochirus dawnae (Gravely). (PI. i, fig. 7; pi. ii, fig. 15.) Lower Burma: Amherst District— *Dawna Hills, from Misty Hollow near top of western slope {ca. 2200 ft.) to Thingannyinaung at base of eastern slope {ca. goo ft ). This species was described in 1912, and is not included in Kraepelin's revision. The tibial apophysis of the male (pi. ii, fig. 15) is shorter than in the preceding species, but is of the same general form. In both these species this apophysis is very like that of the Ceylonese ( ? and Indian) species of the present genus, and Hke that of Hypoctonus oatesi, which appears to be the least highly specialized form yet known in the next genus. Labochirus browni (Gravely). (PI. i, fig. 8.) Upper Burma : Hsipaw (N. Shan) State— *Parni near Mong- long. Also described in 191 2. Only the female is known, Labochirus andcrsoni (Gates). (PI. ii, fig. 16.) Upper Burma: Bhamo District — *Second Defile of Irrawady. ? Ruby Mines District^ — *Pudupyu Mountain. The latter record is that of a mutilated and immature speci- men that Gates described as the female of this species. The tibial apophysis of the male (pi. ii, fig. 16) is somewhat highly modified, as in the following species. iqi6.] F. H. Gravely : I ndo- Australian Thelyphonidae. 67 Labochirus cllisi (Gravely). (PI. i, fig. 9; pi. ii, fig. 17.) I^ower Burma : Tharawady District — *Zigon Division. Described with L. dawnae, etc., after the appearance of " Das Tierreich." Labochirus spp. juv. S. India: Mysore — *Koppe. Upper Burma: *Pum-Ga-Taung, 13 miles east of Wan- hsaung, 3600 ft. (half way between Sadon and Myitkyina). Genus Hypoctonus, Thorell. The genus Hypoctonus, as here restricted, is found mainly in Burma, but is known to extend to Penang, Western Siam and Southern China, and through Chittagong and Western Assam to the base of the Darjeeling hills. Hypoctonus oatesi, Pocock. (PI. ii, fig. 18.) Assam : Sylhet — *Shamshernager, ca. 100 ft. The male was first described in the Arachnid volume of the " Fauna of British India " series (1900). The female was described in 1912 {a). The tibial apophysis of the male is very like that of the sim- pler members of the preceding genus. There is no lamina either on the upper or the lower border of the grooved surface, but the apical angle of the latter is somewhat swollen. The genital sternum of the female has the same form as in the preceding genus, instead of being strongly produced backwards in the middle as it is in most species of Hypoctonus. Hypoctonus carmichaeli, n. sp. (PI. ii, fig. 19.) Chittagong : *Rangamati. Three specimens, all mature males, were obtained by the Museum collector who accompanied H.E. Lord Carmichael to Rangamati in July of last year. The species is closely allied to H. oatesi, from which it differs only in its smoother and much slenderer arms, and in its more highly modified tibial apophysis, which arises before the distal end of the joint, is strongly curved at the base and has the apical angle of the lower border of the grooved surface produced into a large and hghtly curved triangular papilla (pi. ii, fig. IQ). 68 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII ^ Hypoctonus birmanicus, Hirst. Lower Burma: Pegu. Onl}'- the male is known. It was described in 191 r. It is said to be closely related to H. hinghami. Hypoctonus binghami (Oates). Lower Burma: Tavoy — *Reef Island at mouth of Tavoy River. Megui — Owen Island. In this species also the genital sternum of the female is not ex- tended backwards in the middle. The male is unknown to me, but appears from descriptions to have a somewhat more strongly modified tibial apophysis than has that of H. oatesi. Hypoctonus formosus (Butler). (PI. ii, fig. 20.) Lower Burma : Amherst District — *Moulmein {H. formosus, s. str.) ; *Double Island {H. formosus, subsp. insular is). Also recorded from Taoo, a place whose whereabouts is un- known to me. Thorell gives a number of additional localities, this being the only form without keels between the median and lateral eyes that was recognized when he wrote. His records probably refer to several distinct species. Simon's specimens from Tavoy, similarly, were no doubt H. hinghami as already suggested by Oates (1889, p. 16). In this, as in all the following species of the genus, the lower ridge of the grooved surface of the tibial apophysis of the male (pi. ii, fig. 20) is strongly developed near the tip, and the genital sternum of the female is produced backwards in the middle. Hypoctonus ranguncnsis (Oates). (PI. ii,fig. 21.) Lower Burma: *Rangoon ; ? *Arakan. Also recorded from Palon, of whose whereabouts I am uncer- tain. The Arakan specimen is a female with all the characters of the Rangoon species. Deep grooves are present between the paired cavities and posterior margin of the genital sternum of all .females of this species that I have seen. 1916.] F. H. GRAVEI.Y : Indo-Australian Thelyphonidae. 69 Hypoctonus sylvaticus (Oates). (PL i, fig. 10; pi. ii, fig. 23.) Lower Burma : Tharawadi — *Zigon ; Minhla. The female of this species was first described in 1912 {a). Hypoctonus saxatilis (Oates), (PI. i, fig. 11; pi. ii, fig. 22.) Lower Burma : *Thayetmyo. Hypoctonus wood-masoni (Oates). (PI. i, fig. 12; pi. ii, fig. 24.) Lower Burma : Amherst District — *Dhammathat, Gyaing River a few miles from Moulmein (sea level); *Sukli, E. side of Dawna Hills, ca. 2100 ft. ; *Myawadi, Burmo-Siamese frontier, ca. 900 ft. ; *near Mulaiyit Moun- tain ; *Meetan (? Mita of Imperial Ga- zetteer) in the Haung-tharaw Valley. This appears to be a somewhat widely distributed species • but many of the above records are based on females only. The figure of the genital sternum of the female (pi. i, fig. 12) has been prepared from Oates' specimen. Since it was prepared specimens have been added to our collection which indicate that this one is scarcely fully mature. In these the posterior median expansion of the genital sternum is even narrower in proportion to its length and more abrupt, and its posterior margin may be lightly cleft in the middle line. Hypoctonus stoliczkae, Gravely. (PI. ii, fig. 25.) E. Himalayas : Darjeeling District — *Punkabari. Described in 1912. The lamina developed from the lower ridge of the grooved surface of the tibial apophysis is exception- ally large in this species. Hypoctonus granosus, Pocock. China : Yunnan. Only the female is known. Pocock , who described it in 1900 {a) , states that it is recognizable from all previously described species by the coarse granulation on the upper side of the hand. Hypoctonus spp. China : Yunnan — *Lo-po-ssu-Chuan. Siam: ^Meetaw forest, Raheng, 2000 ft. 70 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Upper Burma: *0n high ridge {ca looo ft.) at source of Kyathe, Myaung, Bawbin forest reserve ; *Pyinmanna, Yamethin, Meiktila ; Bha- mo ; Mandalay; Thigyam. Lower Burma : Prome ; "^Farm Caves near Moulmein ; Kathis- tan, ca 900 ft.^ and Western slopes of Pegu Yomas, looo-iioo ft., Thayetmyo District ; Thagata-Juva in Mulaiyit Moun- tain. Malay Peninsula : Penang Island. Genus Typopeltis, Pocock. This genus is confined to far eastern Asia from Cochin China to Siberia and Hong Kong to Japan. Since the publication of the Revision in "Das Tierreich " Pocock (igooa, p. 298) and Tarnani (rgoi, p. 214) have published keys for the determination of species. Typopeltis amurensis (Tarnani) ^ E. Siberia; between Olga Bay and the Amur River. China : Canton — Sikiang. Annam. Also recorded from Haut Song Chai and Mois Balnar, whose whereabouts I ha'^e been unable to trace. The tarsi of the antenniform legs of the female are unmodi- fied. Typopeltis kasnakowi, Tarnani. Siam : x^rran Kull; Ta-ta-kham (? or -khaw) : Watanaa. This species was described by Tarnani in igor from male spe- cimens only. Typopeltis niger (Tarnani). China. Also known from the male only. Typopeltis tarnani, Pocock. N. Siam : Lampun. This species was described from the male only in 1902. Typopeltis daiyi, Pocock. Siam : Lampun ; lyacan via Raheng. This species was described in 1900 {a) ; it does not appear in thr " Tierreich " revision. See below, p. 80. footnote. 1916.J F. H. Gkavelv : I ndo- Australian Thelyphonidae. 71 The tarsi of the antenniform legs are modified in the female of this and all the remaming species of the genus. Typopeltis stimpsoni (Wood). Incl. T. crucifer , Pocock. (PI. i, fig. 13.) Japan: Yokohama. Loochoo Islands : 06-Sima. Formosa : Tam-sui on the Keelung River ; Kushaku Moun- tain ; "^Takao Hong Kong. This appears to be a most variable species. Iwakawa (1908) has shown that T. crucifer cannot be separated from T. stimpsoni. This author does not appear to have been aware that Schwangart (1906) had suggested splitting the former species into two sub- species, a proceeding whose validity now seems very doubtful. Among other characters, the armature of the lower side of the trochanter of the arm seems to be very variable (compare pi. i, fig. 13 of the present paper with pi. i, fig. 15 of Kraepelin, 1897). Typopeltis harmandi, Kraepelin. Cochin China. This species was described by Kraepelin in 1900. It does not appear in his revision in "Das Tierreich." Only the female is known. Genus Mimoscorpius, Pocock. Mimoscorpius pugnator, Butler. Philippine Islands. Only the male is known. Genus Uroproctus, Pocock. Uroproctus assamensis, Stol'czka. (PI. iii, figs. 26, 27 ; pi. iv, figs. 35, 36.) E. Himalayas: Darjeeling District — ^Punkabari and "^Sevoke (both near base of hills) ; '^Ghumti Tea Estate, 2500 ft. ; Pedong ; Maria Basti '. ^Dafla Hills. hhox Country — "^Kobo, 400 ft. ; ^banks of Siyom River below Damda, 1300 ft. ; "^be- side stream below Balek ; ^Rotung, 1300 ft. ; 1 Dr. Su'herland informs me that Maria Basti is the same place as that called Kaggia Monastery on the Survey of India map of the Darjeeling District. 72 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voiv. XII, ^Upper Rotung ca. 2000 ft. ; ■^between lat. 28°-45 and 29°, ca. 4000 ft. Assam : ^Goalpara District. Darrang District — ^^"Assam-Bhutan frontier north of Mangaldai, ca. 300 ft. ; ^Kowpati ; ^"Tezpur ; Burroi ' ; ^Harmutti ^ Lakhimpur District — '^Dikrang Valley ; Sadiya. Sibsagar District — ^Dumar Dulong, Moran P.O. ^Garo Hills Khasi Hills — ^"Cherra Punji. Sylhet — ■^Shamshernager, ca. 100 ft. ; *Langla, ca. 100 ft. Cachar — '^"Silcuri forests. In addition to the above localities " Thelyphonus assamensis " was recorded by Simon in 1885 (P 452) from the Malay Peninsula and Indo-China. In 1896 he again recorded the species from Indo- China, this time from Pavie's collection. In his full report upon Fig. 2. — Abnormalities in llie trochanter of the arm ot Ui'Oproctiis assamensis, X 4. that collection, however, he records Thelyphonus schimkewitschi instead (1904, p. 293). Uroprocius as-iamensis is not otherwise recorded either south or east of Assam, and there can be no doubt, I think, that the record from the Malay Peninsula as well as that from Indo-China was based upon an incorrect determination. Kraepelin records the species from Calcutta ; but this record prob- ably refers not to the original place of capture, but to the place of dispatch ; for there do not appear to be any Thelyphonids in the Gangetic Plain or Delta. Uroproctus assamensis is an extremely constant species, in spite of its abundance and wide distribution. Even abnorma- lities in the teeth on the trochanters of the arms, such as are shown in text-fig. 2, are very rare, occurring only in two or three out of over fifty specimens examined. I According to the labels these two localities are situated at the base of the Dafla Hills. They must therefore be in or near the Darrang District. I cannot locate them with greater precision than this. 1916.] F. H. Gravely : I ndo- Australian Thelyphonidae. 73 The genital sternum is very little modified in adults of either sex (see pi iii, figs, 26 and 27). In the female especially it remains throughout life very like that of immature specimens of all forms of Thelyphonidae. Genus Thelyphonus, Latreille. This genus occurs throughout the Oriental Region, with the ex- ception of Burma where it is largely, if not entirely, replaced by Hypodonus ; and it extends far eastwards among the Polynesian islands. Thelyphonus sepiaris, Butler. Incl. T. cristatus, Pocock. ^'' Western Bengal" (probably Chota Nagpur, which is no longer included in Bengal). Orissa : "^Balasore ; "^Barkul on the Chilka I^ake, o-iooo ft. South India : Ganjam District — "^Gopkuda Island, Chilka Lake ; foot of Mohiri Hills, 3 or 4 miles from Berhampur^ Karnul District — ^Nandyal. Chengalpat District — "^Poonamallee; *Tiru- valur. Coromandel coast — Pondicherri ; Genji. Salem District — ^Yercaud in the Shevaroy Hills. Coimbatore District — *Ootacamund in the Nilgiri Hills ; foot of Anamalai Hills. Mysore — Bangalore, ca. 3000 ft, ; French Rocks. Cochin — Trichur. Travancore — -Trivandrum ; Athengil * ; Aram- boly^, Ceylon : North-Central Province— ^'Anuradhapura ; ^Min- neriya ; "^Polonuruwa. Central Province — ^Sigiri; ^'Nalanda. Thelyphonus sepians was originally described b}^ Butler (1873, p. 131) from '' Tongoo " f? ^Taung-ngu) in Burma and from Ceylon; and Pocock (1894, p. 134) states that the type of Butler's T. nigre- scens from Tenasserim is identical with T. sepiaris. But no original records from outside the Indian Peninsula appear to have been made since, Pocock (1900 b, p. 105, foot-note) regards the local- ity recorded for T. nigrescens as probably incorrect ; and in this he is doubtless right. The Tongoo cotypes of 2\ sepiaris were only lent to Butler and seem now to have disappeared — possibly they may have I Mr, Fischer tells me that his observations on the courtship of the species (lyii) were made at this place, ■^ Specimens in the Trivandrum Museum. 74 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, been T. schnehageni, Kraepelin. Altogether it seems most un- likely that T. sepiaris really occurs in Burma at all. Butler does not say whether his fi:^ure of T. sepiaris (1873, pi. V. fig. 6) was taken from one of his Burmese or Ceylonese speci- mens. It differs from specimens of T sepiaris from India and Ceylon in haying the tibia of the arm slightly broader instead of narrower than it is long. I haye no knowledge of the shape of the tibia of the arm of T. schnehageni. Thelyphonus sepiaris is a much more yariable species than Uroproctus assamensis. The range of yariation in the teeth of the trochanters of the arms is indicated in text-fig. 3. One male of T. sepiaris in the Indian Museum collection has the hand relatiyely narrow as in the female. The shape of the fingers is somewhat yariable in both sexes. Pui, :,. — Abnormalities in the trochanter of the arm of Thelyphonus sepiaris, X 4. Specimens answering to Pocock's descriptions of the subspecies indicus and muricola, and to that of the form which he regarded as a distinct species cristatus, occur with yarious intermediate forms in yarious places, and I am unable to regard any of them as in any way distinct. Thelyphonus schnehageni, Kraepelin. Burma: Rangoon. Only the female is known. Thelyphonus manilanus, Koch. Philippine Islands : Manila. Moluccas: Halmaheira (subsp. halmahcirae, Kraepelin) New Guinea (introduced). 1916.] F. H. Gravely : I ndo-. Australian Thelyphonidae. 75 Thelyphonus wayi, Pocock. Si am : Bathambang. Described from a single female in i()Oo{a). In this species and the next the tarsal joints of the antenni- form legs, though long as in Uroproclus assamensis and the pre- ceding species of Thelyphonus, are modified in mature females as in the remaining species of Thelyphonus. Thelyphonus anthracinus (Pocock). Borneo: Batu Song in Eastern Sarawak. The antenniform legs of the female are of the same transi- tional type as in the preceding species. The male has probably been described by Thorell (see below, p. 76). Thelyphonus caudatus (Linnaeus). (PI. iii, figs. 28, 29, pi. iv, figs. 37, 38.) Java; Batavia ; "^Buitenzorg ; * West Java. Pocock (i8)4, p. 122) gives Hong Kong as well as Java. As, however, there are no records from intervening countries the occur- rence of the species in the former locality needs confirmation be- fore it can be accepted. Thelyphonus linganus, Koch. (PI. iii, figs. 30, 31; pi. iv, figs. 39, 40.) Malay Peninsula : Penang. Perak — Ulu Selama ; "^Grik ; ^Lenggong Cave ; ? Larut Hills, 3400 ft. Kelantan — Kuala Aring. ^Johore — Johore Bahru ; up to about 500 ft. on Gunong Pulai. ■^Singapore. Sumatran Islands : Sumatra ; Linga ; ^Sinkep. The specimens from Perak differ from those from further south in that the tarsi of the antenniform legs are less distinctly modi- fied, being of more uniform thickness and lacking the grooves on the sixth and seventh segments and the hook on the seventh. In a series of specimens from Johore and Sinkep Island the grooves are, however, usually absent from the sixth segment and often from the seventh, while the tooth is not always well developed. Probably, therefore, the differences are not specific. Tarnani (1895) records this species from Batavia; but his description is inadequate, and his figure of the tarsus of the anten- niform leg indicates a mistaken identification, the eighth joint being, for instance, shorter instead of longer than the seventh, and the third longer instead of shorter than broad. 76 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Thorell (1888, pp. 390-395) records a male from Borneo; but from his description of the tarsus of the antenniform legs it is clear that the identification is at fault. Kraepelin (1897, pp. 32-3) believes this specimen to be the male of T. anthracinus, Pocock. In Kraepelin's key for the identification of species the presence of a longitudinal groove in the last sternum is mentioned as one of the principal characteristics of both sexes of T. linganus. In the female, however, this is not so well developed as in the male, and in some specimens it is absent. In a series of 27 specimens of T. linganus from Johore, eight show abnormalities of some kind in the armature of the trochanter. Five of these are shown in text-fig. 4. There are no such ab- FiG. 4. — Abnormalities in the trochanter of the arm of Tlieiypkoniis IiJiganus, X 4. normalities among our eleven specimens from Perak, ten from Sinkep Island, and two from Singapore. Thclyphonus borneensis, Kraepelin. Borneo. Only the female is known. Sumatra. Celebes. Thelyphonus klugi, Kraepelin. Thelyphonus celebensis, Kraepelin. Celebes. Only the female is known. 1916.J F. H. Gravely : Indo- Australian Thelyphonidae. J7 Thelyphonus doriae, Thorell. (PI. iv, figs. 34, 41.) Malay Peninsula : Singapore. Sumatran Islands: Billiton Island, half way between Sumatra and Borneo, Java. Borneo: Sarawak — ^Kuching ; Mt. Dulit (var. Aos^j). West Borneo (var. hosei) — Pontianak. Central Borneo. Thelyphonus sucki, Kraepelin. (PI. iii, fig. 32; pi. iv, fig. 42.) South-East Borneo : Tandjong; '^Bendjermasin. Thelyphonus semperi, Kraepelin. Philippine Islands : Mindanao— Zamboanga, the Western ex- tremit}^ of the Island. Thelyphonus pococki, Tarnani. Celebes. This species has been described (Tarnani, 1900, p. 482) since the revision of the family in " Das Tierreich." Only the female is known. It appears to be closely related to T. semperi. Thelyphonus schimkewitschi, Tarnani. (PI. iii, fig. 33 ; pi. iv, fig. 43.) vSiam: -Pitsanuloke, ^Bangkok; Koh Si Chang (Island); Chantaboon. I^aos : Luang Prabang. Cambodia. Cochin China : Saigon. Thelyphonus burchardi, Kraepelin. Hast Sumatra : Sungei Isaiah. This species has been described from female specimens only (Kraepehn, 1910, pp. 99-100, pi. i, figs, la-c) since the revision of the family in " Das Tieneich." Thelyphonus insulanus, Keyserling. New Hebrides. Fiji Islands : Viti — Kandanavu. Pocock {i8ggb, p. 98) says that this is a true Thelyphonus, not an Abalius as suggested by Kraepelin (1897, p. 17). Kraepelin 78 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, (1899, p. 322) finally suggests affinities with T. schimkewitschi . I have not seen a description of the species. Thelyphonus hanseni, Kraepelin. Philippine Islands: Mindanao. Thelyphonus asperatus, Thorell. Java. Amboina. Thelyphonus leucurus, Pocock. Solomon Islands : New Georgia — Narowal ; Rubiana. Thelyphonus sumatranus, Kraepelin, Sumatra. Described from the male only. Genus Abalius, Kraepelin. In one species of this genus (^4. rohdei) the tarsi of the antenni- form legs are long as in Uroproctus, and are not modified in the female. In the rest they are short, and are modified in the female as in the more highly specialized species of Thelyphonus. Abalius rohdei, Kraepelin. New Guinea. Abalius samoanus, Kraepelin. Samoa : Upolu. Male unknown. Abalius willeyi, Pocock. New Britain. Male unknown. Abalius manilanus, Kraepelin. Philippine Islands : Manila. This species has been described from a female specimen (Kraepelin, 1900, p. 7, text-fig, 2) since the revision of the family in " Das Tierreich.'^ Genus Tetrabalius, Thorell. This genus occurs in the Moluccas and Borneo. The tarsi of the antenniform legs are moderately short and are slightly modified in the female of the only species in which they have been examined. 1916.] F. H. GraveI/Y : I ndo- Australian Thelyphonidae. 79 Tetrabalius seticauda (Doleschall). Moluccas: Halmaheira ; Amboina; Ternate ; Batjan; Ceram. Tetrabalius nasutus, Thorell. Borneo. Only one specimen is known. It is said to be a female, but both antenniform legs are damaged. It will be seen from the foregoing pages that among the Thely- phonidae evolution has chiefly affected three organs — the tibial apophyses of the male, the tarsi of the antenniform legs of the female, and the genital sternum of both sexes. The modijfication of the tarsi of the antenniform legs of the female occurs at about the place at which the male holds them between his chelicerae during courtship (see Gravely, 19156, p. 52-2, pi. xxiv, fig. 25) and there can be little doubt that it implies a specialization connected with this process. Species in which these tarsi are modified must therefore be regarded as higher in the evolutionary scale than allied species in which they are unmodified. Nothing definite is known as to the uses of the modified tibial apophyses of males ; but since this modification is also confined to one sex it is presumably also connected in some way with sexual processes. In any case, since the tibial apophyses of both sexes of some genera, and of females of all, are alike simply conical, those species must clearly be regarded as most highly specialized in the males of which these apophyses are most widely removed from this fundamental form. With regard to the genital sterna, those species hi which these plates undergo the greatest change when maturity is reached must similarly be regarded as the most highly specialized. Specialization of the genital sterna appears to be roughly correlated with speciaUzation in other parts. Thus in the keelless genera, in which the antenniform legs are never modified, it is not known to occur in the genus Labochirus, very few members of which have the tibial apophysis as highly modified as is usual in the genus Hypoctonus ; and in the genus Hypoctonus it appears to be confined to the most specialized species — i.e. to those in which the tibial apophyses of the male bear a distinct lamina on the lower border of the grooved surface. Similarly in the keeled group it appears to be least marked, among Indo-Australian forms, in the genus Uroprodus, in which the tibial apophyses of the male are scarcely, and the antenniform legs of the female not at all, modified. Specialization of the genital sternum ap- pears, moreover, often to be more marked in males than in females in genera in which the antenniform legs of the latter are more strongly modified than the tibial apophyses of the former, and vice versa. It seems impossible to say more at present with refer- ence to modifications of the genital sternum. 8o Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, The genera characterized by the specialization of the tibial apophyses of males are three in number — Labochirus, Hypoctonus and Typopeltis. The distribution of the genus Labochirus , as already pointed out (above, p. 6i), suggests that this genus, which contains almost all the most primitive representatives of the keelless group in the Indo- Australian area, once had a more continuously wide distribution than is at present the case. Its most highly specialized species ap- pear to be confined to Burma, in and around which country and nowhere else the remaining Indo-Australian genus of the keelless group — Hypoctonus — is found. The more primitive species of this genus closely resemble those of the last, provmg a common origin for the two ; but the proportion of highly specialized species is much greater. I have alread}^ alluded to the concentration of this highlj' specialized genus in Burma as evidence that the conditions found among the secluded valleys of this country have acted as a stimulus to evolution in the same sort of way as the conditions found among the islands of the East Indian Archipelago, a con- elusion which finds support in other groups (see Gravely, 1915a, p. 416). The genus Hypoctonus appears to be dominant over the whole of Burma, and its range extends be3^ond the Siamese frontier almost to Raheng in the Me Ping Valley, an immature specimen having been sent to us by Mr. C. S. Barton from laterite jungle in the forest surrounding the Metaw River, a river which joins the Me Ping from the west close to Raheng. From open ground in this forest Mr. Barton has also sent us an immature specimen of the genus Thelyphonus, a genus which appears to be widely dis- tributed in Siam and Indo-China. It is difficult to determine, from the evidence at present available, whether Thelyphonus or Typopeltis is the dominant genus of the two last named countries, or whether both are equally common. Typopeltis extends northwards to Japan and Siberia. It resembles the keelless genera already dealt with in having the tibial apophyses of males strongly modified, though perhaps in general a little less strongly. In addition, however, the tarsi of the antenniform legs of females — though always long — are often somewhat modified, a thing which is unknown in the keelless genera. It is impossible in the present state of our knowledge to locate the evolutionary centre of this genus, but it is noteworthy that the only species in which the antenniform legs of the female are known to be unmodified is Typopeltis amurensis ' from .Siberia on the periphery of the range of the genus. Omitting the genus Mimoscorpius (from the Philippines), of which scared}^ anything is known, the keeled genera with unmodi- ' The h'pe specimen is a female from Siberia. Kraepelin (1897, p. 13) identifies with this a male from Canton. In view of the hmited range of most spe- cies of Thelyphonidae the correctness of this identification can scarcely be con- sidered certain. Unfortunately nothing is known of the sex of the Indo-Chinese specimens in the Paris Museum. 1916.] F. H. Gravely : I ndo- Australian Thelyphonidae. 81 fied or almost unmodified male tibial apophyses remain for consi- deration. Of these the genus Uroproctus, whose unmodified geni- tal sternum indicates its primitive character, contains only one species, a species the females of which have the tarsi of their an- tenniform legs long and unmodified. In two at least of the other three genera the females of some species have the tarsi of their anten- niform legs long and unmodified, while those of most have them short and modified, two species of Thelyphonus being transitional in so far as these tarsi are long although modified. The phylogenetic value of the distinctions between these genera is very doubtful, and the}'' may be treated here as together forming a single unit. The species found in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago and the Polynesian Islands are as follows : — Thelvphoniis manilanus , Thelyphonus insulanus, ^j anthr acinus, ,, hanseni, ,, caudaius, ,, a^perahis, ,, linganus, ,, leucurus, ,, horneensis, ,, sumatranus , ,^ klugi, Ahalius rohdei, ,, celehensis, ,, samoanus, ,, doriae, ,, willeyi, ,, sucki, ,, manilanus^ ,, semperi, Tetr ahalius seticauda, ,, pococki , ,, nasutus. ,, burchardi, In two of these — Thelyphonus sumatranus from Sumatra and Abalius nasutus from Borneo— the structure of the antenniform legs of the female is not definitely known. ^ But the tarsi of these legs are short in the male of the former species, and as shortening appears to follow modification it may be assumed that they are modified in the female. In the only known specimen of the latter species they are damaged. In all the others^ except Thelyphonus anthracinus from Borneo, Thelyphonus manilanus from the Philippines and Moluccas, and Abalius rohdei from New Guinea, they are both modified and short. In the first of these three exceptional species they are modified but long ; in the other two the}^ are both long and unmodified. In Continental Asia (excluding the Malay Peninsula and in- cluding Ceylon) on the other hand, only two out of five species be- longing to the keeled group have the antenniform tarsi modified, and in one of these they are long. Both species are, moreover, confined to Siam and Indo-China, i.e. they are the nearest of all to the Archipelago. The country west of Siam and more directly north of the Malay Peninsula is occupied by the keelless genera Hypoctonus I I have not seen a description of T. tnsulanics. If it is allied to T. schifn- keu'itclii as Kraepelin sug-gjsts it must have the antenniform legfs of the female modified. 82 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi,. XII, and Lahochirus. Only one species of Thelyphonus — T. schnehageni from Rangoon — has been recorded from this country. Through- out Assam and the Eastern Himalayas the present group of genera is represented by Uroproctiis assamensis ; and throughout the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon by Thelyphonus sepiaris. In all of these three species the tarsi of the antenniform legs of the female are long and unmodified. It is clear, therefore, that species of this group are more numer- ous and as a rule more highly specialized in the Archipelago than in Continental Asia. Summary of Conclusions. 1. The degree to which different species of Thelyphonidae have been affected by the process of evolution can best be seen in the genital sternum of both sexes, the antenniform legs of the female, and the tibial apophyses of the male (p 79). 2. The modifications seen in the genital sternum are not sufh- cjently definite or varied to be of much use for the purposes of this paper. Broadly speaking, however, they are correlated with the modifications seen in the other two structures mentioned (p. 79). 3. One of these two structures is affected in some genera, and the other in the rest. Only in the genus Typopeltis are both affected together. The relationships of this genus are rendered obscure by the fact that it differs from other genera with modified male tibial apophyses in having keels between the median and lateral eyes, and that it differs from other genera with modified female antenniform legs in having a different (more nearly ter- minal) series of joints affected by the modification (pp. 62 and 80). 4. The genera Uroproctus, Thelyphonus, Abalius and Tetra- balius are closely related. Except in so far as the structure of the genital sternum of Uroproctus indicates the primitive character of this genus, they are separated by characters of doubtful phylo- genetic significance and they are best treated together as a unit group for the purposes of this paper. In all species the tibial apophysis of the male is simply conical, though often slenderer than that of the female ; in the more highly specialized species the antenniform legs of the female are modified (pp. 62 and 81). 5 . Twenty-three of the twenty-eight species belonging to these four genera are found in and confined to the Malay Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago and the Polynesian Islands. Of these the females of only two have unmodified antenniform legs ; one of the remaining twenty-one has the tarsi of these legs unshortened although they are modified (p. 8r). Of the two species which inhabit Siam and Indo-China one has these tarsi shortened and the other unshort- ened ; both have them modified (p. 81). One species has been re- corded from Burma, where the keelless genera with modified male tibial apophyses are dominant. Like the two species occurring (and dominant) in Assam and in the Indian Peninsula (with Ceylon) respectively it has the antenniform legs of the female unmodified 1916.] F. H. Gravely : I ndo- Australian Thelyphonidae. 83 (pp. 81-82). Species found in and near the Archipelago are evi- dently, then, more highly specialized and much more numerous than those in Burma, Assam and the Indian Peninsula. 6. The keelless genera may for the present be regarded as two in number ; but it has been necessary to redefine them (pp. 61-63). The genus Lahochirus as redefined occurs in Africa, in vSouth India and Ceylon, in Burma and the north of the Malay Peninsula, and perhaps in Borneo (pp. 64-67). It is composed almost entirely of relatively primitive forms which presumably had at one time a more continuously wide distribution than at present. Two species (L. andersoni and L. cllisi), however, show a specialization of the male tibial apophysis similar to that found in the higher members of the genus Hypoctonus, but affecting the upper instead of the lower border of the grooved surface. Both these species are con- fined to Burma (pp. 64 and 80). The genus Hypoctonus, which consists chiefly of the more highly specialized species of the group, is also confined to Burma, whose secluded valleys presumably form the main evolutionary centre of the group. The fauna of these valleys is very imperfectly known, and the species of this group have for the most part very restricted ranges. Probably, therefore, there is still much to be learnt with regard to them (pp. 61 and 80). 7. In the genus Typopeltis the number of records, espe- cially from Continental Asia, is exceptionally small in comparison with the range of the genus, which indicates that here too there is still much to be found out. For the present the most that can be said is that the evolutionary centre is presumably somewhere in the tropics, that the genus does not extend south of Indo-China, and that the only species in which the female is known to have un- modified antenniform legs occurs in Siberia on the northern peri- phery of the range of the genus (p. 80). 8. Nothing can be said of the genus Mimoscorpiiis from the Philippines, as next to nothing is known about it. 9. Before concluding it may be well to note that the two American genera, which do not properly come within the scope of this paper, are both extremely primitive. Thelyphonellus has the male tibial apophysis less modified than any of its Oriental keel- less allies ; and M astigoproctus has the genital sternum as little modified as the allied and primitive Oriental Uroproctus, and the tibial apophyses alike in the two sexes. LIST OF PAPERS REFERRED TO. For a general bibliography see Kraepelin, 1897; for references to individual species see Kraepelin, 1899. 1872. Butler, A. G. — " A Monograph of the Genus Thelyphonus." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) X, 1872, pp. 200-206, pi. xiii. 1873. Butler, A. G. — " Descriptions of Several New Species of Thelyphonus." Cist. Ent. I (6), 1873, pp. 129-132. 84 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, 1885. Simon, E. — " Faune arachnologique de I'Asie meridionale." Bull. Sac. Zool. France X, 1885, pp. 1-39 and 436-462, 1888. Thorell, T.— " Pedipalpi e Scorpion! dell' Archipelago Malese." Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva (2) VI (XXVI), 1888, pp. 326-428. 1889. Oates, E. W. — "On the Species of Thelyphonus inhabiting Continental India, Burma and the Malay Peninsula." J. A. SB. LVIir (II), 1889, pp. 4-19. pi. ii. ' 1894. Pocock, R. I. — " Notes on the Thelyphonidae contained in the Collection of the British Museum." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIV, 1894, pp. 120-134, pi. ii. 1895. Tarnani, J. — " Ueber die Thelyphoniden aus den Sammlun- gen einiger Russischer Museen, II." Horae Sac. Ent. Ross. XXIX, 1894-5, pp. Ill 121, pi. i. 1896. Simon, E. — " Liste des Arachnides recueillis en Indo-Chine et offerts au Museum par M. Pavie," Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1896-7, pp. 263-4. 1897. Kraepelin, R, — " Revision der Uropygi." Abh. Ver. Ham- burg, XV (i), 1897, 60 pp., 2 pi. 1899. Hentschel, E. — " Zur geographishen Verbreitung der Thely- phoniden." Zool. Anz. XXII, 1899, PP- 429-430. 1899. Kraepelin. K. — " Scorpiones und Pedipalpi." Das Tier- reich, 265 pp., 94 text-figs. 1899 Pocock, R. l.—{a) '^ Diagnoses of some new Indian Arach- nida." /. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, XII, 1898-1900, pp. 744-753- (b) •' Scorpions, Pedipalpi and Spiders collected by Dr. Willey in New Britain, the Solomon Islands, Loyalty Islands, etc." Willey's Zool. Res., 1899-1902, pp. 95-120, pis. x-xi. 1900. Kraepelin, K. — " Uber einige neue Gliederspinner." Abh. Ver. Hamburg, XVI (4), 1900, 17 pp., 12 text-figs. 1900. Pocock, R. I. — {a) ''Some new or little-known Thelyphoni- dae and Solifugae." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) V, 1900, pp. 294-306, text- fig. 1-4. (b) " Arachnida." Fauna of British India Series, 279 pp., 89 text-figs. 1900 Tarnani, J. — " Deux nouvelles especies de Thelyphonides " Zool Anz. XXIII, 1900, pp. 481-2 1901. Krapelin, K. — " Catalogue des Pedipalpes des Collections du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris." Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, VII, 1901, pp. 263-274. 1901. Simon, E. — ''Arachnida of the Skeat Expedition to the Malay Peninsula." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1901, pp. 45-84. 1901, Tarnani, J. — "Uber die Thelyphoniden aus den Sammlun- gen einiger russischer Museen." Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, VI, 1901, pp. 207-219, pi. ix. 1902. Pocock, R. I. — " A Contribution to the Systematics of the Pedipalpi." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IX, pp. 157-165. 1916.] F. H. Gravely : I ndo- Australian Thelyphonidae. 85 1900. Borner, C. — " Beitrage zur Morphologic der Arthropoden. I. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pedipalpen." Bib. Zool. XVII, 1903-6, 42, 1904, 174 pp., 114 text-figs., 7 pi. 1904. Simon, E. — " Arachnides recueillis par M. A. Pavie en Indo- Chine." Mission Pavie Indo-Chine, 1879-1895, Etudes Diver ses III , Recherches sur I'Histoire Naturelle de f Indo- Chine Orientate, 1904, pp. 270-295, pi. xvi. 1906. Schwangart. F. — " Uber zwei Formen der Pedipalpengat- tung Typopeltis, Pocock, von Formosa. Zool. ^w^. XXX, 1906, pp. 331-337, text-figs. 1-3. 1908. Iwakawa, T.— " On the Specific Identity of the Scorpion- Spider of the Loochoos and Formosa." Annot. Zool. Jap. VI (4), 1908, pp. 287-291, pi. xi. 1910. Kraepelin, K.— " Neue Beitrage zur Systematik der Glieder- spinnen." Mttt. Mus. Hamburg, XXVIII, 1910, pp. 59" 107, I pi., 9 text-figs. 1911. Fischer, C. E. C— " The Courtship of Whip-Scorpions." /. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. XX, 1910-11, pp. 888-889. 1911. Hirst, S.— " On a new Pedipalp from Burma." Ann. Mag. Nat. .Hist. (8) VIII, pp. 380-381, I text-fig. 1912. Gravely, F. H.— (a) " Notes on Pedipalpi in the Collection of the Indian Museum. III. Some new and imperfectly known Species of Hypoctonus." Rec. Ind. Mus. VII, 1912, pp. 101-107. (6) " Exhibition of Hving Pedipalpi, with Remarks on the Distribution of the Order." Proc A S.B., Aug. 19 11 (1912). pp. cxxiii-cxxv. 1915. Gravely, F. H— (a) "The Evolution and Distribution of Indian Spiders belonging to the Subfamily Aviculariinae." J.A.S.B. (n.s.) X, 1914 (1914-5), PP- 411-420, pi. xxxi. (6) '' Notes on the Habits of Indian Insects, Myriapods and Arachnids." Rec. Ind. Mus. XI, 1915, pp. 483-539, pis. xxii-xxv. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Fig. I. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Labochirus proboscideus , very young, X 4. 2. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Labochirus proboscideus, young, X 4. 3. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Labochirus proboscideus, 9x4. 4. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Labochirus proboscideus , cf X 4. 5. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Labochirus gasirostictus , 9x4. 6. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Labochirus kraepehni, 2 X 4- 7. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Labochirus dawnae, 9 X 4. 8. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Labochirus browni, 9x4. 9. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Labochirus ellisi, 2X4. 10. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Hypoctonus sylvaticus, 9 X 4. II, — Anterior abdominal sterna of Hypoctonus saxatilis, 9 X 4- 12. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Hypoctonus wood-masoni, 9X4. 13, — Lower surface of left trochanter of Typopeltis stimp- soni, cf X 4. Rec. Ind. Mus..VoLXlI,1916. Plate I. Bemrose.CoUo. Derby LABOCHIRUS AND HYPOCTONUS. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Fig. 14. — Tibial apophysis of Labochirus kraepelini, cf . ^D 3 ' y y > ' andersoni, cf . ,, 17 — > J J ' J ) elhsi, cf . „ 18 — ,, ,, Hypoctonus oalesi, 0* . ,> 19 — 1 ) ) ) > J ' carmichaeli, d" . ,, 20 — ) ) > J J ' J • formosus, cf. ,. 21 — 1 ; J ' ) > > rangunensis, cf. ,, 22 — J » 5 ) ) ) saxatilis, cf „ 23 — , > > > 5 ' > ' sylvaticus, cf. „ 24 — » J ' > J >3 wood-masoni , cf „ 25 — ) > .• ,' > ! >> stoliczkae, cf . Rec. Ind. Mus.. Vol. XII. 1916. Plate II. LABOCHIRUS and HYPOCTONUS. H EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Fig, 26. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Uroproctus assamensis, c X 4. ^j 27. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Uroproctus assamensis, 9 X 4. 28. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Thelyphonus caudatus, cf " X 4. 29. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Thelyphonus caudatus, 9 " X 4. J J 30. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Thelyphonus linganus, o" X 4. 31. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Thelyphonus linganus, 9 X 4. ,, 32. — Anterior abdominal sterna of Thelyphonus sucki, cf X 4. ^, 33, — Anterior abdominal sterna of Thelyphonus schimkewitschi , if X 4. Rec, Irid. Mus..Vol.XIl,19]6. Plate 111. 28. 2 9. 30. 31. D. N. BagcH, del Bempose.Collo. Derby UROPROCTUS AND THELYPHONUS. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. Fig. 34 35 36 Z1 38 39 40 41 42 43 — Genital sternum of Thelyphonus doriae, cf X 4. — Tibial apophysis of Uroprocius assamensis, a' X 4. J) >. ji 'J jj 2 X 4. — Arm and hand of Thelyphonus caudatus, a' X 4. 5X4- linganuSj cf X 4. 9X4. doriae, cf x 4. sucki, 0* X 4. schimkewitschi , & X 4. P.ec. Ind. Mus., Vol. Xll, 1916. Plate IV. UROPROCTUS AND THELYPHONUS. VIII. REPORT ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF MARINE MOLL use A DREDGED IN SHALLOW WATER IN THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS. By H. B. Preston, F.Z.S. In dealing with the present small collection the exceedingly rich nature of the Andaman Islands Molluscan fauna is once more emphasized, several large collections, notably those of Nevill, Bouley, Wilmer and Warneford, made during more or less recent years having seemingly failed to exhaust it and there is little doubt that were systematic dredging, especially in from two to twenty fathoms, carried on at every available point round the islands large numbers of forms hitherto unknown to science would be revealed. In the present paper the author is able to diagnose and figure seventeen species which appear to have up to now escaped notice, and also to place on record the occurrence of several quite unlooked for forms, thus very considerably extending theii known range, while the material collected has, in addition, enabled him to provide drawings of two species {Ethalia capillata, Gould and Eulinia oxytata, Watson) which, though duly described, have not before been figured. Class GASTROPODA. Order PROSOBRANCHIA. Family Pl,eurotomidae. Pleurotoma fusca, Hombron and Jacquinot. Vov. Slid. Pole, ZooL, Vol. V, p. iii, pi. xxv, figs. 19-20. Brigade Creek, in 2-5 fathoms, on a bottom composed of de- caying vegetation ; Port Blair. Mangilia gracilenta, Reeve. Pvoc. Zool. Soc, 1843, p. 184; Tryon, Man. Conch., \'o!. VI, p. 251. pi. xxiii, figs. 98, 88; pi. xvii, fig. il. Port Blair. Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Family Nassidae. Nassa kcmpi, sp. n. (Figs. I, la.) Shell small, ovately fusiform, whitish, shading on the last whorl to pale yellowish-brown, painted with two spiral bands of pale reddish-chestnut which increase to three on the last whorl ; whorls 5, the first two smooth, polished, the last three sculptured with rather closel^^-set, transverse costulae ; base of shell finely spirally sulcate ; suture impressed, crenellated by the terminations of the Fig. I. — Nassa kempi, sp. n. X 6. Fig. 2. — Nassa phoevicensis, sp. n. X 4. ,, la. — do., sculpture, X 8. ,, 2a. — do.. sculpture, X 4. Fig. 3, 3fl. — Natica kempi, sp. n. x 3. ,, 36. — do., operculum X 3. transverse costulae ; columella obliquely descending, narrowly and restrictedly outwardly calloused, the callus extending upward across the parietal region to meet the upper margin of the labrum and bearing eight denticle-like plaits of which the uppermost and the three basal ones are the coarsest ; labrum white, acute, varicosely thickened behind, slightly projecting in front and some- what sharply contracted near the base, bearing seven small, regular denticles just within the aperture; aperture ovate; canal, short, rather broad. Alt. 4'5, diam. maj. 2*5 , diam. min. 2*25 mm. Aperture: alt. 1*5, diam. "5 mm. Hah. — vSemiramis Bay, Andaman Islands, in 2-6 fathoms, on a bottom of fine mud (S. Kemp). 1916.] H.B.Preston: Andaman Marine Mollusca. 89 Nassa phocnicensis, sp. n. (Figs. 2, 2a, p. S^.) Shell rather small, shortly fusiform, reddish-brown, painted with spiral bands of dark chocolate; whorls 6, flattish, regularly- increasing, the last long, sculptured with slightly oblique, trans- verse costulae, crossed by fine, spiral lirae and a single groove a little below the sutural region, which transforms the terminations of the transverse costulae into a row of nodules; suture im- pressed; columella margin obliquely descending, bearing four plait-like denticles, livid whitish in colour, restricted and rather erectly calloused and extending above into a well defined, parietal callus which reaches to the upper margin of the labrum; labrum varicosely thickened with narrowly reflexed margin, obliquely backwardly sloping and sharply contracted to form a notch near its base, bearing seven denticles just within; aperture irregularly ovate, canal short. Alt. 7, diam. maj. 375, diam. min. 3*25 mm. Aperture: alt. 2'25, diam. i mm. Hab. — Phoenix Bay, Andaman Islands, in 1-3 fathoms, on a bottom of muddy sand (S. Kemp). Nassa (Hima) tindalli, Melvill. Proc, Malac. Soc. Loiidon, Vol. VII, 1907, p. 29 (fig. in text). Port Blair. A single small and damaged specimen which the author refers with some hesitation to the above quoted species originally des- cribed from Baticaloa, Ceylon. Nassa (Niotha) livcscens, Phil. Zeitsclir. fiir Malak., 1848, p. 135 (as Nassa) ; Tryon, Ma>7, Conch., Ser. I, Vol. IV, p. 54, pi. xvi, fig. 304. Semiramis Bay, 2-6 fathoms, in fine mud. A single dead and immature specimen. Nassa (Arcularia) globosa (Quoy). Quoy and Gaimard, Zool. Voy. Astrolabe, II, p. 448, pi. xxxii, figs. 25-?7 (as Buccinum). Phoenix Bay, in 1-3 fathoms, in muddy sand. Nassa (Arcularia) cancellata, Adams. ^ool. Soc, 1851, p. 99 ; Tryon, Man. Condi., Ser. i Bamboo Flat Bay, 1-4 fathoms, in muddy sand. Pvoc. Zool, Soc, 1851, p. 99 ; Tryon, Man. Condi., Ser. i, \'ol. IV, p. 26, pi. viii, fig. 35. go Records of the Indian Museum. [\^oi,, XII, Nassa (Alectrion) unicolor, Honibron and Jacquinot. Voy. Astral, et Zel., 1S53, V, p. 76, pi. xxi, fig^s. 13-15. Semiramis Bay, 2-6 fathoms, in fine mud; Port Blair. A single juvenile example from each locality. Family Capulidae. Calyptraea pellucida, Reeve. Condi. Icon. {Trochita), sp. 2, pi. i, figs. 2a-b. A single specimen on the inner side of a valve of Tellina viator, Preston, from Port Blair. Family Naticidae. Natica kcmpi, sp. n. (Figs. 3, 3a, 36, p. 88.) Shell small, solid, ovate, of a yellowish ground colour, painted with rather fine, closely-set, transverse, zig-zag, chestnut mark- ings and irregularly, broadly, spirally banded with pale reddish- chestnut; whorls 4, the first three small, the last large, convex, finely, transversely striate; sutures so lightly impressed as to be almost linear; umbilicus deep, sealed, but for a comparatively narrow opening, by a heavy convex callus which is stained with dark livid purple; columella margin obliquely descending, spread- ing above into a well defined, parietal callus which is so thickened as to take on almost the appearance of a nodule near its junction with the upper margin of the labrum ; labrum sub-acute above and in front where it is stained with a livid tinge, slightly dilated below and considerably thickened where it merges into the base of the columella margin; aperture ovate; operculum thick, shelly, polished shining, semi-transparent, but marked with opaque, radiating bands of milk white, two-whorled, with eccentric uu- cleus and strongly spirally striate. Alt. 7"5, diam. maj. 5*75, diam. min. 4*75 mm. Aperture : alt. 4, diam. 2*25 mm. Hah. — Port Blair, Andaman Islands (5. Kemp). Sigaretus (Eunaticina) calaraphe, sp. n. (Figs. 4, 4a.) Shell small, moderately solid, yellowish-white ; whorls 4, the first two small, the last two rapidly increasing, the last large, long, sculptured with fine, but rather irregular, slightly wavy, incised spiral striae ; suture canaliculate ; umbilicus moderately narrow, deep, partly concealed by the outward expansion of the calloused columella margin ; columella margin obliquely descending, curved below, outwardly expanded, the expansion appearing as a wing- I9i6.] H. B. Preston : Andaman Marine Mollusca. 91 like projection above and much contracted in the median part ; labrum continuous with the cohimella callus, acute, somewhat projecting in front ; aperture pyriform ; interior of shell white, porcellaneous. Alt. 8'5, diam. maj. 5'5, diam. min. 4 25 mm. Aperture : alt. 6, diam. 3 mm. Hab. — Semiramis Bay, Andaman Is., in 2-6 fathoms, on a bottom of fine sand (S. Kemp). Family Scalid.\e. Epitonium robillardi (Sowerb\). Pi'oc. Malac. Soc, London, I. p. 42, pi. iv, tig. 5 (as Scalarin). Bamboo Flat Bay, 1-4 fathoms, in muddy sand. Fig. 4. — Sigaretits (Eunaticiiiaj calaraphe, sp. n. X 4. 4rt. — do. sculpture, X 4. 5. — Eulinia oxytata, Watson X 6. 6. — Eiilima rossinsiilae, sp. n. x 3. Family Euwmidae. Eulima oxytata, Watson. (Fig. 5.) J. Linn. Soc, 1883, Vol. XVII, p. 117 (untigured). Bamboo Flat Bay, 1-4 fathoms, in muddy sand. The author has been unable to trace the existence of any figure of this pretty little species, hence the figure now given. Eulima rossinsulae, sp. n. ^Fig. 6.) Shell elongately subulate, semi-opaque, white ; whorls 17, flattened, not convex, smooth, polished, shining; suture linear; columella margin oblique ; labrum acute, slightly bent inwards over the aperture; aperture slightly oblique, narrowly and some- what elongately triangular. 92 Records of the Iitdian Museum. [Vol. XII, Alt. II, diam, maj. 2"25 mm. Aperture : alt. 1-5, diam. 75 mm. Hab. — Off Ross Island, Andaman Is., 2-10 fathoms, on a bot- tom of sand, stones and coral (S. Kemp). Family Neritidae. Theodoxus oualancnsis, lyCsson. Lesson in Dupere}', Voj'. Coquille, ZooL, Vol. II, 1830, p. 379. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. t68, pi. xxxvi, fig. 168 (as Neritina). Bamboo Flat Bay, 1-4 fathoms, in muddy sand. A single small specimen ; the species though originally des- cribed from the Pacific appears to have a very wide range, the author having taken quite typical specimens some years ago at Baticaloa on the east coast of Ceylon. Fig. 7, 7a, ^b. — Etlialia capillata, Gould, X 4. ,. 8. 8a. — CylicJinella syngenes, sp. n. X 8. Family Trochidae. Ethalia capillata, Gould. (Figs. 7, ya, yh.) Pi'oc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1861, Vol. VIII, p. 17. Off Ross I., in 2-10 fathoms, on a bottom of sand, stones and coral. A very beautiful species which appears hitherto to have escaped being figured. Order OPISTHOBRANCHIA. Family Scaphandridae. Cylichnella syngenes, sp. n. (Figs. 8, 8a.) Shell allied to Cylichna cylindracea} Pennant, a common European form, but differing from that species in the wider apical Rvit. ZooL, Rd. 4, Vol. I\', p. T17, pi. Ixx, fig. 35 ('as Biillu). 1916.] H. B. Preston : Andaman Marine Mollusca. 93 umbilicus, in its coarser revolving striae and more cylindrical and truncate form. Alt. 5 25, diam. 2 mm. Aperture: alt. 5*25, diam. '25 mm. Hah. — Port Blair, Andaman Is. (S. Kemp). Family Aplustridae. Micromelo undatum (Bruguiere). Brug., Encycl. Mefh., I, p. ,^8o (as Bulla) ; Tryon, Man. Conch., Vol. XV, p. 392, pi. lix, figs. 20-24. Ojff Ross I,, in 2-10 fathoms, on a bottom of sand, stones and coral. A single very brightly coloured example which is inseparable from the West Indian shells in the British Museum. Class PELECYPODA. Order TETRABRANCHIA. Sub-order Mytilacea. Family Mytiudae. Mytilus curvatus, Dunker. Pi'oc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 361 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 53, pi. xi, fig. 53. Brigade Creek, in 2-5 fathoms, on a bottom composed of decaying vegetation. Sub-order Arc ace A. Family Arcidae. Area (Anadena) holoserica, Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S44, p. 39 [as Area) ; Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 11, pi. ii. A young specimen from Semiramis Bay, in 2-6 fathoms, in fine mud. Family Nuculidae. Nucula semiramisensis, sp. n. (Figs. 9, 9a, 96.) Shell tumid, ovately rhomboidal, covered with a thin, pale reddish-brown periostracum, polished, shining, minutely, obsolete- ly. transversely striate, and marked with concentric growth lines; umbones pearl}^ not prominent: dorsal margin arched in the me- dian part, anteriorly sinuous, posteriorly bulging ; ventral mar- gin rounded ; anterior side sharply angled above, obliquely sloping below ; posterior side rather slightly produced, sharpl}^ rounded ; hinge plate bearing on right valve five erect, sharp-pointed, 94 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi,. XII, Fig. 9, ga.~Nucula sonirnmisensis, sp, n. X ^. 0^. — do., hinoe, x ?. anterior and sixteen posterior lateral teeth, and on the left valve six anterior and seven- teen posterior lateral teeth. Interior of shell pale bluish, nacreous. Ivong. 775, lat. 1175 mm. Hab. — S emir am is Bay, Andaman Is,, in 2-6 fathoms, in fine mud (S. Kemp). Allied to N. bengal- ensis, Smith', from deep water in the Bay of Ben- gal. The present species is however of smaller dimensions and greater convexity for its size, the anterior side is also much more angular than is the case in that species. Yoldia tenella, Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S43, P- 99 ; Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 2, pi ii. Semiramis Bay, in 2-6 fathoms, in fine mud ; Port Blair. Sub-order Cardiacea. Family Cardidae. Fulvia papyracca, Chem. Conch., Cab., Vol. VI, p. 190, pi. xviii, fig. 184; Sowerby, Conch, Illiist., fig. 56 (non fig. 55); Reeve, Condi. Icon., sp. 9, pi. ii fas Cardiiini). Bamboo Flat Bay, in 1-4 fathoms, on a bottom of muddy sand (young specimens only). Sub-order Conch acea. Family Venkridae. Dosinia laminata, Reeve. Venus, No. 34 Schroter, Einleit, iii, p. 167, pi. x, fig. 3V; V. excavafa, Gmel. Syst., p. 3269, No. 83?; cf. Romer, Krit. Unters., p. 26; Reeve, Condi. Icon., sp. 41, pi. vii. Port Blair. A number of small specimens measuring about 13 millimetres in height and breadth. Pitaria sp, ? Juv. Phoenix Bay, in 1-3 fathoms, on a bottom of muddy sand : Port Blair. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.. Ser. 6, Vol. X\'I, 1895, p. 257, pi. ii, fig. 9. 1916.] H. B. Preston : Andaman Marine Mollusca. 95 Anaitis calophylla, Hanley. Cat. Rev. Biv. Shells, Appendix, p. 361, pi. xvi, fig. 26 (as I'eniis). Port Blair. Anaitis sp. ? Juv. Semiramis Bay, 2-6 fathoms, in fine mud. A single very beautiful specimen, which the author has been unable to satisfactorily determine, it is obviously in a very youth- ful state. Tapes tcxtrix, Chem, Condi. Cab., VII, p. 48, pi. xlii, fig. 442 (as Venus). Port Blair. Two young examples. Family Solenidae. Solen sp. ? Juv. Bamboo Flat Ba^^, 1-4 fathoms, in muddy sand; only ex- tremely juvenile specimens obtained. Order DIBRANCHIA Sub-order Lucinacea. Family Lucinidae. Lucina semperiana, Issel Savigny, Descript. de V Egypt e Coq., pi. viii, fig. i? , Issel, Mai. del Mar. Rosso, 1869, p. 82. Semiramis Bay, 2-6 fathoms, in fine mud. Sub-order Tellina cea . Family Tei.i,inidae. Tellina bertiniana, sp. n. (Figs. 10, 10a, p. 96.) Shell trigonally ovate, somewhat convex, white, opaque, slightly polished, smooth but for concentric growth lines which are more closely-set and more apparent near the margins; umbones moderately small and inwardly curved, marked with rather dis- tant growth ridges ; dorsal margin arched ; ventral margin gentl}' rounded, ver}^ slightly contracted posteriorly ; anterior side round- ed ; posterior side angularly rounded. Long. 7-5, lat. 9'25 mm. Hah. — Bamboo Flat Bay, Andaman Islands, in 1-4 fathoms, on a bottom of muddy sand (5. Kemp). Dedicated to M. Victor Bertin in recognition of assistance received from his valuable work on the Tellinidae.^ 1 Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, 2nd Ser., I, pp 202-361, pis. viii, ix. 96 Records of the Indian Museum. Tellina innocens, sp. n. [Vol.. XII, (Fig. II.) Shell small, ovately and broadly auriform, thin, semi-trans- parent, white, both valves finely concentrically striate; umbones small, a little prominent; dorsal margin anteriorly sloping, pos- teriorly sharply sloping and a little excavated ; ventral margin rounded ; anterior side also rounded ; posterior side shortly and obtusely rostrate, abruptly rounded at its extremity. Long. 4, lat. 5 mm. Hah. — Phoenix Bay, Andaman Is., in 1-3 fathoms, on a bot- tom of muddy sand (5. Kemp). Tellina micans, Hanley. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1844, p. 72 ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., fig. 106. Port Blair (several specimens). Fig. 10, loa. — Tellina hertiniana, sp. n. X 3. ,, II. — Tellina innocens, sp. n. X 4. ,, 12. — Tellina pei'simplex, sp. n. X3. Tellina persimplex, sp. n. (Fig. 12.) Shell oval, thin, semi-transparent, whitish, both valves having the upper portion smooth, while the lower portions are marked with fine, concentric ridges which become coarser on the posterior side; umbones small, not prominent; dorsal margin gently slop- ing both anteriorly and posteriorly ; ventral margin rounded ; an- terior and posterior sides bluntly rounded. Long. 6, lat. 8 mm. Hab. —Vort Blair, Andaman Is. (S. Kemp). Tellina pervitrea, sp. n. (Fig. 13) Shell small, ovately cuneiform, exceedingly thin and almost transparent, smooth, polished, shining, marked only with fine, concentric growth lines; umbones small, not prominent; dorsal 1916.] H. B. Preston : Andaman Marine MoUusca. 97 margin anteriorly gently arched, markedly excavated in the liga- mental region and sloping posteriorly ; ventral margin scarcely rounded; anterior side rounded; posterior side comparatively short, abruptly descending, rounded below. Long. 475, lat. 8-25 mm. Hab. — Semiramis Bay, Andaman Is., in 2-6 fathoms, on a bottom of fine mud (5. Kemp). Tellina phoenicensis, sp. n. (Figs. 14, 14a.) Shell small, ovately cuneiform, milk white, both valves sculp- tured with moderately fine, concentric ridges which stand out somewhat along the upper portion of the posterior, dorsal margin, the interstices being occupied by very fine, miscroscopic, con- centric striae ; umbones small, rather prominent ; dorsal margin Fig, 13. — Tellina pervitrea, sp. n. X 3. Fig. iS-— Tellina soror, sp. n. X 3- ,, 14. — Tellina phoenicensis, s^. n. X 4. ,, 15a. — do., hinge, X 3. ,, 14a. — do., hinge, X 4. ,, 16. — Tellina unguis, s^.n.X J^. anteriorly, very slightly sloping, posteriorly sloping, faintly ex- cavated above then a little bulging ; ventral margin rounded an- teriorly, contracted posteriorly, anterior side bluntly rounded; posterior side produced, subrostrate, sharply rounded. Long. 5, lat. 8 5 mm. Hah. — Phoenix Bay, Andaman Islands, in 1-3 fathoms, on a muddy bottom (5. Kemp). Tellina soror, sp. n. (Figs. 15, 15a.) Shell allied to T. phoenicensis but larger and of a thinner and semi-transparent texture, the concentric ridges are lacking and are replaced by very fine and closely-set striae only ; the ventral margin is not posteriorly contracted; the anterior side is still more obtusely rounded, and the posterior side is neither unduly produced nor rostrate. 98 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol.. XII, Long, 675, lat. 2 1 25 mm. Hah. — Port Blair, Andaman Islands (S Kemp). Tellina unguis, sp. n, (Fig. 16, p. 97.) Shell rather elongately ovate, thin, transparent, yellowish- white, shining, polished, smooth but for exceedingly fine growth lines; umbones small, scarcely prominent; dorsal margin arched, posteriorly excavated for a short distance; ventral margin very gently rounded; anterior side produced, rounded; posterior side obliquely sloping above, very obtusely rostrate below. Long. 475, lat. 7-25 mm. Hah. — Bamboo Flat Bay, Andaman Is., in 1-4 fathoms, on a bottom of muddy sand (5. Kemp). 17. 18- Fig. 17. — Tclluia vadoi'u?n, sp. n. X 4. Fig. 18. — Theora hindsiana, sp. n. X3. ., i-jn. — do., hinge, X \. ,, iSn-. — do., hinge, X 3, Tellina vadorum, sp. n. (Figs. 17, i7«.) Shell rather roundly ovate, thin, white, both valves sculp- tured with fine, regular, concentric ridges which become more closely crowded towards the ventral, anterior and posterior mar- gins; umbones small, a little prominent; dorsal margin arched; ventral margin rounded; anterior side also rounded; posterior side very obtusely and roundedly rostrate. Long. 6-5, lat. 8 mm. Hah. — Bamboo Flat Bay, Andaman Islands in 1-4 fathoms, on a bottom of muddy sand (5. Kemp). Tellina vestalis, Hanley. Proc. Zool. Soc, 18.H, p. 141 Reeve, Condi. Icon,, sp. 230, \^\. \'. Port Blair (young only). I9i6.] H. B. Pkeston : Aidamnn Marine Mollusca. 99 Tellina viatcr, Preston. An)i. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. XVI, 1915, p. 84, fig. in text. Port Blair. A number of specimens of this very delicate species which are inseparable from the type which is of New Caledonian origin. Family Scrobiculariidae. Thcora hindsiana, sp. n. (Figs. 18, i8a, p. 98.) Shell allied to T . opalina, Hinds', but differing from that spe- cies in its more tumid form, anteriorly excavated and posteriorly sloping dorsal margin, broader and more obtusely rounded anterior side and more rostrate posterior side. Long. 8'25, lat. 13 mm. Hab. — Phoenix Bay, Andaman Islands, in 1-3 fathoms, on a bottom of muddy sand. Named in honour of the late INIr. R. B. Hinds, to whose researches are due a large proportion of the known members of the group. Suborder Anatinacea. Family Cuspidariidae. Cardiomya andamanica, sp. n. (Figs. 19, 19a.) Shell small, convex, pyriform, pure white, sculptured with seven minute anterior, eleven coarse median, and three fine posterior radiate riblets, a considerable smooth gap in- tervening between the two last; um- bones small, not prominent; dorsal margin anteriorly sloping towards the umbones, posteriorly gently curving upwards towards the posterior side ; ventral margin rounded, posteriorly contracted ; anterior side steeply slop- ing above, rounded below ; posterior side produced, rostrate, sharply round- ed at its extremity. ^^^'^- 19. iga.—Cantiomya au- Long. 3, lat. 5 (nearly) mm. damanlca, sp. n. x 6. Hab. — Semiramis Bay, Andaman Is. , in 2-6 fathoms, on a bottom of fine mud (S. Kemp). ' Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, p. 78. IX. A NEW CHLAMYS FROM CALCUTTA. By S. Maulik, B.A. (Canlab), F.E.S., Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. Among the Hispinae and Cassidinae sent to me by Mr. Gravely from the Indian Museum, there occurs an interesting insect, belonging to the division Camptosomes of the family Chrysomelidae. It is necessary to describe it as a new species, it being the fourteenth Chlamys recorded from the Indian region. I name it after Mr. Gravely who found it on Ziziphus jujiiba at Calcutta and tells me that in life it closely resembles a piece of caterpillar excrement. I thank Dr. Gahan for allowing me to see the types in the collection of the British Museum, and Mr. Andrewes for letting me examine the types in his collection. Family CHRYSOMELIDAE. Division CAMPTOSOMATA. Sub-family Chlamydinae. Genus Chlamys, Knoch. Chlamys gravciyi, n. sp. Sub-quadrate, broadest at the middle, narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly, black, five basal joints of antennae fulvous, the remaining six joints very dark brown. The insect is completely covered with coarse and shallow punctures, in some parts the punctures are shallower and in others they are deeper. The elevated surface of the prothorax with four ridges and without any tubercles, each elytron with ten sharp tubercles. Length 2'5 mm. Head with the vertex coarsely punctate, shallowly depressed in the middle; eyes oval, convex, triangularly notched on the inner side; basal joint of the antenna thickest, longest, and curved to fit into the grooves round the eyes, 2nd joint small and rounded, 3rd-5th joints small and equal to one another in length, 6th joint transverse but smaller than the following joints, 7th-irth joints large and transverse, apex of nth Joint rounded. When the antennae are extended forwards the lateral expansions of the apical 6 joints are on the outer side, in repose they lie closely pressed to the sides of the prosternum, the tips reaching up to its constricted portion, and the lateral expansions being on the inner side. It is difficult to examine the antennae properly unless they are dissected off and a balsam mount made of them. 102 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Prothorax bisinuate on either side at base which is as broad as that of the elytra; narrowed in front, anterior margin circular, the head fits in well into this circular front of the prothorax : lateral margins oblique and straight; the disc in the middle is triangularly^ and considerably elevated, the apex of the triangle being towards the scutellum, on this elevated portion there are two strong ridges running parallel down the middle, and from near the bases of these middle ridges two other sinuous ridges branch off, all of these ridges scarcely reach the anterior margin, they become feebler towards the margin. Scutellum about twice as broad as long, the two apical outer angles produced, surface rough. Elytra broadest at base, constricted at the middle ; coarsely and deeply punctate ; suture serrate throughout ; humeral callus raised, rounded, surface finely strigose. Each elytron has ten Fig. I. — Chlamys gravelyi, n. sp. from above; \a. antenna. sharp tubercles disposed as follows :— in a longitudinal line parallel to the suture there are four tubercles, the third being smaller and more towards the suture, along the median longitudinal line three, and finally there are three along the lateral marginal line, the second of these tubercles being deviated more towards the median line; the fourth tubercle of the sutural line, third of the median line and the second of the lateral marginal line being close together form a group. The surface of the elytra is rough being raised in places, particularly between the tubercles. Underside. — Presternum widened anteriorly and greatly con- stricted towards the posterior extremity. Last abdominal sternite with a depression in the middle. Pygidium with three ridges and four deep furrows. Localities:— C2i\c\iX,t2i, 3-iv-i9i5, 25 and 30-V-1915, 8-vii-i9i2, 27-ix-i9i5, 2-X-1915," on Ziziphus jujuha " {F. H. Gravely) ; Paresh- igi6.] S. Maulik : .4 new Chlamys. I03 iiath, W. Bengal, 4000-4400 ft., io-iv-1909, ''on various shrubs" {Annandale). Described from 14 examples. Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; 2 co-types in the British Museum. X. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW FISH FROM THE CHII.KA LAKE. By B. h. Chaudhuri, D.Sc. {Edtn.), F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Assistant Siipeyintendent, Indian Museum. Descriptions of two new species in the Chilka Survey collec- tion are now published in advance of the report on the fish which is under preparation, in order to avoid the detention of a paper on the larval stages by Professor D. R. Bhattacharya, which will be issued shortly in vol. V of our Memoirs. Gobius ostreicola, sp. nov. The height of the body is 22*2% of the total length without the caudal fin, the length of the head is 35 '5%, the least depth of the caudal peduncle is I5"5%, the diameter of the eye is 9%, the height of the first dorsal fin is 22*2%, the length of the pectoral fin is 33'3%, the length of the ventral fin is 26*6%, the base of the anal fin is 20%, the base of the second dorsal is 26"5%, the length of the caudal fin is 26' 6% in the total length without the caudal fin.^ The body is elongate and compressed. The caudal peduncle is very much compressed. The dorsal profile slopes downwards from the nape towards the caudal peduncle as well as towards the snout; the ventral profile is almost a straight line. The head is large and broad and is very much depressed, its breadth being shorter than its length by the length of its snout. The part of the head on each side in front of the opercle and behind the eye protrudes above and is inflated sideways with a pore behind. There is a median longitudinal groove from the occiput to the back of the eye. The interorbital space is saddle- shaped with a slight bridge-Hke elevation in the middle and is equal to the length of the snout. There are a series of minute pores — openings of muciferous glands — arranged in patterns round the eyes, the nasal area and other parts of the head. The nasal area has two fleshy tubular protuberances with two valvular openings behind each in front of the eyes. The eyes are rather large, and are not lateral but wholly superior, and project beyond the dorsal profile. The snout is short and is less than the diameter of the eye in length. The mouth is horizontal, the jaws are subequal, the lower jaw being slightly the longer, the angle of the jaws is vertically below the middle of the eye. The teeth are villiform and are in several ' Measurements are in hundreds of length without the caudal fin. io6 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII rows ill each jaw, those of the upper jaw being smaller and less numerous than those of the lower. The teeth in the upper jaw are in two series: the outer series consists of two or three rows of teeth larger anteriorly but becoming smaller laterally ; the inner (posterior) series forms a cluster of smaller teeth several rows deep but not spreading laterally. In the lower jaw there are broad bands of teeth several rows thick which continue to the angle of the mouth in almost equal thickness ; the outer ones of this set are slightly larger than those behind. The gill openings are lateral and they do not continue forward beneath. The isthmus is broad, the width being contained three times in the length of the head. Pseudobranchiae are present. There are two dorsal fins, entirely separated from each other, the first one has six spines and the second has ten rays; the anterior end of the first dorsal is considerably behind the base of the pectoral fin, the third to fifth spines are the longest but they do not reach beyond the third ray of the second dorsal fin when lying horizontal. The second dorsal fin begins a little forward of the tip of the pectoral fin ; the posterior rays of this fin are slightly longer than the anterior ones and the last of these rays almost reaches the base of the caudal fin. The anal fin has nine rays the first of which is undivided; it is inserted a little behind the origin of the second dorsal fin and is somewhat similar in shape to that fin. Its posterior rays are longer and are long enough to reach some of the rays of the caudal fin that are attached to the ventral side of the base of that fin. Six specimens — one type and five co-types — have the dorsal and anal fin rays as follows : — Specimens Dorsal spines. Dorsal rays. Anal rays. VI. VII. 10 1 1 9 lo 5 i ' 3 1 4 2 The pectoral fin has sixteen rays, some of which are thin and silky ; the fin is somewhat low down, rather broad, and has a round- ed margin. The tip of the united ventral fin reaches the vent. The anal papilla is prominent, long and muscular. The caudal fin is broadly rounded. The scales are small and are mostly ctenoid, except a few very small scales embedded in the occipital region of the head which is otherwise naked ; the isthmus and chest are also scaleless. There are a few embedded scales in front of the vent and the part of the abdomen above the joined-ventral fin is scaleless. The number of scales in the lateral line is thirty-seven and in the lateral trans- verse fourteen. 1916.J B. L. Chaudhuri ; Fish jrom the Chilka Lake. 107 The colour of the body (in spirit) is mottled dark brown, the ventral side and the sides of the abdomen being slightly lighter ; the fins are dull white and the two dorsal, anal and caudal fins are banded by series of black spots in the spines and ra3'S ; in the first dorsal fin there are four such series of black dots, in the rest it varies from two to three. The fish was found breeding among the oyster beds near Manikpatna in the Satpara peninsula. The type specimen, measuring 45 mm. without the caudal fin and 57 mm. with it, was collected in the beginning of the month of December, 1914 near Manikpatna among the oyster beds. There are altogether five co-types, two of which, measuring 48 mm, and 49 mm., were collected along with the type specimen near the same spot. The other three co- types measuring 39 mm. to 41 mm. were collected on the 5th of September. 1914 near the same locality. Petroscirtes bhattacharyac, sp. nov. The height of the body is 18% of the total length without the caudal fin, the length of the head is 25%, the least depth of the caudal peduncle is ii"5%, the diameter of the eye is 7%, the length of the snout is 9%, the length of the pectoral fin is 18%, the length of the ventral fin is 14%, the length of the caudal fin is 16%, the base of the dorsal fin is 72%, and the base of anal fin is 22% in the total length without the caudal fin. The body is moderately elongate^ round and naked. The snout is rounded and short ; the mouth is sub-inferior and termi- nal; the cleft of the mouth is narrow. There are two small tentacles about the middle of the snout in front of the nasal openings. There are long incisiform teeth in a single row in each jaw, and a pair of canine teeth at each angle of the jaws. The upper canine teeth are very much bent and recurved, the lower ones are longer and stouter and not curved. The number of incisor teeth in the upper jaw is 18 and that in the lower 16. There is a con- siderable alveolar space between the upper canine and the last (outermost) incisor of the upper jaw in each side — in which space the lower canine is lodged when the mouth remains shut. The fins are thin, the spines and rays are hyaline and the interstices are membranous. There is a single dorsal fin with thirty-one spines commencing sUghtly in front of the gill-openings and ending near the base of the caudal fin ; the posterior spines of the dorsal fin are higher than the anterior ones, some of the long posterior spines being almost double the length of the anterior short ones. The anal fin has twent5^-one rays, the last rays almost touch the lower caudal rays. The caudal fin is fan-shaped, it appears to be somewhat truncated and has rounded sides. The ventral fin consists of two fleshy round rays united at the base and free at the end, the free portion of the outer ray is nearly double that of the inner free end. The pectoral fin is io8 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, 1916.] rounded and has a somewhat muscular base. It is considerably posterior to the origin of the ventral fin. There is an anal papilla equidistant from the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin, it is also in the middle of the vent and the anterior origin of the anal fin. The ground colour of the head and of the body is dull brown with a lighter shade in the abdominal region. On each side of the head there are four broad transverse bands, black in colour, with interspaces equally broad but white; on the upper part of the head there is one white horse-shoe-shaped loop commencing behind the eyes and reaching round the occiput. On the side of the body there are eight or nine very faint but darkish transverse bands — broader than those on the sides of the head, with interspaces equally broad ; along the middle line on each side of the body — on each of these dark faint bands — there are altogether eight or nine round black blotches. Looking from above the lighter inter- spaces, that pass through the base of the dorsal fin from side to side, appear as many white blotches. The fins are diaphanous and slightly darkish, the anal fin being darker than the rest. The dorsal and the anal fins are edged with bright white points and the base line of the caudal fin has a white band posterior to a dark band. There is a transverse broad black band low down on the anterior side of the base of the pectoral fin. The terminal edge of the opercular membrane is white. The type specimen, measuring 44 mm. without the caudal fin and 51 mm. with that fin, was obtained at Barkul Point on the 2nd March, 1914. There are altogether eleven co-types. Habitat. — The species is a permanent inhabitant of the lake, both in the Main Area and in the outer channel, breeding in the lake. XI. DESCRIPTION DE LA LARVE DE LASIODACTYLUS CH EVRO LATI , RE ITT. [COLEOPTERA, NiTIDULIDAEj. Par p. DE Peyerimhoff. Materiel etudie : Nombreuses larves de tous ages, conservees dans I'alcool faible, recueillies avec rimago. Provenance: Barkuda I., Chilka L. (Ganjam, Madras, Indes Anglaises), dans des fruits tombes et fermentes de Melia azadi- rachta [Neem ou Nim tree). Coll. Chilka Surve3\ Longueur des plus grands specimens : 7 mm. — Largeur : 1-5 mm. Corps eruciforme, assez convexe, d'un jaune orange; tete plus foncee; pronotum charge de deux plaques cornees brunes ; contours des mandibules, taches retiniennes, stigmates, quatre taches cornees sur le mesonotum et le metanotum, deux taches analogues sur les 9 tergites abdominaux, extremite des prolonge- ments du dernier segment et trochantins, d'un brun clair. Tegu- ments mats, sauf sur la tete et sur les taches cornees. Pilosite presque nulle, au moins chez les individus ages. Tete degagee chez les individus jeunes, legerement engagee dans le prothorax chez les individus ages, attenuee en avant a partir de la moitie, arrondie en arriere, portant une forte impres- sion en U superposee aux sutures de I'aire frontale, ornee de quelques soies, claviformes en dessus, simples en dessous. Clypeus transversal, fortement tumelie de chaque cote, sans suture nette. Labre bien detache, encore plus transversal, portant six soies sur le pourtour et des papilles au bord anterieur. Antennes ayant a peu pres la longueur de I'epistome et du labre pris ensemble, basees sur une large membrane cupiliforme, de 3 articles decroissant en largeur, le 1° carre, plus ou moins en- chasse dans la membrane basilaire, le 2° allonge, legerement fusi- forme, le dernier tres petit, subule, termine par une sole et accole a un cone sensitif interne moindre de moitie. Ocelles lateraux, au nombre de 4, sous forme de cornees sail- lantes disposees au-dessus d'une tache retinienne foncee. Mandibules courtes, a peu pres symetriques, cachees sous I'epistome et le labre, peu chitinisees, sauf sur les bords et sur les condyles, fortement anguleuses au cote externe, composees d'une pointe cornee a sommet bifide, portant 4 ou 5 dents au bord in- terne, — d'une lacinia formee de lanieres multifides reunies en frange, — d'une mola finement striee, semblant evidee en dessous et un peu davantage a droite qu'a gauche. . #1' r% no Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Trou occipital infero-posterieur ; trou maxillaire vaguement rectangulaire ; tous deux ^ ^ .,. communiquant entre les ^^"Wi^J^ pleures, dont les ailes sont iV "^ ","',' /Js distantes du dixieme envi- --i;£ ,-''//.% ^^oJi ' '^}. 1916]. p. DE Peyerimhoff : Lasiodactylus chevrolati. Ill deux plaques coriiees et luisantes, presque contigues ; chacune d'elles porte quelques courtes soies clavifonnes et quatre impres- sions, une mediane et trois laterales, a fond plus clair. Mesonotum et inetanotum identiques, presque de moitie plus courts que le pronotum, portant quatre plaques luisantes bien moins etendues, les medianes plus developpees, terminees en arriere par un tubercule charnu couronne de trois soies clavifonnes, — les laterales munies de deux soies seulement ; de cha({ue cote en outre, deux papilles et une soie claviforme. Segments ahdominaiix ornes sur les 8 premiers de deux plaques seulement, de plus en plus etendues et a tubercule setigere de plus en plus isole et saillant d'avant en arriere, — portant en outre une papille et une soie discales de chaque cote. Neuvieme segment ?. — l.arve de Lasiodactyltis chevrolati. a. (Hypeus, labre et niandibule (legerement detachee), face dorsale : h. Tete vue lateralement : c. Face ventrale de la tete : d. Maxillaire et labium vus par la face ventrale : e. Lobe maxillaire vu par la face dorsale. sensiblement plus etroit, en trapeze renverse, tumefie vers le som- met, d'ou partent deux paires d'appendices a sommet chitineux, les anterieurs courts, les posterieurs allonges, setigeres. Desso'us membraneux et mou. Prosternum relie a la tete par un goitre transversal tres developpe. Pleurites thoraciques et abdominaux composes de toutes les pieces indiquees par Hopkins ^, savoir I'epipleure, I'liypopleure, le sternum (sillonne longitudinale- ment), le sternellum et le poststernellum (fig. 3a). L'epipleure, de plus en plus saillante d'avant en arriere, se termine lateralement par un tubercule charnu, orne d'une papille anteapicale. Anus tronconique, a extremite orne de 6 soies; maqueuse erectile quadrilobee. I'he Dend rocfoiiiis Washington, 1909, p. 62, fig. 39. 112 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi^. XII, Stigmates en nombre normal, la I^ re paire infero-laterale, situee a la marge anterieure du metathorax, les 8 autres dorso-laterales, de ptus en plus rapprochees, d'avant en arriere, du bord post6- rieur des segments. lis sont tres saillants, en forme de boutons fonces. et constitues par un element de trachee tres elargi, tres chitinise, recouvert d'une sorte de cloche egalement chitineuse, percee au sommet par le peritreme, qui est legereraent reniforme. Pattes tres ecartees, et de plus en plus de la i° a la 3° paire, rattachees a un trochantin bien visible, composees d'une hanche globuleuse semee de papilles microscopiques, sauf sur la partie centrale, qui s'affaisse en contraction pour recevoir une partie des segments suivants, — d'un trochanter egal a la moitie du femur, — d'un femur deux fois plus long que large, — d'un tibia egal en long- ueur au femur, mais deux fois plus mince, — d'un tarse forme d'un ongle a base membraneuse portant une sole en-dessous. Chez les larves de plus en plus jeunes. la tete est de plus en plus grosse par rapport au prothorax, les tubercules setigeres sont de plus en plus saillants, et les soies elles-memes, simples ou clavi- FiG. 3. — Larve de Lasiodactylits chevrolafi. a. Face \"entrale des derniers segments : h. Extremite d'un tronc trachc'en et stigmate : c Patte posterieure droitc, vue de dessous (avec le trochantin prec dant la hanche). formes, de plus en plus longues ; les papilles deviennent egalement setiferes, notamment celles qui terminent le processus lateral des pleures. Les soies inferieures participent au meme developpement. Larve de Nitidulide typique, a structure tres differenciee et a adaptation nettement saprophage. La discussion de ses caracteres et leur comparaison avec ceux des autres types seront faites ulte- rieurement. D'ailleurs, le petit nombre de Nitidulidae connus a ce point de vue et I'insuffisance de la plupart des descriptions, rendraient actuellement cet examen comparatif aussi incomplet que difficile. Deus larves de Lasiodactylus ont ete deja decrites: I. Celle de L. pictus, Mac-Leay (E. Candeze, Histoire des metamorphoses de quelques Coleopteres exotiques, Liege, 1861, p. 16, pi. iii, fig. 6 [sub " Lordites glahricula, Murray i. litt.]. — Quoi- que tres succincte, cette description permet de constater que la larve de L. pictus (de Ceylan) differe pen de celle de L. chevrolati. Elle n'aurait toutefois que deux taches cornees au lieu de 4, sur le 1916]. p. DE Peyerimhoff : Lasiodadylus chevrolati. 113 mesonotum et le metanotum, et ces taches, comme celles des seg- ments de r abdomen, seraient surmontees d'epines au lieu de soies claviformes. 2. Celle de L. caliginosus Reitt. [d'apres une communica- tion in litteris de M. le Dr. Sicard, qui a recolte cette larve et I'a communiquee a I'auteur de la description] — Capt. Xambeu, Lar- ves de Madagascar, 14° Memoire, sep. 1905, p. 16 — 17 [sub ''Lor- dites species"]. — Cette larve n'a que deux ocelles, et le mesonotum, le metanotum et les segments abdominaux sont depourvus de pla- ques ou taches cornees. Differences relativement importantes, et qui laisseraient supposer une erreur d'attribution ou de determina- tion. XII. CONTRIBUTIONS TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ISOPODA OF INDIA. Part II. — Some new species of PARAPERiscvrHis, C ('BAR IS, etc. By Waeter E. Colunge, M.Sc, F.L.S., etc., Research Fellow of the University of St. Andrews. (Plates IX— XIX.) The present contribution deals mainly with new species of the genus Cubaris, Brandt, amongst which is an interesting one from caves near Cherrapunji, Assam. Two new species of Paraperiscy- phis, Stebbing, are described from single specimens from Ceylon, but their characters are so distinct from any known forms, that I offer no excuse for departing from a rule not to describe from single examples. It is interesting to be able to record a new species of Burmoniscus, Cllge., also from a cave near Cherrapunji. The complete list is as follows : Paraperiscyphis stebbingi, Cllge. ,, Pulcher, n. sp, ,, scabrus, n. sp. Cubaris gravelii, n. sp. expansus, n. sp. dilectum, n. sp. pusillus, n. sp. brunneocaudatus , n, sp. chiltom, n. sp. caver Hosus, n. sp. lobatus, n. sp. albolateralis, n. sp. Burmoniscus kempi, n. sp. Genus Paraperiscyphis, Stebbing. igii. Paraperiscyphis Stebbing, Rec. Ind. Mas., vol. VI, p. 184. Paraperiscyphis stebbingi, Cllge. I(;i4. Paraperiscyphis stebbingi, Collinge, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. X, p. 207, pi. xxiv, figs. i-io. Habitat. — Kavalai, 1300-3000 ft., Cochin State, 24 — 27-ix-i9i4. No. m^ {F. H. Gravely). ii6 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi,. XII, This is an additional record for this interesting species. I find that in describing this species I made a most unfor- tunate sHp in the diagnosis wherein it was stated (p. 207) " 2- jointed flagellum, the first joint longer than the second," and again on p. 208 the error was repeated. In P. stehhingi the first joint of the flagellum is not longer than the second, but as correctly- figured [cf. pi. xxiv, figs. I and 2). Parapcriscyphis gigas (Cllge.). 1915. Pei'iscyphis gigas, Collinge, Rec. hid. Mas., vol. XI, p. 148, pi. ix, figs. I -10. The form of the uropoda, which is a character of the very greatest importance in the classification of this and allied genera^ will necessitate the removal of this species to the genus Parapcri- scyphis. Parapcriscyphis pulchcr, n. sp. (PI. ix, figs. I — 5). Body oblong oval, dorsal face strongly convex, surface irregu- lar but smooth. Cephalon (fig. i) small, flanked by the lateral plates of the first segment of the mesosome, lateral lobes well developed, median lobe represented by slight median expan- sion of the anterior margin ; epistoma carinate. Eyes subdorsal. Antennulae (fig. 2) small, 3-jointed, distal joint with terminal style and indented on the inner side. Antennae (fig. 3) moderately stout, joints 2-4 subequal, 5th joint the longest ; flagellum 2-jointed, Avith the first joint shorter than the second which has a fine terminal style. Uropoda (fig. 4) extending beyond the telson, basal plate short and stout with antero- dorsal surface expanded, convex dorsally, concave ventrally ; exopodite and endopodite extending beyond the basal plate, both articulating on the inner margin, exopodite flat and blade-like, endopodite three-sided. Telson (fig. 5) obtusely triangular, dorsal surface convex, irregular and smooth. Length I4'5 mm. X 7 mm. Colour (in alcohol) greyish- green ground colour with small irregular blackish spots on the posterior border of each mesosomatic segment, in the median line on each mesosomatic and metasomatic segment is a yellowish spot, lateral to this an irregular yellowish marking, and still more laterally another spot, which together give the appearance of five broken lines. Habitat. — Peradeniya, Ceylon, 28-V-1910. No. -yo- (F. H. Gravely). Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. The form of the cephalon, antennae and uropoda separate this handsome species from any other member of the genus. There being only a single example, I have not attempted any examination of the mouth-parts. 1916.] W. E. CoLi.iNGE : Indian Terrestrial I sopoda. 117 Paraperiscyphis scabrus, n. sp. (PI. ix, figs. 6-10). Body oblong oval, dorsal face strongly convex, richly tuber- culated. Cephalon (fig. 6) small, flanked by the ist segment of the mesosome, lateral lobes well developed, median lobe small and confluent with carina of epistoma. Eyes subdorsal. Anten- nulae (fig. 7) small, 3-jointed, distal joint terminating as a cone. Antennae (fig. 8) with joints 2 and 3 subequal, 4th joint nearly twice as long and 5th nearly three times as long; flagellum 2-jointed, with the first joint shorter than the second which has a fine terminal style. Whole of appendage sparsely covered with short bluntly ending setae. Uropoda (fig. 9) extending be- yond the telson, basal plate short and stout, with antero-dorsal surface expanded, convex dorsally with thickened antero dorsal margin bounding the antero-dorsal surface, concave ventrally with groove; exopodite and endopodite both extending beyond the basal plate and articulating on the inner margin. Telson (fig 10) obtusely triangular, dorsal surface convex, tuberculated. Length 11*5 X 6 mm. Colour (in alcohol) greenish-brown with yellowish mottling. Habitat — Peradeniya, Ceylon. No. -fo- {F. H. Gravely). Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. In the form of the telson and uropoda this species shows a relationship to P. pulcher, but is separated by the striking differ- ence in the shape and development of the lateral and median lobes of the cephalon, there are also well-marked differences in the form of the antennulae and antennae. Genus Cubaris, Brandt. The widely conflicting opinions held as to the position of this genus afford a typical instance of the very unsatisfactory state of the classification of the Terrestrial Isopoda. Brandt's description', though brief, is quite clear, and the slight modifications suggested by Miers* in 1877 scarcely affect it. Budde-Lund^ in his ' Revision ' p. 36, under the Family Oniscidae, subfamily 7 Oniscinae, Tribe r Armadilloidea, cites the genus Armadillo, Dum. , and under Tribe 2 Oniscoidea, the genus Armadil- lidium, Brandt, and from the later text we gather that the genus Cubaris is sunk as a synonym of Armadillo. In rgro* (p. 9) the genus is recognized and appears between Armadillo, Dum., and Pericephalus, B.-L., whilst in 1912^ it is regarded by him as a subgenus only, in the subfamily Oniscinae. ' Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. Moscow, 1833. '- Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1877. ■-' Rev. Crust, hop. Terr., 1904. * Sjostedts Kilimaudjayo-Meru E.xped . 21 Crust. 2 Isop., igro. ■^ Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. (Zool.), 1912. il8 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi.. XII, This author's attempts at classification were frequently unfor- tunate, as in the present instance. He approached more closely to a sound classification perhaps in 1910 than in any of his previous or later writings, but did not seem able to decide upon any system or parts, other than the oral appendages, which fre- quently misled him. I hope at a later date, when more of the Indian and Asiatic species have been worked out, to submit a revision of the Family Armadillidiidae founded upon structural characters, in the mean- time I am provisionally placing all the Indian forms in the one genus. Cubaris gravclii, n. sp. (PI. X, figs. I — II). Body oblong oval, slightly convex, smooth. Cephalon (figs, i and 2) small, strongly marginate anteriorly and posteriorly, lateral lobes small, median lobes absent ; epistoma vertical with triangu- lar-shaped depression in the medio-anterior line. Antennulae (fig. 3) small, 3-jointed, terminal joint pointed with number of fine setae laterally, proximal joints globose, distal joint attenuated. Antennae (fig. 4) short, sparsely setaceous, joints 3 — 5 slightly grooved on their outer side; flagellum 2-jointed, the distal joint being the longer. First maxillae (fig. 5), outer lobe terminating in four stout incurved spines and four smaller inner ones. Second maxillae (fig. 6) thin and plate-like, terminating distally in a bilobed manner, the outer lobe is fringed with setae, and those on the inner one form a brush-like lobe. Segments of the mesosome convex, lateral plates of 2nd to 4th segments slightly excavate, remainder truncate, posterior angles only slightly produced back- wards. Segments i and 2 with notch and groove on their lower inner margins for reception of succeeding segments (fig. 7). Maxilli- pedes (fig. 8), outer palp terminates in a multispinous process on the outer side, with a very small spine and then two larger ones below it, from the base of the outer palp are three large spines, the inner palp is very broad and has two spines with wide bases, and one short, blunt, tooth-like one on the innermost border and a longer pointed one on the lower margin. Uropoda (figs. 9 and ro) not extending beyond the telson, basal plate narrow posteriorly , thickened and convex dorsally, antero-dorsal surface prominent ; exopodite articulating in deep groove on the inner border of the basal plate, which here is slightly excavate, endopodite setaceous, with two long whip-like setae terminally. Telson (fig. 11) longer than the breadth at the posterior margin which is slightly curved, expanded anteriorly, somewhat flattened. Length 12 mm, Colour (in alcohol) dark horny-brown with few lighter lateral flecks on the mesosomatic segments. Habitat.— Fass between Chaibassa and Chakardharpur, Chota Nagpur, 24-iii-i3. No. «fa* {F. H. Gravely). Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. 1916.] W. E. CoLLiNGK : Indian Terresitrial Isopoda. rig The species is named in compliment to Mr. F. H. Gravely. The antennules here differ strikingly from any other species of Cubans I know of. The mouth-parts are typical of the genus. The tooth on the underside of the lateral plate of the first meso- somatic segment is small, being just large enough to overlap the anterior wall of the groove on the second segment. The uropoda have a prominent antero-dorsal surface on the basal plate and the postero-dorsal portion is strongly convex, ventrally the plate is almost flat. Below the point of articulation of the exopo- dite is a small groove, and the inner border of the basal plate is slightly excavate. The length of the telson is greater than the breadth of the posterior margin. Cubaris expansus, n. sp. (PI. xi, figs. I — 10). Body broadly oval, strongly convex, almost smooth. Cephalon (figs I and 2) small, marginate anteriorly, lateral lobss very small, median lobes absent; epistoma almost vertical. Eyes situated dorso-laterally. Antennulae (fig. 3) small, 3-jointed, terminal joint pointed with eight blunt setae, proximal joint the smallest. An- tennae (fig. 4) short, covered with fine setae, 2nd to 4th joints grooved on their outer side; flagellum 2-jointed, distal joint nearly twice as long as the proximal one. First maxillae (fig. 5), outer lobe terminates in four stout incurved spines and six smaller ones ; inner lobe terminally rounded, with two setose spines. Segments of the mesosome strongly convex, lateral plates of 2nd and 3rd segments slightly excavate, remainder truncate, posterior angles very slightly produced backwards. Segments i and 2 with notch and groove on their lower inner margins for reception of succeed- ing segments (fig. 6). Maxillipedes (fig. 7), the outer palp termin- ates in a multispinous process on the outer side, with two promin- ent spines below it, the inner palp possesses two spines with wide bases, then a fine marginal spine and one short blunt tooth- like one on the innermost border. Uropoda (figs. 8 and 9) not extending beyond the telson, basal plate narrower posteriorly than anteriorly, posterior margin almost straight, dorso-antero-lateral sur- face prominent; exopodite small, articulating on the inner border of the basal plate, which is here raised in a boss, endopodite setace- ous, two and a half times the length of the exopodite, articulating at the top of the inner border of the basal plate. Telson (fig. 10) longer than the breadth at posterior margin which is almost straight, expanded anteriorly with slight concavity in the median line. Length 13 5 X 6*5 mm. Colour (in alcohol) horny-brown with lighter lateral flecks on the mesosomatic segments. Habitat. — Barkuda I., Chilka L., Ganjam Dist., Madras Pres., i6-vii-i4. No. ^fF. Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. C. expansus is characterized by the broadly oval body, the series of eight blunt setae on the inner border of the distal joint of I20 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, the antennulae and the form of the uropoda. The tooth on the underside of the lateral plate of the first mesosomatic segment is fairly long and pointed and overlaps the anterior wall of the some- what flattened groove of the second segment. Cubaris dilectum, n. sp. (PI. xii, figs. 1—9). Body oblong oval, convex, finely tuberculate. Cephalon (figs. I and 2) small, strongly marginate anteriorly and posteriorly, lateral lobes small, median lobes absent ; epistoma almost vertical, slightly depressed laterally. Antennae (fig. 3) situated rather low on the epistome, sparsely setaceous, somewhat attenuate: flagel- lum 2-iointed, the distal joint being the longer. First maxillae (fig. 4), outer lobe terminating in four stout incurved spines and six smaller inner ones. Segments of the mesosome convex, lateral plates of 2nd to 5th segments slightly excavate, remainder trun- cate, posterior angles only slightly produced backwards. Segments I and 2 with notch and groove on their inner margins for reception of succeeding segments (fig. 5). Maxillipedes (fig. 6), outer palp terminates in a broad multispinous process on the outer side and a single large pointed one below it, from the base of the outer palp are two large spines, the inner palp is broad and has three pointed marginal spines and one short, blunt, tooth-like spine on the inner- most border. Uropoda (figs. 7 and 8) extend very slightly beyond the telson, basal plate narrow posteriorly, thickened and strongly raised, convex dorso-laterally, antero-dorsal surface expanded, strongly marginate ; exopodite large and extends slightly beyond the basal plate, endopodite setaceous, broad and slightly flattened, with three long whip-like setae terminally. Telson (fig 9) longer than the breadth at the posterior margin which is slightly curved, sides only very slightly incurved, expanded anteriorly. Length 8 mm. Colour (in alcohol) fawn with irregular light and dark brown mottling. Habitat. — Kalimpong, Darjiling District, E. Himalayas, 600 — 4500 ft. No. Hh'- {F. H. Gravely). Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. This beautifully marked species differs from any other des- cribed form in a number of important characters. The tooth on the underside of the lateral plate of the first mesosomatic segment is large and truncate, and works in a slight groove in the anterior wall of the groove of the second segment. The exopodites of the uropoda extend beyond the telson and the antero-dorsal surface is unusually deep. Cubaris pusillus, n. sp. (PI. xiii, figs, I — 10). Body oblong oval, strongly convex, smooth. Cephalon (figs, i and 2) small, but rather long, strongly marginate, lateral lobes 1916.] W. K. Coi^UNGE : Indian Terrestrial I sopoda. 121 small, median lobes absent; epistoma vertical. Eyes prominent, situated dorso-laterally. Antennae (fig. 3) sparsely setaceous, 2nd to 5th joints deeply grooved on their outer sides ; flagellum 2- jointed, the distal joint being twice the length of the proximal one. First maxillae (fig. 4), outer lobe terminating in four stout incurved spines and five smaller ones ; inner lobe terminally rounded with two large setose spines. Second maxillae (fig. 5) thin and plate- like, terminating distally in an inner setaceous lobe and an outer tooth-like plate with three ridges of setae. Segments of the meso- some convex, with posterior margins prominent, lateral plates of 2nd to 5th segments slightly excavate, remainder truncate, poste- rior angles very faintl}^ developed. Segments i and 2 with notch and groove on their inner margins for reception of succeeding seg- ments (fig. 6). Maxillipedes (fig. 7), outer palp elongated, terminat- ing in a multispinous process with three longer spines. on the outer side and three on the inner side, inner palp also elongated, With three marginal spines and one blunt tooth-like spine on the inner- most border. Uropoda (figs. 8 and q) not extending beyond the telson, basal plate narrow posteriori}^, thickened, convex dorso- laterally, antero-dorsal surface expanded, concave, strongly margin- ate; exopodite small and bluntly pointed, endopodite setaceous, also bluntly pointed. Telson (fig. 10) longer than broad at the posterior margin which is very slightly curved, sides fainth^ incurved, expanded anteriorly. Length 5*5 mm. Colour (in al- cohol) variable, bluish-black to a horny-brown. Habitat.— KsiS, Satara Dist., Bombay Pres., 3700 ft., 23 — 24- iv-1912. No. tF." (F. H. Gravely). Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. This is a very distinct species and the type of an interesting group. The head is longer than in most species. The antennae are characterized by the unusually deep grooves on the inner sides of joints 2, 3 and 4. The second maxillae are quite unlike those of any other described member of the genus. The tooth on the underside of the lateral plate of the first mesosomatic segment is small, but stands out some little distance, overlapping the groove of the second segment. The uropoda have a deep antero-dorsal surface and small exopodite. Cubaris brunneocaudatus, n. sp. (PI. xiv, figs. I — 10). Body oblong oval, strongly convex. Cephalon (figs, i and 2) small with posterior margin slightly raised, lateral lobes small, median lobe absent; epistoma vertical. Eyes fairly large, situ- ated dorso-laterally. Antennulae (fig. 3) small, 3-jointed. with few stout setae on the terminal joint. Antennae (fig. 4) deeply grooved on the outer side of joints 3 — 5 ; flagellum 2-jointed, distal joint two and a half times as long as the proximal one. First maxillae (fig. 5), outer lobe terminates in four stout incurved spines 122 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi.. XII, and six smaller ones. Segments of the mesosome strongly arched, lateral plates of 2nd to 5th segments slightly excavate, remainder trmicate, posterior angles only slightly developed. vSegments i and 2 with notch and groove on their inner margins for reception of succeeding segments (fig. 6). Maxillipedes (fig. 7), the outer palp terminates in a multispinous process on the outer side with two large spines at its base, internal to the process are three pointed spines, the inner palp appears to be thrown into three folds with a marginal tooth-like spine on the outer border of each and a longer spine on the inner border of the most dorsal fold. Uropoda (figs. 8 and 9) not extending beyond the telson, basal plate narrow posteriorly, thickened, convex dorso-laterally, antero-dorsal surface expanded, concave with raised margin ventrally, the anterior margin forms a deep fold which is continued laterally on the outer border; exopodite small, not more than half the length of the endopodite, terminating in a finely pointed style, endopodite bluntly pointed, with three whip-like setae terminally. Telson (fig. 10), posterior margin broader than the length, sides faintl}^ curved, expanded anteriorl3^ Length I0'5 mm. Colour (in alcohol) dark grey with the telson and uropoda a reddish-brown. Habitat. — Tatkon, Burma, 6-ix-i9i4. No. Hrr {T. B. Fletcher). Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. This species in the form of the cephalon and uropoda exhibits a slight relationship with C. soUdulus, CUge. , but differs from that species in the form of the antennulae, antennae, and maxillipedes and the strongly arched body. There are also well marked differ- ences in the shape of the tooth and groove on the under side of segments i and 2. Cubaris chiltoni, n. sp. (PI. XV, figs. I — II). Body oblong oval, slightly convex, finely punctulated. Cephalon (figs, i and 2) small with posterior margin slightly raised, lateral lobes distinct, median lobe absent; epistoma medianally convex. Antennae (figs. 3 and 4) with the outer side of the joints 2 — 5 almost flat ; flagellum 2'jointed, distal joint two and a half times as long as the proximal one. First maxillae (fig. 5), outer lobe terminates in four stout incurved spines and six rather long thin ones; inner lobe short, rounded terminally, with two setace- ous spines. vSecond maxillae (fig. 6) thin, plate-like, terminating distally in an inner lobe with short stout setae on the inner side and long fine setae on the outer side, and an outer tooth-like plate. Segments of the mesosome slightly convex, lateral plates of 2nd to 5th segments slightly excavate, remainder truncate, posterior angles produced backwards. Segments i and 2 with notch and groove on their inner margins for reception of succeeding segments (fig. 7). Maxillipedes (fig. 8), the outer palp terminates in a multispinous process on the outer side external to which is a small spine and two internal to it and a further two at the inner border, the inner 1916.] W. E. CoivUNGE : Indian Terrestrial Isopoda. I2j palp shows three folds with two curved spines on the outer border of the ventral one and a longer spine on the margin of the most dorsal fold. Uropoda (figs. 9 and 10) not extending beyond the telson, basal plate narrow posteriorly, thickened and slightly convex dorso-laterally, antero-dorsal surface expanded, ventrally almost flat; exopodite small, half the length of the endopodite, terminat- ing bluntly, no style, endopodite bluntly pointed with whip-like setae. Telson (fig. 11), posterior margin almost straight and shorter than the length, sides curved, anterior portion expanded, and convex dorsally. Length 9 mm. Colour (in alcohol) blackish-brown with lighter irregular markings laterally and as a broken median line on the mesosome. H abitat. ~-Fu.en]ikara I., nr. Ernakulam, Cochin State, ix-1914. No. '^fr {F. H. Gravely). Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. C. chiltoni is allied to C. brunneocaudatus , agreeing with this last mentioned species in the form of the mouth-parts and in a lesser degree the uropoda. It differs, however, in the shape of the cephalon, antennae, maxillipedes, uropoda, and telson, as also in the more depressed form of the body and in the form of the notch and groove on the underside of segments i and 2. Most species of Cubaris show the peduncular joints of the antennae grooved on the outer side, but in C. chiltoni these grooves have become widely expanded, so that the outer side of the joints 2 — 5 are almost flat, in section exhibiting a form as shown in figure 4 (pi. XV). I have much pleasure in associating with this niteresting species the name of Professor Charles Chilton, to whom we are indebted for his valuable work on the Isopoda and other Crustacea of New Zealand. Cubaris cavernosus, n. sp. (PI. xvi, figs. 1—9). Body oblong oval, convex dorsally with faintly rugose lateral patches on the mesosomatic segments. Cephalon (figs, i and 2) small, lateral lobes fairly well developed, median lobe absent; epistoma depressed laterally and in the medio-dorsal portion. Byes very small, occasionally one or both imperfect. Antennules (fig. 3) 3-iointed, with lateral setae on the distal joint. Antennae (fig. 4) rather slender, joints 2—5 slightly grooved, setae small and fine ; flagellum 2 jointed. First maxillae (fig. 5), outer lobe termin- ates in five stout curved spines and four smaller ones, inner lobe truncate terminally with two short setose spines. Segments of the mesosome convex, lateral plates of 2nd to 5th segments excavate, 6th and 7th very slightly so, posterior angles of 2nd— 5th segments only very faintly developed. Segments i and 2 with notch and groove on their inner margins for reception of succeeding segments (fig. 6). Maxillipedes (fig. 7), the outer palp terminates in a multispinous process on the outer side, at its base is a small upright 124 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII. spine and three directed outwards, still more internally there are three fine spines ; the inner palp has a single long marginal spine and two blunt tooth-like ones. Uropoda (fig. 8) not extending beyond the telson, basal plate narrow posteriorly, thickened and slightly convex dorso-laterally, antero-dorsal surface expanded obliquely; exopodite extending to the end of the basal plate, terminally truncate with short st3de, endopodite large, with two long whip like setae terminally and numerous long setae elsewhere. Telson (fig. 9) slightly longer than the breadth of the posterior margin, which is almost straight, sides faintly curved. Length 10-5 X 5'5. Colour (in alcohol) tawny-yellow. Habitat. — Caves near Cherrapunji, Assam, ca. 4000 ft.. 31-x- 1914. No. m^ {R. Friel . Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. The eyes in this species are present in varying degrees of complexity. Sometimes they are represented by two or three pigmented facets with others in which there is no pigment, in other cases the facets are imperfect, the eye being represented by irregu- lar-shaped pigment spots. Cubaris lobatus, n. sp. (PI. xvii, figs. T — II). Body oblong oval, strongly convex, anterior margin deflected backwards. Cephalon (figs, i and 2) small, lateral lobes well developed, median lobe absent; epistoma sunken laterally with raised medium portion. Eyes large, situated dorso-laterally. Antennulae (fig. 3) longer than usual, 3-jointed, the terminal joint has a number of lateral setae and the 2nd joint a short spine on the inner side. Antennae (fig. 4) rather longer than usual, joints 2—5 grooved on their outer sides; flagellum 2-jointed, distal joint nearly three times as long as the proximal one, terminally there is a style. First maxillae (fig. 5), outer lobe terminates in four stout incurved spines and six smaller ones, inner lobe terminally rounded, with two setose spines. Second maxillae (fig. 6) thin and plate-like, outer lobe tooth-like, inner lobe terminating in a dense mass of fine setae. Segments of the mesosome strongly convex, lateral plates of 2nd to 5th segments excavate, remainder truncate, posterior angles very faintly developed. Segments i and 2 with notch and groove on their lower inner margins for reception of succeeding segments (fig 7), iVIaxillipedes (fig. 8), outer lobe terminating in a multispinous process, external to this is a small curved spine and one large one and four short ones internally, on the ventral side a very large spine arises from the base of the lobe, the inner lobe has two stout curved tooth-like spines and a single fine one ; arising from the basal segment are two long stout spines. Uropoda (figs. 9 and 10) not extending beyond the telson, basal plate narrow posteriorly, thickened, convex dorso-laterally, antero-dorsal surface expanded, oblique, with raised margin ven- 1916.] W. E. CoiyUNGE : Indian Terrestrial Isopoda. 125 trally ; exopodite small, articulating slightly away from the inner margin, endopodite stout, setose, terminating in three stout whip- like setae, which exhibit a series of spiral markings. Telson (fig. II), posterior margin slightly broader than the length, sides faintly curved, expanded anteriorly, slightly raised in the median line. Length 9 mm. Colour (in alcohol) brown with light broken median line and yellowish mottling laterally Habitat. — Parambikulam, 1700 — 3200 ft., Cochin State, 16 — 24-ix-i9i4. No. Hry' {F. H. Gravely). Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. Cubaris lobatus exhibits a number of features not found in the majority of known species of the genus, thus the lateral lobes of the cephalon are well developed, the antennulae and antennae are longer than usual, and the maxillipedes differ markedly in detail. Cubaris albolateralis, n. sp. (PI. xviii, figs. I— 12). Body oblong oval, strongly convex, smooth, with a small lateral indentation on each side of all of the mesosomatic segments. Cephalon (figs, i and 2) small, with posterior margin raised, lateral lobes feebly developed, median lobe absent, dorsal surface with raised lateral lines; epistoma dorsally sloping backwardly, other- wise almost vertical. Eyes dorsal. Antennulae (fig. 3) 3-jointed, proximal joint attenuated at its base, distal joint with number of lateral setae on the inner border. Antennae (fig. 4) short and stout, 2nd to 5th joints deeply grooved on their outer sides ; flagellum 2-jointed, distal joint three times the length of the proxi- mal one, terminally there is a short style. First maxillae (fig. 5), outer lobe terminates in four stout curved spines and six smaller ones, inner lobe rounded terminally with two long curved setose spines. Second maxillae (fig. 6) thin and plate-like, terminating distally in an inner setaceous lobe and an outer tooth-like plate. Segments of the mesosome strongly convex, each has laterally a small indentation (fig. 7), lateral plates of 2nd to 4th segments slightly excavate, remainder truncate or almost so, posterior angles only slightly produced backwards. Segments i and 2 with notch and groove on their inner margins for reception of succeeding segments (fig. 8). Maxillipedes (fig. 9), outer lobe terminates in a multispinous process and four inner fine pointed spines, the inner lobe has a tooth-shaped spine on its outer and inner border and two longer pointed spines. Uropoda (figs. 10 and 11) not extend- ing beyond the telson, basal plate narrow posteriorly, terminally blade-like, thickened and slightly convex dorso-latetalh*, antero- dorsal surface expanded, ventrally the outer border shows a flat- tened rim and blade-like posterior margin ; exopodite small with terminal style, situated on the inner lateral margin of the basal plate, which is obliquely flattened, endopodite large, with two long whip-like setae terminally, setose elsewhere, in section triangular. 126 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi.. XII, Telson (fig. 12), posterior margin almost straight and broader than the length, sides curved, anterior portion expanded, convex dorsally. Length 8 mm. Colour (in alcohol) greyish-green, dorsal- ly with few lateral irregular yellowish markings, yellowish below the indentations. Habitat. — Under stones, Kamalapuram, S. India, 6-ix-i9i2. No. ^^i^ [T. B. Fletcher). Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. There are a number of important characters in this species by which it differs from any other members of the genus, amongst these may be mentioned the dorsal position of the eyes and the very feeble development of the lateral lobes of the cephalon, the short, thick-jointed antennae, the broad maxillipedes, the truncate lateral plates of the 5th — 7th mesosomatic segments, and the form of the uropoda. Genus Burmoniscus, Cllge. Hitherto this genus has been known only from the two examples of B. moiilmeimis , Cllge.,' obtained by Mr, F. H. Gravely, from the Farm Caves, near Moulmein. With so limited a supply of material the description of the genus was perforce somewhat imperfect, and I am now able to give a fuller diagnosis, and at the same time add an additional species to the genus. B. inoulmeinus, and Philoscia coeca, Budde-Lund*, have hitherto been the only cavernicolous species of Terrestrial Isopoda known from India, indeed only very few have been described from Asia. Ridley^ mentions Armadillo int'ermixtus , Budde-Lund, as being common on the walls of caves in the Malay Peninsula, and Budde- Lund* describes with that species A. nigromarginatus from the same locality. He has also described^ an Armadillo infuscatus from the same source. In all probability there are a considerable number of species awaiting discovery, especially belonging to the genus Cubaris. Just as in Europe we have a large Isopodean cave fauna'' belonging to the Trichoniscidae, so, I think, we shall find a similar one in India referable to the Cubaridac. Burmoniscus, Cllge. 1914. B/in?iunisc/is, Collinge, Rec. Iiid. Miis., vol. \'III, p. 466, pi. xxxi. Body oblong oval, dorsal surface strongly convex, perfectly smooth and shiny. Cephalon small, emarginate, median and lateral lobes absent. Eyes absent, may be represented by pigmented ' Rec. Ind. Miis., 1914, vol. VIII, p. 466. 2 An)i. Mils. Civ. Star. Nat. Genova, 1894, s. 2, vol. XIV, p. 612. ^ Brif. Assoot. Rpf., 1898, p. 581. * Rev. Crust. Terr, hop., 1899, pp. 126, 127. 6 Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1902, p. 380. ' Racovitza, Arcli. Zool. exp. e. gen., 1907, t. 7 and 1909, I. 9. 1916.] W. E. Coi^uNGE : Indian Terrestrial Isopoda. 127 areas. Antennae slender, elongated, joints grooved on their outer sides, with 3-iointed flagellum. First maxillae, outer lobe terminates in four stout curved spines and four finer inner ones which latter have bifurcated ends. Second maxillae thin and plate-like, the inner one terminating in a brush of fine setose spines. Segments of the mesosome strongly convex, the lateral plates of I to 4 slightly overlap one another posteriorly, whilst those of 5 and 7 are produced backwardly, especiall}^ the 7th. jMaxillipedes poorly developed, with the inner lobe the larger. Metasome narrow, lateral plates small and slightly incurved. Uro- poda with elongated, somewhat flattened basal plate, which extends beyond the telson ; exopodite long and pointed, endopodite elong- ated. Telson very short and broad, terminally rounded or pointed. Although I have carefully examined a number of specimens I have not so far been able to find any antennules. Apart from the maxillae, the mouth parts are of little value here for purposes of generic distinction. Respecting the affinities of this genus it is not possible to say much, as our knowledge of the Indian and' Asiatic Terrestrial Isopoda is, as yet, so fragmentary. In the form of the cephalon, the mesosome, and metasome and the uropoda, Burmoniscus undoubtedly shows a remote relationshp with Philoscia, at least the Asiatic Philoscias, although these also are, as yet only imper- fectly understood. Burmoniscus kempi, n. sp. (PI. xix, figs. 1—8). Body oblong oval, dorsal surface convex, smooth and shiny. Cephalon (figs, i and 2) larger than in B. moulmeinus, Cllge., and partly flanked l:)y the lateral plates of the ist segment of the mesosome, emarginate, median and lateral lobes absent ; epistoma almost vertical. Eyes absent. Antennae (fig. 3) slender and elong- ated, especially the 4th and 5th joints, peduncular and flagellar joints grooved on their outer sides, flagellum 3Jointed, termina joint with long fine style. First maxillae (fig. 4), outer lobe termin ates in four stout curved spines and four inner ones deeply bifur Gated, inner lobe rounded terminally with two setose spines Second maxillae (fig. 5) thin and flexible, somewhat thicker on the inner side, on the outer side it is produced into a thin plate with radiating thickened arms, anteriorh^ terminating as a flattened tooth, and a smaller one on the inner side, between the two the inner lobe forms a brush-like mass of setae. Maxillipedes (fig. 6) poorly developed, the inner lobe the larger. Uropoda (fig. 7) with elongated, somewhat flattened basal plate which extends beyond the telson, grooved dorsally between points of articulation of exopodite and endopodite; exopodite long, stout, and slightly ridged dorsally on the outer side, endopodite elongated, and com- paratively not so stout. Telson (fig. 8) short with the posterior 128 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi.. XII, 1916.J margin rounded. Length y$ mm. Colour (in alcohol) light brown with darker pigmented network. Habitat. — Maosmai Cave, Cherrapunji, Assam, ca. 4000 ft., x- 1914. No. ""fo- (5. W. Kemp). Living in total darkness. Type. — In the collection of the Indian Museum. B. kempi differs from B. moulmeinus in having a larger cepha- lon, in the more elongated form of the spines of the outer lobe of the 1st maxillae and in the form of the inner lobe also. The 2nd maxilla is quite unlike that in B. moulmeinus , and the basal plate of theuropodais narrower and more elongated, there is also a lateral ridge on the outside of the exopodite. The telson is very different, being shorter and rounded posteriorly. This species is named in compliment to Mr. S. W. Kemp, by whom it was discovered, and whose work has added so largely to our knowledge of the Decapod and other Crustacea of India. ERRATA. In the previous "Contribution", Rec. Ind. Mus., 1915. Vol. XI, Pt. II, No. 6, on pages 144, 149 and 151 under the des- criptions of the antennae, the word inner should read outer. Fig. I ,, 2 ,, 3 ,, 4 „ 5 EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. Par aperiscy phis pidcher, n. sp. — Dorsal view of the cephalon. — Right antenaule. — Right antenna. — Right uropod, dorsal view. — Telson and uropoda. Paraperscyphis scabrus, n. sp. Fig. 6. — Dorsal view of the cephalon. ,, 7. — Left aatennule. ,, 8. — Right antenna. ,, 9. — Right uropod, dorsal view. 10. — Telson and uropoda. Hec. Ind Mas., Vol XII. 1916 riate IX. 1. 4-. 2. 6. ^^^^0- H.G.K. del. A.Chowdharv,lith. 1-5. PA RAPERISCVPHIS P U LC HER.n. 3p. e-10. PARAPERISCVPHIS SC AB RUS , n.Sp. Fig. I 2. 3- 4^ 5- 6. 7 EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. Cubans gravelii, n. sp. —Dorsal view of the cephalon. —Anterior view of the cephalon. — Antennule. —Right antenna. -First maxilla, outer lobe. —Second maxilla. —Lateral portions of ist and 2nd mesosomatic segments, showing notch and groove on the inner border of the under side. 8. — Maxillipede, terminal portion. 9. — Right uropod, dorsal view. 10. — Right uropod, ventral view. II. — Last metasomatic segment, uropoda, and telson. Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. XII, 1916. Plate X ■-r^-, H.G.K. del CUBARIS GRAVELII ,n.8i EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL Cuharis expansus, n. sp. Fig. I. — Dorsal view of the cephalon. ,, 2. — -Anterior view of the cephalon. ,, 3. — Antennule. ,, 4. — Right-antenna. ,, 5. — First-maxilla, terminal portion of outer lobe. ,, 6. — Lateral portions of rst and 2nd mesosomatic segments, showing notch and groove on the inner border of the under side. ,, 7. — Maxillipede, terminal portion. ,, 8. — Right uropod, dorsal view. ,, 9. — Right uropod, ventral view. ,, 10. — Last metasomatic segment, uropoda, and telson. Rec. Ind. Mus, Vol. XII, 1916. Plate XI. t). 7. V{X\ .K. dp.]. 10 CUBARIS EXPANSUS,n.sp. A. Chowdhary,liLh. Fig. I, }} 2 y ) 3 > J 4 > > 5- }) 6. > > 7- EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII. Cubans dilectum, n. sp. Dorsal view of the cephalon. -Anterior view of the cephalon. Right antenna. First maxilla, terminal portion of outer lobe. Lateral portions of ist and 2nd mesosomatic segments. showing notch and groove on the inner border of the under side. Maxillipede, terminal portion. Right uropod, dorsal view. B. — Right uropod, ventral view, g. — Last metasomatic segment, uropod and telson. Rec. Ind.Mus,Vol.XII,1916. Plate XII. H.G.K. del. CUBARIS DILECT UM,n.sp. A.Chowdhary.lit-h. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. Cubans pusillus, n. sp. Fi(r. I. — Dorsal view of the cephalon. ,, 2. — Anterior view of the cephalon. ,, 3. — Right antenna. 4. — First maxilla, terminal portigns of inner and outer lobes. 5. — Second maxilla, terminal portion. 6. — Lateral portions of ist and 2nd mesosomatic segments, showing notch and groove on the inner border of the under side. ,, 7. — Maxillipede, terminal portion. ., 8. — Right uropod, dorsal view. 9. — Right uropod, ventral view. 10. — Last metasomatic segment, uropod and telson. Rec lTid.Mus.,Vo].Xn,1916. PI ate XIII. H.G.K. del. CUBARIS PUSlLLUS,n.3p. A.Chowdha-ry.lith. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. Cubans brunneocaudatus , n. sp. Fig. r. — Dorsal view of the cephalon. ,, 2. — Anterior view of the cephalon. , 3 — Right antennule. ,, 4. — Right antenna. ,, 5. — First maxilla, terminal portion of outer lobe. ,, 6.— Lateral portions of ist and 2nd mesosomatic segments, showing notch and groove on the inner border of the under side. ., 7. — Maxillipede, terminal portion. ,, 8. — Right uropod, dorsal view. ,, 9. — Right uropod, ventral view. ,, 10— Last metasomatic segment, uropoda and telson. Rec Ind. Mus., Vol. XII, 1916. PI ate XIV. ^. ■^ III * I % ■ml 7. H.G. K. del. 10 CUBARIS BRUNNEOCAUDATUS,n.sp. A . Chowdhary.llth. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV Cuban's chiltoui, n. sp. IG . I. j> 2. } ' 3- }> 4- ■) } 5- > ' 6. 7. 9- 10. ri. -Dorsal view of the cephalou. -Anterior view of the cephalon. -Right antenna. -Semi-diagrammatic section of the 4th joint of the antenna. -First maxilla, terminal portions of inner and outer lobes. -Second maxilla, terminal portion. -Lateral portions of ist and 2nd mesosonaatic segments, showing notch and groove on the inner border of the under side. -Maxillipede, terminal portion. -Right uropod, dorsal view. -Right uropod, ventral view. -Last metasomatic segment, uropoda and telson. Rec. IndMus.yol.Xn, 1916. Plate XV. 11. 7- ''.\\'''/ '% 0f \ , I 10. H C; K. del. CUBARIS CHILTONI.n.sp. A . Chowdhary.li th . EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVL Citbayis caver )iosns, n. sp. Fig. I — Dorsal view of the cephalon. 2. — Anterior view of the cephalon. 3. — Antennule 4. — Right antenna. 5. — First maxilla, terminal portions of inner and outer lobes. 6. — Lateral portions of ist and 2nd mesosomatic segments, showing notch and groove on the inner border of the under side. 7. — Maxillipede, terminal portion. 8. — Right uropod, dorsal view. g. — Last metasomatic segment, uropoda and telson. Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. Xll, 1916. Plate XVI. 2. I'i;i//,.^ . ^, ^ ; Sar Lake, No. ^. The species breeds in the Museum tank in Calcutta, and pro- bably in Lake Chilka. The African and Oriental representative of a group of closely allied species whose distribution is well-nigh cosmopolitan. Ischnura forcipata, Morton. /. forcipata, Morton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1907, p. 306, pi. xxiv, figs. I, 2, 3. /. gangetica, Laidlaw, The Entomologist, Aug. 1913, p. 235, text-fig. 130 Records, of the Indian Museum. [Voi,. XII, Not represented in the Museum collection. A green (or blue) and black species readil}^ distinguished from the other similarly coloured Indian species (/. senegalensis) by the pterostigma of the fore-wing which is much narrower in front than behind and has its hinder margin very strongly convex. In this respect it resembles /. aurora. The female remains unknown. Length of abdomen & 24 mm., hind-wing 15 mm. Recorded from Quetta {Morton) and Kumaon {Laidlaw). Range probably restricted to the foot hills of the west and central Himalaya. The type male of /. gangetica is in the British Museum. Ischnura rufostigma, vSelys. Micronympha rufostigma, Kirby, Cat. Odoiiafa, p. 143 (i8go). /sclmiira rufostigma. Morton, Trans. Enf. Soc. Loud., 1907, p. 307 (?). I.aidlaw, Rec. hid. Miis., VIII, 4, p. 344, pi. xvi, fig- 5- 2 0* d» , 2 $ 2 , Calcutta, 4-i-i5, No. ■ 2'-- The female has not been described (see note under I. inarmata). Pterostigma dull gray. Head, prothorax and thorax as in the male, but with a duller ground colour. Abdomen rather stouter than in the male. Ground colour pale yellowish-brown, with a metallic black line on the dorsum of each of the segments, this line is moderately broad, pointed in front, and widening a little at the apex of each segment. Range : Bengal, Assam, and doubtfully Kashmir (see note under I . inarmata, Calvert). Ischnura inarmata, Calvert. Ischuiira iiianiiata, Calvert, Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Philadelpliia, 1898, pp. 147-148, text-figs. I, 2. 2(^ c^ , I 9 ?, Kashmir, 1915 [H. T. Pease). The female appears to have been taken at the same time and place with the males, and is in all probability con-specific. It seems also to belong to the same species as 3 9 ? recorded by Morton from Kashmir {Trans. Ent.-Soc. London, 1907, P- 307)- These specimens were however regarded by him as being pos- sibly examples of /. rufostigma, Selys. Against this view is the fact that the undoubted examples of females of /. rufostigma described in this paper are quite different in their colour characters, and also the probability that /. rufos- tigma has a more easterly distribution. On the other hand Calvert describes a female specimen regard- ed by him as the female of /. inarmata, which also is quite distinct in colouring from the specimen before me, whilst it does not agree with Morton's specimens; it may be added that his account of the 1916.] F. F. Laidi.avv : Indian Odonala. 131 female is very incomplete, no mention is made of the thoracic colouring. Possibly the species has dimorphic females. In the absence of clearer evidence I propose to take this view. But of course /. rufostigma may have dimorphic females. I tabulate these female forms below : — A. 12. Indian Museum. Head as in male /, inarmata, but ground colour orange instead of blue. Prothorax orange, with small paired black spots. Thorax orange. Abdomen, segments i — 3 orange, apex of 3 marked with black, remaining segments metallic black above. B. 3$ 9. (Morton's specimens). " It'ike Pyrrhosoma tenellum (Villers), but thorax paler" (identical with A. ?). C. 32$. (Calvert's specimens). Head coloured as in males. Dorsum of abdominal segments i — 10 dark metallic green, the articulations with narrow, yellow, trans- verse rings. This species is recorded from Kashmir only. Ischnura aurora, Brauer. Micronymplia aurora, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 143 (1890), Ischnura delicata, Martin, Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, 1901, p. 246. Tillyard, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1907, XXXII (2), p. 3S4 seq. 2cf cf 12, Nagpur, C. P., looo ft., Oct. 1914 {E. D'Abreu). In bad condition. Range : India to Ceylon ; Australia, not recorded from in- termediate territory so far as I know. Apparently not very common though widely distributed in India. Ischnura ? nursei, Morton, Isc/inura '!" nursei, Morton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., 1907, p. 306, pi. xxiv, figs. 4, 5, 6. A red and black species, unknown to me. The abdomen is described as being short and stout relative to that of other males of the genus, " segments i — 4 carmine, 5 lemon yellow, 6 yellowish in anterior half, remainder of abdomen metallic violet, posterior part of 10 and appendages reddish." The species differs from other Ischnuras in the absence of post-ocular spots and is referred by Morton to this genus with doubt. The pterostigma of the fore wing is diamond-shaped, bright carmine inwardly, paler exter- Ischnura immsi, Laidlaw, TJie Entomologist, Aug. 1913, p. 236. Mr. Morton has pointed out to me (in litt.) that this species is identical with Enal- lagma? parvum, Selys. My name is therefore merely a synonym of Selys' species to which I hope to refer in a later note. 132 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi,. XII, nally, that of the hind wings small, yellow. Length of hind- wing 12 ram., of abdomen i6^ mm. Recorded from Deesa, Gujerat. It is to be hoped that more examples of this very interesting species will be forthcoming before long. Genus Ceriagrion, Selys. Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabr.) Ceriagrion coro)nandelia}iii»i, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 154. ,, ^\a.x:i\n, Odonat. Mission Pavie {?,e'p.),'p. \d>. ,, ,, Ris, Ab/inudl. d. Senckenberg. Naturf. Gesellsch., XXXIX, p. 51Q. ,, ,, Morton, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1907, p. 308. ,, ,, Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Miis., VIII, p. 345, pi. xvi, figs. 8, 8fl. Many specimens, cf» 9 . Kierpur, Purneah District, Bihar, 7 — 9-X-15 (C. Paiva). No. |^ Many specimens, cP* 9 . Maidan, Calcutta. & 9 . Ernakulam, Cochin State, 11 — 14-X-14 {F. H. Gravely). No. HP- cr 9 . Calcutta. Nos. H-, ^^\°-a. ( ^^uf^^^ cf 9 . Sibsagar, Assam. Nos. ^fj^, ^|§^. 1 o\ ^ Range: Ceylon, India, Burma, Indo-China (Sunda Islands, Celebes are also given as included in the range of the species by Martin, loc. cit.). My figures of the anal appendages of the male are not satisfac- tory. They were drawn from a shrivelled specimen. Normally the inferior pair project directly backwards and slightly exceed the upper pair in length. Each member of a pair is curved inwards at its free extremity, the upper pair actually meeting in the middle line. The lower appendage has its free extremity more finely pointed than in the figure and tipped with black. Also when viewed directly from above the extremities of the lower pair can be seen projecting beyond the upper pair. No. Ceriagrion rubiae, sp. nov. 2 cf CT" , I 9 . Chalakudi, Cochin State, i4-ix-i4 (F. H. Gravely). Length of abdomen: cf 26 mm., 9 27 mm. ,, hind-wing: cf 18 mm., 5 18*5 mm. A small species in which the wing is petiolated to the level of the basal post-costal nerve ; the wings are uncoloured , and the excision on the hinder margin of segment 10 of the male abdomen is small and rather bluntly angular. Description : Post-costal nerves 10. cf Head rusty yellow, paler beneath; upper half of the eyes greenish-brown, lower half yellow. 1916.] F. F. lyAiDLAW : Indian Odonata. 133 Prothorax an^ thorax rusty yellow above, fading to pale yellow at the sides and underneath. Abdomen entirely reddish-orange above and at the sides, yel- low ventrally. Legs yellow with black spines. Anal appendages dark reddish-brown in colour, black at ex- tremities. The upper pair are distant to each other and parallel, seen in profile they are a little narrowed basally so as to be some- what club-shaped, each carries a fine black point distally, which is directed downwards. The lower pairs are larger, idirected upwards and taper regularly to their apices. They lie internally to the upper pair. The excision on segment 10 is small and shallow, bluntly angular ; barely one third as deep as the segment. The floor of the excision is formed by a shelf-like ridge which in the middle line has a small tongue-like projection directed backwards. 9 . Head greenish-brown above, paler below, eyes similarly coloured but of a greener tone. Prothorax and thorax gray-green above, yellowish-white below. Abdomen dull, greenish-brown above, paler below. The species differs from the closely allied C. eruhescens, Selys, chiefly as follows : — in colour ; it is smaller, and the excision on segment 10 of the abdomen is bluntly angular, narrow, and its floor has the curious little tongue-like projection noted above. The anal appendages of the males of the two species differ in detail. C eruhescens appears to be a more eastern species and I can- not find that it has been recorded from India. (See Ris, Ahhandl. d. Senckenberg. Naturf. Gesellsch., Bd. XXXIV, p. 519, taf. xxiii, figs. 13, 14). The holotypes c^ 5 will be returned to the Indian Museum; paratype cf in my collection. Ccriagrion olivaccum, Laidlaw. Cei'iagrion olivaceitm, Laidlaw, Rec. hid. Mus.. VIII, 1914, p. 345 pi. xvi, fig. 9. This is the largest of the four species recorded from the Indian Empire. It appears to be confined to Upper Burma and Assam. A female specimen from Nurbong, Assam, sent to me by Mr. Stevens, has only 12 post-nodal nerves on the fore-wings. Like the other Indian species it has the wings petiolated to the level of the basal post-costal nerve, Ccriagrion cerinorubellum (Brauer). Ceriagi'iou ceyinot'ubellum, Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 154. K.vug&r, Stettin Eiitomol.Zeit., rig's, ^. Hi). ,, Ris, loc. cit., p. 519. 9 cf cr'. Kierpur, Purneah District, Bihar, i9-ix-i5 (C. Paiva) *' resting on weed in stream.' ' Nos. g, |f . 134 Records of the Indian Museum, [Vol. XII, The description given by de Selys of this insect scarcely does justice to its beautiful colouring which is well preserved in spirit specimens. The head, prothorax and thorax are a rich dark olive green above, passing on the sides to a beautiful shade of blue. The first three segments of the abdomen and the last three are of a beautiful cherry red colour, the intermediate segments being intense black. Range : Ceylon, India, Burma, Malay States, Sumatra, Borneo. A number of the larvae of C. coromandelianmn (Fabr.) were taken in the Museum tank, and were hatched out in the Museum (No. HI- ). The larva shows, especially in the structure of the anal lamellae, considerable differences from the larva of such a genus as Pseudagrion. The following is a brief account : — Body sandy yellow or brown in colour. Total length about 20 mm. including the anal lamellae. Head broad, flat. I can find no indication of the transverse frontal ridge of the adult. Mask when folded just reaching base of second pair of legs. Its outer margin carries about 6 or 7 short stout spines along its distal half. On either side of the middle line is an oblique row of 5 setae, diverging distally ; the outer- most being by far the largest. Ante- rior margin of mask bluntly angular. The palpi each bear 7 long setae in addition to the moveable hook (see fig. i). The length of each of the middle pair of legs is about 7 mm. The abdomen is cylindrical and ,, , ^, ,, r r^ ■ tapers very gradually backwards. Fig. I. — Mask of larvaltorm oi ten- -r^ t r ■ 1 i. u :^^ ^c agrio, coromandelianum (Fabr.). ^ach of the Segments has a rmg of short blunt setae set around its hm- der margin, and each of the last five segments has in addition a pair of similar setae dorsally, one on either side of the middle fine near the end of the segment. The pair on segment 10 are much more remote from each other than those on the other segments. The anal lamellae (gills) are leaf-like, ob-lanceolate ; 4 — 5 mm. long, i"5 mm. wide, in one or two individuals acuminate but more often irregularly rounded at the apex. They are not jointed nor marked with a transverse fold, but the basal half is stouter and more strongly chitinized than the apical part. Each has two stout, main tracheal tubes forming as it were a mid-rib from which a large number of branches run outwards increasing the resemblance to a leaf. In the lateral pair of lamellae the mid-rib lies nearer to the ventral than to the dorsal margin, in the central lamellae the re- verse condition obtains. In each lateral lamella the basal two-fifths of the mid-rib bears a row of chitinous teeth on its outer side. In the central 1916.J F F. Laidlaw : Indian Odonata. 135 lamella there is a similar row of equal extent on both sides of the mid-rib. Lastly, on the ventral margin of the outer pair, and on the dorsal margin of the central lamella there lies another row of teeth also extending from the base for about two-fifths of the total length of the lamella. Subfamily GOMPHINAE, Rambur. Genus Davidius, Selys. Davidius aberrans (Selys). Hdgeiiiits fi'J aberrans, Selys, Bull. Acad. Relg., (2i XXXV'I, p. 506 ( iSy."?) ; Kirby, Cat. Odonata, p. 75. Davidius ^ zailorensis, Selys, /.c, (2) XIA'I, p. 667 11878); Kirby, l.c,, P-.75- Davidius aberrans, D. zallorensis, \\ illiamson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX 11 1, 1907. pp. 286-287. See also Selys, Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de Belgiqiie. XXXX'III, 1894, P- 175- 1 5 . Binyar, Kumaon, 7700 ft., 24-V-1912 {A. D. Imms) For. Zool. Mus. I have compared this specimen with the descriptions of D. aberrans and of D. zallorensis and can find no grounds for sepa- rating the two species. In the specimen before me the triangle of the left fore-wing is free, that of the right is crossed by a single nerve« Both hind-wings have the triangle crossed. Davidius davidi, Selys, subsp. assamensis^ nov. Davidius david i i, SeWs, Bull. Acad. Belg., 12,) XIA'I, 1878, p. 671. ic#», 2 2 9 . Gopal, Assam, 1914 [H. Stevens). Length of abdomen & 31 mm., 2 28 mm. ,, hind-wing & 26 mm., 9 28'5 mm. Distinguished from the type by its smaller size (D. davidi type : abdomen 2 34'35 mm., hind-wing 32*33 mm. Selys, loc. cit.), and absence of isolated superior antehumeral spots of cuneiform shape which occur in the type. The basal black band on the frons is not large. The male differs from the female so far as colouring goes chiefly in having only the lower third of the mid-dorsal carina of the thorax coloured, and in having lateral spots on the first three segments only of the abdomen. Anal appendages of male : Upper pair slender and rather horn-like, each with a stout downwardly curved, rounded, hook- like process projecting from near its base, scarcely visible in profile. The appendage itself is longer than the tenth segment. The lower appendage is shorter than the upper pair, triangular and deeply cleft in the middle line (see fig. 2a). The male has the triangle of the left hind-wing crossed, the remaining triangle free. 136 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, 1916.] The females have the triangles of the hind-wing crossed in every case. Those of the front wing free except in the case of the left fore-wing of the paratype where the triangle is crossed. The Fig. 2. — Davidiiis davidi assamensis, subsp. nov. a. Anal appendages (^ : h. Lateral view of genital structures on abdominal segment, 2 ^ . genus Davidius ranges from China and Japan to N. India, Assam and Tonkin. The two species noted above are the only forms recorded from the Indian Empire. The holotypes cf 9 will be deposited in the Indian Museum. XIV. SOME LIGNICOLOUS BEETLE- LARVAE FROM INDIA AND BORNEO. By P. H. GraveIvY, D.Sc, Asst. Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India. (Plates XX— XXII ) While hunting for insects in dead wood my attention has from time to time been attracted by stages in the life- histories of various beetles. Often the determination of the adult form into which a particular kind of larva will develop is a matter only to be determined by breeding. At other times the association of larvae, possessing definite family characteristics, with adults of the same family all belonging to one species, indicates the identity of the larvae with a high degree of probability. And when larvae and adults are associated with pupae, shown by their accompanying exuviae to have been derived from the former and by their form to be about to give rise to the latter, the probability becomes a certainty. By one or other of the above means, the identity of various beetle larvae recently added to the Indian Museum collection has been established. The Bornean Passalid larvae described below were collected by Mr. J. C. Moulton, many of the South Indian Passalid larvae by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, the Andaman Pas- salid larvae by Mr. M. C. Bonig and Mr. S. W. Kemp, and two species of the Lucanid larvae by Mr. S. W . Kemp. The rest were collected by myself. Whenever possible the specimens have been hardened before being placed in spirit by immersion either for a few minutes in boiling water, or (better) for an hour or two in Carnoy's fluid ', as this helps to prevent blackening and collapse of the tissues. I have thought it best to refrain at present from attempting to prepare an account of the Longicorn larvae, since I have as yet been unable to consult the part of Xambeu's " Moeurs et Metamor- phoses d'Insectes " dealing with this group.'^ PASSALIDAE. The collection of material for the study of the development of Passalid beetles is rendered particularly simple by the close asso- ciation which appears to exist between adults and their young. This association has been investigated in the case of American forms by Ohaus (Stett. Ent. Zeit., Jahrg. LXI, 1900, pp. 164-172 ^ Absolute alcohol 6 parts, chloroform 3 parts, glacial lacetic acid i part. 2 Published as a Supplement to '* EcAaMg'e ". (Lyon, ;892-i897 |. 133 Records of tiie Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, and Jahrg. LXX, 1909, pp. 23-25 and 29-32). It is doubtful whe- ther the association is quite so close in Indian forms as in American ones (Gravely, Rec. Ind. Mus., XI, 1915, p. 496), although the struc- ture of the mandibles is the same as in American larvae, and seems equally unsuited for the mastication of unprepared wood ; but it is sufficient to allow of the collection of whole groups of insects in various stages all belonging to one species. Larvae of the following species have already been described ' : — *'Passalus"? punctiger, Lepeletier and Serville."^ 1835. Percheron, A. '' Monographic des Passales" (Paris, 1835), pp. 17-18, pi. i, figs 13-14. **Passalus'* cornutus, Fabricius. [847. Burmeister, H. '' Handbuch der Entomologie " , V (Berlin, 1847), pp. 454-459- 1872. Riley, C. V. "The Horned Passalus." Ann. Rep. Ins. Missouri, IV, 1872, pp. 139-141, text-fig. 62^ a-d. 1874. Schi(^dte, J. C. " De metamorphosi Eleutheratorum obser- vationes : Bidrag til Insekternes Udviklingshistorie." Naturhist. Tids., XI, 1874 (" Passalus ,'' pp. 356-359, pi. XV, fig 16; pi. xviii, figs. 12-19; pi. xix, fig 17). ** Passalus '* distinctus, Weber. 1853. Chapuis, F. and Candeze, E. " Catalogue des Larves des Coleopteres connues jusqu'a ce jour avec la description de plusieurs especes nouvelles," pp. 343-653, 9 pis. Mem. Sac. R. Sci. Liege, VIII, 1853 (" Passalus,''' pp. 467-468, pi. iv, figs. 5-5C). 1861. Candeze, E. " Histoire des Metamorphoses de quelques Coleopteres exotiques." Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege, XVI, 1861 {"Passalus," pp. 343-344)- Aulacocyclus kaupi, MacLeay. 1893. Froggatt, W. W. "On the Life-Histories of Austrahan Coleoptera I." Proc.Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, VIII, 1894 {Aulacocyclus, p. 41). ' The synon3iTiy of the American genera, to which most of these belong, is at present so confused that it seems best to refer to all under the single generic name "Passalus" which is applied to them by the authors here referred to. Only in the case of Indo- Australian species is the genus given according to modern defi- nitions. Madam Merian's larva can no longer be regarded as a Passalid. 2 The plate bears the legend "P. inferriipfiis "; but this does not apply to the larva and pupa figured which are probabl)-, according lo Percheron, those of P. punctiger. 1916.J F. H. ()ravi-;ly : Lis;nicoloiis Beetle-Larvae. 139 Leptaulax bicolor (Fabricius). 1861. Candeze, E. " Histoire des Metamorphoses de quelques Coleopteres exotiques." Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege, XVI, 1861 {" Passalus," pp. 343-344). Passalid larvae are all much alike, and Schi^dte's elaborate des- cription of the larva of " Passalus cornutus" will probably be found to apply to all so far as general structure is concerned. Only specific differences, therefore, will be described here. Candeze was unable to detect any definite differences between the species before him, beyond slight ones in the position of the stigmata. In Oriental forms specific differences are found in the arrange- ment and nature of the large hairs, and in the manner in which, if at all, pile is developed on the body. Among the larvae I have examined all those with definite pile belong to the Pletirarius, Aceraius and Macrolinus groups, and in the first of these it is confined to the later stages while in the second it is absent in one species. Probably, therefore, the development of pile is a departure from the primitive type of larva. In this connection it is noteworthy that the larva of the Aceraius group from which it is absent — Episphenus neelfiherriensis — is that of the most primitive beetle of this group whose larva I have seen ; also that the larvae of the two Bornean species of Aceraius examined have the pile better developed than those of the two from conti- nental Asia, although one of the latter is the northern race of the highly specialized dominant species of the genus (compare Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, [n.s.] X, pp. 201-210, pi. xxiv; or Mem. Ind. Mus. Ill, pp. 311-313, text-fig. 7, p. 314). The manner in which the larger hairs are distributed appears to be derived by the suppression or multiplication of particular hairs from the following generalized plan.' A short row (usually five) behind each antenna on the head ; a short row (usually three includ- ing the lateral hair) bordering each of the anterior angles of the first thoracic segment ; one pair of dorsal hairs on each segment in front of the tenth abdominal ; one pair of lateral hairs situated obhquely above and behind the stigmata, and directly below but somewhat further away from the dorsal pair of hairs on each of these seg- ments ; one pair of ventral hairs in the same vertical plane but situated obliquely behind and below the stigmata on each of these segments after the first two thoracic, and especially on the ninth abdominal ; a circumanal ring, usually of about seven pairs of hairs, on the tenth abdominal segment. It is noteworthy that, in these characters also, Episphenus neelgherriensis approaches the generalized type more nearly than do any of the more highly specialized members of the Aceraius group that I have examined ; and that in this and some other species ' Only in certain species of the highly specialized genus Aceraius are hairs produced in an entirely fresh place, namely on the frons. 140 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, this generalized type is approached more closely by young than by old larvae. Only in Leptaulax bicolor is the reverse the case, and here only as regards the small dorsal thoracic hairs which do not develop at all in L. bicolor var. vicinus. Passalid pupae all appear to resemble in general form that of " Passalus " cornutus figured by Riley {loc. cit.), differing mainly in the structure of the head , which reveals more or less distinctly the characteristic features of the head of the developing beetle. They will not be further described here. Pleurarius brachyphyllus, Stoliczka. (PI. XX, figs. 1-3.) Localities. — Cochin State: ioth-i4th mile of State Forest Tramwav. ca. 0-300 ft; Kavalai, ca. 1^00-3000 ft. Larvae of this species are remarkable for the change which takes place in the structure of their hairs when the insects are about 25 mm. long. In young larvae these hairs are all long, tapering and filiform as in other species. In old ones only those on the head (missing in all our full grown specimens, but present in a number somewhat more than 25 mm. long), the ventral pair on the ninth abdominal segment, and the circumanal ring on the tenth retain this form, the rest being short, stout and clavate. Full grown larvae may be at least 50 mm. in length. In the Indian Museum collection there are several of about this size, and a large number of from about 14-30 mm. long. Unfortunately there are none between 30 and 50 mm. The head would apparently be covered all over with fine hair was it not worn down to the roots in places— ^.g., on the dorsal surface — till only the points of origin remain. Two long hairs are present behind the antennae. Of these the dorsal is the stouter and may be more or less ribbon-like. Three hairs are present in the anterior angles of the first thoracic segment of larvae not old enough to have developed clavate hairs. In others, on this as on other segments up to the second abdominal, only the single lateral pair of hairs is present. A single pair of dorsal hairs is present in addition on the next seven segments. On the last of these (the ninth abdominal) the ventral pair is also present. The tenth abdominal segment bears the usual circumanal ring of hairs. , In larvae which are not old enough to have developed cla- vate hairs the general surface of the body is smooth, apart from scattered specks which appear to represent sparse and undevel- oped pile. In older larvae there are tufts of pile above each leg, one in front and one behind, and tufts on the lateral margins of each tergum. The tergal tufts are united by dorsal bands on the first and second thoracic segments, and on the posterior border of the ninth and the whole of the tenth abdominal segments. 1916.] F. H. GkaveIvY : Lignicolous Beetle-Larvae. 141 Episphenus neelgherriensis (Percheron). Localities. — Nilgiri Hills : Ootacamund, 7500 ft. Mysore Bababudin Hills, 4000-5000 ft. Cochin State : Kavalai, ca. 1300-3000 ft. The lengths of the various larvae in the collection vary from I r-35 mm. The head is almost devoid of any indication of hairs on the dorsal surface except for about 5-7 long ones in a row behind each antenna, 5 being apparently the normal number. The arrangement of the hairs on the thorax and abdomen seems to be less constant than is usual. The tenth abdominal segment always bears a circumanal ring. In the smallest specimens each segment in front of it bears dorsal and lateral pairs of hairs, of which the former are much the strongest ; and the first thoracic segment bears in addition a line of about three hairs in each an- terior angle. All these hairs may be retained in large larvae; but more usually the first thoracic segment bears only two hairs situated laterally side by side, being without dorsal hairs, the second thora- cic segment bears none at all, the third thoracic and first abdomi- nal segments each bear the dorsal pair only, and the second to ninth abdominal segments bear both dorsal and lateral pairs. The whole body is smooth as in young larvae of the preceding species. Episphenus indicus (Stoliczka), Localities. — Mysore : Bababudin Hills, 4000-5000 ft. Anamalai Hills, 5000 ft., Cochin State: Kavalai, ca. 1300-3000 ft. The lengths of all the larvae of this species that I have before me are about 35-50 mm. There are no really small specimens among them. The head is more uniformly covered with fine hair than is that of the preceding species, which it resembles as regards the hairs behind the antennae. The thorax and abdomen are more or less covered with moderately long pile, especially later- ally ; but there are no definite tufts as in large larvae of Pleurarius brachyphyllus. The thorax is without prominent hairs. The first seven abdominal segments each bear two hairs (abnormally one or three) situated dorsally rather close together one below the other. The eighth and ninth abdominal segments bear none. The tenth bears the usual circumanal ring. Ophrygonius cantori, Percheron, subsp. convexifrons, Zang. Locality. — Assam : Shillong, Khasi Hills, 5500-6400 ft. Four specimens, all about 22 mm. long. Both head and body are covered, except near the mid- ventral line of most of the abdomi- nal segments, with somewhat thickly scattered coarse hairs, but there is no true pile. Longer and thicker hairs are present on the head in a row behind the antennae in the lateral angles of the frons. On 142 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, the first thoracic segment such hairs form a row behind the anterior margin, one or two similar dorsal and one lateral hair being present on each side behind them. On the second and third thoracic seg- ments there are two dorsal and two lateral hairs on each side, the dorsal ones being situated as usual one on the outer side of the other, and the lateral ones one behind the other. There are moder- ately long hairs above the legs on all segments, and a ventral pair of hairs between them ; on the third segment there are about three very long hairs , resembling in size and position the ventral hairs of the abdominal segments. On the first seven abdominal segments there are two pairs of dorsal hairs, one pair of lateral hairs, two or one pairs of ventral hairs, and one pair of weaker hairs nearer the middle of the ventral surface than the last named. The hairs on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments resemble those on the segments in front of them, except that there are three instead of two dorsal ones. The tenth abdominal segment bears the usual circumanal ring, and has short hairs scattered all across the ventral surface instead of having a mid-ventral hairless band like the preceding segments. Accraius grandis, Burmeister, subsp. hirsutus, Kuwert. Locality .—'Dsix]\\\ng District : Pashok, ca. 2000 ft. The lengths of the larvae before me vary from 38-50 mm. The largest larvae have jaws and labrum of about the same size as those of cast larval skins belonging to pupae found with these larvae, so presumably they are full grown. The beetles found with them are all about 40 mm. long. Doubtless the size of full- grown larvae varies like that of the adult beetles. The head resembles that of Episphenus indicus, except for the presence of a group of two or three well marked hairs in the lateral angles of the frons. The body is covered with pile as in that species, but this is inclined to be densest mid-dor sally instead of laterally. The tho- rax is without special hairs as a rule, but one or two pairs of rather small dorsal ones are present on the third segment in some speci- mens ; these and the three pairs which are present on each of the first six abdominal segments, form a series of transverse dorsal lines. The seventh, eighth and ninth abdominal segments are with- out hairs. The tenth bears the usual circumanal ring. Aceraius kuw^crti, Zang. (PI. XX, fig. 4.) Locality. — Sarawak: Kinabalu, 4500 ft. Two specimens 46 and 68 mm. long respectively. The head resembles that of the preceding species except that the long hairs are more numerous, both in the lateral angles of the clypeus and behind the antennae. In the larger of the two speci- mens there are also a few long hairs among the shorter ones that border the frons and fill its posterior angle. The thoracic and first seven abdominal segments each bears a transverse dorsal line of 5-7 1916.] F. H. Gravely : Lignicolous Beetle-Larvae. 143 hairs, which are weakest and least numerous in the first and last segments^ the seventh (counting from the middle Hne) being iden- tical, at least in position, with the lateral hairs of other species. On the eighth and ninth abdominal segments these hairs are all so small as to be scarcely noticeable among the well-developed pile with which the body is covered. The pile is associated with minute spinules, of which one is situated immediately in front of the base of each of the fine hairs of which the pile is composed. In front of the lateral ends of each line of long hairs the pile is less dense and the spines are relatively large and sharply pointed. In the smaller of the two specimens part of this area is entirely without hairs and spines. The tenth abdominal segment bears the usual circumanal ring. Aceraius pilifer (Percheron). Locality. — Sarawak : Kinabalu, 4500 ft. Two specimens 30 and 37 mm. long respectively. The head resembles that of the larger of the two specimens of the preced- ing species. The pile on the thorax and abdomen is much longer than in that species, and is accompanied by somewhat finer spin- ules ; otherwise the thorax and abdomen resemble those of that species. Aceraius helferi, Kuwert. Locality. — Tenasserim : Misty Hollow to Sukli, Dawna Hills, ca. 2100-2500 ft. Four specimens, each about 38 mm. long. The head resem- bles that of A . grandis subsp. hirsiUus. The pairs of dorsal hairs are three in number as in that species, but are present on the thoracic as well as on the abdominal segments, and are accom- panied on each of these segments by a pair of lateral hairs. On the first thoracic segment they are also accompanied by a few long hairs in the anterior angles, and on the ninth abdominal by a pair of well developed ventral hairs. The tenth abdominal segment bears the usual circumanal ring. The pile is short as in .4 . grandis subsp. hirsutus. Macrolinus andamanensis (Stoliczka). Localities. — Andamans : Port Blair ; Bom lungta (from Popita tree). Four specimens, all about 30-32 mm. long. The head is cov- ered with fine hair, but bears no long hairs either behind the antennae or elsewhere. The body is covered somewhat closely with short pile. The thoracic and seventh to ninth abdominal segments are without hairs. The first six abdominal segments have two pairs of dorsal hairs as in Episphenus indicuSy from which species the present one may be distinguished by the 1 44 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, absence of hairs behind the antennae and by the somewhat shorter pile on the body. There are no lateral hairs. The tenth abdomi- nal segment bears the usual circumanal ring. Leptaulax dcntatus (Fabricius). Localities. — Abor Country: Rotung, 1300 ft. Tenasserim: Kawkareik, Amherst District. Four specimens, 18-25 ^^- long. The head is practically hairless above, and is entirely without long hairs. The body is practically without pile and has only a single pair of dorsal hairs on the first eight ( ? sometimes six or seven only) abdominal seg- ments. Leptaulax bicolor (Fabricius). The two somewhat imperfectly separated varieties into which, at most, the adults of this species seem at present to be divisible, are associated in the single collection of each before me with sHghtly different larvae. Although it is impossible to be certain, from these two collections only, that this implies that the separa- tion referred to has been on right lines, it will be convenient to accept this hypothesis in describing them. I. u BICOLOR (Fabricius) s. str. Locality. — Cochin State'. Kavalai, ca. 2000-2500 ft. Several specimens varying from 12-31 mm. in length. The adults with which they are associated are about 29 ram. in length. The whole larva is practically without pile. In the smallest speci- mens there is a single long hair in a row of small ones behind the antennae ; but this disappears later, apparently when the larva is about 15 mm. long. In the smallest larvae the thorax bears three long hairs in the anterior angles of the first segment, a cluster of much shorter ones above the base of each of the first two pairs of legs, and a single pair of ventral hairs behind the third pair of legs. In a specimen a little over 15 mm. the hairs above the legs are quite weak, and a single pair of rather small dorsal hairs has appeared on each thoracic segment. In larger larvae the hairs above the legs completely disappear. Each of the first nine seg- ments of the abdomen bears two pairs of well developed dorsal hairs, and one pair of much smaller dorsally directed ventral hairs ; on the ninth segment there is in addition a pair of ventral ly directed ventral hairs resembling those which are dorsally directed and situated slightly below them ; the ventral hairs on the eighth and ninth segments are duplicated in one very small specimen ; the ventral hairs are easily seen in very small specimens but are quite small in large ones. The tenth abdominal segment bears the usual circumanal ring of hairs. 1916,] F. H. Gravely : Li^nicolous Beetle-Larvae. 143 2. L. BicoLOR var. vicinus (Percheron). Locality. — Andamans: Port Blair. Several specimens, varying from about 14-28 mm. in length. The smallest specimen resembles the smallest of the preceding form, except that the single long hair behind each antennae is much shorter, though relatively stout, and is as.sociated with a cluster of small spinules or bacilli. Large larvae differ from this speci- men only in the loss of the hairs above the two front pairs of legs (though these do not appear to be lost so quickly as in the pre- ceding form), and in the replacement of the pair of hairs behind the last pair of legs and of all the ventral pairs of hairs on the abdomen by short bacilli. The hairs and groups of spinules be- hind the antennae are not lost, and the dorsal pairs of hairs on the thoracic segments are not developed. LUCANIDAE. Several descriptions of Lucanid larvae have appeared since the publication of Chapuis and Candeze's catalogue {Mem. Soc. R. Set. Liege, VIII, 1853, lyucanidae, pp. 468-470). In the following list of the references I have been able to trace those not available in Calcutta are marked with an asterisk (*), as I have not been able to use them. Lucanus cervus, Linnaeus. ? * Albrecht. Acta Acad. nat. Cur. (series ?) IV, pi. 5. 1746. *Rossel von Rosenhof, A. J. Ins. Belust., II (i), 1746, pi. iv, fig 3- 1790. * Herbst, J. F. W. " Natursystem aller bekannten in- und auslandischen Insekten," III (Berlin, 1790), p. 289, pi. F, figs 1-6. 1804. *Posselt, C. F. " Beytrage zur Anatomic der Insekten " , etc., (Tiibingen, 1804), pi. ii, fig i. 1823. *Blot. Mem. Soc. Linn. Calvados, I, 1823. 1839. Ratzeburg, J. T. C. " Die Forst-Insecten," 2nd. ed., I (Berhn, 1839), pp. 105-106. Westwood, J. O. '* Introduction to the Modern Classifica- tion of Insects," I (London, 1839), PP- 187-188. 1848. * Erichson, W. F, " Naturgeschichte der Insekten Deutsch- lands," (Berlin, 1848), p. 938. 1874. Schi'?)dte, J. C. " De metamorphosi Eleutheratorum obser- vationes : Bidrag til Insekternes Udviklingshistorie." Naturhist. Tids.^lX, 1874 [Lucanus, pp. 341-345, pi, xviii, figs. 12-19, pi. xix, fig.17). ** Lucanus ** alces. 1836. *Haan, W. de. " Memoires sur les Metamorphoses des Coleopteres," I (Paris, 1836), p. 25, pi. iii, fig. 6. 146 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voiv. XII, ** Lucanus ** saiga. 1836. *Haan, W. de. " Memoires sur les Metamorphoses des Coleopteres," I (Paris, 1836), p. 24, pi. iii, fig. 7. Dorcus parallelopipedus, Linnaeus. 1833, Bree, C. R. '' Remarks on the Fall of an aged Ash Tree." Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 1833, pp. 327-335, text-figs. 43-44. 1839. Ratzeburg, J. T. C. " Die Forst-Insecten." 2nd ed., I (Berlin, 1839), PP- 105-106, pi. iii, fig. 19. 1842. Dufour, L. " Histoire comparative des metamorphoses et de I'anatomie des Cetonia aurata et Dorcus parallelipi- pedtts."" Ann. Sci. Nat., (2) XVIII, 1842, pp. 162-181. pl. iv-v. *Mulsant, M. B. and Rey, C. ''Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, lyamellicornes." (Paris and Lyon, 1842), p. 281, pl. i, figs. i8a-c. 1848. * Erichson, W. F. " Naturgeschichte der Insekten Deutsch- lands." (Berlin, 1848), p. 491. 1874. Schii^dte, J. C. " De metamorphosi Eleutheratorum ob- servationes : Bidrag til Insekternes Udviklingshistorie." Naturhist. Tids., IX, 1874 [Dorcus, pp. 345-349, pl. xvii, figs, i-io, pl. xix, figs. 14-15). 1890. * Planet, L. Naturaliste, XII, 1890, p. 156 Platycerus caraboides, Linnaeus. 1842. *Mulsant, M. E. and Rey, C. '' Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Lamellicornes." (Paris and Lyon, 1842), p. 597. 1874. Schi(|)dte, J. C. '' De metamorphosi Eleutheratorum ob- servationes : Bidrag til Insekternes Udviklingshistorie.' ' Naturhist. Tids., IX, 1874 {Platycerus, pp. 349-352, pl. xvii, figs. 11-21). Figulus striatus, Fabricius. 1845. *Blanchard, C. E. "Histoire des Insectes," I, 1845 p. 268, pl. viii, figs. 2-3. Ceruchus tarandus, Panzer. 1842. *Mulsant, M. E. and Rey, C. "Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Lamellicornes " (Paris and Lyon, 1842), p. 593, pl. iii, figs. 6^-c. Ceratognathus froggatti, Blackburn. 1894. Froggatt, W. W. " On the Life-Histories of Australian Coleoptera," II. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, (2) IX, 1894 (1894-5), pp. 120-121. 1916,] F. H. Gravely : Lignicolous Beetle-Larvae. 147 Mitophyllus irroratus, Parry. 1881. Brown, T. '*On the Larva and Pupa of Ceralognathus irroratus." Trans. N. Z. Inst., XIII, 1880 (1881), pp. 230-231. Aesalus scarabacoides, Fabricius. 1842. *Mulsant, M. E. and Rey, C. '' Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Lamellicornes," (Paris and Lyon, 1842), p. 604. Sinodcndron cylindricum, Linnaeus. 1839. Westwood, J. O. "Introduction to the Modern Classi- fication of Insects," I (London, 1839), p. 189, text- fig. 18 (p. 185), 11-13. 1842. *Mulsant, M. E. and Rey, C. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France, Lamellicornes." (Paris and Lyon, 1842), p. 600, pi. iii, figs, loa-h. 1874. Schi<;)dte, J. C. " De metamorphosi Eleutheratorum ob- servationes : Bidrag til Insekternes Udviklingshistorie." Naturhist. Tids., IX, 1874 {Sinodcndron, pp. 352-356, pi. xviii, figs, i-io, pi. xix, fig. 16). The Lucanid larvae described below were found in wood to- gether v,^ith adults of the species to which I have referred them. In no case were any pupae found. Aegus rocpstorffi, Waterhouse. (PI. xxi, figs. 8-11.) Locality. — Andamans : Port Blair (in rotten wood). Two larvae about 25 and 30 mm. long respectively, accom- panied by two mesodont males of slightly dissimilar development. The larvae are of the usual curved clavate form. The head is polished and obscurely rugose. It bears a few long slender hairs in a line behind the clypeo-frontal suture and the antennae, as in Dorciis parallelopipedus. The sutures bounding the frons latero-posteriorly, though distinct, are very weak. The cly- peus is somewhat or much broader than long in front ; behind it is quite twice as broad as long. The labrutn is about twice as broad as long behind, and somewhat broader in front; its anterior mar- gin and angles are rounded ; it is lightly elevated in the middle line in front, between a pair of marginal or submarginal depressions. The antennae resemble those of Dorcus parallelopipedus, but have the last of the two long joints scarcely longer than the first. I would regard these antennae, and those of other Lucanids, as apparently 5-jointed and really 4-iointed; not apparently 4-jointed and really 3-jointed as does Schif^dte. Both mandibles have three teeth at the apex, of which the ventral is situated in front of the middle one, and the middle one in front of the dorsal. In the right 148 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, mandible there is one and in the left there are two smaller teeth on the dorsal margin behind these, as in Lucanus cervus^ and Dorcus paral- lelopipedus. The molar tooth of the right mandible consists of a low anterior transverse ridge followed by a somewhat higher hol- lowed L-shaped cusp ; that of the left mandible consists of a very strongly elevated anterior transverse ridge, longitudinally grooved in front and more elaborately marked behind, followed by a low hollowed cusp of considerable size. The maxillae resemble those of Dorcus parallelopipedus. As with the antennae I would regard the basal piece ("stipes palpiger" of Schi'i)dte) as a basal joint. The labial palps are 2-jointed, the proximal joint being about as long as broad, and the distal about three times as long as broad and about twice as long as the proximal. The legs resemble those of Dorcus parallelopipedus in structure and proportions except that each joint — judging from Schi(?)dte's figure of the third leg of that species — is slenderer, and that the stridulating joint of the third leg is more sharply pointed distally as in Plalycerus caraboidcs The stridulating surface on the middle leg resembles that of the former species; the tubercles are very fine and closely set. The second, third and fourth joints of all legs, when not modified for stridulation, are thickened ven- trally near the distal end. The projections thus formed bear clus- ters of stout spiniferous tubercles and are strongest on the third joint of each, and especially of the second, leg. Only the thoracic and first two abdominal segments are dis- tinctly divided transversely by a groove above. All segments as far as the sixth abdominal are sparsely covered above with short hairs, and have a posterior line of long hairs. Further back the short hairs disappear, and from about this point backwards long hairs are found on the anterior as well as the posterior parts of each segment. Bach segment up to and including the ninth abdo- minal bears a large tubercle on each side in the posterior angles of the tergum. The terminal segment resembles that of Dorcus paral- lelopipedus, as do also the stigmata. The larva of this species closely resembles that of its ally Dor- cus parallelopipedus , the chief differences being found in the struc- ture of the molar teeth and the greater slenderness of the legs. Nigidius dawnae, Gravely. (PI. xxi, figs. 12-13.) Loc«/%.— Tenasserim: near Sukli, eastern side of Dawna Hills, Amherst District, ca. 2200 ft. (in hard dry wood). Several larvae about 20-35 mm long (all but one of about the latter size) were found in association with the well developed ' Schi^dte speaks of the right mandible as tridentate only in these species, but the extra denticle is clearly shown in the right mandible of the latter species, which he figures (loc. cit., pi. xvii, figs. 3 and 4). igi6.] F. H. Gravely : Lignicolous Beetle- Larvae. 149 males and females which formed part of the material from which the species was originally described {Rec. Ind. Mus. , XI, pp. 427-429, pi. xxix, fig. 7). They are curved and more or less clavate, but are slenderer than the larvae of the preceding species. The head closely resembles that of the preceding species but bears fewer hairs, and has a somewhat narrower clypeus and a labrum with less distinct anterior marginal depressions. The second of the two long joints of the antennae is some- what shorter than in the preceding species ; it is much, instead of scarcely, shorter than the first. The right mandible has only two terminal teeth as in Platycerus caraboides and Sinodeiidron cylindri- cum, the ventral being much the larger of the two; but beneath these a rudiment of the third terminal tooth is recognizable. The left mandible has three large teeth arranged like the apical teeth of Dorcus parallepo pidedus , with a small denticle a little behind each of the two outermost of the three. Except for the presence of the small dorsal denticle the termination of this mandible is also very like that of Smodendron cylindricum. The molar teeth of both mandibles closely resemble those of this species. The maxillae and labium resemble those of Aegus roepstoy-ffi — the former at least are very like those of Dorcus and Sinodendron. The legs resemble those of Aegus roepstorffi in general structure, but are without the ventral projections and spiniferous tubercles found on the second, third and fourth joints in that species. The stridulatory tubercles on the coxae of the second legs are all small and scattered. The corresponding ridges on the second joint of the third legs are weak. The stigmata and the integuments of the thorax and abdomen resemble those of the preceding species. The only larva previously described belonging to the subfamily Figulinae is that of Figulus striaius. Unfortunately I have not been able to refer to this description. Of the larvae described by Schi^dte, the nearest to that of Nigidius dawnae appears to be Sinodendron cylindricum, but the latter has not got transversely striate stigmata like those of Dorcus, etc., in general form it is not even faintly clavate, and its stridulating organs appear to be slightly different. Nigidius impressicollis, Boileau. (PI. xxi, figs. 14-17.) Locality. — Assam : Maflong. Khasi Hills, 5900 ft. (in damp and thoroughly decayed wood)." Two larvae, about 27 and 31 mm. long respectively, found in association with adults of various sizes. They are scarcely as slender as larvae of N. dawnae, but are much slenderer than larvae of Aegus roepstorffi. The head is very like that of A. roepstorffi but has a some- what shorter clypeus and less distinct anterior marginal depres- sions. The antennae resemble those of A^. dawnae. The man- 150 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voiv. XII , dibles resemble those of N . dawnae^ except that the right one is distinctly tridentate at its apex, the lowest terminal tooth being, however, a little weaker than the uppermost; the middle terminal tooth is the strongest of the three. The maxillae and labium resemble those of N . dawnae. The legs resemble those of A^. dawnae, except in the structure of the stridulating organ, which is transitional between those found in A. roepstorffi and N. dawnae. The ridges on the second joint of the third leg are weak as in the latter species ; but there is a row of special tubercles, as in the former, on the basal joint of the second leg. Similar but stronger tubercles are found in Aegus roepstorffi, but they are absent in Nigidius dawnae. Small tubercles are present on both sides of them in the present species, however, and oi one side of t\iQva. onXy in Aegus roepstorffi , The stigmata and integuments of the thorax and abdomen resemble those of N. daw- nae and A. roepstorffi. This larva is not unlike the last — the only larva of its genus known — but the stridulating organ is more highly specialized along the same lines as, but to a less extent than, the stridulating organs of Dorcus, Aegus^ etc. CUCUJIDAE. A list of the Cucujid larvae hitherto described will be found at the end of the account of the development of Uleiota indica, Arrow {Rec.Ind. Mus., XI, pp. 353-358, pi. xxi,figs. 13-19).' None of these larvae bear any resemblance to the larva of Hectarthrum trigeminum now to be described. The larvae of Hectarthrum were found in decaying wood with all stages of a weevil belonging to the genus Mecistocerus.^ Often the}' were found in a cavit)'' of the wood with a larva or pupa of this insect, and sometimes with the remains of such. Other Cucujid larvae, although found under the bark of trees, have the appearance of actively predaceous insects. These have rather the appearance of lignophagous larvae. But in view of the circumstances under which they were found, and of the struc- ture of their mandibles, there can, I think, be little doubt that the reduction of legs and mouthparts which gives rise to this appear- ance is due not to their having adapted themselves to a diet of wood, but to their having become parasitic rather than preda- ceous.^ They must, however, move about in search of their victims, for the weevil larvae and pupae are not much larger than they are when full grown, and it cannot be supposed that one weevil larva affords all the food needed for complete development. 1 To this list may now be added Herrick's account of the habits and develop- ment of Silvainis sitrinanieytsis in " Insects Injurious to the Household and Annoyino^ to Man " (New York, 1914), pp. 236-239, text-figs. 70-71. ■' Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, to whom I am indebted for this identification, in- forms me that this weevil is near and perhaps identical with M. corticeiis, Faust. 2 Compare M'adsworth's figures of the mouthparts of the endoparasitic Staphylinid larva, Aleochara biliueata, jfouru. Ec. Biol. X, pi. ii, figs. 14-18. 1916.] F. H. Gravely : Lignicolous Beetle-Larvae. 151 Hcctarthrum trigeminum, Newman.^ (PI. xxii, figs. 18-22.) Locality. — E. Himalayas: Kalimpong, ca. 2500 ft., Darjiling District (in decaying wood with all stages of Mecistocerus sp.). Several larvae and pupae, the former 4*o-i5"6 mm. long, the latter 9-o-i2"0 mm., found together with adults. The pupae and adults clearly belong to one and the same species; a cast larval skin secured with one of the pupae establishes the identity of the latter with the larvae, while in the largest of these larvae the skin is wrinkled and the spines of the pupa are clearly visible beneath it dorsally and laterally. The larva is a white fleshy and almost hairless grub. Its ab- domen is somewhat barrel-shaped, being thickest at about the fourth segment. The thorax is conical, and slenderer than the ab- domen, tapering away to the base of the small semicircular head, which bears a few minute hairs on its dorsal surface. The form of the head is shown in figs. 18 and 21 (pi. xxii). Each antenna arises from a low lateral convexity just behind the mandible; it is unjointed but isbiramous, a small pointed branch being situated immediately below a stouter and slightly longer rounded one (pi. xxii, fig. 20). The mandibles are small and con- cave ; they do not appear suitable for grinding fragments of wood. Their outer surface is whitish near the base, but they are narrowly bordered and extensively tipped with dark brown. They are tridentate at the tip (pi. xxii, figs. 19 and 21), the middle one of the three teeth being much longer than the other two, of which the dorsal is much broader than the ventral ; there are no other teeth on the dorsal margin of the mandible, but the ventral terminal tooth is followed by another tooth of about the same shape and size, and this is followed by a strong convexity of the raised mar- gin (pi. xxii, fig. 19). The maxillae and labium (pi. xxi', fig. 22) are rudimentary like the antennae. The blade and palp of the maxillae are imperfectly^ separated ; the former is broader but no longer than the latter, and each is tipped with a cluster of small spines. The labium is a bilobed structure, with a papilla mounted on each lobe, tipped with small spines and doubtless representing a palp. The legs are short, stout and conical ; they have two well- marked white fleshy joints and a stout terminal claw ; as seen from the outer side there appears to be a third joint at the base, but it is not clearly marked off from the body on the inner side. The second thoracic segment, and each abdominal segment except the ninth (anal), bears a pair of circular stigmata a little behind the anterior margin ; but the last pair is much smaller than the others. The anal segment bears a pair of black forwardly curved hooks on the posterior margin of its dorsal surface. i I am indebted to M. A. Grouvelle tor this identification. 152 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, BUPRESTIDAE. The habits and metamorphoses of Buprestid beetles form the subject of a monograph published by Xambeu in 1892-3 (" Moeurs et Metamorphoses d'Insectes III — Buprestides." Rev. d'Ent. XI, 1892, pp. 202-252; XII, 1893, pp. 54-126). This work con- tains an excellent bibliography which may now, however, be supplemented. In tlie following list of supplementary references the species are arranged in the order adopted by Kerremans in the Genera Insectorum. Julodis onopordi, Fabricius. Julodis albopilosa, Chevrolat. 1893. Herculais, J. Kiinckel d'. Bull. Soc. eni. France, 1893, pp. cxii-cxv, 7 figs. 1898. Lesne, P. '' Description de la larve adulte du Julodis albopilosa, Chevr., et remarques sur divers caracteres des larves de Buprestides." Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1898, PP- 69-75, 7 text-figs. Polycesta californica, Leconte. Polycesta elata, Leconte. 1891. Angell, G. W. J. "Larva of Polycesta elata, Lee." Ent. News, i8gi, pp. 106-107, text-figs. Acmaeodera adspersula, lUiger. 1900. Seurat, L. G. " Observations biologiques sur les parasites des 'chenes de la Tunisie." Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (8) XI, 1900, pp. 1-34, 10 text-figs. {Acmaeodera, pp. 22-26, text-figs. 9-10). Chrysochroa (Megaloxantha nee Catoxantha) bicolor, Fabricius, var. gigantea, Shallerr. 1901. Zehntner, L. Bull. Proefstation voor Cacao te Salatiga. No. I, 10 pp. Chalcophora ? virginiensis, Drury. Chalcophora virginiaca, Gmelin. 1883. Packard, A. S. " Descriptions of the Larvae of Injurious Forest Insects." Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., Ill, pp. 252- 262, pi. vi-xv {Chalcophora? virginiensis, pp. 252-253, pi. vi, fig. I). 1916,] F. H. Gravely : Lignicolous Beetle-Larvae. 153 Sphcnoptera lamellata. 1880. Lamey. Nouv. et Fails, II, p. 113. Sphenoptera ? neglecta^ Klug. ? Sphenoptera gossypii, Cotes. 1911. King, Harold H. " The Cotton Stem-borer." Rep. Well- comeTrop. Res. Lahs., IV, pp. 134-137, pi. vii, figs. 1-6. Sphenoptera gossypii, Cotes. 1906. Lefroy, H. :\I. "Indian Insect Pests" (Calcutta, 1906), pp. 100-103, text-figs. 1 14-119. 1909. Lefroy, H. M. "Indian Insect Life" (Calcutta, 1909), pi. XX. (No description). 1914. Fletcher, T. B. " Some South Indian Insects " (Madras, 1914), p. 298, pi. viii. Sphenoptera arachidis, Fletcher. 1914. Fletcher, T. B. " Some South Indian Insects " (Madras, 1914), pp. 298-299, text-figs. 141-142. Dicerca divaricata. Say. 1881. Packard, A. S. "Insects injurious to Forest and Shade Trees." Bull. U. S. Ent. Comm., no. 7, 275 pp., 100 text- figs. {Dicerca divaricata, p. 108). 1883. Packard, A. S. '' Descriptions of the Larvae of Injurious Forest Insects " Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., Ill, pp. 251- 262, pi. vi-xv [Dicerca divaricata, p. 255, pi. vi, fig. 2). Lampra solieri, Castelnau and Gory. Poecilonota solieri, Castelnau and Gory. 1908. Escalera, M. de la. " Observaciones sobre la ninfosis de Poecilonota solieri. Cast." Boll. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1908, pp. 269-271. Lampra rutilans, Fabricius. 1881. Altum, B. " Forstzoologie, III (i) Allgemeines und Kafer " (Berlin, 1881), pp. 1-380 (Lampra rutilans, pp. 121-123, text-fig. 7.) Buprestis douei, Lucas. Ancylocheira douei, Lucas. 1896. Xambeu. " Moeurs et Metamorphoses d'Insectes V." Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, XLII, pp. 53-100 and 123-188 {Ancyclocheira douei, p. S^). 154 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Melobasis cupriceps, Kirby. Melohasis m'f^gscefjs, Castelnau and Gory. 1895. Froggatt, W. W. " Life-Histories of Australian Coleoptera III." Proc. Linn. Soc. N. W. Wales, (2) X, 1895 (1895-6), PP- 325-336 {Melobasis, pp. 332-333)- Mclanophila sp. 1883. Packard, A. S. " Descriptions of the Lar\^ae of Injurious Forest Insects." Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., Ill, pp. 252- 262, pi. vi-xv {Melanophila sp., pp. 253-354, pi. vi, fig. 4, pi. xii, fig. I). Anthaxia umbellatarutn, Fabricius. Anthaxia incuUa, Germar. 1895. Xambeu. " Moeurs et Metamorphoses d'Insectes VI." Echange, 1895, supplement {Anthaxia inculta, p. 84). Chrysobothris dentipes, Oermar. 1881. Packard, A. S. "Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees." Bull. U. S. Ent. Com w., No. 7, 275 pp., 100 text- figs. {Chrysobothris dentipes, pp. 12-15, fig. i). Chrysobothris femorata, Olivier. 1881. Packard, A. S. '' Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees." Bull. U. S. Ent. Comm., No. 7, 275 pp., 100 text-figs. {Chrysobothris feynorata, pp. 16-20, figs 2-3). 1883. Packard, A. S. " Descriptions of the Larvae of Injurious Forest Insects." Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., Ill, pp. 251- 262 {Chrysobothris femorata, pp. 251-252). Chrysobothris affinis, Fabricius. i88r. Altum, B. " Forstzoologie, III (i) Allgemeines und Kafer " (Berlin, 1881), 380 pp., 55 text-figs. {Chrysobothris affinis, pp. 124-128, text-fig. 8). Stigmodera rufipennis, Kirby. 1893. Froggatt, W. W. " On the Life-Histories of Australian Coleoptera I." Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, (2) VIII, 1893 (1893-4), pp. 27-42 {Stigmodera rufipennis, p. 36). Coraebus bifasciatus, Olivier. 1881. Altum, B. " Forstzoologie, III (i) Allgemeines und Kafer" (Berlin, 1881), 380 pp., 55 text-figs. {Coraebus bifasciatus, pp. 128-130, text-fig. 9). i9i<^.] F. H. Graveidte, J. C. Loc. cit., pp. 544-546, pi. viii, figs. 1-7. Bolitonaeus quadridentatus, Cand. 1861. Candeze, E. C. A. " Histoire des metamorphoses de quel" ques Coleopteres exotiques." Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege, XVI, pp. 325-408 {Bolitotherus quadridentatus , p. 368). Megeleatcs scquoiarum, Cas. 1896. *Wickham, H. F. '' Descriptions of the larvae of some Heteromerous and Rhynchophorous beetles." /. ISIeiv York Ent. Soc, IV, pp. 118-124, pi. iv {Megeleatcs sequoiarum, p. 118). RHIPIDANDRINAE. Eledona agaricola, Hbst. Bolitophagus agaricola, F. Boletophagus agricola. Eledona agaricicola , Latr. 1834. *Bouche, P. F. " Naturgeschichte der Insekten beson- ders in Hinsicht ihrer ersten Zustande als Larven und Pappen " (Berlin, 1834), PP- v, 216, . 10 pis. {Bolito- phagus agaricola, p. 191, pi. ix, fig. 7), 1839. Westwood, J. O. Loc. cit., p. 315, text-fig. 38, 4. 1842. Erichson. W. F. " Zur systematischen Kenntniss der Insectenlarven." Arch. fUr Naturg., VIII (i), pp. 363- 379 {Boletophagus agricola, p. 366). 1843. Dufour, M. L. " Histoire des metamorphoses de 1' £/e^OMa agaricicola, Latr." Ann. Sci. Na/!., (2) XX, 1843, pp. 284-289, pi. xii B, figs. 1-7. i66 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, 1867. Frauenfeld, G. von. " Zoologische Miscellen. XII." Verh. zool.-hot. Ges.inWien, XVII, pp. 775-804 {Bolitophagus agaricola, p. 780). 1877-8. Schi(^dte, J. C. Loc. cit., p. 547. 1898. Kiesenwetter, H. v., and Seidlitz, G. Loc. cit., p. 502. DIAPERINAE. Diaperis boleti, L. 1795- Olivier, M. Entomologie, III, 1795, No. 55. 1832. *Hammerschmidt, C. E. " De ins. agric. damn." 1832, pi. i. 1843. Dufour, M. Iv. " Histoire des metamorphoses du Diaperis boleti."' Ami. Sci. Nat., (2) XX, 1843, pp. 290-291, pi. xii B, figs. 10-14. 1867. Frauenfeld, G. von. " Zoologische Miscellen . XII. ' ' Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, XVII, pp. 775-804 (Diaperis boleti, p. 780). 1877-8. Schic^dte, J. C. Loc. cit., pp. 547-49, pi. viii, figs. 14-22. 1898. Kiesenwetter, H. v., and Seidlitz, G. Loc. cit., p. 513. Hoplocephala haemorrhoidaliSt F. 1869. Gernet, C. v. " Beitrage zur Kaferlarvenkunde." Horae Soc. Entom. Ross., VI, 1869, pp. 3-16 [Hoplocephala haemorrhoidalis, p. 8, pi. ii, fig. 9). 1877. Perris, E. Loc. cit., pp. 280-81, figs. 297-299 and p .120, figs. 297-299 respectively. Scaphidcma mctallicum, F. Diaperis aenea, Panz. Scaphidema aeneum, Panz. 1839. Westwood, J. O. Loc. cit., p. 314, text-fig. 37, 11-19. I'&j-j-B). Schi(^dte, J. C. Loc. cit., pp. 552-54, pi. ix, figs. 10-16. Platydema ellipticum, F. 186 1. *Candeze, E. C. A. " Histoire des metamorphoses de quelques Coleopteres exotiques." Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege, XVI, pp. 325-408 {Platydema ellipticum, p. 370). Platydema europaeum, Cast, et Brll. 1857. Perris, E. "Histoire des Insectes du Pin Maritime." Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) V, pp. 341-395, pis. viii-ix {Platydema europaea, pp. 343-45, pi. viii, figs. 401-412). 1916.J F. H. GkavkIvY : Lipiicolous Beetle- Larvae. idy Platydema palliditarse, Cast, et Brll. 1904. *Xambeu. " Moeurs et metamorphoses des insectes XIV\" Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, hi, 1904, pp. 67-154 {Platydema palliditarae , p. 123). Platydema violaccum, F. 1857. Ferris, E. " Histoire des Insectes du Pin Maritime." Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) V, pp. 341-395 [Platydema violacea, p. 346). 1877. Ferris, E. Loc. cit., pp. 278-80, figs. 290-296 and p. 118, figs. 290-296 respectively. 1877-8. Schit)dte, J. C. Loc. cit., pp. 550-52, pl. viii, figs. 25-29. Alphitophagus bifasciatus, Say. Phylethus quadripustulatus , Step. 1877-8. Schi^dte, J. C. Loc. cit., p. 555, pl. vi, figs. 17-27. Ceropria subocellata, Cast, et Brll. 186 1. *Candeze, E. C. A. " Histoire des metamorphoses de quelques Coleopteres exotiques." Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege, XVI, pp. 325-408 {Ceropria subocellata, p. 369). Pentaphyllus testaceus, Hellw. 1842. Erichson, W. F. " Zur systematischen Kenntniss der Insectenlarven." Arch. fiivNaturg., VIII (i), pp. 363-379 {Pentaphyllus testaceus, p. 366). 1877. Ferris, E. Loc. cit., pp. 281-283, figs. 300-303 and p. 121, figs. 300-303 respectively. 1877-8. Schi(^dte, J. C. Loc. cit., pp. 557-559, pl- x, figs. r-5. ULOMINAE. Gnathocerus cornutus, F. Cerandria cornuta, F. Echocerus cornutus, F. 1854. Motschulsky, V. de. '*Sur la larve et chrysalide de la Cerandria cornuta." Etud. Entom., Ill (Helsingfors, 1854), pp. 67-68. 1869. Gernet, C v. " Beitrage zur Kaferlarvenkunde." Horae Soc. Ent. Ross., VI, 1869, pp. 3-1^ {Gnathocera [^Cerandria] cornuta, pp. 11-15, pl- ii, fig- 10). 1907. *Reineck, G. '' Neue Beobachtungen iiber Echocerus cor- nutus, F." Zeitschr. wiss. Insektenbiol. ,111 , pp. 128-129. i68 Records oj Ike Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Lyphia tctraphylla, Fairm. Lyphia ficicola, INIuls. et Rey. 1877. Perris, E. Loc. a7., pp. 283-285, figs. 304-309 and p. 123, figs. 304-309 respectively. Tribolium confusum, Jacq du Val. 1901. Xambeu. " Moeurs et metamorphoses des Insects, IX (3)" Rev. d'Entom., XX, pp. 7-68 {Tribolium confu- sum, p. 63), Tribolium fcrrugineum, F. Tribolium castaneum, Herbst. 1839. Westwood, J. O. Loc. cit. , p. 319, text-fig. 39, 2-3. 1855. Lucas, M. H. "Observations sur les metamorphoses du Tribolium castaneum, Herbst., coleoptere heteromere de la tribu des Diaperiens." A nn. Soc. Ent. France, (3) III, pp. 249-259, pi. xiii, no. iii. 1877-8. Schi(|)dte, J. C. Loc. cit., pp. 563-565, pi. x, figs. 18-20. 1898. Kiesenwetter, H. v., and Seidlitz, G. Loc. cit., p. 579. Phthora crenata, Muls. 1857. Perris, E. " Histoire des insectes du Pin Maritime." Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) V, pp. 341-359 {Phthora crenata, pp. 351-52, pi viii, figs, 421-429). Palorus depressus, F. 1877-8. vSchi(^dte, J. C. Loc. cit., pp. 561-63, pi. x, figs. 12-15. Uloma culinaris, L, 1877. Perris, E. Loc. cit., pp. 265-267 and 105 respectively. Uloma perroudi, Muls. et Guilleb. 1857. Perris, E. " Histoire des insectes du Pin Maritime." Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (3) V, pp. 341-395 {Uloma per- roudi, pp. 347-49, pi. viii, figs. 413-420). Alphitobius diaperinus, Panz. Heterophaga opatroides, Brll. 1848. Ivucas, M. H. Bull Soc. En'.om. France, 1848, (2) VI {Heterophaga opatroides, p. xiii). 1877-8. Schi >f r b. 18. 21. 22. 24. 25. 26. 27. CUCUvJIDAE AND BUPRESTIDAE. Bemros*?. Co-lo^Derby XV. NOTES ON THE CILIATE PROTOZOA OF LAHORE. By B. ly. Bhatia, M.Sc, Assistant Professor of Zoology , Government College^ Lahore. I. On the Occurrence of three Contractile Vacuoi^es in Specimens of Paramaecium caudatum. Paramaecium caudatum, Ehrbg., is found in large numbers both in infusions and in stagnant water in Lahore and is studied as a type by the students. Recently (June, 1916) when my B.Sc. class were examining this animal, my attention was drawn by two students, Mr. Sham Nath and Mr. Prashar, to the existence of a third contractile vacuole in the specimen which was being studied by each. None of the other specimens from the same tube showed this peculiarity. The water had been collected from a ditch outside the laboratory compound. In both these specimens the two normal vacuoles, each with its own system of radiating canals, were situated at about one- fourth of the length of the animal from either end, as is usually the case. The third contractile vacuole was situated nearer to the posterior vacuole at one- fourth of the distance between the two vacuoles in one specimen, and midway between the two vacuoles in the other. In both specimens the third vacuole had its own system of radiating canals and showed its systole and diastole independently of the other two, the three contracting regularly one after the other. So far as I am aware, this occurrence of a third contractile vacuole has not been observed in this species before though it was observed b3' Butschli in P. putrinum, as recorded in the following extract from Bronn's Thier-Reichs (i, p. 1417):^- " Erhohung der vacuolenzahl ist nur von Paramaecium und Ophryoglena bekannt. Bei ersterer Gattung scheint die Zweizahl Regel zu sein (3 beobachtete Biitschli zuweilen bei P. purtrinum 1876, p. 88) ; beide Vacuolen liegen ungefahr auf den Grenzen des I und 2 sowie des 3 und 4 Korperviertel hintereinander." II. Records and Descriptions of Species. The object of this paper is to record and describe a number of the more striking Ciliata that the writer has come across during the last two years in the water collected at various times from ditches, ponds, etc., in and about Lahore. The list represents 178 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII only a very small proportion of the Ciliate fauna of this place, and it is hoped to add to it occasionally in future communications. Family KNCHELINA. Subfamily HOLOPHRYINA. Genus Holophrya, Ehrbg. Holophrya indica, sp. nov. Body evenly elliptical, a little more than one and a half times as long as broad ; cuticular surface presenting distinct alternating longitudinal striae and furrows, ciliation uniform, cilia fairly long and distinct, disposed along the longitudinal striae ; colourless ; .N Fig. I. — Holophrya indica, sp. nov., la. posterior end showing one principal and six subsidiary vacuoles; ib. posterior end showing one principal and two subsidiary vacuoles. (n. macronucleus ; c. v. contractile vacviole or vacuoles.) border of the oral aperture not projecting, pharynx absent; con- tractile vacuole single, spherical, postero-terminal , with a number of small circular feeding vacuoles in its neighbourhood which are not arranged in longitudinal rows ; macronucleus large, band- shaped, curved in a horseshoe-shaped manner, situated in the anterior half of the body. Length 105 m, width 63 /^ Habitat, stagnant water. A few specimens of a new species of Holophrya, as defined above, were found in a temporarj' collection of water in a ditch on the roadside in front of the College compound in March, 1914. The body showed only a slight degree of flexibility, and was almost equally rounded at the anterior and posterior ends. On the sur- face presented to view, thirteen longitudinal striae, along which the cilia were disposed, were distinctly made out. So the animal i()i6.] B. L. Bhatia : Ciliate Protozoa of Lahore. 179 presented, both in its form and in its ciliary arrangement, a close resemblance to the theoretical diagram in Bronn's Thier-Reichs, fig. 17 a. The single spherical contractile vacuole situated near the posterior pole was seen to be surrounded by 5 to 7 small feed- ing vacuoles at the commencement of its diastolic phase. These were seen to contract and there would remain 3 only, the central one considerably larger than the 2 subsidiary ones now left. This main contractile vacuole then contracted and disappeared, the others following almost simultaneously and contributing to the formation of the vacuole afresh, the neighbouring subsidiary ones soon making their appearance again (figs, i, la, lb). Of the several existing species of Holophrya, it shows some resemblance to H. simplex in the absence of trichocysts and pharynx, but differs considerably from it in the size of the body and the form of the macron ucleus, specimens of thati species being only about 35/1 in size and the macronucleus globular. The only other species possessing a band-like nucleus is H. coleps, Khrbg., ia which, however, it is curved in a spiral and the subsidiary vacuoles arranged in an elongated row. So the form described belongs to a new species, for which the name H. indica is suggested. Genus Urotricha, Clap. u. L. Urotricha globosa, Schewiakoff. Forms belonging to this species were found in the same locality as H. indica in April, 1914, and resembled closely the description given in Eyferth (3, p. 392); body egg-shaped with an anterior terminal mouth, and a posterior springing bristle elongated in the direction of the long axis of the body. A few points of difference were however observed. The macronucleus, which is spherical, is proportionately larger in size than there figured (tafel xii, 2), the contractile vacuole is placed in the median line near the posterior end and not on one side, and there are cilia on the posterior part of the body in the neighbourhood of the springing bristle also. Genus Enchelys, Hill. Enchelys arcuata, Clap. u. L. Members of this species were found in an infusion of dry leaves in September, 19 15, the dry leaves having been steeped in a dish of water about 10 days previously. Body rounded posteriorly, attenuated anteriorl}*. I.ength 8o/<, maximum width 30 //. The animal is broadest at one-fourth of the length of the body from the posterior end, and begins to taper rapidly in the anterior fourth. Anterior end truncate, occupied by the mouth. Cilia covering the whole body, but very fine, rather longer ones at the oral end. Contractile vacuoles several, arranged in an arch along the margin of the body. I So Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Genus Lacrymaria, Ehrbg. Lacrymaria vermicularis (Elirbg.)- (Syn. Phialina vermicularis, Ehrbg., CI. u. I^., and Kent.) This animal was found in the same locality as H. indica in March^ 19^4- Body sub-cylindrical, or bottle-shaped if the apical lobe is taken into consideration, flexible and contractile, two and a half times as long as broad (Kent, 4, p. 519) appears to refer to the contracted state of the animal ; in the ftdly extended condi- tion in which I was able to observe it, it was 4 to 6 times as long as broad (figs, 2, 2a, 2b). Length about 104 /x. Apical portion in advance of the annular furrow short and cylindrical, anterior margin of the body truncate and bearing a single circlet of cilia .N (^. Fig. 2. — Lacrymai'ia vermicularis (P^hrbg.), fully extended , la. moderately extended ; 2h. fully contracted. (N. macronucleus ; c. v. contractile vacuole or vacuoles.) which are directed backwards, the rest of the body appeared, how- ever, to be glabrous. The nucleus was seen to be oval in outline, and the single contractile vacuole situated near the posterior end. Subfamily COLEPINA. Genus Coleps, Nitzsch. Colcps hirtus, O. F. Miill. From a pond near Chota Ravi. Size 40/u, X20^. Subfamily CYCLODININA. Genus Didiniunit Stein, Didinium nasutum, St. From the pond in front of the Municipal Office. I23;.X84/., Size 191&.] B. L. Bhatia : Ciliate Protozoa of Lahore. 181 Family TRACHELINA. Genus Loxophyllum, Duj. Loxophyllum fasciola (Ehrbg.), CI. u. L. (Syn. Amphilephus fasciola, Ehr., Litonotus fasciola, Kent., Litonotus varsaviensis, Wrz.) subsp. punjabcnsis, subsp. nov. Body elongate, transparent, flexible but scarcely contractile, three and a half times as long as broad, pointed posteriorly but not prolonged into a distinct tail-like portion, tapering gradually towards the anterior extremity which is curved towards the right ; N. \^M CM. Fig. 3. — Loxophyllum fasciola fiiinjabeusis, subsp. nov. (N. macronucleus ; c, v. contractile vacuole or vacuoles.) oral aperture nearly median; cuticular surface striate longitudi- nally ; cilia on the neck region most conspicuous ; contractile vacuoles arranged in two rows, seven along each border ; macro- nuclei two in number, not united by a filament, spheroidal, sub- central. I^ength about 100 /.. Habitat, stagnant water. A single specimen of this form, from water from the ditch in front of the College compound, came under my observation in March, 1914. The animal showed slow locomotion, now moving forwards, then suddenly in a backward direction. The length of the specimen was 147 /x and the maximum width 42 /x. The form showed closest resemblance to Litonotus varsaviensis , Wrz. (Kent, p. 744, pi. xlii, fig. 4), from which, however, it differed in the absence of trichocysts, number of contractile vacuoles, and their arrangement in two longitudinal rows instead of one containing five contractile vacuoles only (fig. 3). In the footnote Kent i82 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol.. XII, observes as follows: "The large number of contractile vesicles serve to distinguish this species from L. fasciola, which in other respects it closely resembles." On this consideration there would be abundant justification for the erection of a new species for the present form, but by later writers L. varsaviensis, Wrz., does not appear to have been considered as specifically distinct from L. fas- ciola, which it closely resembles and in which there is only one contractile vacuole. I should think that L. varsaviensis, Wrz., and the form under consideration are sufficiently distinct to rank as subspecies. Lionotus fasciola has however since been separated from the genus Lionotus (falslich zuerst Litonotus genannt — Bronn), which is reserved for species with a verj^ long neck (in some being even longer than the body) and placed again under Loxophyllum , to which indeed it originally belonged (Clap. u. L.). So the form described above may be identified with Loxophyllum fasciola, and the name punjahensis given to the subspecies to indicate its special peculiarities. Family CHLAMYDODONTA. Genus Nassula, Ehrbg. Nassula stromphii (Ehrbg.) (Syn. Liosiphon stromphii Ehrbg.). Found in water from a ditch on the roadside outside the College compound in March, 1914. The animals examined are referable to Nassula stromphii (Ehrbg.) as described in Kent (p. 496), but the description given there is inadequate, and so the following description is appended : — Body ovate, with a distinct large prolongation of the anterior region beyond the oral aperture, anterior portion flexible ; length 57 /L-, width 36 nx ; colour green owing to the ingestion of algae as food particles; cilia uniform; pharynx armed, tubular, with a cylindrical fascicle of rod-like teeth; contractile vacuole large, posteriorly situated, with pinkish contents, with two or more smaller vacuoles irregularly distributed; macronucleus oval, sub- central and eccentric. Family CHIUFERA. Genus Trichoda, O. F. Mull. Trichoda pura, Ehrbg. In infusions of dr}' leaves. Genus Colpoda, Miill. Colpoda cucullus, Ehrbg. In infusions of hay. 1916.J B. L. Bhatia : Ciliate Protozoa of Lahore. 183 Family PARAMAECINA. Genus Paramaecium, Hill. Paramaecium caudatum, Ehrbg. In pond water and infusions of dry leaves. Family PLAGIOTOMINA. Genus Spirostomum, Ehrbg, Spirostomum ambiguum, Ehrbg., var. minor, Eyf. In large numbers among the roots of Eichhornia growing in an aquarium. Length about 765 u. REFERENCES TO UTERATURE. 1. Biitschli, O. .. Protozoa. In Broan' s Klassen iind Ordnun- gen des Thier-Reichs , Vol. I, Dritte Abtheilung. (I/cipzig u. Heidelberg : 1889.) 2. Doflein.F. .. Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde. (Jena: 1909.) 3. Eyferth, B. Einfachste lyebensformen der Tier- und Pflan- zenreiches. Vierte Auflage von W. Schoenichen und A. Kalberlah. (Braunschweig : 1909.) 4. Kent, S. .. A Manual of the Infusoria. (London: 1880- 1882.) 5. Minchin, E. A... An Introduction to the study of the Pro- tozoa. (London: 1912.) In addition to the works cited above, current literature in Archiv fur Protistenkunde, Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, etc., have also been consulted. XVI. THE CEPHALOPODA OF THE INDIAN M U S E U xM . By Anne L. Massy. (Plates XXIII— XXIV.) The collection described in this paper includes all the speci- mens of Cephalopoda (except shells of Nautilus) that have accumulated in the Indian Museum in the course of the last 30 years, since Mr. Goodrich published his '■' Report on the collec- tion of Cephalopods in the Indian Museum " in the '' Transactions of the Linnean Society'" in 1896. The Cephalopods in the present list have been taken in most instances by the ' Investigator ' off the Indian and Burmese coasts at depths varying from 5 to 947 fathoms, and in one instance a haul was made at 2000 fathoms. Reference to the text will show that many specimens were also collected on shore, and that the area covered extends from the Persian Gulf to China and Japan, and southwards to the Andaman Islands. It will be noted that many interesting specimens owe their capture to the energy of private collectors. Over four hundred specimens are enumerated, consisting of sixteen genera and lorty-three species, only cne of which, a small Sepia, appears to have been hitherto undescribed. There are also some specimens which are too young or in too bad a state of preservation for specific indentitication. Over half the collection is comprised of individuals of Loligo indica, Pfeffer, and Sepiella inermis (van Hasselt), in about equal numbers. Goodrich (1896) enumerates fifteen genera and twenty-eight species, five genera and twelve species of which are absent from the present list, but the results of both collections produce a total of twenty- one genera and fifty-five species. Of these genera Polypus comes first with twenty species, and it may be thought that the eighteen members of this genus noted in the present paper have been described at undue length, but anyone who has made a study of these creatures is aware of the difficulties lying in the path to correct identification and will not, I think, regret having as many details as possible, especially as it seems probable that future research may reduce the number of species ascribed to this genus. The Sepia family comes next with nine species. In this family so many differences occur in colour, surface and shape, from individual variation, and different modes of preservation, that in many cases specimens very unlike each other have proved to be the same species when the shell was examined. Measurements of a number of shells will be found in r86 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, the text showing that the index is longest in young shells (at which period it is natural to expect that growth would be more rapid) and becomes shorter with age. I have to thank Mr. Robson of the British Museum, and Mr. Nichols of the Dublin Museum, for giving me every facility to examine eastern Cephalopods in their charge. I am indebted to M. Edouard Lamy for taking much trouble to find a number of specimens in the Paris Museum, and to my colleague Mr. Farran for much help and advice. Mrs. Russell is responsible for the illustrations. The three parts of Dr. Hoyle's " Catalogue of Recent Cephalopoda " ' have of course been invalu- able, as they must always be to anyone working out a large collec- tion of Cephalopoda. All the specimens except where otherwise stated have been preserved in alcohol. Family CIRROTEUTHIDAE. Cirroteuthis grimaldii, Joubin. Cirroteiithis grimaldii, Joubin, Pull. L.'Insf. Ocean., No. 226, pp. I-13, figs. 1-7 (1912). M ^-p 'Investigator' station 233: 6-xii-i897, Andaman Sea, 13° 17' 15" N., 93° 10' 25" E., 185 fathoms — One. M i^'-i ' Investigator ' station 332 : i2-iv-i904, .\ndaman Sea, 10° 21' N., 92° 46' 15'' E., 279 fathoms — One. M ^^-S- ' Investigator' station 333 : ig-iv-1904, S. W. of Ceylon, 6° 31' N., 79° 38' 45" E., 401 fathoms— One. M ^i^ ' Investigator' station 361 : 24-iii-i9o6, Arabian Sea, 13° 9' 27" N,, 46° 45' 15" E., 540 fathoms— One. M ^^2,3 I Investigator' station 381 : 28-ii-i9o8, off Akyab, Burma, iS^ S' N., 93° 40' E., 298 fathoms — One. These are all in very bad condition but appear to be of the same species. The two last-named and specimen M -f- are in sufficiently good condition to show that their general contour bears a strong resemblance to the photographs of C. grimaldii, Joubin, which is characterized by its egg-shaped body, enormous eyes, and small fins set in a line with the posterior end of the body. Specimens M -V and M '¥* are much larger than the others and are in fragmentary condition. The dorsal cartilages of M --V" and M 4^ were examined as they were protruding from the integument, and resemble fairly well the scheme of Joubin [I.e., fig. 7) designed after feeling the cartilage through the skin. The dorsal cartilage of the other specimens, felt through the skin, seems to be of the same shape. It is very like that of C. meangensis, Hoyle (1886, fig. 5) except that the outer curves of the '' horse-shoe " are less angular. The fin cartilage resembles that of C. grimaldii. All the specimens agree with the type in the arrangement of the single row of arm suckers. The three or four next the mouth are very minute, and are suddenly succeeded by very large ones until i Proc. Royal Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, 1886, 1897 and 1909. 1916.] A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 187 about the seventh or eighth sucker, after which they become much smaller and continue gradually diminishing in size until the tip is reached. The cirri commence at about the second or third sucker. Specimen M "'r' has enormously enlarged suckers on the ventral arms at the edge of umbrella. One of the arms is mutilated and only shows one large sucker, the other has five. Probably these enlarged suckers are connected with a hectocotylus but as the specimen is the best in the collection I have not dissected it. Specimen M ~nr" which has lost almost all of its internal organs has three very large suckers at the edge of umbrella on four of the arms. The fragments of mantle remaining are so twisted that it is impossible to say if these are the four ventral arms. With regard to measurements M. Joubin has already pointed out the difficulty of obtaining accurate figures from placing a compass on such soft tissues. A few approximate measurements and the number of suckers on some of the arms may be of use. Eight3'-six suckers were found on the type specimen on an arm of 214 mm. Specimen M --¥- possesses fifty-six suckers on the second left arm of 126 mm. less tip, seventy-two on the first right arm of 140 mm., and seventy-six on the third left of 130 mm.; specimen M - t"- has eighty-six suckers on the first right arm of 163 mm., seventy-one on the second left arm of 147 mm. less tip, and ninety on the fourth left of 150 mm. less tip. The proportionately larger number of suckers on the arms of the present specimens is probably due to the arm lengths being contracted from preserva- tion in alcohol. All the specimens have the surface inside the umbrella of a deep chocolate colour and the outer surface and fins much paler. Specimen number ... M ^f^, M ^Y"-' M ^^-f-^, M ^-^-, M ^Y-^. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. End of body to dorsal edge of umbrella .. 6i ... . 6i 51 Breadth of body ... ... ... 21 ... ... t,^ 22 ,, across eyes ... ...22 ... ... -I.5 25 Diameter of eye measured through skin .. 10 iS 17 12 12 Fm length, insertion to tip ... ... 21 48 ... 20 17 anterior to posterior margin ... 5 12 ... 10 g Diameter of ordinary largest sucker 2 ,, ,, enlarged sucker . , o J .1 :5' Distribution. — Azores, 1900 m. [Joubin, 19 12). Cirroteuthis macrope, Berry. Cirroteuthis macyope, Berry, Bull. Bur. Fish., XXX, pp. 273-4, pi. 32, figs. 1-3 (1912). M ^^-^ ' Investigator' station 109: 25-x-i89(), S. of Cape Cormorin, 7° 41' N., 78° 21' E., 738 fathoms— One. This is a damaged specimen intermediate in size between the two examples described by Berry. It is in sufficiently good condition to show clearly the wide mantle-opening, oar-like fins, I. MM l\rti>ril\ i>j lltr liiilhiii l\l it;(inii . |V Mil. ill itViii |)iiils on I'illifi '.idi' mI (joi .iI will IK ,1! .i|i(s. 'iMic iiimI)IiII:i , wliicli is vciy • Irliciilr and posMihly mill iliilcd . « xicnds lor id)oul Iwo-lliiids ol (lie IcMic.lli <»i llic ainr. Tlic latlti have losi almost sill ilicii f^lU'kciM ami tinl\' doiiMliil lia<(', ol ( iiii aic pic'.cnl H(>11i eyes rr\\\ lo niriislllc alioiil lli< ■.mn- diaimlci In llic I ypc spccinMMIS lliclcll cyr is miu-Ji l;ii|^M-i llim lli-ni<-nl '. air appcndrd : I uImI Ii iiplli I' ml (il I Mii|\ jo iii.llll li n|irillll).; W hilll mI \„„\\ I' I lltll |l(MIII III lll'.l'l I II III I il llll I (l (Ml llll III llll .ll IIIM'I I II III \\ l.llll iii'lwrrn r\i"- I I nrlli .ll Mil I.< Type- In U.S. Nnticma! IVhiSfiim 7'\7'f' loathly \^iriiiil\' id San I Mcr.o, i\ililoinia. .;n i-2^'i<) latlioiii'.. Iiolliiin ol Milt r,i.i\' mud. Two i.pci nmir. (//f'/'^y, I()I2). \>:\\\\\\\ .\K(;( )NAii'ni>;\i-:. Ai>;un.iut.i bolt)i(Ci'i, l\l(dl/.aii. Ar^othiiifii /»iV/^' ('»"(', Mall/;in, 'yninii.i/rl'inhii.. \\l\, |i. iii(, |tl.ij, iiK- 7 (iHSi)i llidal^o, A'i'f. AVi//. Aiiitf, ('/(/.•.)' wi nju.si, Aiiii, D.ill, Ihill. Mils, ('iiiii/i, /ii()/,, \l 111, |>|> ','(>, ,'.M) ( loiiH) i Ai\i, Xiif, Hist.. \\l, p. juii, pi. 17, liuV i-r» (1HH7I; Ui'in, />'ii//. A'llf. f''is/i., \.\\ll, lip •//■ •''^•'i pV |S, li^;, >,, lr\l litMiii". ; ; I nil I ), M 'I' ' lii\ r'.lu',.il<'i ,' \ II. 1,1111. iir., M.ii nil' Sill \'i'\ III lii.li.i On. y This is in vcw '.oil «'ondilion and lln- n\.inl If is diMmdi'd ol rpi.lci inis The dor.al '.nilarc ol llic head and ni>piM aims is Itiill, spoiled Willi anall Mnr.li I da i U elit imialoplioies. The expiimlod poitioir.ol I he In;. I pan ol .line, ate about ^ mm in expanded poilioiis. lur \'ei V pioininenl The W(d) is ahoiil ecpi.d on all the arms and (loos not e\((nd hit'.hei Ih.in I he ihiid snekei aiiNwheii', The lu'uk appeals lo he hhnk when '.een wilh the naked t>\e, and dark hiowu when viewed Ihioiiy'Ji .1 leir. The inaiit le opeiiiiu; oxtiMids to I ho doisal mau;iii '»! eai'h e\e The I'niuiel i-. \i-iy lonj; and ils o|■^;lU^ is similai lolhal lip.uied 1)\' Heir\' (i<)i|, le\l lii^, 'S). Tin- hianehes ol' Ihe median pad ineaMiu' IS*' mm. in len\;th and the hiteial pads aie .| mm. in hMir.th. The etui ot the mantle is hiokiMi, di>'.elo?anv*, the v'.ouad W'ith ova. The piiiuipal measure- ment', .lie appended 111111. 'I 10 7 I'liil .il Imii1> 1.1 il.>i'..il III. mil.' iiiaikMii r\r UllMlllll III I..id\ ... ., h.'.ul 1916.J A. r,. Massy : Cephalopoda of Ihr fndian Museum. 189 inm. l,(-n)^lli ol liiiiii(.-l ,,, .., S Diameter of cytt ,, ,_ ^ M I. I'lrgest sucker ... ... i 1st ri^ht arm to ex|j;iii(l< d |jottioii 12 2nfi MM .,, ., iH .-?rd „ ,, ... ,5 4th ,, 1st Icll ,, to cxpaiKled [jorlion \j 2r\(\ ,, ,, \() .3rd „ „ ,., \(, 4th .. .1 14 iJisLrihuLion. —Manntm?, and Chagos Islands {Smith) ; Ma^hate, Philipjjinos {Smilh^ Hidalp/j); China .S^a and Australia (Smith); Hawaiian Islands {berry). Family POLVP(')iMhAE. Polypus rugosus (Hose) d'Orbigiiy. Si-pia riigdsii, lios< , Actcs Soc. tl' liistoirc nut. /'afis, \). j^, u\. ^, hirs I, 2 (1792) ; Or/opus rugosus, d'CJrljij^ny, Caphalupodes acriahultferes, p. 45, pis. 6, 23, fi^. 2 U838J ; Hrock, Zoc//. Jahrb., II, pp. 591-614, taf. 16, figs. 1-4, Jena ^887; ; Joiibin, Hull. Sue. Zool. France, XXII, p. 99 C1897;; ('ctopiis graiiulatiis, Lamarck, Mam. Soc. d'histoii'c nai. Paris, p. 20 (iy<)<)) ; Hoyl(-, ' Challenger' Rep. XVI (^Cephalopoda), pp. 80-81 ('(886); Cioodrich, Trans. Linn. .Soc. Zool., VII, p. 19 (189O;; Wiilker, Abh..d. II. Kl.d. k. Ak.d. Wiss., Ill Suppl.-Bd., I Afjh., pp. 5, 6 ('1910;; Oclopns hoscii var. pallida, Hoyjc, /.r., \i\>. 81-83, P'- '/ p'- 3. ^K' '^ ■ Octopus polyzenia, Cray, British Museum Catalogue, p. 13 (1849;; K. A. Smilli, Rep. Zool. Coll. Indo-I'acific Ocean during voyage 11. M.S. 'Alert' p. 34, |>l, 4, \\<^. A (1884^ ; (?j Octopus kagosliimensis, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., V, |j. 644, pi. 2r, fig, 2 ('1888;. .M >(,, tra\v'louthalf way between eye and siphon. vSiphon conical, free for half its length and extending to, or above, the level of the eyes, and less than half way to umbrella margin ; funnel organ W-fornied and composed of narrow bands. Hectocotylized arm with well-marked sperm canal and very small terminal organ. Some suckers are enlarged on the lateral arms of both male specimens. In colour, all show IQO Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol.. XII the very pronounced difference commented upon by Brock be- tween the dorsal and ventral surface, the scoop out of the umbrella between the dorsal arms being also very marked. The Santapily specimen is of a reddish-purple colour above with an immense number of tubercles and oblong ridges, and a large cirrus at the posterior dorsal edge of e^^e. The examples M -V", M - t'- and M -%-- resemble each other very closely hi size and appearance, and are dark grey above with no oblong ridges, but with a great number of roufid tubercles regularly disposed, and surrounded and intersected by small dark chromatophores, arranged sometimes in masses which causes a handsome appear- ance like black veins all over the dorsal surface of head, mantle and arms. A trace of this marbling occurs on one side of the Santapily specimen. Ocular cirri are present on specimen M -t^— and faintly visible on M "¥■" and suppressed entirely on M *¥--• All four specimens possess a smooth ventral surface scattered thinly with reddish or brown chromatophores on a pale ground. The young specimen M -¥- is obviously the same species as the three just mentioned, but is without the dark veinings, and shows two rows of large dark chromatophores on the upper arms, in addition to the small chromatophores. Ocular cirri are present, and there are close-set tubercles on the dorsal surface of head and umbrella, but the mantle is nearly smooth. Specimen M -¥- closely resembled two specimens in the British Museum, one of which labelled "0. graimlatus," came from the Cape, and the other labelled "P. polyzenia-granulatus," came from Thursday Island, Torres Straits. Many arms are in course of regeneration in M "¥-. The principal measurements of the other specimens are appended : — Specimen number End of body to mantle-margin , , . I M .1 eye Eye to umbrella Breadth of body ,, head 1st right arm ' 2nd ,, 3rd ,, 4th , , 1st left ,, 2nd ,, ,, 3rd ,, 4th ,, Hectocotylus Length of funnel Diameter of largest sucker mm, 26 35 19 ... 18 ca. 66 ,, 62 ,, 80 ,, 81 mutilated. 77 mm. '^5 30 19 28 18 70 81 S3 .^7 mutilated. 8u M 39 52 29 39 75 less tip. 86 77 72 12 4 3*;' 117 123 102 159 116 119 146 142 .3 15 6 mm. 8 10 6 8 7 15 17 18 18 15 16 mutilated. 17 2'5o ca. "IS Distribution — Africa, west and south, Peru, Indo-Malayan Region, Japan, Australia. ' Anns much curled up. 1916.] A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. rgr Polypus aculeatus (d'Orbigny). Octopus aculeatus, d'Orbigny, Cvphalopodes acetabuliferes, p, 53, pi. 7, figs. I, 2 (1825) ; pi. 8, fig. I, pi. 23, figs, 3, 4 (1838J. M -^-i Investigator,' 25-viii-igi i , Byikhvvaaw Bay, Burm.i, Marine Survey of India — One ^. M i^isz? (?) Burma {W. T. Blanfoi'd) from coral reef— Five $. These are characterized b}' a short body, narrower head, and arms about seven times the length of the mantle. The umbrella is highest laterally, attains from one eighth to one-tenth of the length of the arms, and continues on their outer margins almost to the tip, forming wide membranous expansions. The mantle opens midway between the eye and the siphon, and on a line with the base of the eye. vSiphon conical, with a narrow opening, free for about half its length, and reaching above the level of the eyes ; funnel organ, in the only specimen examined, W-shaped, and dark red on a pale ground; hectocotylized arm relatively long, with a wide membranous sperm canal; terminal organ small, narrow, with crenulated edges folded over the transversely-grooved inner channel. Some suckers on the lateral arms are moderately enlarged. One specimen has had four of its arms mutilated near the base, a sharply-projecting point indicating the commencement of a new limb in each case. Very large cirri occur on the head and near the eyes in all the specimens, and are dispersed also on th& dorsal surface of the mantle and umbrella and on the proximal parts of the arms. Some cirri measure as much as 2 mm, in length. In two of the specimens the surface between the large cirri is almost smooth, in others it is very rugose. All have the ventral surface smooth. Colour dull lilac, heavily marked on the dorsal surface with minute purple-black chromatophores. The specimen M ~-V^ was compared with the type in the Paris Museum and appeared to resemble it very closely. The latter was carefully set up in such a manner that a good comparison could be made. The Indian Museum s{)ecimens are, perhaps, a little more purple than the type but nevertheless the colouring and sculpture are very like. The umbrella in the type is very short and much continued up the arms, and the tip of the hectocotylized arm is very minute. Enlarged suckers are present on the second and third arms, the largest being just above the umbrella. The principal measurements of three specimens are ap- pended : — Specimen nmniber ... M ^Y" M ^^^a M ^Y'i mm. mm. mm. End of bodv to mantle-margin 11 17 22 32 eye... 18 31 L " ... ... 12 22 ^ ... ... 14 21 head ... 10 15 20 Eye to umbrella ... ... 12 22 24 Breadth of body ... ... 14 21 24 192 Records ; of th e Indian Mi '4,Si zum. [Vol. XII, Specimen number ... M ^V" M ^t^ ]y/j ji2_!_ii mm. mm. mm. 1st right arm 57 no' 157 2nd ,, 80 less ti ip. 141 1 8-1 3>-d „ 80 127 156 4th „ ... mutilated. 1.17 172 I St left ,, ... 63 i.^o 150 2nd ,, ,, 98 147 2 11) 3rd ,. , ,, 62 less ti P- 168 223 4th „ , , 82 163 182 Hectocoty 'lus ... 1-25 2-50 2-25 » Length of fun nel 6 12 15 Diameter of largest suci ker 1-5.) 4 5 Distribution. — Indo-Malayan and Insular Pacific Regions. Type. — In Paris Museum, a male from Manila. Polypus macropus (Risso). Octo{)us niacrupits, Risso, Hist /laf. Eiirop. mi'diten'., p. ,3, pi. iv (1826; ; Hoyle, ' Challenger' Rep. XVI (Cephalopoda), p. 95 (1886) ; Ortmann, Zool. 'Jahrb., Ill, p. 643, pi. 21 (1888) ; Jatta, / Cefalopodi viventi nel Golfo di Napoli, p. 117, pis. 6, 23, 24 1^1896); Joubin, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XXI, p. 90 (1897); Octopus cwvieri, d'Or- bigny-Ferussac, Cephalopodes acetahnliferes, p 18, pis. i, 4, 24, 27 (1838) ; Appellof, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl.. XX 1, p. 6, pi. i (1886); Polypus macropus, Hoyle, Bull. Mus. Conip. Zool., XLIII, p. 195 (1904); (?) Hoyle, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., XXXI, pp. 36-37 (1907) ; walker,' Ahh . d. II. Kl. d. k. Ak. d. Wiss., Ill Suppl.-Bd , i Abh., p. 6 (1910); Berry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., pp. 389-90 (1912^?). M ^fs Indian Seas {Dr. Armstrong)— One ,$ . M «^2j2o Persian Gulf [R. Hugh Butler)— One ^. M i^fi"^- Singgora, Tale Sap, Gulf of Siam, i-ii-igiA (.V. Annandale) — One ? . Specimen M "F agrees closely with a male example from Naples Bay, purchased by the Dublin Museum from the Zoological Station at Naples. The loose skin, which forms many thick rolls on the nuchal region is a remarkable feature, and both specimens have a closely noduled surface with minute chromatophores, and a long funnel indented laterally at the apex so as to produce a lip on the dorsal and ventral walls. The example M -f- has a ventral median groove of which there is no trace in the Naples specimen. The main characters of M 't' are, briefly, arms about seven times the length of the mantle ; the first pair the thickest and longest, and the only arms with enlarged suckers ; umbrella about one- fifth of the arms and continued on their outer margins, highest dorsally ; mantle-opening 6 mm. behind the eye and on a level with its lower edge; siphon long, two-thirds of it above the level of the eye, and reaching to within 3 mm. of the edge of umbrella; sperm canal striated faintly in proximal part, smooth elsewhere ; termi- nal organ of hectocotylized arm very small ^, and narrower than the part of arm immediately preceding it ; surface more or less 1 In course of regeneration. 2 In the Naples specimen, the terminal organ measures 6*5() mm. on an arm of 140 mm. 1916.] A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 193 closely granulated all over, including inside of arms and umbrella ; colour buff with minute dark chromatophores on dorsal surface of mantle and head. Specimen M -¥" is a dried-up sand-coated specimen, but closely resembles a female from Yokohama in the British Museum which was got by the * Challenger ' Expedition. It differs a good deal from specimen M "V > but like it, has the first pair of arms the longest and thickest. Enlarged suckers are present on the four upper arms. The sperm canal is not striated. The hectocotylus is mutilated, but was probably very small and narrower than the part of arm immediately preceding it. The funnel is indented at the apex but does not extend so far as in specimen M -'r* • The umbrella is about one-seventh the length of the arms and is much higher dorsally than ventrally. It does not seem to extend up the arms, which are, however, much shrivelled and each possesses a remarkable dark line on the dorsal surface. A distinct trace of this line occurs in the Yokohama specimen, but it is absent in specimen M -t^« The principal measurements are appended : — Specimen number ... End of body to mantle-margin . . . ,, eye ... Eye to umbrella Breadth of body ,, ,, head 1st right arm 2nd ,, 3rd , , 4th ,, ,, 1st left 2nd ,, 3rd 4th ,, Hectocotylus Length of funnel Diameter of largest sucker The female from the Gulf of Siam, which was received too late to incorporate full particulars, has the mantle 44 mm. long. Dislrihution. — Mediterranean, Azores, Canary Islands, Red Sea, Indo-Malayan Region, Japan, Pacific Ocean. M ^^ W S220 mm. mm. 19 32 28 43 27 26 27 23 21 20 137 mutilated. 133 62 170 83 90 145 128 137 196 146 less tip 105 87 3 153 148 mutilated. 17 15 3 5 Polypus areolatus (de Haan). Octopus (ireolatits. de Haan MS., 1835 (fide d'Orbigny) ; d'Orbigny and Ferussac, Cephalopodes acefabuliferes, p. 65 (1838), p. 186 (1845 I ' Hoyle, ' Challenger' Rep. XVI (Cephalopoda), pp. 86-88, pi. 3, figs. 6,7(1886); \irock, Zool. J ahrb., H, pp. 610-611 (1887); Ortmann, Zool. Jahi-b., HI, p. 662 (1888; ; Joubin, Revue Suisse ZooL, H, p. 28 (1894) ; Notes Leyden Miis., XX, p. 22 (1898) ; Octopjis ocellatiis, Gray, Cat. Moll. B.M. parti, p. 15 (1849); Appellof, K. Svensk. Veteusk. Akad. Handl., XXI, p. 8, pi. i, figs. I, 3 (1886); Octopus brocki, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., V, p. 645 (1888) ; Polypus areolatus, Hoyle, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLIII, p. 16 (1904) ; Wulker. ^Z./z. d. II. Kl. d. k. Ak. d. Wiss. Ill Supple.-Bd., I Abh., p. 6 (1910) ; Berry Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi , pp. 393-396, text-fig. i (1912a). 194 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, M ^'-2- 'Investigator' station 328: 7-iii-i9o4, Gu!f of Marlaban, 14° 46' N., 95° 52' E., 61 fathoms— One ^. Brock objects to Hoyle's view that the 0. ocellatus of Appellof is the same species as O.areolatus, and states that the umbrella in Appellof s species is weakly developed and that the ocellus is placed close to its edge, A glance at Appellof's fig. 2 of pi. i shows, however, that he placed the ocellus at fully 8 mm. from the edge of the umbrella, and in his description he states that the umbrella is " well developed " (Val utvecklad) and describes the situation of the ocellus as being " between the base of the second and third arm pair " Appellof's description and illustration of the terminal organ of the hectocotylized arm, and the widely devel- oped membranous sperm canal with its transverse grooves, closely agrees with the form of hectocotylus in the present specimen, which is, however, characterized by a somewhat shorter body than that of the example figured by Appellof. It has the mantle widest posteriorly and with a conspicuous ventral furrow. Arms two and a half to three times the length of the body and with prominent suckers, some of which are enlarged on the lateral arms. Umbrella extending to about one-third of the length of the arms, thin, smooth and membranous, except between the dorsal pair, where it is much shorter, thick and tubercled. Umbrella continued on outer margin of arms for more than two- thirds of their length. Ocelli placed midway between eye and edge of umbrella, each con- sisting of a dark core surrounded by a white ring, and succeeded by a dark outer ring. Mantle opening placed a little below and behind eye, and on a line with ocellus, visible from above. Funnel free for half its length and reaching considerably above level of eye. Funnel organ more like the typical printer's W than Berry's illustration (1912a, fig. i). Dorsal surface of head and mantle close- ly set with round tubercles ; traces of cirri on dorsal edge of eye. The space between each tubercle is covered with minute dark chromatophores which are thinly scattered on the ventral surf ace , causing the colour to appear grey above and buff beneath. Hoyle (1886, p. 87) remarks that " on the outer surface of each of the four ventral arm^s are two rows of dark elongated spots, ' ' All the arms of the present specimen are thus adorned. The principal measurements are appended : — Knd of b :)dy to mantle-margin 20 ,, ,, , , , eye ... 25 Eye to umbrella II Breadth of body K) , , , , head K\ 1st riifht arm 44 2nd ',, M ... 49 3rd „ M ... ... ... 45 4th ., ... 61 I St left , , ■ •• 39 2nd ,, >) ... 52 3rd ,, ... • • • ... 58 4th ,, , , ... 56 Hectocotylus 6 igi6.] A. ly. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 195 mm. Length ot tunnel ... ... ... ... S Diameter of largest sucker ... ... ... 2 ,, eye opening ... ... .,, 2 Ocellus ... ... ... ... ... c^ Distribution. — Japan {Wiilker, Ortmann, Appellof, Berry) ; Hong Kong and south of Papua {Hoyle). Polypus cyanea (Gray). Octopus cyaiiea, Gra}', Brit, Miis. Cat., p. 15 (184.9 1 > Brazier, Atts. .U/is. Cat. Sydney, p. 7 (1892). M S2_s3 AkyaB, Burma (/. //. Biirkill)— One ? . This has an elongate body, widest at centre, and quite smooth except for a few very minute tubercles on dorsal mantle and arms. Eyes not prominent and without cirri. Mantle-opening placed just behind eye but much below it. Apex of siphon about on level with eyes and reaching nearly half way to umbrella. Siphon free for almost half its length and appearing to be without a funnel organ. Arms about four and a half times the length of the body and head, and six times the length of the body alone, very robust and long in proportion to size of body ; semi-equal, the second and third being the longest, and the fourth a little longer than the first. Suckers very prominent and not very close ; in two alternate rows except at the base where a few are placed singly. About the eleventh sucker from the base is very large and has eighteen to twenty radial grooves. The umbrella attains one-third to one-quarter the length of the arms, and is highest laterally, and considerably higher dorsally than ventrally. Colour pale lilac, produced by a sprinkling of minute black or purple dots on a buff ground ; ventral surface paler with brownish and purple- red dots. A male specimen in the British Museum, labelled " Octopus cyanea^ Gray, Moreton Bay, between tide marks, Queens- land Museum," very closely resembles this in general appearance, as well as in the absence of ocular cirri, the almost smooth body, the position of the mantle-opening, the shape of the siphon, the order and length of arms and the prominence of the suckers. The colouring of the Australian specimen is a little darker and the chromatophores on the arms are sometimes arranged in circles which is not the case with specimen M -'^f-^. It may be useful to add that the hectocotylized arm of the Australian specimen has a minute terminal organ measuring only 2 mm. on an arm of 340 mm. The sperm canal is unusually broad and its clear buff colour is sharply defined from the mottled oral and dorsal surface. Some suckers at the margin of the umbrella are much enlarged on the second and third arms. The principal measurements of specimen M ^\'-' are appended : — m m . End of body to mantle-margin ... ... ... 108 , eye ... ... ... ... 125 Kve to umbrella ... ... ... ... 100 196 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, mm. Breadth of body (flattened) ... ... ... 78 Breadth of head ... ... ... ... 46 1st right arm ... ... ... ... 342 2nd ':, ,. ... ... ... ... 455 3rd ,, M ... ... ... ... 427 4th ,, ,, ... ... ... ... 422 l^mbrella between dorsal arms ... ... ... 98 ,, ,, ventral ,, ... ... ••■73 ,, ,, 1st and 2nd left arms ... ... 128 Diameter of largest sucker ... ... ... 10 ,, ,, eye-opening- ... ... ... 7 Length of funnel ... ... ... ... 32 Breadth of funnel at apex ... ... ... 15 Distribution. — New South Wales, Queensland, Solomon Islands {Brazier, 1892). Polypus defilippi (Veran}^). Octopus defilippi, Verany, Cephalopodes de la Mediterranee, p. 30, pi. xi, figs. d. f. (1851) ; Hoyle, ' Challenger ' Rep., XVI (Cephalopoda), p. 8 (1886); Jatta, / Cefalnpodi viveiiti nel Golfo di Napoli, pp. 221- 22|, pi. 4, fig. 2 ; pi. 24, figs. 4-13 ; pi. 25, fig. I (1896); Octopus De Filippi, Targioni-Tozzetti, Commentario siii Cefalopodi mediterranei del R. Museo di Fireuze, p. 20 (1869') ; Tiberi, Bull. Soc. Mai. ItaL, V, p. 2 (1880) ; Carus, Prodj-omits Faunae Mediterraueae, etc., II, Cephalopoda, p. 460 (1890) ; Octopus Defilippi, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, I, Cephalopoda, p. 3 (1879); Octopus de-filippt, Berg- mann, Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin, pp. 104-109, 3 figs. [Re- ceptaculum seminis] (1903). M ^ti 'Investigator' station 503: 25-1-1913, Mergui Archipelago, .shore 'collecting. Marine Survey of India — One $. Except that it is a little smaller, this specimen exactly resem- bles the illustration of Jatta {I.e., tav. 4, fig. 2) having the same long narrow body, prominent eyes, and pale greenish-yellow colouring with delicate slightly-defined dark reticulations. The fourth arms are much the longest and thickest, being six or seven times the length of the mantle, while the dorsal pair is only about three times of this length. None of the suckers is specially en- larged. Umbrella attaining about one-eighth of the length of the arms, widest ventrally, and extending prominently on the upper part of arms forming large crests. The mantle opens a little below and at the ventral edge of eye. Funnel small and extending about half way to the margin of umbrella. Two ocular cirri are present over each eye and a few tubercles are scattered on the dorsal sur- face of the head and mantle. Ventral surface smooth except for a faintly-indicated median groove. The striated sperm canal and small terminal organ of the hectocotylized arm agree with Jatta's description. A Bay of Naples specimen, purchased from the Zoological Station of Naples by the Dublin Museum, has the typi- cal round body represented by Verany, and by Jatta on pi. 24, figs. 10, 12. Jatta mentions that this is due to the mantle of specimens in alcohol becoming contracted, and, therefore, swollen in the middle, restricted at each end, and furnished with a median ventral groove. He describes the surface as being perfectly smooth 1916.J A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 197 except for two ocular cirri. The Dublin Museum specimen is however, much tubercled, even on the ventral surface, where there is also a strong median groove, and in the centre of the posterior end of the mantle there is a slight projection surrounded by a ring of tubercles.^ The specimen is of a pale purple-gray tint, but agrees with the example M " V' - in having the first four suckers placed singly on all the arms, and also in the width of the mantle- opening, the size of the funnel, and its distance from the umbrella- margin, as also in the size of umbrella and the conspicuous development of the white transparent portion of it between the ventral arms. Try on remarks that this species is certainly very near P. aranea, d'Orb., and I thought at first that the example M -V* would probably prove to be it, particularly as P. defilippi had not been observed outside the Mediterranean. On comparing M -¥ ", however, with the type of d'Orbigny in the Paris Museum, I found that the umbrella in P. aranea is lower ventrally than dorsally and does not appear to be continued on the arms, which are much slighter in proportion to the size of the body than in P. defilippi ; the body also is quite round, but that, as in P. defilippi, may be due to contraction. P. aranea has a very smooth surface and a pale body with very minute round red-brown chromatophores. In the specimen M '¥- the chromatophores are minute, oblong and almost black. The principal measurements are appended: — End of body to man tie-margin 23 ,. ,, ,, M eye Eye to umbrella 12 14 Breadth of body „ head 15 II ist right arm 82 2nd ,, ,, 3rd ,, „ 4th „ „ I St left ,, ... 135 ... 46 ... 1572 ... 80 2nd ,, ,, ... 115 3rd ,, ,, 4th „ „ Hectocotvlus ... >o7 .. 1382 1-50 Diameter of largest sucker Distribution. — Mediterranean. Polypus hongkongcnsis (Hoyle). (?) Octopus piiHctatits, Gabb, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Set'., II, p. 170 (1S62); Dall, Ibid., Ill, p. 243, fig. 27 ( 1866) ; Verrill, ' Blake', Suppl., p. 117, pis. 4, 5, fig. 2 (1883); Octopus hongkougensis, Hoyle, Diagnoses I, p. 224; Prelim. Rep., I, p. 99 (1885); Octopus punc- tatus, Hoyle, 'Challenger' Rep., XVI (Cephalopoda), p. loo, pi. 5 (1886); Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Ill, p. 662 (1888); ]o\\h\n, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, X, p. no, pi. 9 (1897) ; Bull. Soc. Zool. Fra)ice. ' This would appear to be an abnormality common to several species. It is noted by Hoyle (1886, p. 93 j for Polypus pictus {^vocV), and is figured by Joubin (1 903, pi. I, figs. 7 and 8) for P. fontanianus, d'Orb. 2 l^ess tip. 198 Records of the Indian Museum, [VOL. XII, XXII, p. 98 (1897); Puhp/is piinctntus, Wi'ilkei', Abh. d. 11. Kl. d. k. Ak. d. IViss. Ill Supple. -Bd., I Abh., p. 7 (1910) ; Polypus ho ng- kongoisis, Beny, Bull. Buy. Fi's/i., XXX, pp. 280-4, pis. 35, fig. 3; 36, rig. I ; 39, rigs. 3-4; 40, fig. I ('1912) ; Pi'oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PliiL, p. 391 (1912). M ^y-^ ' Investigator ' station 237: i3-iv-l89S, .\ndaman Sea, 13° 17' N., 93° 7' E., 90 fathoms— One (J M si_4i . Investigator' station 465: 22-iv-i9i2, S. of Ceylon, 5° 56' N., 81° 22' E., iog-132 fathoms — One $ . Specimen M -\" agrees exactly with the ' Challenger ' example in the British Museum in shape of body and general appearance, distribution of web, brown coloured chromatophores, round tubercles and large cirri under eyes. The funnel organ was apparently W-shaped but the lateral pads have become very indistinct Specimen M -V' is darker, being of a reddish-brown mottled with black on the upper surface. The web is highest laterally but the ventral arms and web are longer than the dorsal. The entire surface, including inside of web, is tubercled, and there are also oblong wart-like folds on the dorsal surface of the body and arms. Funnel organ W-shaped. The principal dimensions are appended : — Specimen number ... ... M ^\i-^ M «V^ mm. mm. End of body to mantle-margin 14 54 ,, ,. ,, eye 16 63 Breadth of body 12 51 ,, head 9 32 Eye to umbrella ... ■ 15 51 1st right arm 70 140 2nd ,, 62 less t ip. 170 3rd 38 190 4th „ „ mutilated. 170 1st left 70 150 2nd ,, 60 less tip. 172 3rd „ „ 79 187 4th „ „ 67 133 less tip, Diameter of largest sucker I 6 Hectocotylus ... ' 3 less t ip. Distribution. — Indo-Malayan Region, Japan, Alaska, British Columbia, California. Type, — A male in the British Museum. Type locality. — Off Ino Sima Island, Japan, 345 fathoms. Polypus levis, Hoyle. Octopus levis, Hoyle, Diagnoses I, p. 229; Prelim. Rep., I, p. 104 (1885); ' Challenger' Rep., X\'I (Cephalopoda), pp. 98-99, pi. 2, fisfs. 1-4, pi. 3, fig. 1 fi886). M i-^y6_8 . Investigator,' Indian seas. Marine Survey of India — One 9 . Compared with the large type male this has the same shaped head and body, and wide web not attaining much development on 1916.] A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 199 the arms. The large type specimen shows no colour but a smaller example exhibits the same peculiar large chocolate coloured chromatophores distinguishing M -V*-, which is further charac- terized by a hard dried-up body with ventral furrow, narrow mantle opening, and siphon extending one- third of the distance to margin of web between ventral arms and having its apex above the line of the eyes. Surface smooth, colour slate-blue' above with large chromatophores at sides ^ paler beneath and freckled with minute dots and paler large chromatophores. Funnel organ W-shaped. Principal measurements: — mm. End of bod}- to eye ... ... ... ... 30 Eye to umbrella ... ... ... ... 21 Breadth of body ... ... ... ... 20 ,, head .. ... ... ... 17 End of body to ventral mantle ... ... ... 24 1st right arm ... ... ... ... 59 2nd ,, ,, ... ... ... ... 60 3rd ,, ,, ... ... ... .S7 4th ,, ,, ... ... . ... 5(1 1st left ,, ... ... ... 60 2nd ,, ,, ... ... ... ... 62 3rd ,, ,, ... ... ... 56 4th ., ,, ... ... ... ... 57 Diameter of lar^fst sucker ... .. ... 2 Distribution. — 52° 59' 30" S., 73° 33' 30" W., 75 fathoms. Type. — In British Museum, two males (one immature) and two immature females. Polypus januarii (Steenstrup). Octopus -januayii, "Steenstrup, MS.," Hoyle, Diagnoses I, p. 229; Prelim. Rep., p. 105 (1885), ' Challenger'' Rep.. XVI (Cephalopoda), pp. 97-98, pi. 7, figs. 1-4 (1886) ; Octopus januarii, Goodrich, Trans. Linn. Sac. ZooL, 2, VII, part i, p. 19 (1896); Polypus januarii, Hoyle, Bull. Mus. Coynp. Zool... XI.III, p. 18, pi, 5. fig". 2 (1904^) ; Berry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 392 (1912). M ^■^ ' Investigator' station 222 : 2i-xii-i896, .\ndaman Sea, 13° 27' N., 93° 14' 30" E., 405 fathoms— One ? . M ^i-i ' investigator' station t,?,'^ ■ i2-iv-i904, 10° 21' N., 92^46' 15" E, 279 fathoms — One $ . M J-\*— 'Investigator' station 297 : i3-iv-l902. Gulf of Oman, 25° 11' 30" N., 57° 15' E., 689-700 fathoms— One (^ . M ^-\*-5^ ' Investigator' station 343 : ig-x-1904, Gulf of Oman, 23° 46' 15" N., 58° 31' 50" E., 609 fathoms — One ? . These are all characterized by a round body of very soft con- sistency, enormous eyes, and arms of from three and a half to five times the length of the ventral mantle. The arms are not so long in proportion to the body as in Hoyle 's description, but this is a character depending much on preservation. The first and second pairs seem to be always longer than the others, and slightly thicker This tint seems like a deposit over a reddish-brown colour. 200 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII , than the ventral pair. The suckers are small, prominent and far apart ; none are enlarged in the male. The umbrella attains to one- third or one-fourth of the arms, is lowest ventrally and about equal elsewhere. It is continued on the outer margins of the arms, but not remarkably so except in the largest specimen. The mantle-opening is placed just below the eye. The funnel is much fused to the head and reaches to about one-third of the distance to the umbrella margin. Two specimens were examined with regard to the funnel organ. One is in too bad condition ; but the other, M -V-, possesses an oval, somewhat shield-like median pad, and two oblong lateral pads of about half the width of the median one. It is possible that these may have been joined to the median pad at the posterior end. The tip of the hectocotylized arm resembles that figured by Hoyle (1886, pi. 7, fig 2) except that, as in the examples recorded by Goodrich, the ridges are more marked. All the examples are quite smooth and pinkish in colour. The chromatophores are very minute, and of various tints from yellow-brown to purple-red. The principal measurements are ap- pended : — Specimen number End of body to mantle-margin ,, ,, ,, ,, eye Eye to umbrella Breadth of body ,, ,, head 1st right arm 2nd ,, „ 3rd „ „ 4th ., 1st left 2nd ,, ,, 3rd ,, „ ... '.; 4th ,, ,, Hectocotylus Diameter of largest sucker Distrihulion. — Off Barra Grande, Brazil (type locality) ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and North Pacific, east of Japan [Hoyle) ; Bay of Bengal and Andaman vSea {Goodrich) ; Off the Cocos Islands {Hoyle). Polypus tonganus^ Hoyle. Octopus to)iganus. Hoyle, Diagnoses I, p. 225 (1885) ; Prelim. Rep., p. 100 (1885); ' Challengey' Rep., XVI (Cephalopoda), pp. 83-84, pi. 8, figs. I, 2 (1886); Hedley, Mem. Aitstr. M us. Sydney, 111, pp. 520, 550 (1899) i Polypus touganiis, Hoyle, Bull. Mas. Camp. ZooL, XLHI, no. I, p. 17 (1904); Fauna and Geogr. Maldive Laccadive Archip., \\, suppl. i, p. 978 UQ'^S)- M ^f^ ' Investigator ' station 242 : 2-X-1898, Arabian Sea, 17° 27 N., 71° 41' E., 56-58 fathoms— One ,$ VI H^ M ^V- M liV'i AT ^^ mm. mm. mm. mm. 24 25 37 42 29 31 54 60 37 4*> 7" 24 18 21 20 30 18 1 26 I 118 2 96 140 182 1152 go 136 201 112 mutilate d. 65 201 115 135 130 93 85-2 mutilated. 124 192 185 16S 122 76 3 84 75 114 122 13 '72 180 [•50 2 I '5" 3 1 In bad condition. 2 l^ess tip. ^ In course of regeneration. 1916.] A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 201 This resembles the type male in the British Museum very closely but is a little lighter in colour on the lower surface. The hectocotylus is exactly like that of the type. It will be remembered that the latter has four enlarged suckers on each lateral arm ; the present specimen does not show these probably because the arms are in course of regeneration. The first and third pairs are the most slender at the base and the second and fourth the strongest and thickest. The web is very short, highest laterally and lowest ventrally. The funnel organ appears to be W-shaped but is not in good condition. A few very small tubercles are present on the head and dorsal mantle Colour buff densely covered above with very minute dark brown chromatophores, paler beneath. The dark dorsal surface of arms presents a strong contrast to the flesh- coloured ventral surface. The principal measurements are appended : — End of body to mantle-margin M eye Eye to umbrella Breadth of body 1 St right arm ' 2nd ,, ,, 3rd „ „ 4th ,, ,, I St left 2nd ,, ,, 3rd ,, ,, 4th „ ,. Hectocotylus Diameter of lara-esl sucker m m . 31 38 16 22 92 148 73 200 86 145 69 72 ca. I Distribution. — Pacific Insalar Region ; Indian Ocean. Type. — In British Museum, one male, two females. Polypus bandcnsis (Hoyle) Octopus baiideiisis, Hoyle, Diagnoses I, p. 227 ; Prelim. Rep , I, p. 109 (1885); 'Challenger' Rep., XVI (Cephalopoda), p. 96, pi. 7, figs. 2 and 10 ri886); Appellof, Abh. d. Senckenb. naturf. Ges., XXIV, p. 566(1898). M ^ijfis 'Investigator' station 152: i2-xii-i89:: Colombo Lt., 26J fathoms — One $. iii miles S. 83° W. of The extreme length of the third arms is the most important character of this species. The present example has a roundish body separated from the head by a constriction, and the head is wider than the body owing to the large prominent eyes. The third arms are about six times the length of the mantle and nearly twice as long as any of the other arms. Umbrella very short and membranous, about equal all round, continued on the outer surface of the arms, and forming 1 A study of the base of the arms shows that the short ones are evidently in course of regfeneration. 202 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XIT, large webs on the third pair. Siphon pointed, and reaching halfwa3" between the mantle and margin of umbrella. Prominent tubercles surround the eyes and a few are scattered on the dorsal surface of the mantle. The ventral mantle has a median furrow, and eight little pits arranged in a row of four pairs at i mm. from the posterior end. As indications of similar pits appear elsewhere, I believe them to be surface indentations due to accidental pressure sustained in transit ^ Colour buff with reddish-brown chromatophores, usually thinly distributed, but forming definite patches below each eye on the constriction between head and body, and also on each side of the mantle at about half way between the first patch and the end of the body. The arms show dark patches on their outer surface arranged either in pairs or in single bars. The principal measurements are appended: — mm. End of body to mantle-margin ... ... ... 6 M , , , . eye . . ... • ■ • 7 Eye to umbrella ... .. ...650 Breadth of body ... ... ... ... 5'5" ,, head ... ... ■■ ..e-so 1st right arm ... ... -. 26 2nd ,, ,, ... ... ... 27 yd ,, ,, ... ... ... 46 less tip. 4th ,, ., ... ... ... ■■ 3+ istleft ,, ... ... ... 39 2nd,, ,, ... ... •■• 36 3rd ,, ,, . ... •.. 59 4th ,, ,, ... ... ■ ■ .35 biameter of largest sucker . ... ca. '50 Distribution. — Banda, Ternate. Type.— In British Museum, one young specimen. Polypus globosus (Appellof). Octopus globosiis, Appellof, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., XXI, pp. 7, 8, pi. I, figs. 4, 5 (1886); Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Ill, p. 662 (1888); Octopus riigosus (pars), Ortmann, Zool. Jalirb., V, p. 669 (1891); Octopus globosus, Goodrich, Trans. Linn. Soc, VII, p. 19, pi. 5, f^g. 81 (1896) ; Joubin, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XXII. p. 98 (1897) ; Appellof, Abh. d. Senckenb. natnrf. Ges., XXIV, pp. 565, 566(1898) ; Polypus globosus, Hoyle, Proc. Roy. Pliys. Soc. Edinburgh, XVII, p. 259 (no description) (1909); Berry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 388 (l9I2rt). M ^ Bombay— One c^. M 82J.S Qff Gopalpore, 25-28 fms., Sept., 1909, trawler ' Golden Croivn ', Bengal Fish. Dept.— One ^. M i+f-i' Bandra, near Bombay ("J. W. Gaunter)— One (^ . The globular body, small mantle-opening, ventral furrow, order of arms, and the colouring and sculpture of these three little specimens closely agrees with the description of the type. The umbrella, which is about one quarter the length of the arms, 1 All the specimens were wrapped in muslin and closely packed in soldered in boxes, and a few specimens had metal labels. 1916.] A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 203 and about equal all round, is so membranous as to be almost transparent, while that of the type is described as " quite thick ", but the much smaller size of the present examples may account for the difference. It is continued up the arms, as in Appellof's (1886, p. 8) description, " in the form of two keels on their outer sides." The terminal organ of the hectocotylized arm resembles Goodrich's illustration, and appears to have no striae in the concave part; the sperm canal, on the contrary, is transversely striate throughout. In the two largest specimens the arms are bent back over the head, and one or two suckers are markedly enlarged on the lateral arms. In the specimen M -V ~ the arms are only partially bent over the head, the terminal organ of the hectocotylized arm is very short, and looks as if it was only in process of formation, and no suckers appear to be enlarged on the lateral arms ; two rows of large dark chromatophores are present on all the arms, and on the dorsal mantle a few large, almost black, chromatophores are interspersed with small brown ones, while on the ventral mantle the large dark spots only are present, being placed about i mm. apart. The specimen M -y'" was found in a hole in a rock at low tide. The principal measurements are appended : — Specimen number ... M ^f ^ M ■'^Y" M ^^^ mm. mm. mm End of body to mantle-marg-in 12 13 6 • . M ,. M eye 17 15 9 Breadth of body ... 14 14 7 ,, ,, hfad 12 12 8 1st right arm 64 43 19 i( ?nd ,, 72 50 24 :.rd ,. „ 59 44 20 4th 69 48 22 ist left 60 44 20 2nd ,, 71 53 22 If 3rcl „ „ 6S 51 22 Ath „ „ 62 44 22 Hectocotylus 4 ca. 3 ca. '25 Length of funnel ... 5 ca. 5 2 -50 Diameter of largest sucker 2 I ess tip. ess tip. Distribution.— Japan {Appellof, Joubin) ; Straits of Malacca, Kabusa Islands, Nicobar Islands, Bombay, Ceylon {Goodrich). Type.— In Zoological Museum, Upsala University, two females. Polypus fusiformis (Brock). Octopus fusiformis, Brock, Zool. jfahrb.. V, p. 6ui, pi. 16, figs, i and 2 (1887) ; Octopus pisiformis, Hoyle, Proc. Royal Phys. Sac. Edin- burgh, p. 5 (inerely listed^ (1897). M «2-a2^s pai]^ Straits, south of India— Two ? . These are characterized by a vQ.xy long narrow body with extremely narrow neck and prominent eyes ; mantle-opening so wide that it is visible from above ; arms of about five times the length of the body and tapering to very fine points ; umbrella 204 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, extending about one-fifth of the length of the arms, and with in- dications showing that it was continued on their outer margins ; funnel long, conical, and adherent for two- thirds of its length ; funnel organ in bad condition in both specimens ; surface smooth, except for a few small tubercles, chiefl^^ on the dorsal surface of the mantle, head and umbrella ; no cirri ; colour brownish above, paler below ; dorsal surface with very many minute dark chro- matophores, which are fewer, and of a reddish-brown colour, ven- trally. These seem to agree with Brock's description very closely, except that he describes the umbrella in his specimen to be highest ventrally, and prolonged in a well developed swimming membrane to the points of the arms. In the largest of the present specimens the umbrella is slightly highest dorsally, and in the other example it is about equally developed all round. Brock remarks that this species ' ' is excellently characterized by the long spindle-shaped body, which is completely like a Loligo without fins ", and that no species already described resembles it. An example of Cisiopus indicus, Gray, in the British Museum, bears, however, a strong superficial resemblance in colour and form, but possesses arms seven or eight times the length of the body, and an umbrella about one-eighth of the arms. As, however, a careful examination fails to reveal any trace of pouches between the arms in the present specimens, I have no doubt that they belong to the form described by Brock. Steenstrup is very doubt- ful whether d'Orbigny's two figures of Cistopus indicus represent the same species. " He is disposed to regard the type of Rapp's " species as having been a true Octopus and for the form with " pouches between the arms he has adopted the name Cistopus bursarius" (Hoyle i886a., p. 19). It seems, therefore, possible that Brock's form may be identical with the type of Rapp's species. The principal measurements of the present examples are ap- pended : — Specimen number ... ... ... M ^-^.2 M ^\^-^ End of body to mantle-margin , , , . , , . . eye Kye to umbrella at left .side M M .. .. right Breadth of body ,, head ,, neck 1st right arm 2nd ,, ,3rd ,, ,, 4th I.St left arm 2nd ,, 3rd „ ,. 4th ., ,, i .ength of funnel Diameter of largest sucker Distribution. — Amboina, a male presented by the natives. mm. mm, 43 43 67 60 5" 36 35 36 24 21 22 16 15 9 200 155 185 143 128 156 135 143 162 151 167 160 135 137 125 1 10 22 16 6 .^ 1916.] A. Iv. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 205 Polypus microphthalmus (Goodrich). Octopus microphtlialiiuis, Goodrich, Trans. Liu)}. Soc, V'll, p. 20, pi. 5, figs. 83, 84 (1896). io.(i7_7.:s Karnaphuli River Chittagono-, Dec, 1914 (A. C. Cliowdliury) — Two ? . These have a long narrow body with a yet narrower head, wide mantle- opening placed a little below and in line with the eye/ visible from above ; eyes small ; siphon with broad apex extend- ing above the eyes and half-way to umbrella margin ; free for half its length ; no trace of funnel organ in either, although the specimens are in very good condition ; arms not very tapering at the tips, and about two and a half times the length of the body. Web lowest ventrally, and highest in both at the right side, ex- tending to about one-third of the length of the arms but not continued up them. Suckers small and much elevated, very like Goodrich's illustration (pi. 5, fig. ?>2t). Surface quite smooth every- where. Colour white, speckled with minute, dark-grey or purple- black, round chromatophores, which are most numerous on the dorsal surface of head and mantle where they form occasionally elongate grey smears. Larger chromatophores, measuring about 50 mm., are also present on the mantle and form two rows up each arm, each spot being placed about 3 mm. apart. These rows are very ornamental, and are especially distinct on the umbrella region. The inner surface of web and oral aspect of arms is sparsely sprinkled with small dots. There is a tendency, especially in the smaller specimen, to form pockets in the umbrella. These are not to be compared to the aquiferous pouches of Cislopus indicus, Gra}^ as they are merely tranverse or oblique folds of the web extending from one arm to the next at about the middle of umbrella. They are not confined to any particular pair of arms but are most developed between the laterals, where the umbrella is widest, and are scarcely indicated between the ventral pair. This delicately-pretty species seems to differ from the other more or less pale and smooth-skinned Polyps of this region chiefly by its small eyes, wide mantle-opening, and short arms possessing very prominent suckers and with web not continued up them. Polypus elegans (Brock), P. fusiformis (Brock) and P. pricei (Berry), are perhaps the nearest to it. P. elegans has, however, very prominent eyes, a pointed fun- nel, much longer arms, and chromatophores which " almost vanish in alcohol." P. fusiformis has a narrower body and head, and longer arms and web, and P. pricei is of much more delicate consistency with huge ej'es and a longer web. The principal dimensions are given below : — 1 One specimen has the mantle-opening at one side placed as in the type, e.g., rather more than halfway from the siphon to the eve." m. [Vol. XII, M i-Y-- M iiL7^s mm. mm. 26 31 20 22 15 14 20 23 11 65 64 83 82 13 67 75 .81 76 175 175 206 Records of the Indian Museiitn Specimen number End of body to mantle-margin ... Breadth of body ,, ,, head Eye to umbrella Length of funnel 1st right arm 2nd ,, 31'd ,, ,, 4th „ „ Diameter of largest sucker Distribution. — Port Blair, Andaman Islands. Type.^ln Indian Museum, Calcutta, a female. Polypus herdmanit Hoyle. Polypus liei'dmiuii, Hoyle, Rep. Pearl Oyster Fish. Gulf of Mauaar. p. 187, pi. I (1904) ; Hoyle, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loyidou, p. 454 (1907). M ^-Y"^ Pearl Banks, Ceylon {T. So/if/nvel I)— One ?. This has a round body with a median ventral groove ; mantle- opening placed a short distance below and behind the eyes, and extending a little less than half round the body ; arms stout and nearly four times the length of the mantle ; suckers apparently ceasing at a short distance from the tip of each arm ; umbrella extending about one-fourth of the length of the arms, continuing moderately on their outer margins, lowest dorsally and highest between the two ventral pairs ; siphon small, not passing the level of the eye, and reaching nearly half way to the edge of umbrella ; ocellar spots (each consisting of a dark oval patch surrounded by a narrow lighter coloured ring) placed about half way between the eye and the edge of umbrella ; numerous elongated warts and tubercles placed chiefly round eyes and on dorsal surface of head and umbrella ; inside of umbrella wrinkled but not tubercled. Colour greyish-brown, produced by minute brown chromatophores on a bufi' ground ; ventral surface paler and browner. It will be seen from the above notes that this specimen seems to differ from the description of the type only in having a somewhat smaller mantle- opening, and that the ocellar spots are placed a little nearer the umbrella. The latter difference may be accounted for b}^ contrac- tion, many nuchal wrinkles being present. The principal measurements are appended : — mm. PLnd of body to mantle-margin ... ... ... 8 ,, , eye ... ... ... ... 12 Eye to umbrella ... .. ... ... 8*50 Breadth of body ... ... ... ... 8 ,, head ... ... ... 9 1st right arm ... ... ... 25 ' 2nd ,, ,, . ... ... •• mutilated. 3rd ,, ,, ... ... ... 31 I All the arms are much curled up, so that measurements can only he regarded as approximate. 1916.] A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 207 4th right ami 1st left arm 2nd ,, ,, 3rd ,, ,, 4th ,, ., Length of funnel Diameter of largest sucker ,, ,, eye-opening Ocellus m m . 28 26 28 32 mutilated. 3*50 I I Distribution, — Ceylon (type locality) ; Zanzibar (Hoyle). Polypus arborcscens, Hoyle. Polypus arboresceiis, Hoyle, Rep. Pearl Oyster Fish. Gulf of Manaar, p. 189, pi. 2, figs. 8, g, 12 ; pi. 3 (.1904) ; Fauna and Geogr. Maldive Lnccadive Archip., II, suppl. I, p. 979(1905) ; Proc. Zool.Soc. London, P- 454 (1907)- M -«-2-j3i Pearl Banks, Ceylon {T. Southivel I)— One J'. This possesses a round body with a constriction at the neck, and a mantle-opening placed about halfway between the eye. and an unusually broad siphon ; the latter has a blunt apex, and reaches nearly halfway to the margin of umbrella. The arms are about three times the length of the mantle, and are bent back over the body revealing that the first four suckers on each arm are placed singly, and that all have the eighth, ninth and tenth suckers enlarged. Umbrella lowest dorsally, extending about one- third of the length of the arms, and continued on their outer margins. Terminal organ of hectocotylized arm very small. Colour of body grey with dark lines ; arms reddish with light coloured patches, each of which is the seat of a cirrus. Cirri very numerous even on the ventral surface, many being much branched and measuring 2 mm. in length. The principal measurements are appended : — Knd of body to mantle-margin ., ,, M M eye Breadth of body ,, head 1st right arm 2nd ,, 3rd ,, 4th ,, 1st left 2nd ,, ,, 3rd „ „ 4th ,, Hectocotylus Distribution. — Indian Ocean ; Zanzibar. 6 8 3 7 18 20 19 22 mutilated. 19 21 21 ■50 Polypus hoyleij Berry. Polypus hoylei Berry, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXXVII, pp. 407-8. text-fig. I (1909) ; Bull. Bur. Fish. U.S. A., XXXII, pp. 296-298, text-fig. 15, pi. 48, figs. 2-4, pi. S3, fi.g'- I (1914)-. 2o8 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII M ^i^-^ ' Investigator ' .station 379 : S-.\-ic)o5, Persian Gulf, 28° 59' N., 50° 3' E., 25 fathoms — One (J. M ^i-^Y^-^ ' Investigator' station 360 ; 2o-.\ii-i905, Arabian Sea, 13° 36' N., 47°32'E., 130 fathoms — Two (^ . M ^y^-i- 'Investigator' station 464: 22-iv-i9i2, S. of Ceylon, 6° 2' 30" N., 81° 29' E., 52-68 fathoms— One ? . These agree very closel}- with Berry's full description and excellent figures. All are characterized by a soft body ; very large eyes with small openings, stout arms of about two and a half times the length of the mantle : a semitransparent umbrella ex- tending about equally (slightly less between ventral pair) on all the arms for from one-third to nearly one half of their length, and continued along their outer margins in membranous expansions ; a very small mantle-opening ; and funnel organ of two V-shaped pads. The tip of the hectocotylized arm is stout and broad, and the usual transverse grooves are very obscure in two examples, and absent in the third. The male specimens show no special enlargement of the suckers. The ventral mantle is divided by an incipient groove in one specimen only. In three examples the funnel is free for the anterior third, or less, of its length, in the other it is totally fused to the head. The latter specimen is from comparatively shallow water, but the fused funnel, when opened, disclosed the same peculiar type of organ and the specimen did not appear to differ from the rest in any other character. Two examples exhibit clearly two cirri near each eye, one being placed above and the other below its dorsal edge. The sculpture and colouring are very striking ; each of the numer- ous tubercles is surrounded by a dotted circle of minute reddish- brown chromatophores, producing a somewhat star-like, or white- spotted pattern. The tubercles are sometimes continued on the ventral surface, and a few may be observed on the inner dorsal surface of the umbrella. In two specimens the dorsal chromato- phores are so dense as to present a purple-red tone, and the lower surface appear much paler by contrast. Three of Berry's specimens were taken at 257-460 fathoms, and the remaining one off the Hawaiian Islands, depth unknown. The present examples show that the species does not restrict its range to deep water. The principal measurements are appended : — Specimen number .. M ^yf^^ M S 1 2 .-, 1 M ^L2«- M ^-V--* mm. mm. mm. mm. End of bod}- to mantle -margin . 31 32 25 30 >y 1. .> >> eye Eye to umbrella Breadth of body 40 28 49 42 30 38 22 26 48 31 38 ,, ,, head 1st right arm 29 65 29 I 22 67 29 06 2nd ,, 3rd 75 47 ... ' 60 70 45 92 ' In course of resfeneration. 10 r6.] A. I,. Massy : Cepludopoda of the Indian Museum. 209 Specimen number ... M 1 M ''-J^^ \I 5 1^« .M Hl*4 1 mm. mm. mm. mm. I St left arm I 82 69 91 -Jnd ,, 80 ...' 65 100 3rd .. „ 4th ,, ., Hectocotylus Diameter of largest sucker I 2 ""1 "85 7 2 5 1-50 93 93 2 Distribtition. — In the archibenthal region of the Hawaiian Islands. Type. — In U. S. National Museum, an adult male. Polypus pricei, Berry. (PI. XXIII, figs. 7-8). Polypus pricei, Berry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. P/iiL, pp. 73-5 (1913) ; Polypus ']u\.. Berry, University of California Publications in Zool., Vlii, p. 303, 304 (1911). M ^i^a"-5-i- ' Investigator ' station 366 : io-iv-igo6, Arabian Sea, 24° 45 ' N., 63° 50' 15' E., 544 fathoms — Three ($ . This species possesses the delicate and fragile appearance of a pelagic organism, and is so transparent that the venous system can be distinctly traced, without a lens, all about the head and up each arm. The body is soft and elongate, and the head is occupied by large prominent eyes. The arms are two and a half times the length of the body, and have small but very prominent suckers placed rather far apart ; none are specially enlarged. The hyaline umbrella attains more than one-third of the length of the arms, continues a little on their outer margins, and is slightly less between the ventral pair. Berry describes the umbrella as ex- tending about equally between all the arms for '' perhaps a twelfth of their length " His specimens were, however, all taken from the stomach of a salmon and it seems reasonable to suppose that the fragile membrane constituting the umbrella might easily suffer injury under such conditions. The mantle opens just below the eye. The funnel has an unusually broad apex, and the funnel organ is so peculiar that two specimens vyere examined, and both were found to agree exactly. The median organ consists of two very small, oblong, widely-spaced pads, placed rather near the anterior margin of the funnel, and single lateral pads of similar shape and size are also present. In the smallest specimen the median pads measure about i'50 mm. in length, and the space between them is about 3 mm. Owing to the condition of Berry's specimens, he was unable to give a, drawing of the funnel organs which is therefore given here (pi. xxiii, fig. 8). The hectocotylus (not observed in the type) is also figured (pi. xxiii, fig. 7). The ter- minal organ is small, and the usual transverse furrows are faintly marked in the largest specimen, and almost invisible in the others; i In course of regeneration. 210 Records of tlie Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, the sperm canal is moderately defined. All the examples have a perfectly smooth surface and are pale buff in colour with minute yel!ow~brown chromatophores^ interspersed with a few larger ones. '' The two alternating longitudinal rows of large light-coloured chromatophores " described by Berry as decorating the outer surface of each arm are ver^^ conspicuous in the present specimens in parts where the outer skin has been rubbed off. Some measurements of the largest and smallest examples are appended : — Specimen number End of body to mantle-margin ... .. ,, ,, ,, eye Eye to umbrella Breadth of body ,, „ head 1st right arm 2nd ,, 3rd ,, ,, 4th ,, ist left ,, 2nd ,, 3>-d „ ,. 4th ,, „ Hectocotylus Length of funnel Diameter of largest sucker Diameter of eye Distribution. — Off Point Pinos, Monterey Bay, California; four specimens from the stomach of a salmon {Onchorhynchus tschawytscha) . Santa Catalina Island, California. Type. — In the Stanford University Collections, four female specimens. M ^-ij^i^ M ^-V-i mm. mm. 26 20 34 28 27 13 20 13 14 10 70 64 54 53 41 30 71 70 47 48 less tip 72 70 49 mutilated. 68 47 -'•50 175 14 12 I ■75 7 5 Polypus sp. M l.ocality lost— One ? . This would appear to have been preserved in alcohol for a long period, all trace of chromatophores having faded, leaving the specimen of a uniform dull pale-green colour. Body ovoid, firm, much wrinkled, but appearing to possess many tubercles on the dorsal surface and to be smooth below. A narrow fold of skin, more developed laterally than posteriorly, divides the dorsal from the ventral region. Hoyle (1886, p. 89) says with regard to a similar character in P. australis : "It is doubtful what value " is to be attached to the raised ridge mentioned above ; it is to " be seen in other species under certain conditions, possibly due ' either to different modes of preservation or to varying states " of contraction ; nevertheless, in the majority of forms it is never " observed, and I am therefore inclined to attribute to it a " certain systematic importance." This example does not, however, agree with any of the species hitherto described as possessing a carinated membrane. The head is a little narrower than the bodv and there is a large 1916.] A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 21 r conical cirrus on the posterior dorsal edge of each eye, with a smaller cirrus at the anterior dorsal edge. No nuchal constriction ; eyes not prominent. Arms about twice the length of the body, thick and muscular, tapering to fine points. Umbrella highest laterally, extending nearly one- third of the length of the arms, measuring 80 mm. between the dorsal and 70 mm. between the ventral pair ; continued on outer margins of arms. Mantle- opening placed nearly at the ventral edge of eye and but little below it. Siphon conical, about half of its length projecting above level of eyes ; funnel organ W-shaped, the median pads being very wide and touching one another throughout most of their length ; the lines forming the commencement and end of the '' W" meet in a point and all the other angles are rounded. In the short arms, ocular cirri, and the deep scoop out occur- ring on the umbrella margin between dorsal arms, this resembles P. rugosus. It differs, however, in the long narrow body and the broad funnel organ to the specimens referred to P. rugosus in the present paper. Compared with an example of P. vulgaris from Plymouth \ this has a longer and narrower body, a wider mantle- opening, larger suckers, a higher umbrella dorsally, and a blunter apex to the siphon ; the latter also reaches higher above the eye than in P. vulgaris. The ventral mantle in the Plymouth specimen measures 85 mm. in length and 84 mm. in breadth, and the dis- tance from the end of the body to the eye is 100 mm. The principal measurements of the specimen M ^V^ are as follows : — End of body lo manlle-maryin ... [28 • ,. n ,, M eye ... 146 Eye to umbrella ... • ... 88 Breadth of body . . 80 , , head .. 67 1st right arm ... mutilated 2nd ,, ,, ... 287 3rd ,. ,, ... 270 4th ,, ,, ... 278 ist left ,, ... mutilated 2nd ,, ,, Srd M ,, ,, 4th „ „ ... 277 Diameter of largest sucker 16 ,, ,, eye-opening 9 I^ength of funnel ••■ 55 Breadth of funnel at apex ... 15 Polypus sp. M S2^2 Kilakarai, Ramnad District, Gulf of Manaar, South India, from coral reefs, F"eb. 1913 (.S". W. Kemp) — One ? . This is too small to determine with certainty. It is charac- terized by an oblong body ; very prominent eyes, each having a 1914 ' Kindly forwarded by the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, May 212 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, large four-lobed cirrus at the centre of its dorsal edge ; arras about three times the length of the mantle ; umbrella about a quarter the length of the arms, a little higher laterally, about equal elsewhere, not continued on outer margins of arms ; mantle - opening placed just behind, and on a level with, the posterior end of the eye ; siphon reaching about half way to the edge of umbrella. Colour above greyish, produced by minute red-brown chromato- phores closely sprinkled on a buff ground; paler below, with fewer and larger chromatophores. On the outer surface of each arm there is a row of four to six large dark chromatophores which cease at about the edge of the umbrella, or, more rarely, a little above it. Numerous small pointed tubercles are scattered over the dorsal surface. The ventral mantle is smooth except for a median groove. Compared with the descriptions of Hoyle, Wiilker and Berry of young specimens of this genus, the present example seems to be nearest to Polypus H. (Hoyle, 1904, p. 197) and Polypus M. (Hoyle, 1907, p. 455). The principal measurements are appended : — mm. End of body to mantle-margin ... . ... 5 M M ,) M eye ... ... 6 Eye to umbrella ... ... ... 4 Breadth of body 4 ,, ,, head ... 5 1st right arm ... ig 2nd ,, 4th ist left 2nd , . 3rd .. 4th ., mutilated. 17 18 17 20 17 14 Polypus sp. M ^^-^ ' Investigator ' station 557 : i-xi-1913, Port Maria, Elphinstone I., 12° 23' 15'' N., 98° 2' 00" E., shore collecting — One ? . This 3'^oung example does not seem to agree with the charac- ters of an^'- of the described species, and the comparison is rendered more difficult by the mutilation of the ventral arms which are represented only by stumps with the first two suckers, and as a consequence of this much of the umbrella is also absent. The principal characters are : elongate body ; prominent eyes ; arms two and a half times the length of the mantle, with large suckers, the first four being placed singly ; umbrella (where present) about one- fifth the length of the arms, continued conspicuously on the outer margins of the arms almost to the extremity; mantle-opening at ventral edge of e^^e ; siphon somewhat pointed and reaching above arm roots, siphonal organ probably W-shaped but is not in good condition ; dorsal surface, and inside of umbrella between dorsal arms, much wrinkled and with many small tubercles, the latter becoming less numerous on the mantle which has a smooth ventral surface without a median groove, only a few elongate I9i6.] A. ly. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 213 wrinkles being present. Ocular cirri not apparent. Colour buff with numerous minute dark chromatophores which are equally small, but much fewer, ventrally. This approaches P. rugosus more than any other species in the collection, but the eye. in the examples which have been referred in the present list to that species is lower in regard to the position of the siphon than it is in M ^"V""-, and this would seem to be a character less depen- dent on modes of preservation than such differences as the elongate shape of the body and the absence of ocular cirri. The principal measurements are appended : — mm. Knd of body 10 mantle-m;ir^in ... 19 , eye ... ... 25 Eye to umbrella ... .10 Breadth of body ... . ,12 ,, ,, head ... ... ... 12 I St right arm . .. ••■39 2nd . , , , ... ... 46 3rd ,. ,. ... 47 4th ,. ,, mutilated. 1st left arm .. .38 2nd ,, ,. . . ... 45 .3rd ,. ,, ..50 4th ,, ,, mutilated. Length of funnel . . 6 Diameter of largest sucker ... 2 EledoncIIa diaphana (Hoyle). ^apetella diaphana, Hoyle, Diagnoses, I, p. 232 ; Prelim. Rep., I, p. lo8 (1885); Eledonella iiaphaiia, Hoyle, 'Challenger' Rep., XVI (Cephlopoda), pp. 187-8, pi. 9, figs. 3-6 (1886) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, XLHI, No. I, p. 22, pi. 5, fig. II (1904) ; Joubin, Res. Camp. Set. Monaco, XVH, pp. 3739, pi. 2, figs. 5-7 (1901); C.R.Acad. Paris, XXXVI, p. loi (1903), M ^ Y^ ' Investigator ' station 273 : 27-xii-i9oo, Laccadive Sea, 12° 47' N., 73° 44' 45" E., 823-870 fathoms — One. M i-^i ' Investigator ' station 315 : i2-iv-i903, S. of Andaman Islands, 10° 6' N., 92° 29' E., 705 fathoms — One. vSpecimen M -^- agrees closely with Hoyle's description of the type and it is interesting to note that some of the suckers have a circular opening and others the quadrangular or triangular form which Hoyle thought was probably due to shrinking. The siphon extends two-thirds of the distance to the umbrella margin and its organ is a /^-shaped pad. The third arms are nearly as long as the mantle. Colour pale with red-brown spots. Specimen M -y- differs a little from the type but agrees very closely with the illustrations and measurements of an almost similar sized specimen referred by Joubin (1901) to this species. The arms and siphon are shorter and the umbrella higher than in the type. The latter is highest between the dorsal arms, extend- ing to two- thirds of their length, and attains about half the length of the other arms. The mantle extends 6 mm. below and 7 mm. at either side of the visceral sac. About eighteen suckers are Wl. [Vol. XII, len shows any trace cl:— M -i^J-j^i mm. mm. 33 39 7 22 23 27 6 20 12 7 10 mutilated 12 6 5 . rrt.7 19' 2g I crt. II mutilated. 22 20 22 9 9 mutilated. 31' 21 14 10 214 Records of the Indian Museum. present on the longest arm. of a hectocotylus. The principal measurements are appended: — Specimen number End of body to dorsal mantle-maroin , , , , eye Eye to umbrella Breadtli of body ,, head I .englh of eye ,, ,, siphon 1st riofht arm 2nd ".. ,. 3rd ,, .. 4th .. „ i.st lefl .. 2nd ,, 3rd ., ., 4th „ .. Distrihtition. — North of Papua (/foy/t', 1886) ; Between Madeira and Morocco {Joubin, 1901) ; Tropical Pacific {Hoyle, 1904) ; Off Cape \'erde (Joubin, 1903). Eledonella sp. M ■'' \^ "■ Arabian Sea, 947 fathoms— One. M siST. 'Investigator' station 393 : 21-x-igii, Bay of Bengal, 7*^ 21' 6'' N., 85° 7^15" E., net at 400 fathoms, soundings 2000 fathoms — One. M '?i43- 'Investigator' station 462^ : 2o-iv-i9i2, Bay of Bengal, 9^8' N., 87° 25' E., 475 fathoms— One. Specimen M -V^ consists of fragments of a very large example. The siphon, which has a /^-shaped organ, measures 15 mm. in length and 6 mm, at the apex which is flattened. None of the arms shows any sign of a hectocotylus, and as they are all detached from the bod\' their order cannot be ascertained. The shortest measures 100 mm. in length and possesses thirteen suckers arranged singly, but unequal gaps and fibres of muscle show that many suckers are missing. The six largest are placed on the distal half and measure nearly 5 mm. in diameter by 5 ram. in height ; the most distal sucker measures r25 mm. in diameter and the final 8 mm. of arm is devoid of suckers. All are shaped as described by Hoyle for E. diaphana and have a quadrangular opening paused b}' four rounded lips folded towards each other as in Berry's figure of a single sucker of E. heathi, Berry (1912, pi. 33, fig. 3). The longest arm measures 171 mm. and has eleven suckers, the largest measuring 7 mm. in diameter at the base. The other arms measure 166 mm., 167 mm., 135 mm., 130 mm., 125 mm., and no mm. in length. The mantle is denuded of epidermis, but the arms are pale buff with brown spots, and such of the animal as is present possesses the delicate hyaline consis- 1 Less tip. igi6.] A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Musewn. 215 tency of the specimens referred to E. diaphana. Specimen M ^— is very young having a mantle-length of only 5 mm., the pallial opening is very wide and the eyes large : the siphon extends half way to the umbrella margin. The arms are all mutilated. The umbrella reaches to about the third sucker on the dorsal arms and is much shorter ventrally. Colour pale with a few reddish- brown chromatophores. This and the following have been pre- served in formalin. Specimen M ^nf~ has a mantle of 8 mm. The third arms are the longest, and the siphon extends two-thirds of the distance to the umbrella margin. Colour as in specimen M -T-. Probably these specimens are referrable to E. diaphana. Family SEPIOLIDAE. Iniotcuthis japonica, Verrill. Iiiioteuthis japoiiicd, Verrill, Rep. i'. S. Fish. Coiinii., p. 417, t(jotiK)te (1881); Joubin, Bui/. Soc. Zool. France, XXII, p. lul (1897 1; Berry, Proc. Acad. .Yaf. Sci. Phil., pp. 405-8, pi. 5, fig. 5 (igiart). M i057 !:« po,.f Yi]n\v. Andaman Islands (.V.TF. Kentp)~T\yo ?, one young'. The two smallest of these specimens have a mantle-length of 5 and 9 mm. The largest female, compared with a male of /. juaculosa, Goodrich, of similar mantle-length, shows that /. japonica has the nuchal commissure narrower than the length of the fin at inser- tion, while in / maculosa these measurements are about equal. The latter has a uniformly narrower body, shorter, rounder fins, and larger siphon than 7. japonica. The bell-shaped mantle of the latter is very marked in the large female, when viewed ventrally. In /. maculosa the chromatophores form large, dark-brown spots and blotches all over the body and arms, except the siphon and lower surface of fins. In /. japonica they form very minute bluish-red dots which become larger on the head, and the ventral surface of the fins and siphon is freckled with orange dots. A note on the label states that the specimens were bright yellow when alive. These three specimens of /. japonica are all a little contracted, and seem to have a thicker skin and harder body than /. maculosa, but these differences may be due to varying modes of preservation. The valve in the siphon is much longer in the example ex- amined than in that of 7. maculosa. The measurements of this large female are appended : — Specimen number ... ... I\I -'^i^'-"' mm. End ol body to mande-margin ... 13 Breadth of body ... ...12 ,, ,, head ... lu Nuchal commissure ... 5 Fin length at in.sertion ... ... ... 6 2i6 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Specimen number . ... ... M i^^- mm. 1st right arm ... ... . 8 2nd ,, 3rd ,, 4th ,, Tentacle Club 8 9 8 18 4 Distribution. — Japan . Type. — Cat. No. 9,639 (part) Yale University Museum, a male. Iniotcuthis maculosa, Goodrich. hiioteiithis maculosa, (ioodrich, Trans. Linn. .S'tfcVII, pp. 2-.^, pi. i. figs. 1-3 (1896). M ^V 1 Pu" Beach, Orissa Coast {R. E. Lloyd)— On^ ,$ . M ^"-t ' Investigator' station 556 ; off Burma Coast, Marine .Survey ot India^ — One $ . The hectocotylus in the male specimen closely resembles Joubin's (1897, P- 10^^) description of the modified arm in /. japo- nica, Vll., e.g., " Une membrane demi-circulaire, en forme de C, entoure un tubercule median." Such of the tentacular rings as are in a favourable position for examination show ten or eleven blunt teeth which seem to extend round the entire ring. What appear to be papillae are also present in the guise of small, pointed between-teeth. Some of the differences between this species and the last mentioned have been already pointed out. The principal measurements are appended : — Specimen number End of body to mantle-margin Breadth of body „ ,, head Nuchal commissure Length of fin at insertion Breadth across fins I St right arm 2nd ,, 3rd 4th ., Tentacle- Club Distribution. — Andamans ; Persian Gulf. Type. — In Indian Museum, Calcutta, two females. Euprymna morsel (Verrill), Steenstrup. Jnioteuthis morsei, Verrill, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., p. 417, footnote (1881); Joubin, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fratice,XXll,p. 102(1897); ? Sepiola bursa, Pfeffer, Abh. Naturw. Ver. Hamburg, VII, p. 6, fig. 6 (1884) : Euprymna moysei, Steenstrup, Overs, K. D. Vidensk. Selsk, Fork,, p. 66 (1887); Hoyle, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLIII, p. 26 (1904); Wulker. Abh. d. If. Kl . d. k. Ak. Wiss.. Ill Suppl.-Bd., i Abh.. pp. 9 M '^V-' M »-Y-i mm. mm. 13 8 10 7 9 6 3-50 3 3'5o 2-50 15 ID 12 5 13 7 15 7 12 ca. 6 20 12 7 3 iQi6.] A. L. Massv : Cephalof)oda of the Indian Mhscimu. 217 etc., pi. I, fig. 9; pi. 3, figs. 23, 24; pi. 4, fig. 40 (1919) : Berry, Pmc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., pp. 408-14, pi. 6, fig. i (i9i2rt). M ^-OyO-B Nyanbyini liay, Burma: 28-viii-i9i i , M fiijfi-a Andamans — One (^ . 1899. M ^^4 Persian Gulf {Towiisoid)— One ? . M ^^e.a Hongkong (/?. Hitngerford)—O\vc (^ . fathoms — One $ . ^Qxty states that the umbrella is *' lacking or at best rudi- mentary between the dorsal arms." In the present specimens a delicate web extends to the third or fifth sucker between these arms. The hectocotylus in both males agrees with Berry's des- cription. In specimen M ^^^ enlarged suckers appear on the third and fourth right arms, and in specimen M^^on the third right and fourth left. Many suckers are missing from the other arms of both specimens. The enlarged suckers occur on the two ventral rows as noted bv Berry . The principal measurements are appen- ded :— Specimen number M «iL9i' M s 1 (j_B 1 M 823 4: M ^^'' mm. mm. mm. mm End of body to web between dorsal arms _'4 -'4 22 28 M M . , ,, mantlc-margin ... ifi 1 8 15 14 Breadth of body 15 12 1 2 1 1 -50 , nuchal commissure s 7 8 6 , head \2 1 1 1 1 g 1 , , fins 24 22 22 21 I si right arm mutilated. 15 mutilatf xl. 14 2nd ,, 17 19 15 3rd .. ■ ■■ 15 17 16 4th . 14 i() , 14 ist left 12 1 2 , 11 2nd ,, ... 16 17 mutilated 3rd „ 14 16 16 4th ,, 13 15 12 Tentacle • •• 15 14 ^7 Club ... 6 ,7 • 5 5 Distribution. — Japan, Philippines (Joubin), Formosa, Hong Kong, Andamans, Gulf of Manaar, Maldive Archipelago. Type. — Cat. No. 9,638, Yale University Museum, a female. Family SEPIOLIDAE. jyi aijSi 'Investigator' station 38^ 94° 8' E., 517 fathoms — One ? ." 23-xi-i9()8, oft Buinia, 17'^' i8' N., This is in such bad condition that it is not possible to say if a nuchal commissure was present or if the species was provided with a pen. The mantle is bell shaped, and the lacerated fins appear to have been attached at about the middle portion. The funnel is long and its organ consists of two elongate somewhat pyriform pads, the narrowest part in each being placed anteriorly. Each pad is 10 mm. by 4 mm. in breadth. Eyes very large. First pair of arms the shortest, the others semi-equal. The suckers are missing but their bases show that the^^ were placed in two rows. 2l8 Records^ of the Indian Museum. [Vol,. XII, The club suckers are very minute and possess a smooth ring ; they are placed in about eight rows at the centre of the club. The epidermis is wanting in many parts but the colour seems to have been buff covered very densely with purple or black chromatophores, which are present on both sides of the fins also. Such of the surface as is entire seems to be smooth. The principal measurements are given below: — Knd ot body to ventral mantie-marg'in vi Breadth of body ... ca. 22 Length of fin 21 Breadth ,, If) Diameter of eye s ,, eye- opening .T isl right arm ^[ so9_2:7. Madras, purchased — Three (J Three 9 M iiiAlJio . Investigator ' station 481 ; 25-26-xii -igi2, Mergui Harbour, 7 fathoms — Two ^ One $ \[ HiAii 'Investigator' station 522 : 2-iii-iQi3. Mergui Archipelago, 12° 35' 15 "N., 98*^ 16' P-^., 5 fathoms — One 9 ,, 44 A 5J-Y-- Andamans (y. Wood MasoiA — Two (^ ., 7^-77 Two 9 ,, 72-80 mm. 95 73 82 22 S3. 1 8: ^'5-77 69 74 68-94 45-83 53-7 J 58 Less tip. igiC-).] A. Tv. Massy : Cephalopoda of tli.- Indian Museum. 219 mm. >xit*-j±L Pari Beach (?) — Ri.yhtcen young Manilc-lentith 12-26 1\1 8i92^2on pm-i Orissa Coast (A'. .1. ain/ R. E.L.) —Five c? 32-49 Four 9 ■• 47-9^ y\ a2Q^:io piiri Beach (F. 11. Gravely)— Three $ .. 36-77 Two 9 .. 64-75 M '*2i3:i± Pari Beach (C. Paha), 23-iii-l9o8 —One ^ ., 9-' One 9 110 M KXIA Puri Beach, Orissa Coast {J. Cauntei') 31-1-1909 —One ^ .. 43 ]\I 82ia:i8 Varkula\-, Travancore I..V. Aiinaii- dale): io-x\-igoo —One ($ .. 220 Two 9 .. 93-114 ^I s_2_i_9 {Karachi (IF, D. Ciirnming}— One (^ .. 75 M ^-Y-fi Gangaram, Vizagapatam District, Madras Coast {MoH Ram) —One? ,. 9' ? Small specimen in bad condition. M S2^a2 Akyab, Burma (/. H. Burkill)—Or\e 2 .. 72 M 827_4;a Off Gopalpore, trawler ' Golden Crown', Bengal Fish. Dept., 23-27-ix-i909 — Three 9 ... 7^*^ 1 20 3 4 yi sajy^i Off Eastern Channel, m. of R. Hughli. trawler 'Golden Crown', xi-igoQ, Bengal Fish. Dept. —Two J ., 97 -H^ M 8 9,9 5^03 i Investigator ' station 565 and 567 : i3-2i-xi-i9i3. ii°54'oo"N., 98°i9'oo"E., 6-7 fathoms — Five cj -^5-^5 Two 9 ,, 33-42 (^V) Three young ,. 10-12 M 9oo|j.a ' Investigator ' station 575 : 20-xii- 191 2, Off entrance to Mergui Harbour, S. Burma, 7-fathoms (?) Six young .. S-o M 9_sii.ii9 ' Investigator ' station 590 : 8-9-i- 1913, Mergui Archipelago 13° 5' 15" N., 97° 53' E., about 30 fathoms —One ^ .. 17 Two 9 .. . 72-80 M .aflso^oGLL ■ Investigator ' station 569 : 29-30- xi-i9i3, ii°52'io*N.. 98° i8'4o"E., 5 fathoms —Thirty-six ($ .. 16-81 Thirty-two $ .. 10-102 M s%'-± Off Gopalpore, 30-38 fathoms, Bay of Bengal, trawler ' Golden Crown' , Bengal Fish. Dept., Dec, 1909 — One 9 .. no These twenty-live records of seventy males and sixt^^-two females show that the present species occurs all round the coast of India from Karachi to the mouth of the River Hughli, and also off the Burmese coast and Andaman Islands. The length and breadth of the fins with regard to the length of the mantle exhibits a certain amount of individual variation, but, except in the case of several small females in the haul M ^"-^^^^a^^^ which showed much wider fins than males of the same size, there seems to be no 220 Records of the Indian Museuui. [Vor,. XII, marked difference as regards this between the sexes. The small specimens M ^^^^ possess a fin measuring one-third of the length of the mantle and resemble the useful illustration of Hoyle (/. c, p. 156, text-fig.). Sixteen males from various hauls, with mantle- length of 21-97 mm., possess a fin measuring about half the length of the mantle, and the same proportion is shown by eleven females with mantle of 16-120 mm. In three females with mantle of 63- 75 mm. the fin does not attain quite half the length of the mantle, and in two others with mantle of 30-42 mm. the fin measures two- thirds of the mantle. The largest sized specimens of both sexes possess a fin measuring more than half and less than one-third of the mantle. The rings of the arm suckers in the young specimens M ^^f ^^ show five to eight teeth, and some large tentacle rings possess sixteen to nineteen teeth round the ring ; suckers occur on the buccal membrane but there is no trace of a hectocotylus. Large males, frequently, but not always, have the largest rings of the lateral arms larger than the largest rings of the club. In females these rings are almost always either slightly or much smaller than the largest rings of the club, and as a consequence of this they have fewer teeth on the lateral arm rings than the male owing to the smaller size of the ring. Thus a male with mantle of 75 mm. possesses ten or eleven teeth on the lateral rings, and not more than six on the dorsal and ventral arms, and a female with mantle of 72 mm. does not possess more than six teeth on the largest arm suckers. The number of teeth on the largest tentacle rings does not appear to increase after a certain mantle-length has been attained. Thus a male and female with mantle-length of yy mm. possess seventeen to twenty teeth on the largest rings, and the same number is shown by two females with mantle of 120-134 mm. The number of suckers on the different angles of the buccal membrane varies from one or two to three, four or six. Five to nine blunt teeth are present on the ring, part of which is always smooth. In large females a tubercle is placed at the base between the ventral angles. In the small specimens M ^030^909? the nidamental glands are barely perceptible in females with a mantle-length of 10-15 mm. The smallest sexually distinct males have a mantle of 16 mm. Young specimens of both sexes have much fewer chromatophores, but examples with a mantle- length up to about ^y mm. seem always to show two very conspicuous clusters of dark chromatophores on the dorsal surface of the head, giving each little creature a superficial appearance of having two eyes on the back of its head as well as the real laterally-placed eyes. As regards anatomy the specimens M ^^-^-^ were examined and nothing was discovered that is not usual in the genus. The female specimen had the ovary tightly packed with eggs — the bilobed nidamental gland measured 24 X n mm. The radula igi6.j A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museinu. zzi Ipl. xxiv, fig. II) closel}' resembles that of L. pealit, Verrill (1882, pi. xxviii, figs. 6-8). The frontal lamina of the upper mandible (pi. xxiii, fig. 9) curves more upwards than in that species and the posterior end of the palatine lamina has a median indentation. The lower mandible (pi. xxiii, fig. 9) has the notch near the ros- trum less marked than in L. pealii and the lower edge of the gular lamina is indented. Distribution. — Indo-Malayan Region. Type. — In Hamburg Museum. Loligo spectrum, Pfeft'er. Loligo specti'um, Pfeffer, Abli. Nafurw. Ver. Hainbtirg. VIII, pp. 5-6, figs. 5. 5«Ci884). M -"-2^5.4 Arakan coast, trawler ' Golden Cro2vn ', Bengal Fish. Dept., —One ^. The long, slender body readily distinguishes this species from L. indica. Order of arms 3, 4, 2, i. Rings of arm suckers usually with eight teeth (sometimes seven or nine) on the distal margin, and the rest of ring smooth. At the base and distal portion of each arm the teeth are short, broad and blunt, elsewhere they are rather narrow, pointed and slightly curved. Distal rings often have only four to six teeth, and a sucker at the base of the fourth right arm has eleven teeth. Sixteen rows of suckers occur on the proximal part of the hectocotylized arm, the two pairs immediate- ly preceding the papillae being placed on long stalks. Pfeffer describes the tentacular rings as possessing forty teeth. Thirty- one is the largest number I could find on any tentacular ring, but this specimen is considerably smaller than the type which has a mantle-length of 284 mm. A marginal sucker, intermediate in size between the large and the distal club suckers, possesses eight pointed teeth separated by the width of the base of a tooth, and covering the distal half of the ring. Suckers are present on the buccal membrane which is seven-angled. The principal measurements are appended: — End of body to dorsal mantle margin Length of fin Breadth of fins 1st right arm 2nd ,, ,, 3rd ,, 4th ,, ,, 1st left ,, 2nd ,, ,, 3rd ., ,, 4th ,, ,, Length of tentacle ,, ,, club Diameter of largest tentacular ring arm ,, Distrihitian. — Marquesas. Type. — In Hamburg Museum, three males. mm. 155 100 62 28 30 mutilated. 45 33 38 45 42 103 33 2-50 222 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Loligo sp. ° '■ mm. M ^'P and M 'i2_2o Madras, purchased, 3o-iv-i877 — Two ^ Mantle-length 120-135 M ^2^7. Pamban, Ramnad District, Gulf of Manaar, from weeds. 0-2 fathoms, 24-111-1913 {S. W. Kemp) —Two ,, 4 M ^2^5. Kilakarai, Ramnad District, South India, from weeds, 0-2 fathoms, 16-II-1913 {S. W.Kemp) —One .. 7 M ^^3. ' Investigator ' station 565 : 13-xl- 1913, 11° S7' lo" N., 98° 19' 00" E., 7 fathoms —One .. 8 Specimens M '-f" and M -V- resemble L. indica in their shape and colour, and in the size and arrangement of the suckers on club, arms and buccal membrane ; as, however, the horny rings of all the suckers are missing it is not possible to determine the species with certainty. Loliolus investigatoris, Goodrich. Loliolus investigatoris, Goodrich, Traits. Linn. Soc, VII, pp. S-y, ph -', figs. 29-37 (1896). ,,,,,,_ M ^p Penang (Dr. Stoliczka) — One 2 Mantle-length 43 M ^f«- Sandheads, River Hughli (G. Lord)— One 2 ,. 53 M 5id_7^8 p^pj Qrigg.^ Coast 1 i S. IV lump)— Two c? .. 35-39 M S-Q^s . Investigator ', Mouth of Tavoy River, 28-VIII-1911 — One d .. ^5 M 8iQ2 E, s, E. of S. Moscos I., Marine Sur- vey of India — One d ifi M ^iAi ' Investigator ' station 481 : 25-26-xli- 1912, Mergui Harbour, 7 fathoms — One 2 •■ 3*^' M.&i^:^i Mouth of River HnghW {Capt. R. Munro) — P'our cf ■■ 31-88 One c? ■• 34 M ^-y-3- Purl Beach, i-2-ii-K)oo (.V. Aiinandale) —One c? .. 34 M s^-- Purl, Orissa Coast, 18-19-I-1908 {N. A. and R.E.L.) —One 2 ■■ -'^^ M -^^-^ 10 miles N. R. of Devi river, Orissa Coast — One 2 3i M ^-2J5-3 Shrimp-trawler off Frazergunge, Sunderbunds — One d ■■ 35 \] S3^± 'Investigator' station 402: 15-16-xl- 191 1, Mergui Archipelago, 13° 2' N., 98° 25' E., 5 fathoms — One mutilated ,, 27 M 100^-83 Karnaphull River, Chlttagong {A. C. Chowdhury) December, 1914 — Two d •■ 32-37 Three 2 ^'^- M io<2^3^± Near Mud Point, River Hughli, D. netusedas townet, S. I,. Kitty [T. Southwell) [3-11-1915 —One d .. 28 One 2 •• 37 A marked sexual difference is apparent in the specimens M ^-i--5f «\ The male with a mantle-length of 31 mm. has much ' Found in a hole near a rock at low tide. 1916.J A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 223 longer lateral arms with much larger suckers than the female with a mantle-length of 34 mm. Distribution.— lndiO-M.Q\Ay2ii\ Region. Type. — In Indian Museum, Calcutta. Family SEPIIDAE. Sepia aculcata, Van Hasselt MS., in d'Orbigny. Sepia acideata, Van Hasselt MS., in d'Orbigny and Ferussac, Nisf. Nat. Ceph. nce't., p. 287, pis. 5, 25 (1834) ; Steenstrup, Vidensk. Selsk, Skr. 5th R., Bd. 10. VII (1875) ; Tryon, Man. Conch., (i) i, p. 169, pi. 90, fig. 415 ; pi. 91, figs. 416, 417 (after d'Orbigny) (1879) , Goodrich, Trans. Linn. Soc, VII, p. 3 (1896) ; Joubin, Azotes Leyden Mus., XX, p. 25 (1898); Wiilker, ^Abh. d. II. Kl. K. Ak. d. Wiss.. Ill Suppl.-Bd., I Abh., p. II (1910) ; Berry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 418 (19120) ; Acanthosepion Hasselti, de Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (7), VIII, p. 10 1 (1884). M ^^ Akyab, Burma {W. Dodgson)— One ? . M 'f^ Sandheads, River Hughli (F. Milner)— One c?. M ^i§.5 'Investigator' station 519 : i-iii-1913, Mergui Archipelago, Elphinstone I., Port Maria, shore collecting — One ?. M ^^ Palk Straits, South of India— One ? . M 82.51 Akyab, Burma (/. H. Burkill)— One S- M 8_2_fi2 gg^y pf Bengal, trawler ' Golden Croivn ', Bengal Fish. Dept.. —One ? . M s2jr:S. Bay of Bengal, trawler ' Golden Croivn ', Bengal Fish. Depl., — One (^ , one J . M ^^^ Balasore Bay, Orissa Coast, viii-1908, trawler ' Golden Croivn ', Bengal Fish. Dept., — One $ . M ^Qf-A ' Investigator' station 557 : off Burma Coast, Marine Sur\ey of India — One ^ . These all agree in the presence of suckers on the buccal membrane and in having the tentacle suckers all of small size and semi-equal, and armed with acute teeth all round the ring, the largest being on the distal half of the circumference. Very promi- nent papillae are also apparent in the best-preserved specimens. Specimen M --r^- possesses what appear to be clubs in process of repair at the end of each tentacle stem. They are much narrow^er than the stems and end acutely, and possess a very rudimentary fin only visible with a lens ; minute pointed papillae, which would seem to be the base of suckers (as occasionally fibres of muscle project from them), are present on either side of a median line. The arm suckers are arranged in four rows and their rings are usually armed with many teeth on the distal half of the ring. The}* vary greatly in number and appearance ; often two are welded together or they may be somewhat widely espaced ; eighteen to thirty are present on many rings but those placed on the proximal or distal portions are usualty (but by no means invariabl}') smooth. An idea of the variation in dentition is afforded b}' specimen M ^-^. Fifty-six teeth surround a sucker ring on the middle of the fir.st right arm, the distal teeth being the longest ; a sucker on the distal half of the third left arm shows a ring with about fort}^ teeth ; twenty-one teeth are present on a sucker ring on the distal half of the fourth right arm, and are placed on the distal margin, the rest of the ring being smooth. All the proximal rings examined in this 224 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol XII, specimen are smooth. Some suckers from the buccal membrane show smooth rings, others have notches or short blunt teeth. The hectocojtylus is placed on the proximal half of the left ventral arm. The first three or four rows of suckers are normal, and are followed by about six pairs of very minute suckers on the ventral margin, about four pairs being placed on an excavation on the corresponding part of the dorsal margin of the arm. In the smallest male, M --\~. this excavation is slight, but a deep round cavity is formed on the older specimens. The spermatic pad is broad and very papillate. Colour, slate above and buff-pink below ; the chromatophores are all small and usually dark ; a few look like white spots but are pale blue when examined with a lens; although very dense on the dorsal mantle they form no bands or other definite markings. The fins, which have fewer chromato- phores on their ventral surface, are usually broad and thick but are sometimes closely adherent to the mantle. The surface is generally smooth but often about six crescent-shaped wrinkles occur at the base of the fins along either side of the dorsal mantle. The cuttle bones of seven specimens examined all show a callosity on the inner cone, and their form agrees closel}'- with the illustration of d'Orbigny (pi. 25, fig. 4), and also closely resembles that of the shell of S. indica, d' Orb., which Joubin (/.c, pp. 21-28) thinks is very likely iden- tical with the present species. Hoyle has pointed out that S. indica is called S. Uainvillei in d'Orbigny's illustration (pi. 21, figs. I, 3, 4). The specimens M -^-¥- and M -*'-¥--, with mantle- lengths of 44-59 mm., have both much smaller spermatic pads, and in the shell the callosity of the inner cone is only partly developed. The smallest has thinner fins than the others; probably this may be attributed to its youth. Measurements of some of the specimens are appended: — Specimen number M '?« M 8^-^ M ^-2^^ M «Y-» mm. mm. mm. mm. Dorsal mantle-1 length 105 109 125 170 Ventral mantle- ■breadth 54 60 70 ca. 62 Fin maximum II II 7 18 Breadth of head 37 J I 44 60 ist right arm 43 mutilated 50 61 2nd ,, ,, 43 50 45 55 3rd „ 49 60 49 59 4th „ „ 48 65 57 60 Tentacle no 191 128 Club 25 33 Sepiostaire ; : — Specimen number M «Y-^ f^i -¥- M ^-V- M ^Y"- M «\«-' M S2 H 9 M 9004 "T '*^ 2 mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. Total length 42 58 80 no no 173 113 Breadth 17 23 25 35 35 60 36 Length of spine ca. 3 4 23 18 Index ' 40 1-0 25 ' ca. 27 22 Distrihiition . — Japan , Java, , Indian L Ocean. I The index is the relation of the last loculus plus the total length of the shell when divided into one hundred parts. See Hoyle, 'Challenger' Rep., XVI (Cephalopoda) , p. 123. igr6.J A. L- Massy: Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 225 Sepia singaporensis, PfefEer. Septa sii/gaporeiisis, Pfeffer, Abh. Natiirw. Ver. Hamburg, VIII, pp. lo-ii, fis>-s. 13, 13a (1884); Hoyle, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin- biii'gli, p. 27 (1886) ; Goodrich, Trans. Linn. Soc, VII, p. 3 (1896). M *UJis ' Investigator' station 387 : i6-xi-i909, off C. Negrais, Burma, 15° 25' N., 93° 45' E., 40-49 fathoms — One ^ . This has lost the tentacles but in all other respects seems to agree closely with Pfeffer's description. Fourteen to thirty-three teeth were counted on different arm sucker rings. On the fourth left arm about six rows of suckers on the proximal half are appreciably smaller than those immediately preceding and following them, the two dorsal suckers in each row being the smallest ; the surface of this modified portion appears to be slightly excavated. Hoyle (1886, p. 128) thinks that it is quite possible that this species may be identical with 5. plangon, Gray. The shell of specimen M -"f " measures 63 mm. by 18 mm. , and has an index of 31. The end of the spine is broken but the portion remaining does not show the keel on the ventral edge present in the shell of 5. plangon. The principal measurements are appended : — Dorsal mantle-length Breadth of body ,, head Fin maximum 1st right arm 2nd ,, ,, Srd ,, 4th ,, 1st left ,, 2nd ,, 3rd „ „ 4th mm. ... 62 ... 29 22 ... ca. 4 25 . .. mutilated. ... 28 ... 31 ... 26 ... mutilated, ... 24 ... 25 Distribution. — Singapore {Pfeffer and Goodrich). Type. — In Hamburg Museum. Sepia esculenta, Hoyle. Sepia esciilenfa, Hoyle, Diagnoses, II, p. 188 ; Prelim. Rep., II, p. 291 (1885) ; ' Challenger ' Rep., XVI (Cephalopoda), pp. 129-31, pi. 17, figs. 1-5; pi. 18, figs. 1-6 (1886); Appellof, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., XXI, p. 28, pi. 3, figs. 1-6, 24 (1886) ; Ortmann, Zool.Jahrb., Ill, pp. 649-665 (1888); Pilsbry, Nautilus., VII, p. 144 (1894); • [oubin, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XXII, pp. 102-103 (1897) ; Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., XXXI, p. 463 (1906); Berry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., pp. 418-19 (1912a). M '^^'>- Moji, Japan, i-vii-1913 [J. D. Cooper)— One ? . Owing to its large size this specimen was not taken to be compared with the type. A vivid recollection of its appearance, and a subsequent glance at the type male in the British Museum has, however, quite satisfied me that it is rightly referred here. 226 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, It agrees with Appellof s description as regards the presence of notches, in some cases amounting to teeth, on the rings of the arm suckers. The median tentacular suckers are a little larger than those at the margin (as observed by Joubin), and there are two larger than the rest at the tip of the club. Thirty to forty teeth are present on some of the tentacular rings. The crescent-shaped folds, or wrinkles on the dorsal skin, which frequently occur along the origin of the fin in this genus, are well-marked. The shell agrees closely with Hoyle's descrip- tion except that the last loculus is shorter. The horny brown mass noticed by Joubin between the spine and inner cone is dis- tinct. Berry has remarked that this species is very nearly allied to S. aculeata, van Hasselt, in spite of the absence of suckers on the buccal membrane and that the shell is without the callosity of the inner cone. Besides these two important differences, it may be noted that the parallel lines of the striated area of the shell are always more or less evenly rounded in 5. aculeata and never form the acute angle present in S. esculenta, and the fins, buccal mem- brane and sperm pad are all much thicker and narrower in 5. aculeata. A number of sperms are adhering to the sperm pad in the present specimen. The principal measurements are appended : — Dorsal mantle-length ... Breadth of body ,, head ... io8 ... 73 58 Fin maximum 20 1st right arm 2nd MM 3rd M M 4th „ „ ... 72 77 ... 9" 1 00 Sepiostaire : — Length- Breadth Spine (end broken) Index ... 156 ■ 57-50 5 1,5 Distribution . — Japan ; Queensland. Type. — In British Museum, a male and female. Sepia elliptica, Hoyle. Sepia elliptica, Hoyle, Diagnoses, II, p. 189; Preluu. Rep., II, p. 293 (1885); 'Challenger' Rep., XVI (Cephalopoda), pp. 131-3, pi. 19, figs. 14-24 (1886); Wulker, Abh. d. II. Kl. d. k. Ak.d. Wiss., Ill Supl.-Bd., I Abh., pp. 11-12 (1910J. M ^y-^^~ 'Investigator' station 90 : 17-21-11-1890, 8 miles E. S. E. of Kalingapatam Lt., Ganjam Coast, 28-30 fathoms — One 9 . M ^2_s3 . Investigator' station 366 : io-iv-1906, Arabian Sea, 24° 45' Nm 63° 5o'i5" E., 544 fathoms — One S . These two specimens differ a good deal outwardly, the small female being of a greenish tint and the male of a beautiful purple- 1916.] A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 227 /[ SiP.S_ M -8\8 3 mm. mm. 27 63 18-50 2,3 13 25 3 II 10 mutilated 9 8 22 10 mutilated 35 missing. 4 brown mottled with buff. The shells of both are, however, alike, and that of the male was compared with the shell of a type male in the British Museum and found to be exactly similar. This shell measures about 58 mm. in length by 25 mm. in breadth, and has an index of about 30 : the spine is broken. Both specimens ex- hibit irregular teeth or notches on the distal surface of some of the arm rings, while other rings are quite smooth. M -V"-- pos- sesses from 8-10 teeth, and M *"¥" 11- 18. The hectocotylized arm of the latter specimen has live normal rows of suckers proximally, followed by seven rows of modified suckers. The principal measurements are appended . — Specimen number ... End of body to dorsal mantle- margin Breadth of body ,, ,, head Fin maximum 1st right arm 2nd ,, ,, 3rd ,, „ 4th ,, Tentacle Club Distribution. — Misaki, Sagami (Wiilker) ; Arafura Sea^ south of Papua, 28-49 fathoms (type locality). Type. — In British Museum, two males, six females. Sepia singalensis, Goodrich. Septa singaloisis, Goodrich, Tyaiis. Linn. Soc, \TI, pp. 3-5, pi. i, figs. 4-8 (1896) ; Hoyle, Rep. Pearl Ovster Fish. Gulf of Manaar, p. 108 (1904). M AZJ-i ' Investigator', Indian Seas, Marine Survey of India— One c^ . M ^2(L5^li^ P'- i; fis- 2 (1904); Trans. Royal Sac. Edin., XLVIII, part II, no. 14, pp. 282-283 (1912); Benfhoteiithis ??iegalops, Verrill, 'J'ratis. Con7iect. Acad., Third Catalogue (Cephalopoda), p 401, pi. 44, fig. i (1885); Chun, Valdivia Exp., (Oegopsida) p. 185, pis. 24-27 (1910) ; Pfeffer, Plankton Exp., (Oegopsida) pp. 325-331, pi. 40, figs. 12-16 (1912). M ^3-5. ' Investigator ' station 393 : 21-X-1911, Bay of Bengal, 7° 21' 6" N., 85° 7' 15" E., 2000 fathoms — One. M si_3_9 'Investigator' station 462a : 2o-iv-i9)2, Bay of Bengal, 9° 8' N., 87° 25' E., 475 fathoms — One. In specimen M -^^ the suckers of the ventral arms are in two rows throughout, and on the other arms they are proximally in two rows and distally in three or four irregular rows. The rings of the arm suckers have five to six teeth. The tentacles are very long which is perhaps due to the specimen having been preserved in formalin. The suckers of the club begin proximally by a single sucker, followed by three in a row, and gradually increasing to about six in a row. A few rings of the club suckers appear to have about four blunt rather widely separated teeth on the distal margin and the rest of the ring smooth. Their position on the ring, and their blunt ends, seems to point to their being teeth and not papillae. Other rings seemed to be smooth. Hoyle describes the tentacular rings to be smooth, and Verrill does not mention their condition which would seem to imply that he had not observed any teeth. The horny rings of both tentacular and arm suckers are very dark. The luminous organs of the arms are about -50 mm. in length. The chromatophores are darkest on the dorsal surface of the head. Specimen M -1^-, from the great depth of 2000 fathoms, is very young, and the mantle is much crumpled and denuded of its epidermis. The luminous organs at the base of the arms are clearly perceptible. The arm suckers are in two rows, and their largest rings show four to five teeth. The ten- 242 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, tacles are only represented by portions of stems. The arms are about 2 mm. in length, and the distance from the dorsal mantle- margin to the fork between the dorsal pair is 2 mm. The breadth of the head across the eyes is about 2*50 mm. The specimen has been preserved in formalin. The following are the principal measurements of specimen M ^i^:— mm. End of body to dorsal mantle-margin ... ... ... 12 Breadth of mantle ... ... ... ... 4 ,, ,, head across eyes ... ... ... 6 I st right arm .. ... ... ... ... 3'5o 2nd ,, ,, ... ... ... ... ... 4 .31-d ,, ,, ... ... ... ... ... 4 4th „ „ ... ... ... ... ... 5 Length of tentacle ... .. ... ... 22 ,, ,, club ... ... ... ... ... 2-50 Distribution. — North Atlantic (Verrill, 1885) ; Indian Ocean {Chun) ; between Marion Island and the Crozets {Hoyle, 1886) ; North Pacific {Hoyle, 1904); Antarctic {Hoyle, 1912). Vertical Range. — 437-1600 fathoms {Pfeffer, 19 12). Family HISTIOTEUTHIDAE. Stigmatoteuthis japonica, Pfeffer. Stigmatofeuthis japonica, Pfeffer, Plankton Exp., (Oegopsida) pp. 284-5 (1912); Callitejithis revet sa, Hoyle, 'Challenger' Rep., XVI (Cephalopoda), pp. 183.4, Pl- li> figs. 12-15 (if"'" M 5.-Y-- ' Investigator ' station 374: 2-iv-i907, Andaman Sea, 1 1° 37' N., 95° 57' E., 28 fathoms— -One. The first three pairs of arms have a row of luminous organs on the ventral margin of their dorsal surface. Of these there are eight on the first arm, eleven to twelve on the second, and nine on the third. On the latter pair a short, strong keel attaining 3 mm. in width, is developed on the central third of the arm along the line of the luminous organs. The fourth arms possess three rows of luminous organs for more than half their length, two of which persist towards the tip where a single row containing four terminates the series. About twenty-nine organs are present on one of these arms. vSeventeen luminous organs surround the right eye-opening. The left eye has only six organs. The mantle- margin has a well-defined row of organs all round its circum- ference, except on the median dorsal surface, where a space of 11 mm. is ornamented by a solitary organ in the exact median line . On the ventral mantle there are about sixteen transverse rows of organs, and about six similar rows occur on the ventral sur- face of the head ; eight organs form a low arch above the siphon. Very few luminous organs are present on the dorsal surface of the head and mantle. The arms have slight protective membranes and their suckers are furnished with smooth rings, except at the distal portion of each arm, where the rings have five to eight 19 16.] A. L. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 243 blunt rather closely-set teeth on the distal margin, the rest of the ring being smooth. The tentacle stem is flattened and its inner surface is marked with a groove. At 16 mm. from the base of the club the connective apparatus, consisting of eight suckers and four papillae, commences. These suckers have a papillary area- and smooth ring. Six or seven suckers are placed in a row on the proximal two-thirds of the club, about ten being larger than the rest ; the distal third has very small suckers, the last six rows con- taining only two apiece. Protective membranes are moderately developed, and there is a slight dorsal keel. The rings of the large tentacular suckers have twenty-two to twenty-five pointed teeth all round their circumference. Smaller suckers may have as many as thirty-six teeth. None of the suckers has accessory chitinous formations. Colour reddish-purple, fins paler and their ventral surface sprinkled with chromatophores on the part next the mantle. Pfeffer {I.e., p. 249) has shown that the genus Calliteuthis is defined by having smooth rings to arm and tentacle suckers, and that the latter are furnished with accessory chitinous formations which are wanting in the genus Stigmatoteuthis which has denti- culate rings to arm and tentacle suckers. The principal measurements are as follows : — mm. End of body to dorsal mantle-margin .. 56 Breadth of man tie .. 23 Breadth across fins .. ?>7 ,, of fin 29 1st right arm .. 52 2nd ,, .. 62 3rd ,. ,, .. 56 4tli ., .. 52' Tentacle .. 125 Club • 19 Distribution. — Japan, 345 fathoms (Hoyle). One specimen. Family CHIROTEUTHIDAE. Chiroteuthis (Chirothauma) imperator, Chun. Chiroteuthis (^Chtrothaiema) imperator, Chun, Valdivia Exp., (Oegop- sida) p. 241, pis. 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 (.1910); PfefFer, Platikton Exp., (Oegopsida) p. 581 (1912). M i_2Ao 'Investigator' station 281 : 2o-iii-i90i, Bay of Bengal, 11° 15' 15" N., 8° 7' E., 300 fathoms. —One ?. M i-^-Q 'Investigator' station 297 : i3-iv-i902, Gulf of Oman, 25° 11' 30" N., 57° 15' E., 700-689 fathoms.— One. M 5J._2 s 'Investigator' station 366 : io-iv-1906, Arabian Sea, 24° 45' N., 63° 50' 15" E-, 544 fathoms.— One $ , and arms of another speci- men. The specimen M ^^ resembles in colour Chun's illustration (pi. 38, figs. I and 2). The ventral luminous organs measure about ' Less tip. ^44 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, 3 ram. in length and 2*50 mm. in breadth. The nidamental glands measure nearly 1*50 mm, in length. The olfactory papillae measure about 2 mm. in length and are situated at about 3 mm. below the posterior end of the eyes. The ventral arms have the margins mutilated in many parts so that only a few luminous organs are present, viz., 9 on one arm and 3 on the other. The tentacles have lost their clubs. The example M -^ is much damaged but in spite of its muti- lated condition it has been easy to identify it with certainty from Chun's magnificent illustrations. One of the tentacles possesses a club, and the stalks of its suckers are furnished with the wing-like membrane described by Chun (p. 247), and in other details the club suckers and those of the arms resemble completely Chun's descrip- tion and figures. About fifty luminous organs are present on the fourth right arm and forty-six on the fourth left arm. Nothing resembling a hectocotylus appears on any of the arms. The eyes have the three longitudinal rows of luminous organs which Chun describes as " sparkling like a chain of jewels." Twenty-two are present on one eye. The fins, siphon, and much of the ventral region have been torn away. The dorsal mantle-margin has the attachment exactly as in Chun's illustration (pi. 39, fig. i). The tentacles are furnished at the base with membranes which are widest at the dorsal side. The dorsal mantle region is much darker in tone than the illustration of Chun (pi. 38, figs, i and 2), who, however, mentions {I.e., p. 251) '' auch hebt sich bei einzelnen Exemplaren die Riicken- region im Bereiche des Gladius durch etwas intensivere Pigmen- tierung ab." The specimen M -\^^ is also in very bad condition, and is ac- companied by the arms of another large specimen M h^a? and a loose tentacle which presumably belongs to one of them. The club of the latter measures 140 mm. Approximate measurements of the different specimens are given below : — Specimen number Mi-\^ M-1-V-" M ■•^-V^^s M ^if s"* mm. mm. mm. mm. Dorsal mantle-mai rgin to commence . ment of fins ... , 26 74 Breadth of body at mar itle-margin . 15 45 ,, of liead 1 1 45 ca. 28 ,, of fins 30 82 I. St right arm ... . 25 214 83 101 2nd ,, 38 mutilated, , 112 122 3rd ,, „ 45 203 128 140 4th „ ,. 92 3^7 200 202 Length of tentacle . 106 1 1098 mutilated. mutilated, ,, ,, club i67 Distribution. — 0° 15' N., 98° 8' E., trawl 614 m. {'Valdivia ' Exp.) Sagami Bay, Japan, from the collection of Haberer and Dof- lein {Chun, 1910). ' Mutilated, igi6.] A. Iv. Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 245 Family CRANCHIIDAE. Tcuthowcnia (Henseniotcuthis) joubini, Pfeffer. Teiithoivenia {Hensoiiofe^ithis) Joubini, Pfeffer, Plankton Exp., (Oegop- sida) pp. 7^7-8, pi. 48, figs. 12-16 (1912). M ^ijAfi 'Investigator ' station 462^: 20-iv-igi2, Bay of Bengal, 9° 8' N., 87° 25' K., 475 fathoms — One. This is considerably larger than the type, and unfortunately resembles it in having the tentacles represented only by mutilated stems. There is a slight groove on the inner surface of the stem, and at about 3 mm, from the mouth there seemed to be two minute suckers, which, however, may have been only abrasions on the stem surface. A very delicate membrane unites the first and second pairs of arms extending to about the first sucker, but is very slight between the second and third pair and absent between the ventral arms. This membrane had probably been torn away from the type. Only the rings on the distal half of the third arms could be examined without injuring the specimen. The suckers in this region have four or five short, widely-espaced teeth on the distal margin, the rest of the ring being smooth. Colour dull white sprinkled on both sides of the mantle with small dark chromato- phores, arranged in about twenty-eight irregular transverse rows. When not contracted the chromatophores are reddish-brown and oblong. They are dark and narrow and placed transversely on the dorsal surface of the arms and are sometimes scattered amongst the suckers. They are present on the siphon but absent from the fins. The extraordinary eyes make this a species easy to inden- tify. The following are the principal measurements : — End of body to dorsal man tie. margin ... 14 Breadth of mantle ... 9 ,, head ai d eyes ... 5 Length of fin ... I Breadtli of fins ... 4 1st right arm ca. 2 3rd „ „ ... 4 Mutilated'tentacle stems ... 10 Distribution. — 317° N., 43*6° W, 0-400 m,, Sargasso Sea, type specimen {Pfeffer, 1912). I.IST OF REFERENCES, AppelIvOf, 1886. — '' Japanska Cephalopoder," — R. Svensk. Vet.- Ak., 1886. AppELLOF, 1898. — " Cephalopoden von Ternate." — Abh. d. Senc- kenb. naturf. Ges., XXIV, 1898. Berry, 1912. — " A Review of the Cephalopods of Western North America." — Bull. Bur. Fish., XXX, 1910. Issued July 24, 1912, 246 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi,. XII, Berry, igi2a. — " A Catalogue of Japanese Cephalopoda." — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, July 1912. Is- sued October 10, 1912, Berry, 1913. — "Notes on some West American Cephalopods." — Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Febru ary 1913. Issued April 4, 1913. Berry, 1914. — " The Cephalopoda of the Hawaiian Islands," — Bull. Bur. Fish., XXXII, 1912. Issued June 24, 1914. Brazier, 1892.—" Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Australia and Tasmania — Part I, Cephalopoda." — Sydney Austr. Mus. Cat., 1892. Brock, 1887 — " Indische Cephalopod^m. "—2'oo/. Jahrh., II, 1887. Chun, 1910.—". Die Cephalopoden. I. Theil : Oegopsida."— P^t'ss. Ergebn. deutsch. Tiefsee-Exp. Valdivia, XVIII, 1910. Goodrich, 1896. — " Report on a collection of Cephalopoda from the Calcutta Museum." — Trans. Linn. Soc, 2nd series, VII, 1896, Hidalgo, 1905. — " Catalogo de los moluscos testaceos de las islas Filipinas, J0I6 y Marianas. I. Moluscos marinos." — Revista Real Acad. Cieii. Madrid^ June 1904 — July 1905. HOYLE, 1886.—'' Report on the Cephalopoda collected by H.M.S. ' Challenger ' during the years 1873-1876." — Rep. Challenger, XVI, London, 1886. HoYLE, 1886 fl. — ' A Catalogue of Recent Cephalopoda. Supple- ment, 1887-96."— Pyoc. Royal Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, 1886. HoYi.E, 1897. — '' A Catalogue of Recent Cephalopoda. Supple- ment, 1887-96." — Proc. Royal Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, 1897. HoYi.E, 1904 — " Cephalopoda," in: W.A. Her dman' s Report on the Pearl-Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, II, 1904. HoYi.E, 1904 a — " Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America, etc. * * * * * * by the * * * ' Albatross.' VI.— Reports on the Cephalopoda." — Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, XLIII, March 1904. HOYLE, 1905.—'' The Cephalopoda," in : J.Stanley Gardiner's The Fauna and Geogr. of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes , II, Supplement I, 1905. HoYLE, 1907 — " The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and East Africa, from collections made by Cyril Crossland in 1901-1902. — The Cephalopoda." — Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1907. H0YI.E. 1909.—" A Catalogue of Recent Cephalopoda, Second Supplement, i8()y-igo6." —Proc. Royal Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, 1909. 1916.] A. Iv- Massy : Cephalopoda of the Indian Museum. 247 Jatta, 1896. — " I C^efalopodi viventi nel Golfo di Napoli." — Fauna and Flora des Golfes von Neapel. Monog. 23 : Cefalopodi (Systematica), Berlin, 1896. JouBiN, 1897.—" Observations sur divers cephalopodes. Troisieme Note. Cephalopodes du Musee Poly tech- nique de Moscou." — Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XXII, 1897. JouBiN, 1898.—'' Sur quelques cephalopodes du Musee royal de I^eyde et description de trois especes nou- velles." - -TVo^es Leyden Mus., XX, 1898. JouBiN, 1 90 1. — Cephalopodes provenant des campagnes de la " Princesse Alice 1891-1897 " — Result, camp, sci, Albert de Monaco, fasc. XVII, 1900. Pub- lished, 1901. JouBiN, .1903. — " Sur quelques Cephalopodes recueillis pendant les dernieres campagnes de S. A, S. le Prince de Monaco (1901-1902)." — C. R. Acad. Paris, CXXXVI, 1903. JouBiN, 1912. — " Etudes Preliminaires sur les Cephalopodes recueil- lis au cours des croisieres de S. A. S. le Prince de Monaco. 2e. Note : Cirroteuthis grimaldii, nov. sp." — Bull. Vlnst. Ocean., No. 226, March 1912. d'Oebigny et Ferussac, 1835-1848. — '' Histoire naturelle gene- rale et particuliere des cephalopodes acetabuli- f eres, vivants et f ossiles. ' ' Paris ( 1825) , 1835- 1848. Pfeffer, 1884. — ''Die Cephalopoden des Hamburger Naturhis- torischen Museums." — Ahh. Naturw. Ver. Hamburg, WW, abth. I, 1884. Pfepfer, 1912. — " Die Cephalopoden der Plankton-expedition," — Ergbn. Plankton-exp. der Humboldt-Stif- tung, II, F. a,, 1912. Smith, 1887. — ''Notes on Argonauta Bottgeri." — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser, 5, XXI, 1887, Verrill, 1882, — " Report on the cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America." — Rept. U.S. Commission Fish and Fisheries, 1879, Washington, 1882, VERRII.L, 1884, — " Third Catalogue of Mollusca recently added to the Fauna of the New England Coast and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic, consisting mostly of Deep-Sea Species, with Notes on others previously recorded." — Trans. Connect. Acad., 1884, WtJLKER, 1910. — " Ueber Japanische Cephalopoden. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Systematik und Anatomic der Dibranchiaten."— ^6A, d. II, Kl. K. Ak.d. Wiss., IIISuppl.-Bd., I Abh., 1910, EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII. Fig. — Sepia arabica , sp. n., dorsal view. — ,, ,, ventral ,, — ,, ,, sepiostaire. — ,, ,, club. — J, ,, mandibles. —Sepiella inermis (van Hasselt, MS.) Steenstrup, radula. — Polypus pricei, Berry, hectocotylized arm. — ,, ,, ,1 funnel organ. — Loligo indica, Pfeffer, mandibles. Rec.Ind.Mus.yol.M, 1916. Plate XXIII. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV. Fig. -SepieUa mermis (van Hasselt, MS.) Steenstrup, 2. — 3.— 4-— 5- — 6.— 7.— 8.— 9-— 10, II, — Sep ia arabica, sp. n., radula. sepiostaire l\^ 8211" cf M '%"* cr' M^,*^ cf M^^ cf M '^ 9 M ^^ 5 M '^r 9 M '"^V^ 9 , , mandibles. Loligo zndica, Pfeffer, radula. RecJnd.Mus.VoLXH, 1916. Plate XXIV. J.A.RvjsseU \i+h. NDIAN CEPHALOPODA. XVII. NOTES OiNT THE FRESHWATER FISH OF MADRAS. By B. SuNDARA Raj, M.A., Fisheries Bureau, Madras. (Plates XXV— XXIX.) INTRODUCTION. The following notes, necessaril}^ imperfect, on the habits, spawning season and early stages of some of the Madras fresh- water fish, are based mainl}^ on investigations made during 1910-11, the results of which were embodied in a dissertation which was submitted to the University of Madras in 1912. The enquiry, however, was continued in subsequent years amidst other work, and consequently the original paper has been considerably modi- fied as the result of additions and corrections made in the light of further research and study. Though a number of notes on the habits of Indian freshwater fish have appeared from very early times, they are comparatively few and most of them are at best random observations. In the following pages an attempt has been made to combine all that is known regarding the habits and early stages of the fish in question (by a fairly exhaustive though b}^ no means complete reference to previous literature) with facts personally observed and recorded for the first time in this paper. Only such observations from pre- viousl}' published accounts as are likely to be of general interest have been included and duly acknowledged. They have been gathered for the most part from the writings of Hamilton Bucha- nan, Sir E. Tennent, Cantor, Jerdon, Day, Thomas and especially Dr. Willey, whose observations on the breeding habits of Ophio- cephalus striatus and accounts of the nests, eggs and fry of some other species in his report on the inland fisheries of Ceylon are sub- stantial contributions to our knowledge of the spawning habits of Indian freshwater fish. The local limits of my collection and obsetvation are defined by the title of this paper, my examination being confined to the rivers Cooum and Adyar and to the ponds within the municipal limits of the city of Madras, and in a few cases being extended to some large outlying tanks such as Sembarambakkam and Red Hills. The Red Hills, some seven miles west of Madras, is a large perennial tank, while Sembarambakkam, about ten miles from the city, is the largest irrigation tank in this neighbourhood, but runs dry during the hot weather. The ponds within the city limits are of the usual type and require no special consideration; nearly all of 250 Records of tJie Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, them contain fresh water excepting a few on the sea-coast in which the water is brackish. The rivers Cooum and Adyar, Hke most rivers of the Coromandel coast, are almost dry for several months of the year; the season of their chief flow is usually during the N. E. monsoon (November and December). When in flood thev are raging torrents and the water is brick-red owing to the admix- ture of a red deposit of light specific gravity : at other times the water is clear and collects in pools on the bed. Near the mouth for a distance of over two miles from the sea both rivers form extensive estuaries, and the embouchures of both are encumbered b}' natural bars. Since the construction of the Buckingham Canal it has been found necessary to keep the mouths of both the rivers closed throughout the year in order to regulate and confine their spill so as to contract the waterway for boat traihc : in the case of the Cooum a high level in the estuary is further necessary for sanitary purposes, in order to keep submerged its sewage-laden banks and shoals. Hence the estuary is not subject to tidal action and the percentage of salt is not very variable. A sample of water ob- tained from the Cooum estuary in August, when the river was at its lowest, had 3"576 per cent of dissolved salts and a specific gravity of i"Oi64.^ The Cooum estuary is always highly contaminated with sew- age except during the freshets. The flora of the ponds and the rivers in Madras is more or less the same and consists chiefly of many filamentous and unicel- lular algae notably species of Chara and Spirogyra ; the former abounds in brackish water. A few species of Phanerogams, prin- cipally Elodea and Vallisneria, occur; the former is the commonest and the most abundant water- weed in Madras, while the latter is found in clumps in a few places in the rivers. Of the 57 species of fish recorded, one {Panchax parvus) is des- cribed as new to science ; in the case of at least three species, viz. Catla catla, Doryrhamphus hrachyurus and Mastacenibelus pancalus, the geographical distribution has been extended; in two species, Anabas scandens and Macrones vittatus, albinism has been noted and for more than a dozen, information regarding breeding habits has been furnished. Notes regarding growth and colouration of fry are based mainly on observations conducted in aquaria. How- ever, I have been able to verify the results of such experiments in most cases by obtaining identical stages direct from nature. I am indebted to Drs. J. R, Henderson and N. Annandale for many references and much help; and to Dr. B. L. Chaudhuri for kindly confirming my identifications in a few doubtful cases. My thanks are due to Mr. H. C. Wilson of the Madras Fisheries for permitting me to publish his figures of the eggs and larvae of Gobius striatus and for valuable information that he has kindly given me regarding the habits of some of the species. ' I am indebted to Mr. Ramaswami, B.A., of the Madras Fisheries, for this information. 1916.] B. SuNDARA Raj : Fyeshwater Fish of Madras. 251 Systematic Index op Species. Page Family l^^lopidae. Flops iiidiciis . -'51 }fegaIops cy prill aides ... -'5^ Family Notopteridae. Xutoptei-KS iwtopter/is ... 253 I''amily Clupeidae. Eiigraiilis purava ■• 253 Famil}' C\prinidae. I.aheo cnlbasti 253 Ciri'Iiina reba ■ ■ 254 Catla catlii . 254 Barbtis clirysopoina ... . . 254 Rarbus avipliibiiis ■ 255 Pai'biis dorsal is ■ 255 Harbtis sop hare .. 256 Barbiis filamentosiis . . .. 258 Barbiis mahecoln .. 258 Barbus vittatits .. 258 Rasbora daniconiiis ... •■ 259 Nil ria da n rica ■• 259 A mblypharyngodoii inicrolepis 260 Amblyph ary iigod II iiwln .. 260 Chela cliipeoides .. 260 Perilainpiis cacliiiis ... .. 261 Family Cobitididae. Lepidocephalichtliys thermal is Family Siluridae. Clnriiis batrachus Saccobraiichiis fossilis Wallago attii Pseudeutropiiis atheriiwides Ariiis falcariiis Macrones cavasitis ... Macrones vittatiis Macrones keletiiis F'amily Anguillidae. Angiiilla elphiustoiiei Aiigtiilla aitsfralis ... 261 262 262 263 264 264 264 265 265 265 266 Page l'"amil\' Cyprinodonudac. Haplochiliis iiielaiiosfigina ... 266 Paiichax parvus ... ... 268 l*"amily Syngnathidac. Dorvrhainphiis hrachyiiriis ... 269 Dorvrhaiiiphiis ciiiicalits ... 2jo I'amily Scombrcsocidae. Belone caitcila ... ■■■ 270 I''amily Ophiocephalidae. Ophiocephaliis striatiis ... 270 Ophiocephaliis piiiictatiis ... 273 Ophiocephaliis gacliiia ... 275 Family Anabantidae. Aiiabas scandeiis ... .... 276 Family Nandidae. Naiidiis itaudus ... ... 27S Family Serranidae. Rates calcarifer ... ... 278 A 111 bass is raiiga ... ... 278 Ainbassis ambassis ... ... 279 Anibassis iniops ... ... 279 Family Osphromenidae. Osp/iroiiieiiiis goiiraini ... 279 Macropodiis cii paints ... 281 Family Cichlidae. Etroplits macitlatiis ... ... 282 Etroplus siiratensis ... ... 28.=; Family Gobiidae. Eleotrisfusca ... ' ... 286 Gobi us {Aceiitrogobins) neilli ... 287 Gobius {Aceiitrogobius) acittipiii- nis ... ... _ _ ... 287 Gobius (Glossogobius) giiiris ... 288 Gobius (O.vyurichthys) striatus ... 289 Family Mastacembelidae. Rhyiicobdella aciileata ... 289 Mastacembeliis paiicalus ... 290 Mastaceiubelus ariiiatus ... 290 EIops indicus, Swainson.^ [Flops saurus of the Fauna of Brit. India.) Tamil — Aldtti. Habitat and Habits. — Day mentions tropical and subtropical seas as the habitat of this fish, while Drs. Max Weber and De Beau- fort regard E. hawaiensis and E. machnata as sea fish.* The Madras species, however, appears to be essentially an estuarine fish, which i Dr. B. L. Chaudhuri ha.s discus.sed the Indian species of this genus in de- tail in his report on the fish of the Chilka I.ake, in vol. V of the Memoirs of the Indian Museum, pp. 413-4x6. He concludes that the species that occurs com- monly at Madras should be called Elops indicus, Swainson. 2 Fishes of the Indo-Aitstralian Archipelago, II, p. 4. 252 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, easily acclimatises itself to fresh water. I^arge numbers are caught in the river Cooum within tidal influence, and in brackish ponds near the coast.' During the floods young fish are common in the Cooum above tidal influence, while adult fish occur in the Madras P'ort ditch * and in tanks in the Government House gardens, both of which have had no access to the sea for years. The above facts seem to show that this fish breeds in fresh water. A congener, E. lacerta of Africa, is known to enter rivers.^ E. indicus appears to breed during the cold weather. The fry of this genus, like those of the other members of the family, are said to be ribbon-shaped.* Mcgalops cyprinoides (Broussonet). Tamil — Mordn Kendai. All the specimens examined, ranging from a length of 6 inches to 20 inches, are referable in most respects to Bleeker's M. kun- dinga, but the head is slightly smaller and there area greater number of anal and dorsal rays. Habitat and Habits. — M. cyprinoides is an estuarine fish fre- quentl}' entering fresh water and easily accommodating itself to it. The larvae and young are common in the Cooum river, within and above tidal influence and in pools near the coast ; but the largest specimens I have seen, about a foot and a half in length, are from ponds in the city. According to Thomas they acclimatise very readily to fresh water and grow fast and are said to breed in fresh water. ^ In support of the last statement, I may state that I have obtained the species in various sizes from a pond about 4 miles from the sea which has no communication with river or backwater. I have not seen it in the Red Hills tank or in any of the larger lakes further inland. M . cyprinoides is an active and powerful fish, predaceous in habits, subsisting mainly on the smaller Cyprinidae in ponds. In an aquarium young specimens are attractive, but their growth in such surroundings is not rapid. x\t frequent intervals they rise slowly till they are quite near the surface, when they make a sudden dash to the surface and descend down in a moment having swallowed air, which escapes through the opercular cleft. This habit is natural to the fish, as it often rises to the surface in ponds and the act is accompanied by a characteristic splash of water and the escape of air bubbles. According to " Skeen Dhu" they rise to the surface only between 5 and 6 p.m.^ Connected with this habit is the fact observed by Dr. Willey that this species lives ' At the lower anicut on the Col river, Tanjore district, specimens over a fool and a half in length are frequently captured with Hilsa [Cltipea ilislia) during the floods in July and August. ■^ Thomas, Tank Angling, p. i6S (1887). ■'^ and 4 Cambridge Nat. Hist., VII, Fislies, p. 547. ^ Thomas, Rod in India, p 214. '^ Skcen Dhu. TJie Mightv Maliseer, p. 49. 1916.] B. vSuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 253 for many hours out of water, rather an exceptional feature in the herring family to which Megalops belongs.' M. cyprinoides breeds during the cold weather. Thomas, however, in his Report on Pisciculture in South Canara states that E. apalike^ Day (=M. cyprinoides) is said to breed from Ma}' to June. The larvae are common in the river Cooum in October and November in fresh water. As in Alhula vulpes {A. conorhynchiis of the " Fauna") the young pass through a characteristic larval stage analogous to that of the eel.* Notopterus notopterus (Pallas).^ (Notopterus kapirat of the Fauna of Brit. Lndia.) Tamil — Chotta Vdlai. Habitat and Habits. — Day records this species from fresh and brackish waters. In Madras, however, it is confined to the former and appears to thrive best in the stationary water of ponds and lakes; Hamilton-Buchanan, however, obtained his largest speci- mens (3 feet in length) from rivers.* Uses. — Though the species is said to attain to 3 feet, I have not seen it above a foot and a half in length. It is esteemed as food. Engraulis purava (H. B.) Tamil — Ven Kannu. Young fish of E. purava occur in the river Cooum in fresh water during October and November, which appears to be the breeding season. It is an estuarine fish which ascends rivers when young. In 1910 a specimen was collected as far inland as Tirhoot in Bengal.^ Labeo calbasu (H. B.) Tamil — Sel Kendai. Habitat and Habits. — This species abounds in large tanks- in the neighbourhood of Madras and in rivers above tidal influence. It also occurs in a few small tanks within the city. Like the other species of Labeo, it feeds on vegetable matter and minute Crus- tacea and is essentially a bottom- feeder.^ L. calbasu breeds dur- ing the cold weather. Immature fish are common in the river Cooum in fresh water in January. Young fish of about 6 inches in length are silvery white in colour, the scarlet spots being entirely absent. ^ Spolia Zeylnnica, \"II, p. 98. 2 van Kampen, Larvae of Megalops cvpi-iiwidcs : Bull. Depf. Agri. /fes I ml. Xeer. Bnifeiizovg, 1908 (10-12). 3 Max Weber and De Beaufort, Fishes of the Iiido- Australian Archipelago. il, p. 9. 'Pallas, .Spicil. ZooL, VII, p. 40.) * Hamilton-Buchanan, Fislies of the Ganges, p. 235. 6 Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, XX, p. 432. ** Thomas, Rep. Pisciculture .S". Cauara, p. 70. 254 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voh. XII, Uses. — This is a large fish, growing to about 3 feet in length, which is much esteemed as food. Cirrhina reba (H. B.) Tamil — Ariiijal or Arinjal Kendai. This is a common species in large tanks in the neighbourhood of Madras ; it however does not seem to occur within the city or in brackish water. Uses. — It is a small fish growing to about 9 inches in length, and not much in demand as food. Catia catia (H. B.) (C. huclianani of the Fauna of Brit. India.) On loth June, 19 12 I obtained a fresh specimen in the Chinta- dripet Market, Madras which is preserved in the Madras Museum. This is apparently the first record of this species south of the Kistna. Mr. Wilson informs me that since the introduction of this species into the Cuddapah-Kurnool canal by the Fisheries Depart- ment, it has found its way into the Pennar river and some of the large tanks of the Nellore District. Some tanks further south are shortly to be stocked by the Fisheries Department. It is a valuable food fish attaining to 6 feet and more in length and an inhabitant of fresh and brackish waters. "It is a very strong and active animal and often leaps over the seine of the fisherman . . ." {H. B.). Growth is said to be very rapid in this species. Mr. Mitchell's specimens, which were only |^ to i inch in length when introduced into his tank, had attained a length of II inches in the course of five months [Natiire, 1875, XIII, p. 107). In the Godavari river, where this fish is quite common, it breeds about August. Young specimens from 2 to 3 inches in length are common in that river in January. Barbus chrysopoma, C. and V. Tamil — Panjela, also Shani Kendai. I have referred to this species ' a common tank Barbus in Madras, though it does not exactly agree with Da3^'s description of the species. The original description by Cuvier and Vallen- cienes is very defective.* In Madras specimens usually there are 3 or 4 anterior un- branched rays in the dorsal fin, the pectoral has 15 rays, the number of perforated scales on the lateral line varies from 29 to 32, the diameter of the eye varies from 4 to 4^ in the length of the head, there are 10 to 12 rows of scales in front of the dorsal fin, ' ]crdon {Madras yoin-ii. Lit. Sc, 1849, p. 314), Thomas {Tank Angling, pp. 96-97) and Skeen Dhu < Miglify Mahseer, pp. 6 and 62) record this species- from Madras. 2 Gunther, B. M. Catalogue, \'H, p. 113 (syn.). 1916. j B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshvvater Fish of Madras. 255 the rostral pair of barbels are one-half longer than the orbit and the dark lateral blotch anterior to the base of the caudal fin may be present or absent. The above particulars show that Madras examples combine the characters of the three species, B. sarana, H. B., B. chrysopoma, C. and v., B. pinnauratus, Day, all of which according to the Fauna of British India may occur in Madras. Day himself doubted the validity of his species B. pinnauratus, which he thought ma}^ be a variety of B. chrysopoma^ while B. sarana is closely related to these. ^ The series examined, however, is entirely too limited to decide whether these three species are really distinct. This fish is common in ponds in and around Madras and does not appear to occur in rivers. The breeding season seems to be about December, as the young are very common in January and February. In the young the eyes are comparatively large.* When they are an inch long, there are 4 undivided anterior rays in the dorsal lin. All the fins and the opercles are suffused with orange, the body is bright silvery and the dark lateral spot at the root of the caudal fin is very distinct. Uses. — Much valued as food. Barbus amphibius (C. and V.) Tamil — Niuiibriki Kendai. Both in the Fishes of India and in the Fauna of India Day gives the number of undivided anterior rays in the anal fin as 2, while in his Fishes of Malabar he mentions 3 such rays ; in Madras specimens the latter number usually occurs. Habitat and Habits. — Though not uncommon it does not appear to be very numerous except in some tanks. In the river Cooum it occurs within tidal influence. It is a shallow-water species subsisting on a mixed diet composed of aquatic weeds, worms, flies, etc. B. amphibius breeds during October, November and December and also according to Thomas during June and July.3 Description of young. " When young the summit of the head is golden green, and a yellcw streak runs from opposite the centre of the eye to the centre of the tail. When about two inches in length the black spot on the side of the tail commences to appear, and bv degrees the golden streak along the side disappears." * Uses. — It is a small fish not much in demand as food. Barbus dorsalis (Jerdon). Tamil— Mufiandng Kendai. '' Saal Candee " (Day) is the name given to Labeo calbasu in Madras. Habitat and Habits. — B. dorsalis occurs in ponds and rivers, but nowhere abundantly. It is rare in tanks within city limits. ' Day, Fislies of India, p. 562. ?' Report Piscicitlture S. Caiiara, p. 72. ■^ Ibid., p. 561. * Day, Fishes of .Malabar, p. 214. 256 Records oj the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII. The spawning season is said to extend from i\ugust to Octo- ber. Dr. Willey observes : " On August 31.SI a half-spent spawning ( Barbus dursalis) accompanied by a batch of adhesive eggs was brought from the Colombo lake. The eggs measured o*75 mm. in diameter with a pale grayish transparent yolk nearly uniformly granu- lous. The eggs had been caught in the act of being laid and were apparenth' unfertilized." ' Uses. — This species attains to at least eight inches in length and is fairly good as food. Barbus sophorc (H. B.)^ {B. stigma of the Fauna of Brit. India.) Tamil— Kulla kendai. In June, 1910 I obtained a dozen specimens of this species from a pond behind the Madras Museum, some of which pos- sess a pair of small maxillary barbels The chief characters of examples of the two kinds obtained simultaneously from the above pond are detailed below to obviate all possible doubt as to their identification — I. Specimens with a pair of maxillary barbels. 1. A specimen 3 in. in length. D. 3/8. A. 3/5. V. 2/7. Ll. 26. A dark lateral blotch on scales 22 and 23 of the lateral line. Three rows of scales between the ll. and the ventral fin. Length of head 5 in total length. Nine scales before the dorsal fin. A scarlet lateral band. 2. A specimen 4 in. in length, D. 3/8. A. 3/5. V. 2/7. Ll. 26. A dark lateral blotch on scales 22, 23 and 24 of the ll. Three rows of scales between the LL. and the ventral fin. A scarlet lateral band present. Ten scales before the origin of the dorsal lin. 3. A specimen 4/,, in. in length. D. 3/8. A. 3/6. M. 2/7. Ll. 26. A scarlet lateral band. A dark lateral blotch on scales 22, 2j and 24 of the LL. Three rows of scales between the LL. and the ventral fin. Length of head 4.i , height of body 3.! in total length. The diameter of the eye 3,' in the length of the head. Ten scales before the dorsal fin. ' SpoUa Zeylaiiica. \'II, \). ro:;. '■^ C'haudhuri, Mem. hid. Mas.. \. p. 43O (,iuif>.) 1916.] B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 257 II. Specimens without barbels. 1. A specimen 3I in. in length. D. 3/8- A. 3/5. V. 2/7. I.L. 25. A dark lateral blotch on scales 22 and 23 of the i,l. Three rows of scales between the ll. and the ventral fin. Length of head 4? in total length. Nine rows of scales before the dorsal fin. A scarlet lateral band. 2. A specimen 4 in. in length. D. ^/d>. A. 3/5. V. 2 7. Ll. 25. A dark lateral blotch on scales 22 and 23 of the lateral line. Three rows of scales between the ix. and the ventral fin. Length of head 5, height of body yi in total length. The diameter of the eye 3i in length of head. Nine scales before the dorsal fin. A scarlet lateral band. In all the specimens the eyes are li diameters apart, the first dorsal ray is osseous and entire, the dorsal fin commences rather in advance of the ventral fin, midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin. The lateral line sense organs exist in all the specimens only on 25 scales, the 26th scale is a small scale, when present, without a perforation. In all, there are only 3 rows of scales between the ix. and the base of the ventral fin A dark blotch on the mid-dorsal rays is present in all. The only fish with which a possible confusion could arise is B. amphibiiis , which has a maxillary pair of barbels ; but in all the specimens described above, there are 3 rows of scales between the LL. and the origin of the ventral fin. This character apart from others, such as the greater breadth of the body in B. sophore, is sufficient to distinguish it from B. amphibms , which has only two such rows of scales. From the above statements it will be seen that maxillary bar- bels, while absent in most specimens, are present in some. If my observations are correct, the presence or absence of barbels is evi- dently variable and so cannot serve as a safe criterion for classify- ing species of Barhiis. Day also doubted if the two species B. mahecola and B. filameniosus, distinguished by the presence of a small pair of maxillary barbels in the former, were really distinct.' From the history of B. sophore it is seen that till i86g B. stigma (C & V.) destitute of barbels was considered identical with B. sophore (H. B.), and the mention of 4 barbels by the latter author in his description, as they were not shown in his figure, was considered a mistake. In 1869, Day discovered a form with 4 barbels in the Khasi Hills for which he adopted the name B. sophore, B. stigma being retained by him for the common form without barbels.'^ 1 Day. Fishes of India, p. 556; Faicna Brit. Imi., I. pp. 293 and 294. 2 lOay, /. c. p. ^(iU\ Proc. Zool. Soc, 1S69. p. .^i/r). 258 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Though I have not seen the form with 4 barbels, it seems likely that these three forms — the common form destitute of barbels, the Madras one recorded in this paper with a pair of maxillary barbels, and the kind from the Khasi Hills with 4 barbels — represent phases of a very variable species which accord- ing to time or locality may possess four, two or no barbels. Habitat and Habits. — B. sophoreis one of the commonest species in ^Madras, occurring in abundance in the shallows of ponds and rivers. In the Cooum it is found within tidal influence in brackish water. It breeds during the cold weather ; Day records finding 1850 mature eggs in a female at Madras in January.' The young, which are common in November and December, closely resemble the adult, except in their paired fins, which are comparatively long ; the pectorals reach the ventrals and the latter the origin of the anal fin. The lateral scarlet band, frequently seen in the adult, is often present in the young also. Uses. — A small species, reaching a maximum length of about 5 inches, not much in demand as food. Its flesh is bitter and is supposed to be medicinal. It is a valuable mosquito larvicide. Barbus filamentosus (C. & V.) Tamil — Sevdli (red tail) or Retha kendai. It is very doubtful if the present species is really distinct from B. mahecola (C. & V.)."^ Both forms, those with a pair of minute maxillary barbels {B. mahecola) and those without them {B. fila- mentosus), occur in Madras and are identical in all other characters. This handsome fish frequents streams in small shoals. Barbus mahecola (C. & V.) Occurs in a few tanks in the neighbourhood of Madras. Barbus vittatus (Day). Tamil — Sinna kulla kendai. Colour. — In Madras examples there are only three characteris- tic black spots, one on the dorsal fin, another at the root of the caudal and a third in front of the anal fin ; the last though fairly constant appears to be caused by fgecal matter. '• Inlhc immature ihc colours vary: when the fish is about 8 lOths of an inch long, a vertical stripe begins to show itself in the posterior third of the dorsal fin, the summit of which also becomes edged with black, whilst there are some irregular orange markings, in very young specimens the line of demarcation between the green of the back and the silvery abdomen appears like a white band running from the eye to the middle of the tail." (Day).^ ^ Day, Fislies of hidia, p. 579. ■2 Day, Fishes of /ui/in. p. 55(1. Da}- combines the two species in his Fishes of Malabar, p. 215. •^ Fishes of Molnbiir. p. 215: Fislies of India, p. 5S2 : Fauna Hrit.Ind.. 1916.] B. SuNDAKA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 259 Habitat and Habits. — Very common in several ponds in and around Madras and in rivers in fresh water. After a heavy shower this is one of the foremost fish to enter drains and gutters in the city. Uses. — Its small size, hardihood and the ease with which it could be kept alive for years in small aquaria make it one of the most valuable mosquito larvicides. Rasbora daniconius (H. B.) Tamil — Ovari or Paravu. In Madras specimens, two complete horizontal rows of scales do not exist between the h. line and the root of the ventral fin as stated by Day,' there being only one and a half rows as correctly shown by his figures*; the number of rows in front of the dorsal fin varies from 14 to 16. Habitat and Habits. — R. daniconius abounds in all the rivers and tanks in Madras in fresh water. It is a shallow-water species and feeds on both animal and vegetable matter.^ This species breeds during the rains in September and October in Madras, while its congener R. rasbora {R. buchanani of the ' Fauna") is said to breed on the West Coast in June and July.* The fry, which are very common during the breeding season, enter drains and are frequently caught there with the young of species of Arnbly- pharyngodon^ Niiria danrica and Barbus viitatus, the other common tank-fish of Madras. They are easily distinguished from the fry of Aniblypharyngodon by the absence of both the orange colour and the convex dorsal profile so characteristic of the latter ; but are not easily separable from the fr\' of N . danrica before the barbels appear in them, and the fry of B. viitatus. Uses. — Conflicting opinions exist as to their usefulness as mosquito-destroyers ; m}'' experiments show them to be at least as useful as N. danrica in this respect. Nuria danrica (H. B.) Tamil — Paravu. The height of bod}^ in some large examples is 5 in total length and the eyes are usually li diameters apart. Habitat and Habits. — A^. danrica is very common in ponds and not uncommon in rivers. The breeding season extends from October to December, when many adults have the caudal portion i Day, Fishes of India, p. 584 ; Fauna Brit. Ind., p. 337. ■^ Day, Fishes of hidia, pi. cxivi, figs. 2 and 3. •5 Jerdon, Madras Joiirn. Lit. Sc, xv, p. 320. The statement of Messrs. Chaudhuriand Sewell in their Ind. Fish of Proved Utility as .Mosquito Destroyers, that this species is a pure vegetarian is contradicted by Mr. H. C. Wilson in his " Notes on larvicides and natural enemies of mosquitoes in South India," Proc. Gen. Mai. Commit., 2nd meeting, Madras, 191 2. * Thomas, Rep. on Pisci, South Cauara, p. 72. 26o Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol, XII, of their bodies with the caudal fin stained crimson ; which is sup- posed by fishermen in Madras to indicate good rains. The fry are ver}^ common in November, when they frequently enter drains in the cit}^ after a heavy shower. Till they attain a length of 19 mm. the barbels are undeveloped and the scales are indistinct ; when 25 mm. long, the maxillary barbels reach the eye, the colour is greyish white, a faint yellow band extends along the sides and some dark pigment spots are present at the root of the caudal fin. Uses. — This is a small species which is said to reach a maxi- mum length of 5 inches. Being a surface feeder it is valuable as a mosquito-destro3-er.' Amblypharyngodon microlepis (Bleeker). Tamil — Puli Elai Kendai or Pacha Thalai Kendai; both names refer to the metallic green colour of the back. The rows of scales between the L,. line and the base of the ventral fin is usually 6 and even 7; onl}^ occasionally is it 5 as stated by Day. Habitat and Habits. — A. microlepis is one of the commonest tank-fish in Madras. It inhabits shallow water and is among the first to migrate from ponds with the shallowest of overflows, in which act it is frequently caught in drains after a heavy shower. The breeding season extends from October to December, when the fry are extremely common. Description of Fry. — There are usually 9 rays in the dorsal and 8 in the anal fin. When less than 2 centimeters long the scales are indistinct, the body translucent and bright orange in colour^ except the abdomen, which is silvery ; the dorsal profile is very convex; a dark green crescent mark on the head behind the line of the eyes is very distinct in preserved specimens ; the pectoral fins reach the ventral, which reach the anal. Uses. — A small species not more than 3 or 4 inches in maxi- mum length, which enters largely into the diet of the poorer classes in consequence of its abundance. Experiments prove it to be a valuable mosquito-destroyer. Amblypharyngodon mola (H. B.) Not so common as A. microlepis in Madras, Chela clupeoides (Bloch). Tamil — Vellichi. C. clupeoides is found chiefly in ponds and only occasionally in rivers. Though not uncommon it is rarely abundant in any single locality. It is an active fish and a fast swimmer and in- l Sewcll and ( 'haudliuri. huL Fisli of Proved Ctility as Mosqiiifo-ih'stvovers. 17- 1916.] B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Uish of Madras. 261 habits clear water. Being a surface-feeder it is frequently seen near the surface of the water. " The chelas are remarkably active in the early mornings and evenings, which means that they are thoroughly on the feed then. During the middle of the da\- they seem to favour the deeper waters and become less active, occasional rises being seen in the centre or deep parts of the pool, but not feeding regularly." l In sport or when chased they shoot into the air ; more fre- quently the3^ expose their silvery sides at the surface of the water in bright sunshine. Uses. — This species attains a maximum length of six inches and is esteemed as food. The doubt cast on the usefulness of species of Chela in destroying mosquitoes by some writers* has been criticised by Mr. H. C. Wilson.^ My own experiments show that C. cliipeoides readily eats mosquito larvae at any rate in captivit}'. Possibly C. argentea differs from the present species in this respect. Perilampus cachius (PI. B.) (P. atpur of the Fauna of British India.) Tamil — Salvai. Cachius being the first of the two specific names {cachius and atpar)^ used for this species by Hamilton-Buchanan*, has to be adopted according to the law of priority. In Madras specimens the anal fin has only 20 to 22 rays, the number of longitudinal rows of scales between the L. line and the base of the ventral fin is frequently onl}^ 3^, and the number of perforated scales on the L- line usually only 50. I have not seen this species more than an inch and a half in length, though it is said to grow to a maximum length of 4 inches. It is a rare fish in Madras. I have met with it very occa- sionally in the Cooum river and in the Sembarambakkam tank. Uses. — Messrs. vSewell and Chaudhuri mention it as a mos- quito-destroyer.^ Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (C. and V.) Tamil — Asarai. This common species abounds in the rivers where the bottom is sandy, and in ponds. Habits. — L. thermalis inhabits the bottom mud or sand of rivers and ponds, where it usually lies buried during the day, venturing out to feed at night. ' The burrowing in mud or sand does not appear to be a laborious process. In an aquarium, when i Wilson, Some notes on larvicides and natural enemies of Mosquitoes in South India. Proceedings Tliii-d General Malaria Committee, Madras (Novem- ber 18th, 19th and 20th, 191 21. '^ Bentle}', 2nd Rev. Wellcome Laboratory, p. JiS; Sewell and Chaudhuri, /;/(/. Fish of Proved Utility as Mosquito-destroyers, p. 19. 2 H. C. Wilson. I. c' * Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes of the Ganges, pp. 258 and 259. ^ Ind. Fish of Proved Utility as Mosquito-destroyers, p. 19. 262 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol XII, disturbed, it rapidly darts about and suddenly strikes the bottom sand head-forwards, diving into it by sheer force. A favourite position for the fish is to He buried with" just tlie snout and the tail above the surface of the sand ; often the latter is also concealed and the snout is withdrawn at the approach of danger, only to reappear almost immediately. Branchial respiration appears to be insufficient in this loach. In an aquarium it grows restless at varying intervals, and rises to the surface to take air, which is apparently swallowed; conse- quently it lives for a long time out of water. The erectile sub-orbital spine appears to be an organ of de- fence ; when the fish is seized by the tail it rapidly swings round and dashes its head against the hand, when the prick of the erected spine is felt. The breeding season extends from October to January, when the young, which resemble the adult, are quite common every- where in shallow collections of rain-water. Uses. — Though small it is considered very nourishing. Clarius batrachus (Lin.) ^ [Claritts magur (H< B.) of the Fauna of British India.) Tamil. — Kartippu theli {theli^^^scorpion, has reference to the poison- ous pectoral spines). Habitat and Habits. — C. batrachus is rare in Madras. It in- habits fresh and brackish water. I/ike most Silurids it is sluggish and prefers muddy to clear water. It lives and feeds at the bottom of ponds and rivers, and in the mud sometimes lies concealed for hours, with no movements save those of respiration and the constant lashing of its barbels, which appear to be its chief organs of perception. Experiments in an aquarium seem to prove that this fish is practically blind to objects beyond the reach of its barbels. The colour is eminently protective and effectively conceals the fish in dark muddy sur- roundings. As is well known C. batrachus is amphibious, possessing an ac- cessory breathing organ ; it lives a considerable time out of water. The pectoral spines in this species are not dreaded. Uses. — C. batrachus reaches a length of a foot and a half and is considered as wholesome and nourishing food. The air-bladder yields a coarse isinglass.'^ Saccobranchus fossilis (Bloch). Tamil — Theli. Cuvier and Vallenciennes in 1840 identified S. fossilis (Bloch) with 5. singio (H. B.).^ Gunther in 1864 held the two to be dis- 1 Max Weber and De Beaufort, I iido- Australian Fishes, II, p. 190. (Limn.'-, Syst. Nat., 1758. p. 305). 2 Day, Fislies of India, p. 4S5. 3 ]Iist. Nat. des Pais., XV, p. 297. 19 16.] B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshi^'ater Fish of Madras. 263 tinct species.' Again Day united the two in 1878,^ .Since then, 5. singio (H. B.) has been ranked as a synonym of 5. fossilis (Bl.) by most systematists. Recent anatomical research, however, appears to show that the two are probably distinct species. Hyrtle * (1853), followed by Hiibrecht and Day (1877)*, states that in 5. singio the right accessory air-sac is supplied with blood by the first afferent branchial artery, the left on the contrary being supplied by the fourth afferent artery. Burne in 1894 found that in S. fossilis both air-sacs are supplied by the fourth afferent arteries.^ Habitat and Habits. — Quite common in ponds and ditches, where it frequents the muddy bottom. Its distribution does not appear to be limited to fresh water as on the west coast (Cochin) ; it is said to occur in backwaters where the fishermen catch it at night with a torch, the Hght of which attracts it. 5. fossilis is amphibious and consequentl}^ lives for a long time out of water. " Wounds from the pectoral spines of this fish are dreaded in India as they are reputed to be very poisonous."^ The breeding season extends from September to Deceml^er; during the rains the fish deposit their eggs in irrigated fields, where the young, which are copper-red in colour, are frequently caught for stocking tanks. Uses. — 5. fossilis attains a length of a foot and a quarter when full grown and is highly esteemed as food by Indians.'' Wallago attu (Bl. and Schn.) Tamil — Vdlai, Athu Vdlai. Habitat and Habits. — The " freshwater shark " inhabits lakes and rivers. Col. Tickell^ states that it occurs sometimes within tidal influence ; this is probably the case when it is carried down by floods, as the least salinity seems to disagree with this fish and to cause death. W. attu is a large and powerful fish and predaceous in habits. It feeds on both vegetable and animal matter, preferably on the latter, and is said to destroy fry and large numbers of smaller fish in ponds. It is sluggish in its movements and lives for the most part at the bottom. Thomas attributes the frequent slowness of this fish to discover the presence of food to deficient sight. The statement that it feeds mostly at night** appears to be incorrect, as I have seen it very active and freely take a bait by day. It is usually caught in large nets and when handled it makes fierce attempts to bite. ' Brit. Mils. Cat. Irishes, V, pp. 30 and 31. 2 Fishes of India, p. 486. 3 Akad Wiss, Wien, XI, p. 302 (1853). * 'Jour. Lin. Soc. Zool., XIII, p. 198 (1877). 5 Loc. cit., XV, p, 48 (1894). " and 7 Day, Fislies of India, p. 487. "* Rod ill India, 1881, p. 168. •' Day, Fauna of Brit. India, Fislies, I, p. 127. 264 Records of the Indian AUisenm. [Vol. XII, Uses. — This is a large fish which is said to reach a maximum length of six feet though specimens above four feet are very rare. It is esteemed as food and salts well.^ Pseudentropius atherinoides (Bloch). Tamil — Na Keliti (the epithet na = dog and hence an inferior kind). The " three or four bands along the sides formed by black spots " (Day)"^ are not found in Madras specimens and the pecto- ral spines usually have about twelve denticulations. Habitat and Habits. — P. atherinoides inhabits lakes and ponds in the neighbourhood of Madras and is rarer than most other Silurids. Arius falcarius, Richardson. TsimW—Uppu Kali Keliti. In most Madras specimens the pectoral fin does not reach the ventral nor does the ventral the anal. Habitat and Habits. — A common estuarine species which occa- sionally ascends rivers and comes into fresh water. The interesting breeding habits of species of Arius are well known.^ The breeding season in Madras extends from September to November, when large numbers congregate in estuaries to deposit their spawn. One of the breeding grounds for this species in Madras is the mouth of the River Adyar. The eggs, which are large and yolky measuring -5 to "6 inches in diameter, are probably deposited in batches by the female. The male takes up the eggs — usually about eight — into his mouth and keeps them there for many days till they hatch out as fry. They are retained by the male till the yolk is absorbed. During the whole of this period the ovigerous male never feeds. During the breeding season the males frequentl}^ have the caudal, anal and part of the dorsal fins stained red. Uses. — A. jalcarius attains a maximum length of two feet, and, being common, enters largely into the diet of the poorer classes. Macrones cavasius (H. B.) Tamil — Solai Keliti. It is common in lakes and rivers at a distance from the sea ; while it is common in Sembadambakkam and Red Hills tanks, it is not known to occur within city limits. In habits it closely resembles other Silurids. The pectoral spines cause painful wounds. Though it does not breathe air direct, it lives for a long time out of its native element. Uses. — It is said to attain a maximum length of eighteen inches and is esteemed as food by Indians. ' Day, Fisties of Malabar, p. 193. '^ Fisliesof India, p. 475 ; Fauna Brit. Ind., 1, p. 141. 3 Spolia Zeylaiiica, VH, p. 97 (19111 ; Da)', Fishes of India, p. 457; Faiiiiu Brit, hid., p. 169. 1916.J B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 265 Macroncs vittatus (Bloch). Tamil — Nattu Keliti. Habitat and Habits. — This is the commonest species of Macrones in fresh water in Madras. In the Cooura and Adyar rivers it frequently occurs within tidal influence. In habits it closely resembles the previous species; Day ^ observes : — " This fish is ternied ' the fiddler ' in Mjsore ; I touched one which was on the wet ground, at which it appeared to become very irate, erecting its dorsal fin and making- a noise resembling the buzzing of a bee, evidently a sign of anger. When I put some small carp into an aquarium containing one of these fish it rushed at a small example, seized it by the middle of its back and shook it like a dog" killing a rat." In April, 1911 I obtained from a ditch near Chetput, which contained large numbers of this fish, two albino specimens perfect- ly pigmentless ; they were translucent white, showing the surface blood vessels of the skin, and were less active and more sensitive to light than pigmented ones. In March I found a female with eggs. Uses. — Though small, it is very common, and is eaten by the poor. Macrones kcletius (C. and V.) Comparatively rare in Madras ; I have met with it only in one or two ponds in the city and in the Red Hills tank. Anguilla elphinstonei, Sykes. {AnguiUa hengalensis (Gray) of the Fauna of Brit. India.) Tamil — Velangu. Dr. Max Weber, in his recent revision of the species of Anguilla of the Indo-Pacific region, considers the earlier name A. hengalensis (Gray) invalid, as the figure published by Gray and Hardwicke is altogether inadequate to identify the species.* Habitat and Habits. — This is by far the commoner of the two species of Anguilla in Madras, and is abundant in ponds and rivers. It is carnivorous and is very voracious, hiding in the bottom mud during the day and emerging out to feed at night ; hence it is mostly captured at night. Indian fishermen have an easy way of taking it " they leave small-mouthed earthen pots with a bit of sheep skin in each overnight, and draw them up in the morning, with their fish lying coiled up most comfortably in them." ^ It is very tenacious of life and survives most adverse conditions such as drought and starvation. Like most eels, it lives for a long time out of water and leaving its native waters ' Fauna of Brit. Ind., p. 158; FisJies of India, p. 449. ■^ Max Weber, Revision der Indo-Pacifischen Anguilla-Arten. Zool. Jalirb., Sup. 15, Band I, p. 578 (191.21. S Thomas, Tank Aiigliiin; p. 100 118871. 266 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII. migrates considerable distances overland in search of ponds and streams, when desirous of a change. " It is an irritable creature, swelling its head whenever angered ; and constantly, when it can, buries itself in putrescent carcases." ' Every year a large number of elvers, measuring two or three inches in length and perfectly transparent in colour, ascend the rivers Cooum and Adyar about November. Uses. — Though good to eat there is little demand for this eel. It is consumed chiefly by Mahomedans. A. elphinstonei attains a large size ; a specimen in the Madras Museum measures 4^ feet in length. Anguilla australis, Richardson.^ (.4. bicolor, McClelland, of the Fauna of Brit. India.) A rarer species than A. elphinstonei in Madras but resembles it in habits. It is a smaller species, attaining a maximum length of about two feet. Haplochilus melanostigma, McClelland. (PI. XXV, figs. I, 3, 4, 10; pi. xxvi, figs. 12-16). Tamil — Munda Kanni (=big eye). McClelland's specific name melasiigma (Gr. = black spot) has been corrected in the Fauna of British India into melanostigma , which is the correct etymological rendering of the word. The caudal fin is truncated and not rounded in Madras specimens. In the adult male, which is larger than the female, the anal fin has most of its rays prolonged in a filiform manner beyond the membrane, and each prsemaxilla has about four coarse * teeth ' at the angle of the mouth : whereas in the female the anal rays are not prolonged and the prsemaxilla is drawn out into a bifid ' tooth ' at the angle of the mouth. Habitat and Habits. — This very common species abounds in ponds and rivers in both fresh and brackish water ; in the latter it seems to thrive best, as the largest specimens in my collection are from the Cooum within tidal influence. It inhabits the shal- lows of ponds and rivers, where it affects the surface and swims very close to it frequently with its mouth touching it. '' When swimming in their natural surroundings, the surface of the head is kept almost on a level with the plane of water." ^ The flat head and the transverse mouth are adaptations to surface feeding and the species is well-known as an effective mosquito-destroyer. The habit of inhaling the oxygenated surface water enables it to 1 Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes of the Ganges, p. 22. 5^ Max Weber, Revision der Indo-Pacifischen Anguillid,-9e. Zool. Jahrh., Sup, 15, Band I (1912). 3 Sewell and Chaudhuri, Imh Fish of Proved Utility as Mosquito Destroyers, P- 3- 1916.] B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 267 withstand to a considerable extent foul water full of organic im- purities detrimental to most fish : in the city it frequently occurs in gutters and sewage-farms. Being a surface fish it is diaphanous, but possesses a remark- able capacity to change colour in accordance with its environ- ment. Fish inhabiting the Cooum river often, within a distance of a few yards, show variations in colour ; those among green weeds are greenish, those in dirty water correspondingly brown and those in clear water translucent white ; while I have caught specimens reddish in colour during the floods, when the water is brick-red owing to the admixture of clay. The breeding season extends chiefly from September to Feb- ruary or even later, but is certainly not limited to these months. In the Cooum the earliest specimens with eggs are found in brackish- water and only later in fresh water higher up. The peculiar breed- ing habits were first observed by Dr. Jenkins.^ During the spawn- ing season the dorsal, caudal and anal fins in both sexes usually acquire a bright golden-yellow edge. The eggs after extrusion are attached in two rounded clusters, one on each side, to the genital opening of the female. In the natural surroundings the eggs are probably carried till they are hatched, a condition highly favour- able for their protection and aeration ; but in an aquarium they are sooner or later cast and, being demersal, sink to the bottom. Gobies and carp attack the fish when it is carrying eggs and feed on the latter. On an average from 20 to 40 eggs are carried by a female at a time. Description of egg. — The eggs are transparent and large, about I mm.* in diameter. Under the microscope the outer egg-membrane is seen to give off externally numerous short adhesive threads, by means of which the eggs adhere to one another or to foreign objects (figs. 12-14). PVom a certain area on each egg a group of very long filamentous threads arise, and these from different eggs are twisted together to form a common cord which protrudes from the genital opening of the female (fig. 12). In the yolk there is a small oil globule, not large enough to make the egg float. The embryo is clearly seen within the egg-membrane in all stages of development (figs. 13 and 14). In an advance stage dark pigment cells appear on the body of the developing embryo and the egg looks dark in colour. Distinguishing characters of the fry. — I succeeded in hatching some eggs in an aquarium. The fry when hatched measure 4 mm. in length and possess the pectoral fins and a single median fin start- ing dorsally about the middle of the back, and continued round the tail up to the remains of the yolk-sac on the ventral surface. They are easily identified from the fry of other fish by the charac- teristic arrangement of dark stellate pigment-spots. On the head and snout a few large scattered spots occur ; immediately behind i Jenkins, Rec. Ind. Miis., V, p. 137, pi. vi, figs 7 and 7a. '^ Jenkins, /. c. (His measurement of the egg " about a centimeter " is obvi- ously wrong). 268 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, the root of the pectoral fins, dorsally, is a semi-circular patch of close-set small spots : on the body and tail there are five longitu- dinal rows of spots, one mid-dorsal, two lateral and two ventral rows, one on either side of the mid-ventral line of the body (figs. 15 and 16). During growth the following changes occur : the dorsal, caudal and anal fins become distinct in about 3 weeks ; the pigment spots slowly disappear, except the lateral row which is retained in most adults as a faint black streak. The eyes acquire a glittering azure- blue colour and a pearly white speck is developed on the head — two unmistakable features of the immature H. melanostig^na. Uses. — A valuable mosquito-destroyer, Panchax parvus, sp. nov.^ (PI, XXV, figs. 2, 8 ; pi. xxvi, fig. 11). Tamil — Pachai Munda kanni. Br, VI. D. 2-3/5. A. 3/11-12. C. 24. V. 6. P. 12. Vertebrae 26. The length of the head is 35 to 3i times, and the depth of the body 4 to 4^ times in the total length (exclusive of the caudal fin). The snout is longer than the diameter of the eye, which latter is 3I to 3^ in the length of the head, and nearly half the interorbital width ; the lower jaw is slightly projecting. Teeth are present in bands on both the jaws, some three vestigeal ones on the anterior edge of the vomer. Fins — the pectorals reach considerably beyond the root of the ventrals which reach the anal. In the male, the 4th or 5th dorsal ray and the nth and 12th anal rays are prolonged and both the fins reach the caudal ; in the female these fins are rounded and do not reach the caudal. Scales possess both concentric and radiating seriations. The lateral line is ab- sent ; there are 26 to 27 scales along the mid-lateral line of the body counted from the top of the branchial aperture to the root of the caudal fin (scales on the caudal fin are not included). Seven longitudinal rows of complete scales exist between the root of the dorsal fin and that of the anal. Colour. — Males are larger and are more brightly coloured than females. In both during life a metallic green spot exists on every scale of the back and upper half of the body, and on alter- nate scales of the mid-lateral row and a few horizontal rows below it. In this latter portion light Italian pink dots alternate with ^ Day appears to have described this species from Madras under the name Panchax ruhrostigma {Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 706) in the idea that it was identical with Jerdon's Aplocheilus ruhrostigma. Later, in 1878, in his Fishes of India the description of Haplochilus ruhrostigma is identical with that of jerdon, and obviously he has mixed up the two species. P. ruhrostigma differs from'the present species chiefly (i) in size, as it reachc^ nearly 3 inches in length, (2j in having the second ray of the ventral fin elongated. P. parvus reaches only a maximum length of \\ inches and never has the rays of the ventral hn elongated. 1916.] B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 269 the above-mentioned green dots. The ventral surface is more or less translucent in life, and the scales possess a purplish gloss. The usual pearly white speck is present on the head. An ocellus, with a black centre and light margin, is usually present at the root of some of the anterior rays of the dorsal fin, most distinct in female and immature examples. In the males, the longitudinal rows of alternating green and pink dots extend over the proximal half of the caudal, dorsal and anal fins; in the two latter fins the spots gradually increase posteriorly so as to completely cover the pos- terior half of the dorsal and a third of the anal fin. In the female the above-mentioned fins are unspotted and of a light orange colour. These brilliant colours disappear more or less completel}^ in spirit. Type-specimen. — In the Indian Museum. Habitat and Habits. — P. parvus is found only in fresh water and confined, so far as I am aware, to the tanks and rivers in and around Madras city. It is somewhat local in distribution and in- habits stationary and sheltered waters of tanks and rivers over- grown with vegetation. The breeding season appears to be January and February. The eggs are demersal and adhesive and are not carried in clusters by the female after extrusion. Thomas remarks : " H. panchax " (I have no doubt he means this species) " extrudes one egg at a time and that disproportionately large, as big as its own eye. This keeps hang- ing to the vent as the fish is moving and feeding till it is cast and adheres ; and so single eggs are laid and distributed." ' Description of egg (pi. xxvi, fig. 11). — The egg of P. parvus closely resembles that of H. melanostignia but is slightly larger, the adhesive threads of the outer membrane are thinner, longer and more numerous. The chief difference, however, is the absence of the tuft of long processes by which the eggs of H. melanostignia are held together and are suspended from the genital opening of the female. This is obviously due to the fact that the eggs in this species are not carried about by the female. Uses. — A small species (adult male about 42 mm. and adult female about 28 mm.) which is valuable as a mosquito larvicide. Doryrhamphus * brachyurus (Bleeker). [Doryichthys bleekeri of the Fauna of Brit. India.) In a recent paper ^ George Duncker has united D. brachyurus (Bleeker) with D. bleekeri (Day). The only appreciable difference between the two, as would appear from descriptions, was in the number of the rays of the dorsal fin, there being 40-45 rays in D. bleekeri and only 36-37 in D. brachyurus ; from an examination i Thomas, Tank Atigling, p. 112 (1887). 2 The name Doryrhamphus has priority over Dovyichthys. Max \\'eber, Fish. Sihoga-Expeditioii, 1913, p. 116. 3 Duncker, Syngnathids from Ceylon. Spot. Zeylati., \TI, pt. 25, p. 26 (igio). 270 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, of a large number of Ceylon examples Duncker has now shown the number to vary from 37 to 43. In an adult Madras example I found 41 rays in the dorsal fin. For want of material (ovigerous males), I have placed this species as usual in Kaup's genus Doryrhamphus { = Doryichthys) and not in Duncker's new genus Microphis. Habitat and Habits. — Rare in Madras, a few occur in theCooum River just above tidal influence in November. D. brachyurus is usually sluggish in its movements and keeps close to the banks of the river amidst grassy weeds ; when frightened, however, it swims very rapidly and skilfully after the manner of eels. Accord- ing to most writers ^ the Pipe-fishes swim in a vertical position like Hippocampi. D. brachyurus , D. cuncalus and at least one species of Syngnathus, which I have had the opportunity of ob- serving in their natural surroundings, swim in the normal horizon- tal position, flush with the surface of the water. The males are known to take charge of the eggs after extru- sion, in a brood-pouch on the abdomen. Such males were found in summer by George Duncker in Ceylon in 1909. " The eggs were small, in 4 — 13 longitudinal and 60 — no transverse rows." ^ Doryrhamphus cuncalus (H. B.) {Doryichthys cuncalus of the Fauna of Brit. India.) Tamil— U si kolachi (=needle fish). A few occur in the Cooum during November and December. In habits it closly resembles D. brachyurus , in whose company it frequently occurs. Belone cancila (H. B.) Tamil — Kolachi, " Pissu kolah " (Day). In Madras this species appears to be confined to freshwater ponds and lakes. Though common it is never abundant in any one locality. According to Jerdon *' It is very voracious and devours large quantities of the little Aplocheili " {Haplochilus and Panchax). Ophioccphalus striatus, Bloch. Tamil — Verahl. Habitat and Habits. — Common everywhere in ponds, ditches and rivers. In the Cooum it occasionally occurs within tidal in- fluence. In its natural surroundings 0. striatus often resorts to the margin of the water overgrown with weeds. It frequents shal- low water probably because air is easy of access and so suits its amphibious habits. The air-breathing habit of this fish is well- known : in consequence it lives hours, sometimes days, out of 1 Fauna of Brit. India, Fislies, II, p. 460. 2 G. Duncker, Syngnathids from Ceylon. Spol. Zeylan., \'II, p. 26. I9i6,j B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 271 water, especially when kept among moist water-plants. Like most other air-breathers it is never seen to perform the usual respiratory movements of fish. During the rains in Madras young Ophio- cephali are often caught on land in the course of their migrations : out of water they progress in a serpentine manner, by means of their pectoral fins and the alternate contractions of the lateral muscles of the body. During periods of drought they are known to bury themselves in the soft bottom mud of ponds. ^ All the species of Opiocephalus are monogamous and build nests* for depositing their eggs. Under favourable conditions 0. striatus breeds twice a year, about January* and February and again in June and July ; but the same pair do not seem to breed twice in the year. The nest consists of a circular clearing in grassy swamps or in the weed}" edges of ponds and rivers. Both parents, the male in particular, keep guard. The eggs, which are large (i'25 mm.) and float at the surface, are never numerous but vary from a few hundreds to a few thousands according to the size of the fish. Dr. A. Willey gives a full description of the nest, egg and young of this species in Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. VI, pp. 108 — 123. The following is a brief resume of facts observed by him. Eggs. — Translucent golden-yellow or amber-coloured. They are spread like a sheet, flush with the surface in a sub-circular area in the centre of the nest. Diameter of egg i'25 mm. " The floating- eggs owe their buoyanc}- to the presence of a single large oil- g-lobule which occupies the greater part of the ovum, and is immersed in the golden-yellow yolk. It is adjacent to the upper pole of the Qgg, and in surface view under a low power of the microscope is seen to be surrounded by a narrow zone of the yolk, the whole being contained within a space bounded by the vitelline membrane." The subjoined table gives a summary of the chronological data ascertained by him regarding the external features of the development of 0. striatus. Days after hatching. Total length. Principal events. I ... 3'5 mm. Yolk-sac circulation established; pigment cells develop their black colouration ; pigment begins to appear in eyes. 2 and 3 ... 4-5 to 5 mm. Pectoral Hns arise; mouth opens, and respiratory movements com- mence. 4 ... 675 mm. Larv?e leaving the surface and swim- ming freely at all levels. Bright yellow spots over eyes. 7 ... 7 mm. Larvre swarming and turning" in unison at the slightest concussion Caudal cartilages appear. ' Day, Fislies of India, p. 363 ; Fauna of Brit, hid., II, p. 359. ■^ Col. Puckle (quoted by Day), Fishes of India, p. 362 ; Thomas, Rep. Pise. S. Cnnai'a, p. 37 (1870). 3 Thomas, Rep, Pise. S. Canara, p. 74 ( 1870) ; Day, Freshivafer Fish and Fisheries of India ami Burma, p. 23 (Calcutta, 1873,. 272 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi.. XII. Days after hatching. Total length. Principal events. 12 — 15 .. 675 mm. Posterior end of notochord bends up. 28 ... 8 to 10 mm. Caudal rays jointed and articulated with the basal cartilages. I -arva- rise to surface to take air. 37 ... 10 mm. Primordia of dorsal and anal rays. 40 ... io"25 to 13 mm. Rudiments of ventral fins appear. Dorsal and anal fins separating from caudal. End of lar\al deve- lopment. [ . Fr\- now hide in the mud. 63 ... 17 mm 73 • 25 mm Characteristic colour of the Larvae} — On either side of the body there is a broad reddish-orange band occupying almost the entire height of the myotomes, commencing from the eye on each side, and ending behind with a rounded edge at the base of the caudal fins. The iris is golden with a red flush ; there is a bright golden occipital point, and the base of the anal and dorsal fins is black along their whole length. This characteristic livery is retained by the fry till they reach a length of about 40 mm. (nearly for 3 months after hatching) ; after which period the definitive markings begin to appear, in the form of 9 dark vertical half-stripes on either side descending from the base of the dorsal fin. Growth. — From the fifth day after hatching, when the larvse begin to feed independently, the daily growth begins to vary. Some young 0. striatus kept by Dr. Willey in Colombo had an average total length of about 35 mm. in February 1908, 45 mm. in July 1908, 96 mm. in April 1909 ; the series last measured con- sisted of six individuals ranging from 85 mm. to 115 mm. The average measurements of a brood hatched in the central pond of the Marine Aquarium, Madras, was as follows : — April 1913 . . . . hatched from eggs. ,, 1914 . . . . 6 inches. ,,1915 . . . , over a foot in length. In nature growth is even more rapid and the young under favourable conditions begin to breed in about two years. Uses. — 0. siriattts is one of the largest and most valuable food fishes of our inland waters. Being an air-breather it is transported with ease*; and is admirably adapted for pisciculture. Care, however, should be exercised in introducing it into preserved waters ^ as it is very voracious and destructive to fry. The 3'oung are susceptible to attacks from internal parasites ( ? Schistocepha- lus larvae).* ' Willey, spot. Zeylan., V, p. 145 (1908); VII, p. 116 (1910). ■2 Day, Rep. Fresliwater Fish a>id FisJieries hid. and Bur., p. 25 ( i Rod in hidia, i88i, pp. 279 and 280 ; La Pisciculture et la Peche en Chine, 1872. 28o Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol,. XII, House ponds at Guind}^ and Madras, while a few were taken to the Nilgiris. In 1874 eight young fish are on record as having been caught in the ponds at Madras; about 1883 they must have been breeding in Madras as Gilbert ' mentions obtaining a supply of fry from Thomas for the Ana Sagar tank that year. Dr. Hender- son informs me that a few years ago they existed in two ponds close to the Madras Museum, from one of which he once took a four-pounder. One of these tanks has since been filled up and the other is at present low and said to contain no gourami. Mr. Wilson of the Madras Fisheries, in connection with his proposal to re-introduce this fish into Madras, examined the ponds at Guindy and Madras about April 1915*, with the result that he found only a few in the ponds at Madras and none at Guindy. In May, 191 1 I obtained from the Red Hills tank, seven miles from the city, two full-grown specimens. The larger was a female measuring 48 cm. in length and contained numerous small eggs of a bright orange colour. I am certain that the fish were breeding in the tank at the time, as later on, in July, I obtained a young one about 10 cm. in length. The above facts prove that the introduction of the gourami into Madras is not a failure, and the fact that they have done very well and were numerous and of fair size till lately in the Govt. House ponds, combined with their character as a non-predaceous and herbivorous species, show that they are well fitted for the waters of India. Gourami inhabit ponds and rivers and in the latter some have been found within tidal influence in brackish water ^ ; they how- ever prefer stationary waters and thrive best in the shallows of large weedy ponds and lakes. In Java, according to M. Dabry de Thiersant*, they thrive in ponds not more than three feet in depth ; survive with difficulty at 2800 ft. elevation and die promptly at any higher altitude. Its sensitiveness to cold is further shown by the fact that in spite of the numerous attempts to introduce it into France, the fish have never been successfully acclimatized in the Republic. The gourami though essentially a vegetarian, being fond of several araceous plants^ and of water-lilies in India, is omnivorous and feeds at times on flesh, fish, insects, etc. Among themselves they are said to be pugnacious.^ They are able to respire air direct and possess an accessory super-branchial organ ; but, ac- cording to Gilbert, this is done only when the water is foul.'' I doubt the accuracy of the latter statement. In a pond in the old Powder Factory grounds in Madras where some 200 gourami re- cently received from Mauritius and Java are kept under observa- ' Jonrn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, VIII, p. 436. 2 G. O. No. 632, loth March, 1915. Govt. Madras, Revenue Department. 'i Jordan, Guide to the Study of Fishes, II, p. 369. (Quotes from Gill.) * La Pisciculture et la Peche en Chine, 1872. * Jordan, /. c. « Cantor, Cat. Mai. Fish. Joiirn. As. Soc. Bengal. XVIII, p. 1071 (1849). 7 Joiirn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, \MII, p. 436. 1916.J B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 281 tion, they are seen to come up at all hours and take air though the water is beautifully clear. The breeding season in Java is March ' and in Madras about May. "The fish is assiduous in the care of its young" and con- structs complex nests for the reception of its eggs. General Hard- vvicke * has described the interesting breeding habits of this fish in Mauritius, while Gilbert gives an account of its breeding in an aquarium.^ The nest is of a nearly spherical form composed of plants, preferably tufts of a peculiar grass {Paniciim jumentonim) which grows on the surface of the water, and considerably resem- bles a bird's in form. It is usually attached to plants or weeds growing at the edge of the pond and the bottom selected is muddy while the depth varies.^ According to Gilbert, whose observations were on aquarium fish, the gourami assume a jet black colour and flashing red eyes during this season and become highly pugnacious. The female emits a stream of 15 to 20 eggs which (in the aquarium) adhered to the undersurface of a rock, and are aerated by the female frequently rising to the surface and bringing down a mouth- ful of air which she lets go against the underside of the rock. In its natural surroundings the eggs are attached to water plants,^ The eggs hatch in about a month.* The fry on hatching are trans- parent and possess a yolk-sac. "When I had had them about two months " observes Gilbert "they were perfectly formed and very handsome but alas they were only two inches long at the out- side." The rate of growth appears to be rapid if conditions are favourable; " the gourami is known to attain a length of about 4 inches in the first year, 7 or 8 in the second and 10 or 11 in the third " ; '^ " the young has black bands across the bod}^ and also a blackish spot at the base of the pectoral fin."^ In captivity they are fed on bran and oil cakes. Uses. — The gourami is well-known and highly prized as an article of food. It attains a large size (nearly 2 feet in length) and bears transport and acclimatization well. It is one of the few fish well adapted for pisciculture. Macropodus cupanus (C. and V.)-* {Polyacanthus cupanus of the Fauna of Brit. India.) Tamil — Punnah, Panni (Day). Habitat and Habits. — A rare species in Madras occurring in a few small ponds in the city. ^ Dabry de Thiersant, La Pisciculture et la Peche en Chine, 1872. '^ Zool. Jonrn., IV, p. 309. s fourn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, VIII, p. 436. •* Jordan, Guide to the Study of Fishes, II, pp. 166-167. 6 Dabry de Thiersant, /. c ^ Hardwicke, Zool.Journ., \\, p. 309. 7 Willey, Spol. Zeylan., VI, p. 120. - Jordan, Guide to the Study of Fishes, II, p. 368. 9 Tate Regan, Asiatic Fishes of the Family Anabantidae. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1909, II, pp. 769 and 775. 282 Records of the I vidian Museum. [Voi.. XII, ''It lurks under stones or amongst weeds " observes Day, but so far as I have observed, it appears to be a gregarious surface fish. In an aquarium, however, it at times settles on the bottom, when the prolonged ventral rays are stuck perpendicularly into the sand to support the forepart of the body. They are pugna- cious and often fight and chase each other ; the immature fish are afraid of the adults. According to Jerdon ' ''it must be handled with caution, for the spines inflict a most severe burning pain which lasts a few hours." They are air-breathers and in an aqua- rium they mount up to the surface every 2 or 3 minutes to take air, but unlike most other fish which respire air, the act is not usually accompanied by the escape of air-bubbles. M. cupanus is essentially a vegetable-feeder and in captivity eats crumbs of bread, but feeds also on insects and insect larvae. Ground-feeding is not natural to this fish, as it does so with deliberation and effort, and in an aquarium I have often seen it fail to pick up the particle of food on the bottom in spite of repeated efforts : the mouth is dorsal in position and in order to feed on the bottom it has to stand almost vertically upside down. The breeding season has been ascertained to be May and June.* M. cupanus probably builds a nest like its congener M. viridiauratus.^ Uses. — According to Mr. Wilson it is an effective mosquito- destroyer. Etroplus maculatus (Bloch). (PI. xxviii, figs. 26 — 30). Tamil — Burakasu. Habitat and Habits.— This pretty little fish is abundant all over Madras in ponds, ditches and rivers ; in the last many habi- tually live and breed within tidal influence in brackish water. E. maculatus frequents the weedy shallows of ponds and streams and feeds for the most part on aquatic' vegetation and partly on worms and insects. It is highly pugnacious in disposi- tion and at times, as observed by Day *, turns almost black with passion. '' This species does not live long after its removal from water " observes Day ^ ; but on the contrary its tenacity of life has frequently surprised me. It is one of the few fish that is oc- casionally brought to the market alive ; out of water it sometimes makes, at regular intervals, a peculiar ticking noise by the sudden closing and opening of its mouth. The spawning season extends from January to April : most fish breed during February and March. The only account of the nidification was published in 1848 by Jerdon in his paper " On the 1 Day, Fishes of India, p. 371. 2 Thomas, Rep. Pise. South Canara, p. 72. 3 Gill, Parental care among F. W. F"ishes. Ann. Rep. Sniifli. Inst. 1905, p. 529. * and ^ Iislies of India, p. 415. 1916.] B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 283 Freshwater Fishes of vSouth India ' ' in the Madras Jour, of Lit. and Science, Vol. XV, p. 143. He observes that " At the season of spawning the fish (both male and female I beheve though I am not quite certain of this) assumes a brighter livery than at other times; the yellow of its lower surface deepens, and the one dark spot on its side is accom- panied by several others so much so as to give it a marbled appearance, which howe\'er is somewhat transient. The ^gg^ are not very numerous, and are depo- sited in the mud at the bottom of the stream, and when hatched, both parents guard their young for many days, vigorously attacking any large fish that pass near them. I have had an opportunity of observing this, as well among fish in confinement as in the streams." The colours are very variable, but usually become very vivid and bright during the Ijreeding season. The whole fish becomes orange, especially the ventral half of the body, the ventral fins turn jet black, and a broad terminal band of the same colour extends along the margin of the anal covering nearly Jths of that fin. The eyes are red, and shining metallic blue lines appear below them and on the opercles. During the breeding season the fish are found in pairs and several pairs build their nests close together in the same locality. Early in February, igio I had the opportunity of observing several such nests in an innundated paddy-field in Puruswakam, Madras. They contained eggs and fry in various stages of development, with the parents guarding them. The nest is a shallow cup-shaped pit, roughly an inch deep at the centre and about 3 to 4 inches in diameter, scooped in the bottom debris and lined with the silky fibres of the common freshwater alga (5/'i>ogy;'(3;).' All the nests were in very shallow water, the depth var^dng from 4 to 9 inches. The eggs are not very numerous (in a nest recently obtained there were 266) and are demersal and adhesive in character. They are oval, about i| by i mm. each, and of a dark brown colour. They were deposited in the centre of the nest and each egg was found adhering to a plant-fibre, being attached at one end by a short thick stalk. The yolk is dark brown and contains a large oil globule (fig. 26). I have not been able to ascer- tain the interval between oviposition and hatching. The eggs hatch by the top of the egg-membrane lifting off like a lid. The shallow water which becomes tepid during the day no doubt helps to develop the eggs. The parents keep a vigorous guard and every now and then the male or female is seen to stoop over the nest and scrutinise the eggs. Description of fry, — A few eggs obtained from one of the above nests hatched in the aquarium. On the first day the fry measure 4|mm. in length (fig. 27), the eyes are pigmentless, the yolk-sac is large, the median fins are continuous and there is no trace of the paired fins. The larvae rest on the bottom with the ventral surface uppermost. There are two cement organs on the head, one above the other, by which they adhere to the bottom debris. Once I Recently in South Arcot I saw a nest which was a mere pit in the sand and the eggs were attached to a submerged rock. 284 Records of the Indian Museiim. [Vol. XII, the larvae are hatched they are restless ; an incessant vibration of their bodies continues day and night. On the second day the length increases to 5 mm. (fig. 28), pigment appears in the eyes and in the form of stellate cells on the yolk-sac, the pectoral fins appear as buds. The habits are the same as on the first day. In a few days the mouth and anus are formed, the fry assume their normal position, i.e. have their backs directed upwards, and the 3^olk-sac is considerably reduced. In a fortnight the yolk-sac becomes completely absorbed, only two clusters of pigment spots are now seen, one on the head and the other on the nape : the embryonic median fin still persists, and the fry still adhere to the bottom and oscillate their bodies (fig. 29). So long as the fr}^ keep to the nest the parents guard it and, in the natural surroundings, I have noticed that one of them, the female probably, is engaged in the task of what appears to be feeding the fr^^ She is seen constantly to go to a selected spot in the neighbourhood, usually only a few feet from the nest, and there dig with her mouth at the root of an aquatic plant and bring up a mouthful of dark sediment which she ejects into the nest. If the nest is attacked she leaves her task and joins the male in defence. As soon as the young are able to swim freely the parents and their brood desert the nest and a life of wandering in quest of food commences. In such rambles, the mother occupies general!}^ the centre of the family group and the male takes charge of the circumference. When thus engaged the adults are highly pugna- cious and vigorously attack any large fish that pass near them : on one occasion I saw an adult 0. piinctatus chased for several yards by one of these fish. As the body of the adult is much compressed and elevated, there is a curious disproportion at various stages of growth in the relative length and height of the body, as will be seen from the table below : — Length 9 — 12 — 16 — 18 — 19 — 30 mm. Height 3— 4!— 4|— 7I— 8—14 mm. In a specimen 9 mm. long the back is green or olive, a well- marked white band is found across the nape and the body is elongated (fig. 30). In young 19 mm. long there is a considerable increase in height so that the body is oval in shape, the back is olive and has 6 broad transverse bands descending half way on the sides and the ventral surface is dirty white. In the adult fish these bands disappear and the lower ends of 3 of them alone are retained as the characteristic 3 spots on either side of the body. When the young are about an inch long they are aban- doned by the parents. 19 16.] B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 285 Etroplus suratensis (Bloch). Tamil — Pani shettai, Setha kendai. Habitat and Habits. — Fairly common in fresh and brackish water, both in ponds and rivers. Salinity does not appear to affect this fish, while it lives and breeds in the Red Hills in absolute fresh water. I have obtained adult fish on at least two different occasions from the sea opposite the mouth of the river Adyar. In the Madras marine aquarium specimens captured in the backwater live in sea water with marine fish. Saltwater specimens are much more vividl}'' coloured than freshwater ones. " Etvopus greatly affect the shallows of a tank or river and congregate near rocks and stones, and if there are wooden palings going into the water, they are often to be found round about them, probably for the sake of the moss and weeds." ' It is essentially a vegetable-feeder but takes worms and insects also, and according to Thomas ejects the cuticle. It is said to be a very powerful fish for its size, but very sluggish, " On hot days the Etroplus may be seen basking in large shoals on the surface. They take best from about fi\'e o'clock until dusk ; the larger fish especially seem very particular as to the time of day they feed." 2 Day's statement that this fish buries itself in the mud ^ has not been confirmed b}^ other observers. Recently, while engaged in stocking operations when hundreds of E. suratensis had to be cap- tured, I have observed that it has the peculiar habit of lying flat on the bottom of ponds and rivers to escape drag nets. It occurs almost entirely in the maritime districts and hence is probably unsuitable for stocking waters far inland ; the experiment however is being made by the Madras Fisheries. The only published account of the breeding habits is that of Dr. Willey,* who describes the nest, eggs and young of this species in his preliminary account of the Inland Fisheries of Ceylon, (Reports of 1908 and 1909) ; from which the following extracts are taken: — The breeding habits are very similar to those of E. maculatus. "The eggs . . . are attached to the lower surfaces of stones and logs and are watched over by the male. On May 21, 1909, a Koraliya {E. suratensis) nest was found I went there about 11-30 A.M. and saw the adults, both male and female keeping guard. When the man who was with me advanced his hand to the small stone projecting from the bank of the canal under which the eggs were attached, the smaller, male, . . . approached and pecked at the man's fingers. The large, female, kept a little in the background in deeper water The eggs were attached contiguously in a single layer on the underside of the stone, which was partially imbedded in the earth at the base of the bank of the canal. Some of the eggs were white, indicating failure and death. The living eggs were in an advanced stage of development, the em- bryo being formed and the yolk pigmented. The yolk is yellow opaque, and ' Thomas, Tank Angling, p. 91 (quotes from " Flenr de Lys "). 2 Thomas, /. c, p. 92. '^ Day. Fishes of Malabar, p. 162 ; Fishes of India, p. 416. * Notes on the Freshwater Fisheries of Ceylon. Spol. Zeylan., \TI, p. 102 (1911). 286 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, darkly pigmented, but no pigment was present in the eye. The circulation of the blood is active, and the embryo can change its position within the egg membrane. The surface of the egg appeared minutely rugulose. The length of the egg, without the short stalk, is 2 mm., the width i mm., slightly narrower at the free end. Within 24 hours after finding" the nest one of the eggs hatched out, the top of the egg membrane lifting up like a lid ; there is still no pigment in the eyes, and no mouth; length 5 mm. On the second day after hatching pigment begins to appear in the eyes, and on the third day, when the larva is 6mm. long, the mouth opens and respiratory movements commence ; foreign particles were noted adhering to what looked like a cement organ at the front of the head. The eggs of Koraliya are very difficult to rear when removed from their proper habitat. On May 23, and again on June i, more eggs were found attached to cocoanut husks, branches, and stones at Hunupitiya, Colombo On October 28, 1909, another series of Koraliya eggs containing formed embryos .... was found .... attached to the outer surface of a short length of water- logged bamboo stem. This species is therefore a perennial spawner." According to Thomas ' E. surafensis breeds twice in the year in S. Canara, in May and June and again in December and January. In Madras the specimens in the Red Hills tank build their nests in the open canal in which water is brought to the cit3% during April and May. Of the later changes which the fry undergo in growth nothing is known, except that " very young fish have a large black ocellus surrounded by a white margin extending from the fourth to the tenth soft ray of the dorsal fin." * Uses. — E. suratensis attains a large size, more than a foot in length, and is a highl}?- esteemed food fish. Its nori-predaceous and vegetarian habits make it a very suitable fish for stocking tanks. Elcotris fusca (Bl. and Schn.). Tamil — Mussoorie (Day), in Madras Kul Uluvay. Habitat and Habits. — E. fusca is common in fresh and brackish waters, occurring in ponds, ditches, rivers, and more abundantly in the backwater. It is apparently nocturnal in habits. During the day it is very slow in its movements, ''conceahng under stones and among weeds, and remaining for hours motionless." ^ In an aquarium it becomes very active by night and frequently jumps out of the vessel if uncovered ; and as Jerdon has observed " it is very fond of fixing itself vertically to the side of a tub or vase (in which it may be confined) with its head downwards." Experiments with a specimen in confinement tend to show that the sense of sight in this species is very poor, at least by day. It is said that black fish appear pale white in colour at night ; and according to Jerdon "it has the faculty of changing its colour, at times becom- ing nearly black, at other times marbled; and usually with a strong line of demarcation between the tint of the back and sides." It is tenacious of life and fives a fairly long time out of water. It is carnivorous and a bottom-feeder. ' Rep. Pise. S. Canara, p. 73 (1870). 2 Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 162. 3 Jerdon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., XV, p. 149. 1916.] B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 287 E. jusca breeds during the cold weather in ^Madras, but in S. Canara, as ascertained by Thomas', in June and July and again in January and February. I have not seen young below 2 cm. in length, and when of that size they are easily distinguished from other young fish by their distinctive colour. A broad black lateral band, very conspicuous and sharply distinguished from the pale colour of the back and abdomen, extends from the snout to the caudal fin, while the summit of the head and the portions of the bod}^ above and below this band is pale gray. The younger the specimens the more sharply contrasted are the two colours. Gobius (Acentrogobius) neilli, Day. This small species abounds in shallow pools in the bed of the Cooum and Adyar rivers both in fresh and brackish water. Though essentially a backwater fish, I have kept it living for months in fresh water. It is a bottom-feeder with limited powers of swimming ; when resting on the bottom it spreads out its ventral sucker as a support and by means of this organ often adheres to stones and in the aquarium to the glass, and climbs aquatic weeds on the leaves of which it frequently rests. In its natural surroundings it delights to bask in the sun, coming up close to the margin of the water, receding at the least sign of danger and raising a cloud of mud under cover of which it escapes. G. neilli seems to be a perennial spawner as I have seen young ones throughout the 3^ear, but it is specially prolific about March and April. It is evidently monogamous and during the breeding season each pair inhabit. a horizontal burrow excavated in the mud. Gobius (Acentrogobius) acutipinnis, C. and V. Tamil — Nation pulowe (C. and V.). Cuvier and Valenciennes describe this species under the two names G. acutipinnis (from Malabar) and G. setosus (from Pondi- cherry) ; the chief differences between the two being: — (i) the length of the head is 6 in the total length in the former while it is only 5 in the latter; (2) spots and blotches occur on the body of the former whereas they are absent in the latter. There is no constant difference in the relative lengths of the head between the blotched and unblotched forms, and the difference in colour between the two forms appears to be due to the difference in sex ; the males, having their bodies spotted and blotched, represent G. acutipinnis and the females, being destitute of such spots, correspond to G. setosus. Habitat and Habits. — Not uncommon in pools within tidal influence, in the Adyar and Cooum rivers where the bottom is muddy ; occasionally ascending into fresh water higher up. ' J^ef>. Pisc. S. Cdiuini. p. 73. 288 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Like most of its congeners G. acutipinnis is a bottom-feeder with limited powers of swimming. It habitually inhabits hori- zontal burrows, which it excavates in the soft mud full of organic debris. These tunnels, which are nearly straight, measure on an average 4 inches in length and half an inch in diameter and are provided with two orifices, one at each end, hidden under some aquatic plant. A pair inhabit a burrow. The two entrances are a repetition of the usual device employed by shallow-water forms ; if danger threatens at one end, the fish escape by the other, causing a cloud of mud which effectually hides the animal and its burrow. G. acutipinnis breeds about February when the females contain ova. Gobius (Glossogobius) giuris/ H. B. (PI. xxviii, fig. 31 ; pi. xxix, figs. 32 — 36). Tamil — Uluvay or Nallatanni uluvay. The term uluvay appears to have been derived from a Tamil word which means to plough, and is appropriate to a fish which is a bottom-feeder and a burro wer. Habitat and Habits. — One of the most common and best known freshwater fish of Madras, occurring everywhere in ponds, ditches and rivers, in abundance. While the typical G. giuris is an ex- clusively freshwater form, the variety kokius is confined to back- waters and the sea. In habits G. giuris closely resembles other gobies. It is vora- cious and lives for a considerable time out of water, dying with its opercles dilated. The colour of this fish is well adapted to its muddy surroundings. The breeding season extends from October to December in Madras, while it is said to be May to July in Ceylon.* The fish deposit their eggs as a rule in shallow water, in crevices and burrows, usually not of their own construction. The nests have been found under submerged rocks and tiles, in demersed pieces of iron piping, bamboo and cocoanut shells, and more frequently in the deserted burrows of such aquatic animals as crabs {Para- telphusa sp.). The eggs are very numerous and of a pale greenish-yellow colour and are attached in contiguous clusters (fig. 31) to the roof of the burrow. The egg-membrane is in the form of an elongated tube 3 to 6 mm. long and about ^y to ^ mm. in diameter and holds the egg at the slightly swollen distal free end. It is attached at the other end by means of a short stalk to a shape- less basal stolon which adheres to the substratum (fig. 32). The parent remains on guard in the burrow and by the movements of its pectoral fins promotes the aeration of the eggs. In the early stages of development the embryo faces the at- tached end, with its tail coiled up in a spiral behind (figs. 33 and ' Max Weber, Die Fisclie der Siboga-Expeditioii. p. 4-f)S (1915). •^ Willey, Spol. Zeylan., VII, pp. 102-103. 1916.J B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 289 34) ; but when the tail is detached from the yolk-sac the embryo changes its orientation by the agitation of its tail (fig. 35). The fry on hatching (fig. 36) measure about 2"25 mm. long and are not quite so helpless as the larvae of Ophiocephalus , Etroplus, etc., but are able to feed and swim. The parents do not appear to guard them after hatching. The eggs and fry of this species are very difficult to rear when removed from their natural .surround- ings. Uses. — G. giuris grows to a foot and a half in length and fetches a high price in the local market when large. Gobius (Oxyurichthys)^ striatus (Day). (PI. xxix, figs. 37, 38). Tamil — Kundalam. Habitat and Habits. — Not uncommon in ponds, rivers and in the backwater. It is a sluggish fish, chieflj^ nocturnal in habits, and frequents sandy shallows, where it is fond of lying half buried during the day time. Its movements are for the most part confined to the bottom, but it swdms occasionally in a feeble clumsy manner, swaying and rolling irregularh'. This species breeds from October to November. Mr. Wilson of the Madras Fisheries obtained a nest of this fish with eggs in an advanced condition. Figs, ^y and 38 are copies of his figures reproduced by kind permission. The eggs closely resemble those of G. giuris and like them are attached to the under surface of de- mersed stones, tiles, etc., by means of a gelatinous stolon. _ Rhyncobdella aculeata (Bloch). Tamil — Aral. Fairly common in fresh and brackish water. In an aquarium R. aculeata habitually conceals itself b}^ day in the bottom sand or mud, with just the snout and at times the whole head projecting above the sand for respiration : even this is withdrawn at the least disturbance. At night however it emerges to feed. The pointed snout, the weak sight, the conical head, the absence of the ventral and the poorly developed pectoral fins are obvious adaptations to the burrowing habits of this fish. The dorsal spines are organs of defence, while the trilobed proboscis is evidently an organ of touch. The fish lives a long time out of water, and is known to withstand periods of drought by burrowing in the bottom mud of ponds and streams.'^ " It becomes drowned in water if unable to reach the surface, as it apparently requires to respire air directly." ^ Uses. — It is moderately esteemed as food. I Max Weber, Die Fische der Siboga- Expedition, p. 475. * '^ Day, FresJiwater Fishes and Fisheries of India and Burma, p. 28 ( 187 3 I. ^ Fauna of Brit. India, FisJies. II, p. 332. 290 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi.. XII, Mastaccmbelus pancalus (H, B.). Tamil— Pi7 Aral. Colour. — In Madras examples the vertical stripes are as a rule absent in adults and the pectoral fins are unspotted. Habitat and Habits. — M . pancalus abounds in tanks all over Madras and in the Cooum, usually above tidal influence. Day is obviously in error in stating '^ I have taken this species in the Ganges but have not seen it in the Coromandel coast south of the Kistna " , as the fish is too common on the Madras coast to escape notice. Its habits are those of the genus. It is a much smaller species than M. armatus, and in its natural haunts it fre- quents the soft loose mud close to the margin of the water. One of the easiest ways to capture this fish is to draw ashore a portion of the weeds growing in the water and to search for it in the loose mud that is thus brought ashore. M. pancalus breeds during the cold weather. Early in Feb- ruary I obtained the young of this fish in a shallow pool in the Spur tank, Egmore; they measured on an average 30 mm. in length. Description of the immature fish. D. 24/31. A. 3/35. Shape of body same as that of the adult. Colour. — Pale olive along the back and sides, whitish beneath, iris red. A dark band from the tip of the proboscis to the eye and extending behind that organ over the opercles. About 31 dark transverse stripes at regular intervals on the sides of the bod}^ from behind the opercles to the root of the caudal fin. The spinous portion of the dorsal fin is placed in a yellowish groove on the back. Uses. — A small species attaining a maximum length of seven inches and of no market value. Mastacembelus armatus (lyacep.). Tamil — Kal Aral. Though it is said to occur in brackish water elsewhere in India ', in Madras it is not known to frequent estuaries or rivers within tidal influence. M. armatus appears to prefer stationary to run- ning water, and is fairly common in large tanks, where it is said to affect the neighbourhood of demersed rocks and stones. Early in February, 19 10 I found mature ova in a female. Uses — This species attains a much larger size than R. aculeata which it resembles, and is highly esteemed as food. ' Day, Fauiuj of Brit. India, /''is/ies, II, p. 334. 1916.] B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 291 APPENDIX. Remarks on the genus Haplochilus. Tate Regan ' has recently suggested a division of the genus Haplochilus into two genera, viz. the genus Haplochilus proper, represented in India by the single species inela.no stigma, and the genus Panchax, to include the remaining species panchax, lineatmn, rubrostigma, dayi and parvus. He has stated the differences as fol- lows : — " In the one I An/6-//(Lv) the praemaxillaries arc flattish and somewhat pro- duced, protractile, the cleft of the mouth is rather wide, horizontal, almost semi- circular, the teeth are in bands, with an outer and a more or less distinct inner series of enlarged teeth, vomerine teeth and pseudobranchiae are present, the gill-membranes are not united, and the pectoral fins are placed low. In the other {Haplochilus) the mouth is small, transverse, not protractile, with the teeth in a single series, sometimes followed by a second series of minute teeth ; there are no vomerine teeth or pseudobranchiae, the gill-membranes are broadh- united, and the pectoral fins are placed high." This division of the old genus Haplochilus has not been generally adopted in India and further research was desired on the sub- ject.** At the instance of Dr. Annandale I have recently ex- amined all the Indian species save H. rubrostigma and H. dayi ^ of Ceylon, with special reference to the differences between the two proposed genera, with the result that I accept Tate Regan's division of the genus but modify some of the differences he has pointed out between the two. In addition I have stated other differences, notably in the structure of the scales and in the habits of the two genera. The praemaxilla. — The shape of this bone differs considerably in the two genera (pi. xxv, figs. 3, 4 and 5). In Panchax, towards the mid-dorsal line of the body where the two premaxillae meet each gives off posteriorly a fiat triangular process of considerable length : the rest of the bone is narrow, elongate and bent back- wards and downwards, tapering to a spine at the extreme corner of the mouth. In Haplochilus the triangular process is feebly represented by a rounded extension, the rest of the bone is short and of uniform breadth, ending in two or more coarse teeth in the corner of the mouth, according to the sex. The mouth. — The cleft of the mouth in Panchax is wide but in Haplochilus it is small : beyond this there is very little to be said by way of a difference. If it is semicircular in Panchax, in Haplochilus melanostigma too it is so to a slight degree, and as to its being horizontal in Panchax and transverse in Haplochilus the distinction to a large extent depends on the proportionate lengths 1 Tate Regan. Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), VII, p. 324. ^ Sewell and Chaudhuri, Ind. Fish of Proved Utility as Mosc/iiito Destroyers p. 2. , ' ' ' 3 Stemdachner, Denkscrifteii der kais. Akad. Weiii, LIX np ;76-:;77 (1892). ^'' ■^' ''" 292 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, of the two jaws. In lineatum the upper jaw is longer, in panchax the two jaws are equal, in parvus the lower jaw is distinctly longer and the direction of the mouth-cleft in the normal unpro- truded condition is very similar to that in melanostignia (pi. xxv, figs. I and 2). The upper jaw is protractile in Panchax and in the normal unprotruded condition a deep transverse fold is formed across the snout (pi. xxv, fig. 2). In Haplochilus the upper jaw is not pro- tractile and there is no fold. Teeth. — Tate Regan lays special emphasis on the difference iu teeth, which he believes are present in a band in Panchax, while they occur in a single series sometimes followed by a second series of minute teeth in Haplochilus. A microscopical examina- tion of the isolated praemaxilla and mandible of H. melanostignia reveals the presence of a band of teeth hardly distinguishable from that in species of Panchax (pi. xxv, figs. 3 and 4). Vomerine teeth (pi. xxv, figs. 6, 7 and 8).— These are invariably present in all the known Indian species of Panchax, in lineatum as a narrow band composed of three or four rows of teeth, in panchaxin a single or occasionally double row ; in parvus about three vestigial teeth are borne by the vomers at their extreme anterior end, and in ruhrostigma and dayi also they are said to occur. It is quite likely that all species of Panchax possess these teeth in various degrees of development. While they are present as a prominent band in lineatum, the presence of the three teeth in parvus can only be detected by a microscopical examination of the vomer. At least so far as Indian species are concerned, their presence or absence constitutes a safe criterion of classification. The pseudobranchiae are glandular, richly supplied with blood during life, and covered by a highly pigmented mucous membrane. They are present in all the three species of panchax examined and probably in ruhrostigma and dayi, while they are absent in H. melanostignia. Gill-membranes.— These are broadly united with one another in H. melano stigma, while they are not united, but cleft to the chin in lineatum, panchax, parvus and probably in the other two Indian species of Panchax. Position of pectoral fins.— In melanostignia these are placed high, i.e. nearer the mid-dorsal line of the body than the mid- ventral, whereas in species of Panchax they are placed low (pi. xxv, figs. I and 2). Scales. — In melanostignia the scales possess only concentric (circular) striations, but in the three species examined and probably in all other species of Panchax radiating striae (basal radii) are pre- sent in addition to the concentric rings in the imbedded part of the scale (pi. xxv, figs. 9 and 10). Vertebrae. — Their number in the various species are as follows : in melanostigma 29, in lineatum 32, in panchax 29, in parvus 26. Tate Regan seems to have supposed that the number 29 in the species panchax obtains in all the species of the genus Panchax. 1916.] B. SuNDARA Raj : Freshwater Fish of Madras. 293 Breeding Habits.— Theie is a wide difference between the Indian representatives of the two genera in spawning habits. H. melanostigma as stated above has the remarkable habit of carry- ing the extruded cluster of eggs suspended from a cord attached to the genital opening of the female, probably till they are hatched. Species of P^wc/wa; however show no such parental care, and according to the only observer Thomas/ who has recorded oviposition in this genus, Panchax {parvus ?) extrudes a single egg at a time which is soon deposited. The eggs of both genera, how- ever, are adhesive and demersal and are very similar in structure. In addition there are a number of minor differences which separate H. melanostigma from species of Panchax. From all this it is clear that Tate Regan's division of the genus Haplochilus of Giinther and Day is amply justified and quite natural and neces- sary. The diagnostic characters of the two genera and a key to the Indian species may be drawn up as follows : — Genus Panchax. Praemaxillae flat, elongate and protracticle, a deep transverse fold on the snout, mouth wide, vomerine teeth and pseudobranchia.' present, gill-membranes not united, pectoral fins placed low, and scales with concentric and radiating striae. A. With a prolonged ventral ray — Spotted with red ... ... ... riihrosfigDia. Body with vertical dark bands or blotche.s — 32 to 34 scales on L. line ... ... ... lineatum. 29 to 30 scales on L. line ... ... ... dayi. B. No prolonged ventral ray — Numerous vomerine teeth ; greenish or olive in colour; size large (3" to 3J'') ... ... panchax. 3 vomerine teeth ; body greenish, with peacock- blue and sometimes Italian pink dots ; size small (li" to if") ... ... ... ... parvus. Genus Haplochilus. Mouth small, not protracticle, no fold on the snout, neither vomerine teeth nor pseudobranchise present, gill-membranes broadly united, pectoral fins placed high, and scales with concentric stria- tions only. A single species, H. melanostigma. I have classed P. dayi as a distinct species from P. lineatum, only provisionally, as it is very likely that further research will prove them to be conspecific. Steindachner in his description distinguishes dayi from lineatum by the intense sexual dimorphism of the former, the most conspicuous differences between the sexes in dayi consisting chiefly in the dark vertical bands of the female and in the elongation of the anal rays of the male. From an ex- amination of a large collection of P. lineatum from Coorg and Cochin, I venture to state that the above-mentioned sexual dimorphism is exhibited by this species also, though Day fails to record it.'^ J- Thomas, Tank Angling, p, 112 (1887). * In his Fishes of Malabar, p. 222, Day states that the colours vary according^ to the sex and that the vertical black stripes are absent in some specimens. 294 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII^ 1916.] Apart from sexual dimorphism no salient anatomical feature has been stated in the description of P. dayi save the reduced number of scales on the lateral line mentioned in the above key to the species. History. — McClelland in 1839 founded the genus Aplocheilus, in which he included the two Indian species nielanostigma and panchax. In 1846 Valenciennes made Panchax a generic name and included under it the species panchax and lineattim. Later Bleeker distinguished the two genera, restricting the genus Panchax to those species possessing vomerine teeth and the genus Aplocheilus to those destitute of them. Giinther protested against this differ- entiation and included all the known species under the genus Haplochilus, on the ground that " the vomerine teeth of panchax are minute and rudimental, not offering a character on which a genus ma\' be founded. In one out of three specimens they are entirely absent." Day stated that the latter statement was not true of his numerous specimens. No such variation is shown by the species I have examined. Tate Regan in the paper cited above remarks that vomerine teeth are not invariably present in Panchax, probably on the authority of Giinther. At least so far as Indian species are concerned, vomerine teeth are always present. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV. Structural differences between the genera Haplochilus and Panchax. Figs, i and 2. — Heads of Haplochilus melanosligma, McClelland and Panchax parvus, sp. nov., showing the position of the mouth and pectoral fin. Note the fold over the snout of the latter. Fig, 3. — Right pre maxilla of a female H. melanosligma, McClelland. „ 4-— ,, ,, ,, male ,, 5. — ,, ,, oi Panchax lineaHmi, C.y. Figs. 6, 7 and 8. — Vomerine teeth of Panchax lineatiim, C.V., P. panchax (H. B.) and P. parvus, sp. nov. ., 9 and 10. — Scales of Panchax panchax (H. B.) and Haplo- chilus melanosligma, McClelland. C. S. = circular striations ; P. = pectoral fin: R.S. =: radiating striations ; T .?). =^ terminal spines (" feetli "). Rec. Jnd.Mus.,VoI.XII, 1916, PlateXXV. ^^^' 0mBf&iM^^m^ 6. > ^MA^^^^'^ .^^^ -.-...^-0.3. B. Sundara, RaT.del .^rs. 'J'^*"'^- A.ChowdharjaitK. FRESHWATER FISH OF MADRAS. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI. Fig. II. — Ovum of Panchax parvus, sp. nov. Ha-plochilus melanosti^ma , McClelland. Fig. 12. — A cluster of eggs with their long filaments twisted to- gether, ,, 13. — Lateral view of embryo inside the egg-membrane. ,, 14. — Dorsal view of embryo inside the egg-membrane. ,, 15. — Larva just hatched from the egg (dorsal view). ,, 16.— „ ,, ,, (lateral view). A. = adhesive threads ; An. = anus ; C. = pigment cells (chromatophores) ; Ch. = cord formed by twisted filaments from eggs ; Cir. = circulation in the yolk-sac ; E. = eye ; Fil. = filaments ; O. G. = oil globule ; V. = egg-membrane. Rec.Ind.Mus.,Vol.XI[, 1916 \ Plate XXVF. ^ U %^S O.Q CIT-.- ig^ r X A V ^ - * * ' ^-X' ■^^. :> ]5. 16. B Suri. dftr-a. Ray , del. frlshwater fish of madras A . Chowdha.ry, lith. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII. Ophtocephahis punctatus, Bloch. Fig. 17. — Egg floating in water. ,, 18. — Enlarged view of an egg. ,, 19. — Lateral view of embryo inside the egg-membrane. ,, 20. — Dorsal view of embryo inside the egg-membrane. ,, 21. — Larva just hatched from the egg. ,, 22. — Larva 5 mm. long. Note the first appearance of the mid-dorsal streak (&) with its two spindle-shaped en- largements. Ophtocephahis gachua, H. B. Fig. 23. — Larva 7 mm. long. B. ^ mid-dorsal band ; B. V. = blood vessel ; C. = chromatophores ; Cir. = circulation in the yolk-sac ; D. = ear : D. F. = dorsal fin ; E. = eye ; H. = heart O.G. =: oil globule ; V. = egg- membrane ; W. = water ; Y. = yolk. Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol, XII, 1916. PlateXXVII. <>r -r-^-r - -?"^>, W: "-n ^':V- ^ -o.g. ...if. ....V. 18. cu. Zl. dj. B . Suridara I^^j' ^^^ A.Cho-wdharyilith. FRESHWATER FISH OV MADRAS, EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIIL Ambassis {miops?), Gunther. Fig. 24, — Lateral view of a young fish. ,, 25. — Dorsal view of the same. Etroplus maculatus (Bloch). Fig. 26. — Egg attached to a plant filament. ,, 27. — Larva just hatched from the egg, 4I mm. long. ,, 28. — Larva on the second day, 5 mm. long. ,, 29. — Larva a fortnight old. ,, 30. — Young fish 9 mm. long. Gohius {Glossogobius) giuris, H. B. Fig. 31. — Two clusters of eggs attached to the root of a plant. An. = anus; B. = white band on the nape; B.V.:= blood vessel: Ch. chromatophores ; C.g. = cement organs ; C. E. = cluster of eggs ; D. = ear; E. eye; H.=: heart; O. G. := oil globule ; P. = stalk; P.P. = plant filament ; V. egg - inein b ran e ; Y . ^ yol k . Rec.lnd.Mus.,Vol.XIi, 1.916, Plate XXVllI. C.q iV7i. 30. B Sundara Raj, del FRESHWATER FISH OF MADRAS. A . Chowdha.ry,lith. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX. Gobius {Glossogobius) giuris, H. B, Fig. 32. — Enlarged view of two eggs attached to a root. ,, 33. — Lateral view of embryo within the egg-membrane. ,, 34. — Dorsal view of the same. ,, 35. — Lateral view of a more advanced embryo still within the egg-membrane. The tail is uncoiled and the embryo now faces the free distal end of the egg. ,, 36.— Larva just hatched from the egg, 2*25 mm. long. An. = anus; B. V. = blood vessel ; D. = ear; E. = eye ; H. = heart; M. = mouth; N. = nasal organ ; T. ^tail; V. = egg-membrane ; Y. = yolk. Gobius (Oxyurichthys) striatus (Day). Fig. 37. — Outline of three clusters of eggs attached to a rock. ,, 38. — Enlarged view of two eggs with embryos in an advanced stage of development. a. ^ egg-membrane ; b. ^ yolk ; c.=oil globule ; d. = heart ; e. ■=eye. Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. XII, 1916. PI ate XXIX. FRESHWATER FISH OF MADRAS, A. ChowdhaT-y,]ith. XVIII. STUDIES IN INDIAN HEL.AIIN- T H O L O G Y . No. III. On an unsuccessful attempt to infect Mus decumanus WITH UYMENOLEPIS NANA, SlEBOI.D, AND ON THE Sectional Anatomy of that Parasite. By F. H. Stewart, D.Sc, Capt., I. M.S., Hon. Assistant, Indian Museum. (Plates XXXIV— XXXV). The question of the specific identity or distinctness of Hy- menolepis nana, Siebold, and H. murina, Duj., is a matter of prac- tical as well as of scientific interest, Grassi, Calandruccio, and Ro\elli (i, 2 and 3) consider that the two species are identical and that H. nana is only a dwarfed variety of H. murina. Moniez (7) and Linstow (5) have maintained on anatomical grounds that they are two valid species. Grassi and Rovelli (3) state that on feeding rats aged between one and three months with ripe proglottides of H. murina the contained onchospheres developed to cysticercoids in the intestinal villi of the rat^ and further that the cysticercoids ultimately rupture into the lumen of the intestine and there become adult. They apparently did not attempt to infect man with the tapeworm from the rat or to perform the reverse experiment. Grassi (i) had previously ad- ministered to a boy ripe proglottides of H. nana and had found proof of the subsequent existence of the parasite in the bowel. He did not, however, consider this to be conclusive proof of direct transmission from man to man as Hytnenolepis nana is very frequent in the district where the experiment took place. If the two species are identical and if the development in the rat is direct as described by Grassi and Rovelli, it is clear that infection in man will as a rule be due to contamination of food by rats. To prove or disprove the transmissibility of H. murina to man or of H. nana to the rat would therefore be of considerable practical importance. It is also clear that when such eminent zoologists differ on anatomical grounds as to whether the species are one or two, the scientific question can only be decided by feeding experiments. The experiment which the present paper records could unfor- tunately be conducted on a small scale only and as it proved negative would require to be repeated on a larger scale to be 296 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, conclusive. It is, however, of considerable value in consideration of the statement of Grassi and Rovelli that they obtained infec- tion in every rat employed which was between the ages of one and three months. On the 19th of January two young white rats {Mus deci^ manus albino) were obtained which were stated to be twenty days old and which appeared to be about that age. Their faeces were examined and no eggs of parasites found. On the loth of Febru- ary they were presumably 42 days old. Five specimens of H. nana were obtained on that day from an Indian soldier after the administration of 01. Chenopodii. One specimen was stained and mounted and proved to contain onchospheres. The remaining four were given, two each, to the two young rats and were actually swallowed by them. On the loth of March and 5th of April the faeces of these animals were examined and found not to contain any ova. One rat died on the 12th of April, the second was killed on the 17th. No tapeworms were found in their intestines. The experiment' therefore tends to prove that Hymenolepis nana and H. murina are two distinct species and that the rat is not the source of infection of man. On the Sectional Anatomy of H vj/enole pis xana, Sieb. The anatomy of Hymenolepis nana, Sieb., has been described by Leuckart (4, pp. 832, 995), Linstow (5), Miura and Yamasaki (6), Railliet (9), and other authors. A full account of the litera- ture is given by Ransom (10). None of the authors mentioned above have illustrated their papers with figures of sections except diagrammatic figures. The present writer therefore considers it desirable to publish drawings of the actual sections together with some pictures of the undissected animal and a short account of the anatomy of the reproductive system. The female reproductive organs are fully developed from the 50th segment; fertilisation takes place between the 62nd and 66th (fig. 12). It takes place abruptly ; thus in the 6ist segment all the eggs are unsegmented; in the 62nd, if this is the first fertilised segment, the left lateral and ventral half of the egg-mass is segmented, the right lateral and dorsal half unsegmented; in the 63rd segment all the eggs with the exception of one or two near the yolk-gland are segmented. Fig. 12 shows this transition between the 62nd and 63rd segments, it also shows the commenc- ing atrophy of the yolk-gland in the fertilised segments and the testes, seminal vesicle and cirrus sac. Figs. 1-5 are drawn from sections of the 6oth segment. They show the yolk-gland, the bilobed ovary, the receptaculo-ovarian duct, the receptaculum seminis and vagina. The receptaculo- ovarian duct has not been described previously in this species. It leads from the receptaculum in the direction of the ovary, but its 1 [I understand that the experiment was carried out at Hong Kong. — Kd.] 1916.J F. H. Stewart : Indian Hehninthology. 297 exact lower connection cannot be determined. A uterus is not recognisable apart from the cavity of the ovary. The tissues of the animal are, however, so loose that it is impossible either to prove or to disprove the homology of some of the spaces with the uterus of larger forms. On passing from the unfertilised to the fertilised segments (fig. 12) the egg-mass broadens out. This may be due to a change of situation of the eggs or merely to an increase in size. The present writer has not been able to recognise a shell-gland. The yolk-gland atrophies at the 65th segment, having decreased in size from the 63rd. Development of the ova. — The ova in the 50th segment have no cell outlines, the nuclei being embedded in a syncytium (fig. 6), At the 53rd segment irregular cell outlines appear (fig. 7). In the 54th segment yolk granules occur in the protoplasm (fig. 8), which increase markedly in size up to the 60th segment (fig. 9). Fig. 10 shows the segmented egg of the 62nd segment. The embryos develop double-contoured shells in the 90th segment and embryonic hooks in the 91st. Male reproductive organs in the 60th segment. — The three testes lie near the posterior margin of the segment close to the dorsal surface (fig. i). The vas deferens (figs. 2 and 3) leads forward to the base of the seminal vesicle. The seminal vesicle (fig. 4), a sausage-shaped thin-walled structure, runs from the midline to- ward the left side to become continuous with the cirrus pouch. The walls of the latter (fig. 5) are markedly thicker than those of the former and contain muscle fibres. A definite cirrus has not been recognised by the present writer. The seminal vesicle can first be observed to contain sperma- tozoa in the 44th segment. The testes are progressively^ com- pressed behind the 63rd segment and disappear about the 67th or 68th. Fig. 1 1 represents the 57th segment of an undissected prepa- ration seen from the ventral surface. It shows the three testes, the vas deferens and seminal vesicle, the ovary, yolk-gland and receptaculum seminis. Literature referred to in the Text. 1. Grassi. — Die Taenia nana und ihre medecinische Bedeutung. Centralbl. f. Bakt. und Parasitol., 1887, p. 97. 2. Grassi and Calandruccio.— Weitere Nachrichten ueber Taenia nana. Ibid., 1887, p. 282. 3. Grassi and RoveUi. — Embryologische Forschungen an Cesto- den. Ihid., 1889, p. 370. 4. Leuckart. — Menschliche Parasiten. 5. Linstow. — Ueber Taenia nana, Sieb. und T. murina, Duj. Jenaische Zeit. f. Naturwiss., 1896, p. 570. 6. Miura and Yamasaki. — Ueber Taenia nana. Mitth. a. d. med. Fac. d. kais. Jap. Univ. Tokio, 1897, p. 239. 298 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol.. XII, 1916.] 7. Moniez. — Sur le Taenia nana, parasite de I'homme. C. R. Ac. Set. Paris, 1888, p. 368. 8. Meniez. — Traite de Parasitologie, Paris (1896). 9. Railliet. — Traite de Zoolog. Med. et Agricole, Paris (1895). 10. Ransom, B. H. — An account of the tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis parasitic in man. U.S.A. Hyg. Lab. Bull., No. 18, 1904, Washington, D. C. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV. Hymenolepis nana, Siebold, P'lG. I. — Transverse section through the posterior end of the 60 th segment. X 400. ,, 2. — Transverse section 24 microns anterior to the above. X400. ,, 3. — Part of a transverse section 20 microns in front of sec- tion 2. X 1050. ,, 4. — Transverse section 8 microns anterior to section 3. X 400. ,, 5. — Transverse section microns anterior to section 4. X 400. ,, 6. — Section of the ovary of the 50th segment. X 1360. Rec.Ind. Mus.,Vol.X!I, 1916. Plate XXKJV. Tecr- Rs.er ov. 0V.60. d'-^^^^o. JV. 0V.60- F.H.S.del. . The bodywall contains pigment grains. Chloragogen cells begin in segment vi ; there was a stomachal dilatation in vii in one specimen, but none in another. The sensory papillae characteristic of S. appendiculata are present. They are flat-topped, of some considerable height, often higher than broad, truncated or cylindrical. They are segmentally arranged, several in each segment rather behind its middle, often about at the level of the setal bundles. Remarks. — If I could be certain that no specially elongated setae had dropped out from segment vi, this would be an extreme- ly well-defined species (I say 'dropped out' because so far as I could see there were no broken stumps on segment vi). It would, I think, be necessary to enlarge the scope of the genus Slavina, defining it by the sensory papillae and covering of foreign par- ticles, without reference to the elongated dorsal setae of vi. The papillae and the foreign particles are such peculiar characters that I cannot doubt the close relationship of this form to 5. appendi- culata ; and it would be pedantry to remove it to another genus (e.g. Nais) or to form a separate genus for its reception, merely because of the absence of specially long setae in a particular segment. Whether such setae have fallen out or not, I think these specimens are specifically distinct from S. appendiculata. Eyespots, which are absent here, are present in S. appendiculata ^ as a rule, at any rate, though perhaps not constantly ["Augenflecke meist vorhanden'' Michaelsen, 13 ; '' meist mit 2 Augen," Michaelsen (i) ; though Piguet (19) apparently allows no exception]. Is it not pos- sible that where eyespots are not present in 5. appendiculata it is because the individual — on this supposition the former posterior component of a chain — has separated before complete differentia- tion of the head region ? The stomachal dilatation, here in vii, is in viii in 5. appendi- culata according to Piguet, and it is in viii also in the specimens which I previousl}^ distinguished as S. punjabensis (20), but which Michaelsen (15) thinks are to be included under 5. appendiculata. The point of the dorsal needles is expanded at the tip in 5. appen- diculata (Piguet, 17). I think Michaelsen's statement (13) that the nodulus is distal in the ventral setae of S. appendiculata is probably a slip. 1916.] J. Stephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 303 Gen. Stylaria. Stylaria kcmpi, sp. nov. (Plate XXX, fig. 2). Bhim Tal, 4450 ft., Kumaon, W. Himalayas, 2— io-v-1911 {S. W. Kemp). Two specimens. Length 2-25-4 '^^- No eyes. The prostomium forms a long narrow proboscis, in length equal to three times the diameter of the body. ^=25. The anterior ventral setae (fig. 2) (segments ii-v) are 120^ in length ; the terminal prongs are very unequal, the distal being large, the proximal very short. The nodulus is markedly proximal , the relation between proximal and distal portions of the shaft being i : 2. The distal curve of the seta is slight, the shaft being straight almost to its end; there is a slight bending forwards (in the direction towards which the prongs point) of the shaft at the nodulus. The number in a bundle is six or fewer. The posterior ventral setae (vi backwards) are 96-100/^- in length. The proximal prong is perhaps even more rudimentary than in the more anterior setae. The nodulus is still proximal, but not so markedly, the relation of the two parts of the shaft being 2:3. There is a slight ' kinking ' of the shaft at the nodulus here also. The number in a bundle is six or seven. The dorsal setae begin in segment vi. In each bundle there is a long hair 450-600A1, i.e. twice, three times, or even more than three times as long as the diameter of the body. In addition to the long hair there are others, shorter, equal in length to the diameter of the body or less, 200/* down to 120/* or less, even 80/^. A third component of the dorsal bundles exists in the form of two or three short, fine, and sharp needles, 40/^ in length; these do not appear to differ (except in length) from the shortest of the hairs, and may be merely a younger stage of the latter. It is possible also that the shorter hairs are merely a stage in the growth of the long hair; certainly they are much thinner, but then they naturally would be thinner if they represent only the distal portion of the fully formed long seta. There is apparently however only one long hair per bundle, which seems to mark it out as a. special structure. There are no septal glands. The gut may show either a sudden and considerable widening, or only a slight dilatation, in segments viii and ix, taking up both these segments. Remarks.— ^he chief difference between this species and the common 5. lacustris is the absence of eyes in the present case. This would seem to be an absolute distinction, since Piguet ( 17) states that he has seen hundreds of specimens of S. lactistris, but none without eyes. Piguet also describes a pigmented band encircling the gut (not always marked) in each segment after the sixth in S. lacustris ; I did not observe this in the present specimens. Michaelsen (13) 304 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, would limit the length of the hair setae of S. lacustris to, at most, a little more than the diameter of the body. The present specimens have no resemblance to S. lomondi^ Martin (8). Gen. Pristina. Pristina longiseta, Ehrbg. Aquarium, Elphinstone College, Bombay, 26-11-1913 {S. P. Agharkar). A few small specimens, along with some examples of AiilopJwrus (v. inf.). Pristina aequiseta, Bourne. Allahabad, Jumna River, io-i-1909 {A. D. Imms). A number of speci- mens. The specimens correspond with the Naidium tentaculatum of Piguet (17). This author has however (18) more lately united the Swiss species with the Pristina aequiseta of Bourne"(3). This is not accepted as beyond doubt by Michaelsen (13), who denotes Piguet's species as " P. tentaculata ., Piguet (? < P. aequiseta, Bourne)." Gen, Aulophorus. The collection under review contains specimens of Aulophorus from two localities, — a hot spring at Khed, and an aquarium in Elphinstone College, Bombay. Before assigning them to their position in the genus, I wish to make a few remarks on them, and to indicate the conclusions which it is possible to draw. In the specimens from Khed, besides the palps, there were three pairs of gills, all about the ^ame size, arising from within the margin of the funnel ; the dorsal margin of the funnel projected backwards slightly as an indented prominence, which was apparent- ly not gill-like (pi, xxx, fig. 3), In one specimen examined, how- ever, the dorsalmost of the three gills, though of large size, seemed to be continuous with the margin of the funnel, — to be itself the folded margin, in fact. It may be noted also that in the specimen from which the figure is taken the anterior gill on the right side is almost completely continuous with the margin of the funnel. In the specimens from Bombay, there are three pairs of gills, decreasing in size anteriorly, all separate from and within the margin of the anal funnel. The dorsal margin of the funnel has the form of a .straight edge, without projections, and is not gill- like (this was confirmed by sections). In one specimen however the dorsal Hp projects slightly, — according to my original notes, not unlike what is described for A. stephemoni, Mchlsn., where there is a gill-like projection on each side {v. inf.). Now let us consider the following series of forms : — (i) Aulophorus furcatus. — Two pairs of gills, with one pair of accessory gills, the latter being the dorso-lateral project- ing margin of the funnel ; when the funnel is fully 19 16.] J. vStephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 305 expanded these appear merely as a fold of the margin (c/. Stephenson, 24). (2) The single specimen from Khed, referred to above, in which the anterior of the three pairs of gills are continuous with the margin of the funnel. (3) The specimen figured (fig. 3), where one of this pair is well within the margin. (4) The bulk of the specimens from Khed, with three pairs of true gills {i.e. all separate from and within the margin). (5) The Bombay specimens, similar to the last, the dorsal margin of the funnel not gill-like. (6) The single specimen from Bombay, with three pairs of gills, and projections of the dorsal margin of the funnel. {7) Aiilophorus stephensoni, described as having four pairs of gills, the anterior being the smallest, and forming only small projections on the margin; using the recognized terms, there are three pairs of true and one pair accessory gills. (8) Aulophoms palustris, Mchlsn. (n, 22) possessing four pairs of gills, all within the margin of the funnels. The series is not in absolute strictness one of increasing com- plexity throughout, since the Khed specimens (2, 3 and 4) have a somewhat projecting and indented dorsal margin, while this is quite straight in 5. But it does show in a striking manner the evolution of successive pairs of gills as differentiations of the margin of the anal funnel. I think it will be admitted that, with the exception of number 8, the difference between the arrangements of the gills in successive terms is nowhere sufficient to allow us to separate the successive terms as different species or even varieties. No. 6 is almost identi- cal with 7; so is 5 with 6, and moreover comes from the same hmited batch of material ; both 3 and 6 must therefore be united with 7, The same reasoning obhges us to unite 2, 3 and 4 with i. But 5 is identical with 4, or even slightly less differentiated, since it wants the slight bifid projection of the dorsal margin of the fun- nel. From a consideration of the characters of the gills, then, we must conclude that Aulophorus furcatus, A. stephensoni, and all intermediate forms constitute a single species. I have said " from a consideration of the characters of the gills." The case would be different if we could differentiate the terms of the series by means of other structures, —for example the setae. I do not think we can. There is a considerable amount of variation to be met with amongst these forms. Recent descrip- tions of A.furcatus have been given by Piguet (19) and myself (24) ; Piguet finds a stomachal dilatation of the gut in segm. viii, which was absent in my specimens, and there are slight differences in the accounts of the setae. I found that in the Bombay specimens the prongs of the posterior ventral setae were as a rule equal in length, and the distal was about two-thirds as thick as the proximal ; 3o6 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, but sometimes the distal was shorter than the proximal, and ver\' fine. The position of the nodulus is known to vary in setae of the same bundle in A. siephensoni (21), as well as in A. furcatus (24). I have made a careful comparison of the setal and other characters of all the forms tabulated above ; and I have come to the conclusion that the differences, such as they are, cannot be used for purposes of discrimination between them. They are of the same order as the differences of which examples have just been given, and therefore fall within the limits of individual variability. As to the outlying term of the series, A. palustris, the setal and other characters here also allow of no distinction. The gap between it and its next neighbour, in regard to the gills, is how- ever fairly well marked, and it may therefore be allowed for the present to retain the distinction of a separate specific name. A. stephensoni ^ however, must disappear, and it is probable that A. palustris will eventuallj^ have to follow it. Aulophorus furcatus (Oken). (Plate XXX, fig. 3). Aquarium, Hlphinstone College, Bombay, 26-ii-it)i3 {^S. P. Agliarkai'). Several specimens. Hot spring at Khed, Poona Dist., 31-X-1912 {S. P. Ag/nirknr). Numer- ous specimens. Some of the specimens from Bombay were sexual, though perhaps not quite fuU}^ mature (apparent absence of female funnels). However, the individuals which were examined by sections had already copulated (presence of spermatozoa in the spermathecae). The clitellum extends from the anterior end of segment v back to the middle of vii {=2^). This region is not thickened, and is not distinguishable except m sections. I would not say that I definitely identified the testes and ovaries in segments v and vi respectively ; there may have been some confusion with the ganglion cells of the ventral nerve cord. Many developing spermatozoa were free in v. The spermsac, as usual a backwardly directed diverticulum of septum 5/6, extends back to the hinder end of vii. The male funnels are cup-shaped, near the middle line, close together, indeed apparently continuous with each other. They look upwards and backwards, and are placed in the mouth of the spermsac; thus, though morphologically in v, they appear at first sight to be in vi. The vas deferens runs on septum 5/6 downwards for a short distance, and enters the anterior face of the atrium. The atrium, in segment vi, is small, subspherical, and in the specimens examined contained ripe spermatozoa. Its wall is com- paratively thin ; its lining epithelium is cubical, and there is no covering of prominent peritoneal cells. The ejaculatory duct is short and somewhat invaginated upwards into the atrium ; a thick cluster of cells surrounds it. The aperture is on segment vi. 19 16,] J. Stephenson .■ Indian Oligochaeta. 307 The ovisac extends backwards into segment ix ; as usual it encloses the spermsac. It was mostly occupied, in the specimens examined, by discrete yolk granules; a cluster of young ova was seen in segment viii, neither at the anterior nor the posterior end of the sac. The female funnel, oviduct, and aperture were not identified. The spermathecae are ovoid sacs, confined to segment v ; their long axis is mainly longitudinal, but directed somewhat downwards as well as backwards ; they take up nearly the whole length of the segment in a longitudinal direction. They are thin-walled and, in the examples investigated, contained sperma- tozoa and granular matter There is no prominent peritoneal investment. The duct leaves the ventral surface of the ampulla ; it is narrow, straight, and as long as the ampulla is high. Its lining epithelium is cubical. The aperture is near the anterior border of segment v. Fam. TUBIFICIDAE. Gen. Limnodrilus. Limnodrilus sp. Sona Sar Lake, Kashmir, 12500 ft., no date {H. S. Biou). A number of specimens. The worms showed the first stages in the development of the genital organs. Testes and ovaries were present, but the male ducts and spermathecae were very incomplete. The diagnosis of the genus is suggested by the fact that the dorsal setae are of the same type as the ventral. Fam. MONIUGASTRIDAE. Gen. Drawida. Drawida jalpaigurensis, sp. nov (Plate XXX, figs. 4, 5). Mud at edge of R. Tista, Jalpaiguri, base of E, Himalayas, s-vi-igii (A^. Aiinaiidale and J. IV. Kemp). A single specimen, in a poor state of preservation. External Characters.— length about 23 mm. (the specimen was much curled up) ; diameter 2 mm. Colour dark grey, blotchy ( ? due to state of preservation), the same on both surfaces ; the anterior end much lighter, almost white. Segments 106. Prostomium? prolobous, relatively large; first segment very short. Dorsal pores absent. Setae small very closely paired ; aa < be, dd=^ circumference Clitellum not certainly distinguishable, perhaps x-xiv =5. 3o8 Records oj the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, The male apertures are on prominent oval papillae, with their long axis transversely disposed in furrow 10/ ii. The papillae ob- literate the furrow where they lie, and extend in a transverse direc- tion inwards to the line of setae b, outwards not much more than halfway from b to c\ in a longitudinal direction they take up half the length of segment xi, and nearly half of x. The apertures themselves lie between the lines b and c, but nearer to b. The female apertures were not seen. The spermathecal apertures are in furrow 7/8, between b and c, but nearer to c. There is a pair of genital papillae anteriorl}^ on segment vii. These are flat-topped and circular, with their anterior margin touching furrow 6/7, they are rather internal to the spermathecal apertures, and therefore their centres are about midwa}'^ between b and c. Internal Anatomy. — Septa 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 8/9 are all considerably thickened, 9/10 is very thin, and so are the rest. Septa lo/ii and 11/12, in fact, seemed to be defective; no ovarian chamber had been formed and these septa were not recognizable at all dorsal to the gut. But they seem to be present in the ventral part of their segments, and a fringe on one of them perhaps represents the ovary. The gizzards are four in number, in segments xii-xv, that in xii being smaller than the rest. These gizzards are bands of muscular gut which are separated from each other by thinner and quite soft bands of gut-wall ; the bands of one kind are about equal in breadth (antero-posteriorly) to those of the other kind. The last heart is in segment ix. The testis-sacs are large, subovoid in shape, attached to septum 9/10, but wholly dependent into segment x, being attached indeed onlj^ by a slender neck. The sac of the right side was much posterior to that of the left, being displaced backwards by a bulging of the alimentary tube on that side. The vas deferens runs from the lower and anterior end of the testis-sac downwards, and joins the anterior end of the prostate a little to the inner side of its longitudinal axis ; its course is relatively short, since though wavy it is otherwise straight. The prostate of the right side, in the single specimen which came under examination, was vertically flattened, with a generally circular outline and small marginal lobulation. On the left side it was much more elongated, and bent on itself with the convexity looking outwards ; the ental (remote from external aperture) end was posterior, thicker than the ectal portion, and markedly lobu- lated, — more so than the ectal part of the gland ; the vas deferens here passes from the anterior end along the outer border to end at the middle of the outer surface (fig. 4). All that can be said of the ovaries and ovarian chamber has been noted when describing the septa. The spermathecae, in segment vii, are large ovoid sacs full of white flocculent matter, which touch each other in the middle line. 1916.] J. vStephb:nson .• hidian Oli^ochaeia. 309 The duct passes downwards behind septum 7/8, and in its course presents a number of coils ; it then pierces the septum close to the body wall, and immediately joins the posterior face of the atrium. The atrium here appears as a simple projection, sessile on the body wall ; but from it, rather towards its inner side, there arises a stalked sac, in shape a much elongated ovoid, which rises vertically upwards. The stalk of the sac is about half as thick and half to a third as long as the sac proper. Both atrial swelling and stalked sac are completely contained within segment vii (fig. 5). Remarks. — In the presence of the free sac just described the present species resembles D. travancorensis, Mchlsn. (14) ; from which however it is distinguished by the setal relations, the charac- ters of the male apertures, the situation of the spermathecal aper- tures, and the relation of the testis-sac to the septum. Drawida robusta (Bourne) f. typica. Jungle, Coonoor 6000 ft., Nilgiris, June, 1912 \Capt. Seyvioiir Se'd'ell, I. M.S.). A single specimen. External Characters. — lyength 136 mm. ; diameter 6 mm. Colour a blotchy brownish grey, lighter at both ends. Body dorso- ventrally depressed behind the anterior region ; there are indica- tions of the demarcation of dorsal, ventral, and lateral areas, as in a number of other Moniligastrids {e.g. Drawida ghatensis, Monili- gaster deshayesi var. gravelyi, of. 25). Segments 176. Prostomium prolobous ; segments i and ii very narrow. Dorsal pores absent. On segments iii-xviii there are a number of minute white papillae arranged in a ring round the segment, and looking like the papillae on which setae are implanted in Perichaetine forms, though they are not quite as regular as these. They are situated in line with the setae in each segment ; they may be met with also behind segment xviii. Similar papillae occur in other Moni- ligastrids also {of. description of the two species just mentioned), and it would be worth while investigating them histologically in a well preserved specimen; they are not improbably sensory in nature. The setae are very minute, and very closel3" paired ; aa > be ; dd is distinctly more than half the circumference. No ventral setae are distinguishable in segment ii ; lateral setae in this seg- ment could be seen only on the right side. Nephridiopores are in the line cd', there is no alternation in position. No clitellum was distinguishable. The male apertures are conspicuous slits with tumid lips in furrow 10/ 1 1 ; the middle point of each aperture is between the lines of the ventral and lateral setae, slightly nearer the latter. The female apertures were doubtfully identified as a slight whitening of furrow 11/12, in the lines of the ventral setae. 310 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor,. XIT, The sperraathecal apertures appear on separating the Hps of furrow yjS as sHts a little below the level of setae e. Internal Anatomy . — Septum 5/6 (the first) is slightly, 6/7 moder- ately, 7/8 and 8/9 considerably thickened. There are four gizzards, in segments xii-xv. The last heart is in segment ix. The meganephridia are of the usual type in the famil3^ The testis-sacs are large, subovoid, asymmetrical. The left projected into both ix and x, but more forwards into ix, where in this specimen it reached septum 8/9 ; it is not constricted by the septum 9/10 on which it is suspended. The right projected back- wards only, reaching and bulging back septum lo/ii. The vas deferens forms a closely packed coil in front of 9/10; if unravelled it would form a tube of considerable length. Its first portion is very fine. On opening the testis-sac and shelling out the contents the thin transparent sac-wall shows a slight but well-defined circular opacit}^ around the commencement of the vas deferens ; this thicken- ing represents the funnel. The testis is a small round mass attached to the wall of the sac just in front of the funnel. Both funnel and testis were anterior in position to the septum on the left side (this sac being the one opened). The prostate, in x, is a white ovoid mass attached to the parietes by a narrower base. The junction of the vas deferens was not seen distinctly ; but the vas seems to go under the perito- neum and some muscular strands in the last part of its course, and to join the base of the prostate at the outer and anterior side of the gland. Exceptionally numerous and definite muscular bands radiate outwards and backwards from the base of the prostate to the bodywall. The ovarian chamber, limited as usual by septa lo/ii and 11/12, remains unopened in the dissection for opening and displaying the worm, i.e. these septa meet and fuse some distance beneath their combined attachment to the dorsal parietes. The chamber contains the nephridia, ovaries and oviducal funnels. The ovaries, not fully developed in the present specimen, appear each as a fringe on the anterior wall of the chamber, and arch upwards on each side towards the middle dorsal line. No egg-sacs were developed in the present specimen. The spermathecae present a pear-shaped ampulla, which narrows at its outer and lower end to form the duct. This latter forms a long coiled tube in segment viii, which passes downwards behind 7/8 to the junction of the septum with the parietes. Here it joins the atrium, which is partly buried in the bodywall, but when freed forms a finger-like, somewhat curved projecting lobe on each side of the septum. Remarks. — The original account of this species is by Bourne (2, 4). The above description is fairly complete, and adds a con- siderable number of details. 1916,] J. Stephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 311 Fam. MEGASCOLECIDAE. Gen. Pontodrilus. Pontodrilus bcrmudcnsis, Bedd. f. cphippiger (Rosa). From a rotten palm tree lying in the water, Pamban, Ramnad Dist., 2i-ii-iu3 (.y. ir. Kemp). Several specimens. Gen. Megascolides. Megascolidcs tcnmalai, Mchlsn. var. karakulamensis, var. nov. (Plate XXX, figs. 6, 7). Karakulam, 17-X-1911. Two specimens, both incomplete posteriorly. External Characters. — Length 70 mm. + ; breadth i-ii mm. Colour a nondescript medium grey, clitellum brownish yellow. Segments 93 +. Prostomium absent (or invisible). Dorsal pores small, the first in groove 4/5 (?). Setae in front of clitellum have the following relations : — taking the interval ab as the standard, aa=2ah {= 2lab near anterior end), bc-=2ab^ cd=i\ab. Behind the clitellum aa = 2-2\ab, bc = 2ab, cd^ i^iab or less. The seta d is above the lateral line of the body, dd being about J of the circumference. The clitellum extends ventr ally from xiv- 2xvii = 31, dorsally xiv-xvi = 3. A faint annulation is visible; ventral setae are not discoverable on these segments. The male pores, on segment xviii, are associated with a pair of irregularly ovoid elevations, longitudinally placed with the an- terior ends slightly converging. The posterior ends of these eleva- tions are narrower than the anterior ; the male apertures are pos- sibly on the inner margin of the elevation, in a slight indentation where the narrower passes into the broader part; if so, they would be in line with seta a. The anterior slightly converging ends of the elevations are thus within a ; in length the elevations take up about the length of the segment, but slightly transgress groove 17/18 in front and fall short of 18/19 behind (fig. 6). The female pore or pores are contained within a circular whitish patch on xiv, just behind the groove 13/14. The extent of the patch is less than the interval aa. The spermathecal apertures, small, in 7/8 and 8/9, are in line with b. Internal Anatomy. — Septum 4/5 is very thin, 5/6 thin, 6/7 somewhat thickened, 7/8-10/11 moderately thickened, 11/12 on- wards somewhat thickened even as far as 18/19. The gizzard is in segment v, of moderate size, and rather soft. There are no calcareous glands. The intestine begins in xvii. The last heart is in xiii. Beginning from the hinder end of the pharynx, the micro- nephridia form large tufts in each segment, but there are none on 312 Records of the Indian Museum [Vol. XII, the bodj^wall in front of the ditellum, — none visible, at any rate. Behind the clitellum the disposition is quite different ; the micro- nephridia, few and relatively large, are attached to the bodywall- towards the posterior end of the (incomplete) specimen there were about half a dozen nephridia of moderate size on each side in each segment, but no meganephridium. Testes and funnels are free, in segments x and xi. The vesi- culae seminales are two pairs, in xi and xii, on the anterior wall of each segment. Those in xi are very small , those in xii of moder- ate size. The prostates are one pair, long, fiat and strap-like, with slightly lobed margins, and extending backwards to segment xxi ; they look at first sight like small flattened masses of coagulum on the bodywall. The portions of the gland in successive segments are connected only by narrow necks ; but each of the quadrangular expansions which occupy the individual segments appeared to be lobular in constitution, and the margins are slightly indented. One gland was sectioned ; not more than one duct was visible, which was seen to give off, in one section, a small side branch; but even the single central duct becomes difficult or impossible of distinction some distance down the series. The prostatic duct begins near the anterior inner angle of the gland, and forms an oval loop, passing first inwards and backwards, then curving round outwards and forwards ; it is of equal diameter throughout and is confined to segment xviii. No penial setae were discovered. Ovaries were present in xiii ; funnels were not identified. A couple of small structures in xiv may perhaps represent ovisacs ; but the specimen was too small to allow a definite determination of their nature. The spermathecae (fig. 7) are pyriform sacs, narrowing to form a duct which is not marked off in any way from the lower part of the ampulla. A single diverticulum arises from the middle of the length of the duct; it is narrow and club-shaped, with a simple cavity, and in length is about two-fifths as long as duct and ampulla together. No spermatophores were seen ; and there were no glan- dular appendages round the duct. Remarks. — The differences of the above specimens from the typical form (Michaelsen, 14) entitle it to rank as a variety. The distinguishing marks are the prostomium, the setal intervals, the smaller extent of the clitellum, the position of the gizzard (here in v), and the absence of glands round the spermatheca. I think the nephridia are also likely to form a distinction ; Michaelsen could not see any ; they must therefore be very small in the typical form, or else Michaelsen 's specimens must have been in a very bad state of preservation, — which however is not stated to have been the case. Even in a badly preserved specimen I think nephridia of the size of those I found would probably have been visible. Michael- sen puts the male pores on the swellings in xviii; they seemed to 1916,] J. Stephenson .• Indian Oligochaeta. 313 me to be probably at the inner margin, but I will not say that they might not be at the outer margin with almost equal probability. Megascolides oneilli, Stephenson var. monorchis, var. nov. Darjiling to Soom, 7000-5000 ft., E. Himalayas, i4-vi-i9i4 (F. //. Gravely). A single specimen. External Characters. — Length 115 mm., maximum breadth 5 mm. Colour pale buff, somewhat mottled on dorsal surface and towards posterior end. Segments 188; segments iv, v biannular, the rest triannular as far as some distance behind the male pores. Prostomium prolobous. Dorsal pores very obvious, from groove 9/10 onwards. Setae very small ^ paired. Behind the clitellum the relations, expressed in terms of the distance ah, are: — aa = 3-4a&, 6c is rather less than aa and = 3a&, cd = zab or rather less further back. In front of the clitellum rt:(2 is rather less, > or = zab, be = or < ^ab, cd as before = 2rt6. The interval dd==% circumference, or nearly. The clitellum was indistinguishable. The male pores are on segment xvii. Ventrally this segment presents a somewhat thickened pad, extending laterally rather beyond c, and taking up the whole length of the segment in an anteroposterior direction. The apertures are minute, between the lines of setae a and b. Secondary furrows are present in front of and behind the apertures, somewhat as in the typical form. Setae cd of xvii are present, but ab are absent. The anterior two-thirds of the ventral surface of xviii is also thickened, and the ventral setae are absent. The female apertures are not visible. The spermathecal apertures are in line with a, in grooves 6/7 and ■yj^. Internal Anatomy. — Septum 5/6 is thin, 6/7-9/10 are much strengthened, lo/ii and 11/12 somewhat strengthened, and the next few decreasingly thinner. The gizzard is large and barrel-shaped, in segment vi, and is preceded by a soft dilated crop-like portion of the oesophagus. Well-marked calcareous glands are present in segments viii-xii; each is kidney-shaped, well set off from the gut, and contained within the curve of the corresponding heart. The intestine begins in xiv; there is a conspicuous typhlosole of a curious appearance, characterized by possessing numerous closely set transverse folds along each side. The last heart is in xii. There are large tufts of micronephridia by the side of the crop, but in general the nephridia in the anterior part of the body are minute and scattered. At the posterior end of the bod}'- the arrangement is different ; meganephridia are present in addition to micronephridia, as very slender and much elongated loops. The meganephridia are not seen in any number on the bodywall on pinning out the animal, since for the most part they remain 314 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, attached to the intestine. They have an attachment dorsally to the dorsal vessel, by a connective tissue strand, at about the middle of each segment, and extend downwards nearly as far as the level of seta h. Testes and funnels are free in segment ix, and in this segment only. Vesiculae seminales are present in segments x, xi and xii, on the anterior wall of each segment ; those of x were of moderate size, those of xi and xii were small and obviously not fully de- veloped, — indeed the one on the left side of xii was wanting. The prostate, in the single specimen, was small, tongue-like, and contained mostly in segment xix ; passing forwards it becomes the considerably coiled duct, which remains soft and non-muscular, and, keeping the same diameter all the way, ends in segment xvii. The vas deferens joins the gland at its base, where it passes into the duct. From the number of strands which radiate from the neighbourhood of the male aperture to the bodywall this region appears to be very retractile. Small ovaries were present on both sides. The spermathecae were small and not fully developed. They were situated in segments vii and viii, opening in 6/7 and 7/8, near the middle line, and appeared as small ovoid sacs, narrowing to a duct, which is scarcely separately distinguishable ; there is a single diverticulum which arises from the base of the ampulla, is cylin- drical in shape, and about half to two-thirds as long as the ampulla. No penial setae were discoverable. Remarks.— 'X:\ie remarkable shifting forwards of the organs in the anterior part of the body occurs here as in the type form (23). The chief differences which mark the present example as distinct are the extra pair of calcareous glands in segment viii, and of seminal vesicles in xii, and especially the presence of only a single pair of testes and funnels. Less important are the differ- ences in the setal arrangement, and in the extent of the dorsal pores. Through the kindness of Dr. Annandale I was able to re-ex- amine the type form of the species, in order to compare the condi- tion of the nephridia in the hinder part of the body. Here also I found meganephridia of considerable size, which lie, in the dissec- tion, not on the bodywall but on the intestine ; the nephridia are attached to the intestine in the immediate neighbourhood of the dorsal vessel; each consists of a series of loops, of which the dorsal are the largest ; and thus each nephridium as a whole is stouter dorsally and thins towards its ventral end. I also took the opportunity of re-examimng the type form as regards the prostates. I found that they were much lobulated, indeed cut up to an extreme degree, and nothing could be further from the tubular type. The condition is illustrated in pi. xxx, fig. 8. The difference between the variety and the type form is probably due to the earlier stage of development of the latter. 1916.] J. Stephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 315 Gen. Lampito. Lampito mauritii, Kinb. Trivandrum ; miineroiis specimens taken on a number wf occasions. Cape Comorin, 7-xi-ioii. Several specimens. Ihider stones by tank, Museum compound, Calcutta, rost'Ate) out of the tubular prostate of the latter genus. But there is no reason, as far as I can see, why some of the genera of Megascolecinae should not be polyphyletic ; — e.g. M'e^ascolcx itself may be derived both from Notoscolex by the mul- tiplication of setae, and from Lajnpito (and so ultimately, perhaps, from the Perionychella forms of Perionyx) by the breaking up of the nephridia ; such a double origin appears to be hinted at by Michaelsen (12). It may be remarked that if Lampito is a valid genus, separated from its allies on account of the mixed mega- and micronephridial condition, the present species might also lay some claim to generic distinction. Gen, Megascolex. Megascolex ratus, Cogn. Trivandrum, 191 1. A number of specimens on several different occasions. A few notes may be added to supplement the original descrip- tion (5) 328 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII . The prostomium was proepilobous in some specimens. In front of the clitellum the ventral break in the setal ring was small, equal to 2ah or ^ah, and the ventral setae were numer- ous and closely set at slightly irregular intervals ; the dorsal break was irregular, and both it and the intersetal distances on the dor- sal side were greater than the corresponding intervals on the ven- tral side. Behind the clitellum aa is very regular, and equal ap- proximately to 2ab ; the dorsal break is about the same size as the ventral, and is also pretty regular. The clitellum includes ^ of xiii and f of xix = 6. Dorsally the greater part of xiii is discoloured, and xix is not included ven- trally, — indeed in the midventral region xvii and xviii also want the purple colour which distinguishes the clitellum in general. Setae are distinguishable ventrally in xvi, xvii and xix, and less easily in xv and xiv; there are two or three on xviii between the male pores. The most conspicuous genital markings were a pair of concave sucker-like discs, circular and sharply delimited, in 16/17, the in- terval between them being equal to the diameter of one of the discs. In addition there were smaller eye-like markings in 19/20, 20/21 and 21/22, circular, flat, not raised, with dark centre and lighter periphery ; they may be surrounded by a slight groove. The interval between those of a pair is small, = aa only; in an antero-posterior direction they take up the posterior and anterior thirds of the segments bordering the grooves on which they lie. In some specimens these markings were only present on 19/20 and 20/21. In one specimen there were similar markings on 14/15 and 15 16 also. The large firm barrel-shaped gizzard I find to be in segment v, though the septa in this region are not easy to distinguish. The first well-marked septum is 4/5, a stout sheet of tissue behind the pharynx, convex backwards; 7/8 is also thickened ; and between the two there is certainly one extremely tenuous septum (6/7), as well as, in front of this, an extremely fine membrane around the gizzard, — a delicate bag in which the gizzard is contained, which is probably septum 5/6. Mcgascolcx konkancnsis, Fedarb. Trivandrum, 191 1 ; numerous specimens taken on several occasions. Out of a large number of examples a very few showed the full development of the male genital field. This I should describe as follows: — On the flattened ventral surface of segment xviii are two large shallow depressions, oval in shape, with clean-cut margins and slightly prominent lips ; the lips approach each other in the midventral line, where they are separated only by a median groove. The breadth of segment xviii is increased by the presence of these depressions; they encroach slightly on xix, and more on xvii; the axis of the oval is a little oblique, being directed forwards and T9i6.] J. Stephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 329 inwards. Across each oval passes a transverse ridge, at a level be- tween a third and a quarter of the length of the oval from its pos- terior margin ; the floor of the oval is thus formed of two declivi- ties, an anterior longer and gently sloping, and a posterior shorter and steeper. The male aperture is probably on the ridge. Megascolex cingulatus (Schmarda). (Plate xxxii, fig. 21). Lady Blake's Drive, Kandy, Ceylon, 29-v-i9i() (F. H. Gravelv). A single specimen. In length the specimen was 53 mm., originally more, the hin- der end having been mutilated and showing signs of commencing regeneration ; the diameter was 3 mm. Calcareous glands were present in segments x — xiii. Seminal vesicles were present in segments x, xi and xii ; there were none in xiii, and those in xii were not grape-like. The spermathecae (fig. 21) are characteristic. The ampulla is soft, slightly lobed and somewhat pyramidal in shape. The duct consists of two portions, an ectal (nearer the external aper- ture) which is exceptionally stout, flattened, and slightly constric- ted below its middle; and an ental, a shining cylindrical tube, lying underneath the ampulla in the natural position of the parts ; it begins at the rounded apex of the ampulla , after emerging from underneath which it dilates to form the much stouter ectal portion already mentioned. There is a single diverticulum, implanted above the constriction in the ectal portion of the tube; this is elongated, pear-shaped or club-shaped, and extends from its attach- ment to the base of the ampulla, against which it rests ; the diver- ticulum, like the duct, is firm, shining and muscular. From it near its attachment originate two small stalked secondary diver- ticula, with one, three or four minute grape-like chambers each. Megascolex insignis, Mchlsn. (Plate xxxii, fig. 22). Karakulani, 17-X-1911. Several specimens. The dorsal pores begin from furrow 5/6 or 6/7. The ventral break in the setal ring was found to be equal to ^ah. The number of setae counted was:— ca. 34/vi, ca. 34/viii, 38/xii, 34/xix, 29/xxii. The male apertures are contained in a pair of slightly sunken darker coloured conical depressions; surrounding the depressions on the outer sides are a pair of slightly raised whitish semicircular curved lines. The gizzard appeared to me to be in segment vi. Ovisacs were present in segment xiv. 330 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, The spermatheca (fig. 22) differs in some respects from the original description by Michaelsen (14) ; a comparison of the figures will render description unnecessary. Megascolex trivandranus, sp. nov. (Plate xx.xii, figs. 25, 26). Trivandrum, igii. Two specimens, taken at different times. External Characters. — Length 72 mm., diameter 2 mm. Colour in general an equable grey, with darker middorsal line ; clitellum a reddish brown. Segments 136. Prostomium epilobous \ to |. Dorsal pores from furrow 5/6. The dorsal break in the setal rings is equal to 2 - ■yyz. Ven- trally aa^='^ah, or it may be ^ah behind the clitellum. The inter- setal distances increase towards the sides, ah being distinctly the smallest. The numbers were : — 36/v, 43/ix, 41/xii, 34/xix, and 29 in the middle of the body. The clitellum extends over approximately xiv — xvii = 4, or ventrally |xiii — |xvii. Setae are easily distinguishable and dorsal pores are well marked. The male apertures are borne on small porophores on segment xviii; these are situated in he or c, at the ends of a transversely elongated depression, which, deepest at its ends, is slightly curved with its convexity forwards. The depression is surrounded by a well marked whitish lip all round; in longitudinal extent the depression with its lips takes up the whole of segment xviii (fig. 25). In the second specimen the transverse depression was prac- tically divided into two, its median portion being but little below the level of the general surface. The female area is a white oval patch on xiv, in which the actual apertures could not be discriminated. In breadth it extends over the interval 5&, in length it takes up not quite the whole of the length of the segment. The sperm athecal apertures, in furrows j/^ and 8/9, are situa- ted on minute papillae just external to the line of setae h. Internal Anatomy.—SQ^td. 4/5, 5/6, 6/7 are very thin; 7/8 is slightly thickened, the succeeding ones up to 11/12 moderately, thence up to 15/16 progressively less so. The gizzard, of which one- third is contained in segment v and the rest in vi, is subspherical with a flattened anterior end. The oesophagus is segmentally swollen and dark in colour {i.e. vascular) in segments ix-xiv. The intestine begins in xvi. The last heart is in xiii. Behind the clitellum the micronephridia are arranged in a transverse row or band, just behind the septum in each segment, which does not attain the middorsal region. In segments xiv to xvi the arrangement is similar, but the individual nephridia are very considerably larger, with much more numerous coils; in 1916.I J. Stephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 331 xii the row is very short and consists of one or two large tufts only. In front of the clitellum there are no nephridia on the bod}'- wall; but in each segment by the side of the alimentary canal there is a considerable stalked tuft with numerous branches. The first tuft of the series is a large one connected with the hinder angle of the pharynx. The male funnels are free in segments x and xi ; testes were not identified. The seminal vesicles depend'from septa lo/ii and 11/12 into segments xi and xii. They are racemose and not large ; those in xii however are larger than the anterior pair. The prostates, small and confined to segment xviii, are of the Pheretima-type, and are made up of small closely compacted lob- ules. The relative^ stout duct passes transversely inwards; it is thinner at its ental end and gradually widens. The ovaries are in xiii, and in xiv there are small struc- tures which may be minute ovisacs, or possibly only nephridial tufts. The spermathecal ampulla is smooth, regularly ovoid^ and of an opaque white colour. The duct is relatively stout, half as broad and two-thirds as long as the ampulla. There is a very long diverticulum, two- thirds as long as ampulla and duct combined ; it is a coiled and twisted tube which takes origin from the ter- mination of the duct and at its free end is dilated into a small spherical chamber with a simple cavity (fig. 26). There are no penial setae. Megascolcx pentagonalis, sp. nov. (Plate xxxii, figs. 23, 24). Trivandrum, 24-vi-r9ii. A single specimen, incomplete posteriorly. External Characters. — Length 108 mm.-j-, diameter 3 mm. Colour a uniform medium grey. Segments 94-!- ; vii, viii and ix with three or four secondary annuli. The anterior end of the animal is truncated, not tapering; the prostoraium is seen on looking at the animal from the front ; it is small and triangular, the pointed posterior angle being direc- ted upwards. The first dorsal pore is in furrow 5/6. The ventral setal interval is equal to 2ab (in front of the clitellum), or 2^ab (behind it). The ventral setae are in fairly definite longitudinal lines ; those on viii and ix are remarkably small. The dorsal setae are not in definite lines, and the dorsal break is large ; thus it is 4— 5y^ in front of the clitellum, 6yz or even Syz posteriorly. The numbers were: — 14/v, i6/x, 6-}-8/xii, 74-6/xix, 9-|-io/xxii, further back lo-f-io or io-f-12; at the pos- terior end of the (incomplete) specimen there were 32, all setae were at irregular intervals, and the dorsal break was much smaller, --=2yz only. 332 Records of (lie Indian Museum. [Vol.. XII, The clitellum is not definitely limited; it appears to extend over xiv — :fXvii=3|-. On segment xviii is a thickened area, of the shape of an irregular pentagon with its base forwards and its lateral angles produced outwards. This area is surrounded by a moat-like chan- nel, deepest posteriorly where the margin of the pentagon over- hangs; the pentagon itself is marked by a J.-shaped depression. The male apertures are under the overhanging posterior borders of the area, near its lateral angles, and in line with setae b. The transverse extent of the thickened area w^th the surrounding moat is equal to the interval cc; in a longitudinal direction it occupies the anterior two-thirds of segment xviii (fig. 23). The female apertures are perhaps represented by two small whitish dots in line with the setae of xiv in such a position that ^$ = 5 $ = $a. The spermathecal apertures, in y/S and 8/9, are small pores in line with setae h. Internal Anatomy. — The first distinguishable septum is 5/6, which is thin; septa 6/7 — lo/ii are considerably thickened, the next few moderately so, after which they are diminishingly thick- ened as far back as 16/17 • the rest are thin. The gizzard, in segment v, is of fair size, firm and barrel- shaped. There are no calcareous glands. The intestine begins in xvi. The last heart is in segment xiii. The micronephridia are present as large tufts in the anterior segments from v to the clitellum, especially in from v to ix ; there are few or none on the body wall in front of the clitellum, but the inner surface of the parietes in segments xiv, xv, xvi and part of xvii is thickly covered with micronephridia ventrally and laterally. They are scattered and fairly numerous on the bodywall behind the prostate. Testes and funnels are free in x and xi. Vesiculae seminales are attached to the anterior walls of seg- ments xi and xii. Those in xi are small, those in xii moderate in size ; all are much cut up into small lobes. The prostates, long, flat and much divided up, lie on the bodywall in segments xvii to xx. The duct, with a sinuous or curled course, passes backwards and inwards from its origin on the inner margin of the gland at about the level of septum 17/18 ; its first part is the thinnest. The ovaries and their funnels have the usual situation. The spermathecae (fig. 24) are of a general sausage-shaped form, bent inwards towards their free (posterior) end, and slightly dilated at the extremity. The duct is short and moderately stout, half as thick as the ampulla. There is a single diverticulum, which arises from the duct close to its junction with the ampulla; it is of an elongated club shape, and more than half as long as the ampulla, reaching about as far as the bend in the latter. There are no penial setae. 19 16.] J. vStkphicnson : Indian Oligochaeta. 333 Remarks. — The present species seems to be related to M. travancorensis, Mchlsn. (14). But though the characters of the male area in the latter are variable, it does not seem possible to reduce the condition in the present specimen to the same type. One has here, as so often, to regret that the form is represented by only a single specimen. Megascolex pumilio, sp. nov. Trivandrum, ii-ii-1911. Two mature specimens, one immalure, and one fragment. External Characters. — lycngth 54 mm., maximum diameter \\ mm. Colour an equable grey, clitellum a marked reddish brown. Segments 109. Prostomium epilobous ^, tongue not delimited behind. Dorsal pores begin from furrow 5/6. For the greater part of the body there are twelve setae per segment. In front of the clitellum these are arranged in three pairs, the intervals he and de being rather greater than ah, cd and ef. The setae a are in regular rows, one on each side, and the same is the case with z ; the setae h form regular rows for the greater part of the length of the body, but c does so only in the anterior part ; the row y is irregular. The dorsal interval is con- siderable; in front of the clitellum zz (or ff) is equal to about ^yz (or ef), behind the clitellum to about -^yz. The number twelve persists till near the hinder end of the body; but there 16, 17 and 18 are found, irregularly arranged and not in pairs. The clitellum extends over segments xiv — xvi=3 ; the situa- tion of the setae is shown by white dots on the brown-red back- ground. The ventral surface of segment xviii shows a transversely elongated thickened patch, extending from beyond the line h on the one side to a corresponding point on the other. The male apertures are only faintly indicated in or just outside h. A small white patch, circular and midventral, in the line of the setae of xiv, represents the female aperture. The spermathecal apertures are faintly indicated in the fur- rows 7/8 and 8/9, in line with setae h. Internal Anatomy. — The anterior portion of the animal was cut into sections of I2y/ diameter. Septum 4/5 is very thin, 5/6 thin, 6/7 somewhat thickened, 7/8, 8/9 and 9/10 considerably so; from lo/ii to 14/15 they be- come progressively thinner again. The gizzard, in segment v, is of moderate size and thick- walled. The oesophagus, narrow in segment vi, is bulged seg- mentally from vii to xiv ; there are no separate calcareous glands, but the epithelium is raised into villous processes or folds which extend inwards towards the centre of the lumen. The intestine begins in xv. 334 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, The last heart is apparently in xiii. The excretory system is micronephridial ; the very large tufts in segment v, by the side of the anterior end of the gizzard, are a conspicuous feature. Testes and funnels are free in x and xi. Seminal vesicles are present in ix and xii. The prostates, of the Pheretima-type, are relatively large, occu- pying segments xviii to xxi. They are most bulky in xviii and xix , thinner and dorsally situated in xx and xxi. The duct is rela- tively stout and sharply curved The ovaries and their funnels are in segment xiii ; the ovi- ducts unite before debouching externally. The sperraathecae, in segments viii and ix, have an ovoid ampulla of relatively considerable size. The duct is not sharply demarcated; it is as long as and nearly half as thick as the am- pulla, and has a slightly curved course, forwards or forwards and then downwards to the exterior. The single diverticulum is club- shaped; it originates from the upper end of the duct just below the ampulla; it is about half as broad as the ampulla, and reaches dorsalwards nearly as far as the latter. Gen. Phcretima. Phcrctima posthuma (L. Vaill.). Lucknow, 15-X-1910 (Ml-/. Mohsin Khan). Se\eral specimens. Same place, 1916 (Z,. Hainwrinjaii Das). Several specimens. Kalka, base of Simla Hills, 2400 ft., ig-vii-igii {Museum Collector). Several specimens. Under stones or mud by tank. Museum compound, Calcutta, S-iv-igio (F. H. Gravely). A single specimen. Pheretima heterochaeta (Mchlsn.). Darjiling district, 1000-3000 ft., v-vi-igi2. A number of specimeiiis. (CarmicJiael Collection). Darjiling, ca. 6000 ft., iv-1914. Several specimens (Same Collection). Singla, Darjiling district, 1500 ft., v-igi4. Tfiree specimens. {Same Collection). Darjiling, ca. 7000 ft., i2-vi-i9i4 (F. H. Gravely). A single specimen Soom, Darjiling district, 400t)-500o ft., i6-vi-i9i4 (F. H. Gravely). Three specimens. Kurseong, 4700 ft., E. Himalayas, 25-iii-i9io (F. H. Gravely). A single specimen. Same place, 14^ 17-iv- 191 1 {X . Annandale). Two specimens. Pheretima hawayana (Rosa) f. typica. Kurseong, 4500 ft., R. Himalayas, 26-iii-i9io {F. H. Gravely). Two specimens. Pheretima houlleti (E. Perr.). Rawal Pindi, N. Punjab, \ii-1915 {L. Raghunath Saliai). Two speci- mens. 1916.] J. Stephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 335 Phcrctima bicincta (E. Perr.). Trivandruin, i-vii-1911. A sing-le specimen. Pheretima fcae (Rosa). Kawkareik, .Xmhersl District, Lower Burma, 19 — 20-xi-iyii (f. H. Gravely). A single specimen. A glandular collar has previously been described round the oesophagus in segment x. This was seen to be a flange-like struc- ture behind the gizzard, against which it rests ; since the flange is set rather obliquely, the appearance is not unlike that of a cup and saucer. Microscopically the collar was found to be composed of follicles of blood-glands like those described by Beddard (i) behind the pharynx in certain species of Pheretima and other genera. Pheretima lignicola, Stephenson. Thingannyinaung to Myawadi, Lower Burma, ca. 900 ft., 24 — 26-xi-i9ii {F. H. Gravely). A single specimen. Here also in segment x, behind the pharynx, there was found a ring-like or collar-like thickening of the oesophageal wall, soft and of an opaque yellow colour. On teasing a small portion and examining it microscopically this was, as in P. jeae, found to consist of follicles of blood-glands, Pheretima trivandrana, sp. nov. (Plate xxxii, fig. 27; pi. xxxiii, figs. 28, 29). Trivandrum, 2.^-vi-i9ii. .\ single specimen. External Characters. — Length 70 mm., maximum diameter 3 mm. Colour an equable grey. Segments 100. Prostomium epilobous ^, tongue broad, not delimited behind. The first dorsal pore is in furrow 8/9. In the first ten segments there is no dorsal break in the con- tinuity of the setal rings, but behind this there is a small interrup- tion {z^=2yz). The ventral break is oXso smoXX {aa = ca. i^ah), and in some of the anterior segments, v to vii, is altogether absent. The setae of segments ii-ix are rather enlarged, those on x rather small. The following numbers were counted : — 28/v, 46 ix, 52/xii. 52/xix, and 54 in the middle of the body. The clitellum was not distinguishable, except perhaps by the smaller size of the setae of segments xiv-xvi. The male apertures, on segment xviii, are fairly conspicuous pores in line with setae g. They are situated towards the mner side of, but well within, a pair of circular thickened areas, some- what raised in their centres. The pores are slightly more than a quarter of the circumference apart, and four ^ right side) or five setae (left side) intervene between the pore and the midventral line. 336 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, The female apertures were just indicated, situated in a pair of slight whitish thickenings immediately internal to setae a of segment xiv. The spermathecal apertures are three pairs, in furrows 6/7, 7/8, and 8/9, situated well to the sides, about two-fifths of the circumference apart. The last is about opposite seta i or k of ix, the first opposite seta e of vi. Internal Anatomy. — Segment x is remarkably smooth on the inside; the body wall is thinner here, and without nephridia. Septum 4/5 is thin, 5/6 somewhat thickened, 6/7 and yjS moderately so ; 8/9 and 9/10 are absent; lo/ii, 11/12 and 12/13 are moderately thickened, 13/14 and 14/15 slightly so. The blood-glands in segment vi are very conspicuous. The gizzard, ovoid and well developed, is in the middle of the space between septa y/8 and lo/ii. The oesophagus is bulged laterally behind the gizzard in the portion corresponding to segment x, and also in segments xi, xii and xiii. The intestine begins in xv. Intestinal diverticula, originating in xxvii, extend forwards through XX vi and xxv. The last heart is in segment xiii. The excretory system is micronephridial ; there are the usual large tufts by the side of and behind the pharynx in segments v and vi. The testes and funnels are contained in testis-sacs in segments X and xi, which probably communicate with their fellows across the middle line. The seminal \'esicles are attached to the anterior walls of seg- ments xi and xii respectively; they are lobed masses which do not meet dorsally over the intestine. The prostates (fig. 27), small glands in xvii and xviii, are cut up into numerous small lobules. The duct begins as a small soft tube which immediately swells and becomes firm and shining ; it takes a much curved course, describing almost a complete circle, and increasing in diameter as it does so ; at its broad ectal end it joins the outer margin of a soft white cushion on which it lies. The female organs have the usual situation. The laterally situated spermathecae (fig. 28) have a .charac- teristic form. The ampulla is relativeh' small, ovoid or pear- shaped. The duct is extremely stout, much longer than the am- pulla and almost straight. The diverticula are of two kinds. One is thin and finger-like, originating from the extreme base, or perhaps more properly from the bodywall close to the base of the duct, and approximately half the length of the duct. The second kind arises from the middle of the length of the duct ; it consists of an irregular pear-shaped chamber presenting about five lobules, and a stalk which is half as stout as the main duct ; the whole, stalk and chamber together, are nearly as long as the main am- pulla and duct above the point where the stalk of the diverticulum is attached. Lastly, in one out of the six spermathecae another diverticulum, of the second kind, but much smaller than the one 1916. J J. Stephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 337 just described, was present; its termination presented only two lobules and it was inserted into the main duct just below the ampulla. Microscopically, after clearing, the first kind of diverti- culum was found to be a simple tube, with the cavity wider at the free end. The second kind consists of several (three or four) elongated and irregular chambers, tightly bound together by con- nective tissue (fig. 29). Pheretima kuchingensis, sp, nov. (Plate xxxiii, fig. 30). Kuching, Sarawak, 29-vii-it)io (C IV. Beebe). Two specimens, in bad condition. External Characters. — Ivcngth 136 mm., diameter 4"5 mm. It is impossible to say what the original colour may have been ; the clitellum is a medium brown. It would be impossible to esti- mate the segments without stripping off the whole of the cuticle and counting the setal rings. Prostomium ? Dorsal pores begin from furrow 12/13. The dorsal break in the setal rings is equal to about 2yz an- teriorly and i^yz behind the clitellum. The ventral break is practically absent, — not more than i\ab. The setae of segments iv to ix are enlarged, especially those of v, vi and vii. V^entrally the setae are closer set than laterally and dorsally. The numbers counted were: — 35/v, 42/ix, 40/xii, 46/xix, 46/xxvi. The clitellum extends over segments xiv — xvi=3. It is smooth, without visible setae or dorsal pores. The male apertures are situated in the setal ring of segment xviii, on moderately large round dark- coloured papillae. They are in line with setae h of the adjoining segments, and ten setae intervene between the pores. There appears to be a single female pore in the setal ring of xiv. The spermathecal apertures are four pairs, small, in grooves 5/6 — 8/9 ; they are about the same distance apart as the male pores, and are in line with the setal interval fg. Internal Anatomy. — Septum 4/5 is somewhat thickened, 5/6, 6/7 and 7/8 apparently considerably strengthened, 8/9 is thin and 9/10 absent; lo/ir — 13/14 are all somewhat thickened. The gizzard, large and barrel-shaped, is in segment viii. The intestine begins in xv. Elongated diverticula originate in xxvii; tapering and showing a few constrictions, they reach forwards to xxiv. The last heart is in xiii. The micronephridia were mostly indistinguishable, but a dense fur was present on the inner side of the bodywall in seg- ments XV, xvi and part of xiv. Ovoid testis-sacs are present in segments x and xi, smaller in the former, larger in the latter. Those of the same segment appear 338 Records of the Indian Musenin. [Vol, XII, to be separate from each other, — at least the opaque masses within them are separate, but the walls of the sacs are too delicate and transparent to be followed in the present specimen. The seminal vesicles, three pairs in segments xi, xii and xiii, are attached to the anterior walls of the segments. Those in xi are deeply incised, and have an appendage, separate from the rest of the sac, which extends nearly to the middorsal line; those in xii, also incised, extend nearly to the middorsal line by a narrow and tapering dorsal lobe; those in xiii are quite small. The prostates are rather small, occupying segment xviii only (right side) or xviii and xvii (left side). They are made up of small and closely adpressed lobules. The duct is short and almost straight; there is no copulatory pouch, — ^at least none is distin- guishable in the present specimen, though it is possible that one might have been visible in a fresh or a well-preserved specimen. The spermathecal ampulla is pear-shaped, and becomes con- tinuous with the duct at its broader end. The duct is half the length of the ampulla, and is half as broad also, — rather narrower where it pierces the body wall ; it appears broader than it is how- ever, since it is covered with a considerable fur of micronephridia. The single diverticulum is tubular with a spherical or ovoid dilata- tion at its free extremity; it is half the length of the ampulla, and is attached to the upper end of the duct near the base of the ampulla ; in one case there was presen): a small excrescence at the base of the terminal dilatation, where the latter passes into the stalk (fig, 30). Gen. Octochaetus. Octochaetus fcrmori, Mchlsn. KaraHut all are small. The ventral setae are paired, the dorsal less closely so. The ratios between the various intervals may be expressed as follows : — in front of the clitellum ah = ^aa = ^ to ^bc = approximately icd; behind the clitellum ab==^aa approximately, =f 6c =^c^; in the middle of the body ab = ^aa = rather more than ^bc == nearly ^cd. The interval dd is about f- of the circumference. The cHtellum extends over xiii— Jxvii= 4I above, but appa- rently only to-|xvi= 3 J below. A male area is distinguishable, constituted by the flattened ventral surface of segments xvii — xx, quadrilateral in shape with rounded corners. The prostatic pores, on xvii and xix, are small, with slightly tumid margins ; they are united on each side by straight, very narrow, — indeed linear grooves, and across the middle line by broad grooves with shelving anterior and posterior walls ; these transverse grooves are continued outwards in a more or less definite manner beyond the situation of the prostatic pores for a short distance. In the second specimen the longitudinal semi- nal grooves are rather bowed outwards. The male pores are not visible. The situation of the grooves and prostatic pores is be- tween a and b. The female apertures, on the anterior part of segment xiv, are paired, and contained in a small transverse groove surrounded by a whiter area. The pores themselves are slightly internal to the line a. The ventral surface of segments viii and ix is rather irregular- ly thickened and glandular in appearance. No setae are visible, but corresponding to the position of setae a or between a and 6 there are small white and slightly elevated points, the spermathecal apertures. Internal Anatomy. — Only a few points need be noticed. The first septum is 5/6, which is moderately thickened ; the next is 8/9, thin and displaced backwards to about the position of furrow 9/10, septum 9/10 itself, moderately thickened, is midway between fur- rows 9/10 and 10/ 1 1 ; the remaining septa are in the normal posi- tions, lo/ri being moderately thickened, 11/12 considerably thick- ened and 12/3 slightly so ; the rest are thin. The gizzard is large, between septa 5/6 and 8/9; morpho- logically it is in segment vii, since the two vascular commissures close 340 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol, XII, together behind it are those corresponding to vii and viii, and the one at its anterior end belongs to segment vi. Its walls show a curious condition; the whole of its anterior end is thick and very firm, and so is its ventral wall, but the rest of its dorsal and lateral walls and its posterior end are thin, soft and slightly baggy ; the same condition was found to be present in a second specimen also. The spermathecae (fig. 31) are mushroom-like, or somewhat pyramidal with much rounded angles. The duct is very broad at its origin, — about one- third as broad as the ampulla, — but becomes much narrower at its ectal opening ; it is rather shorter than the ampulla. The diverticulum arises from the uppermost portion of the duct by a short and narrow stalk, which bears a rounded cauli- flower-like mass, composed of a large number of indistinct cham- bers; the breadth of the mass is about equal to that of the upper end of the duct. Testis-sacs are present, as Michaelsen (14) suspected, but they are of peculiar form ; they are constituted by an extremely delicate membrane, which covers in the whole of the contents of the respec- tive segments, — stretching from one septum to the next and inclu- ding dorsal vessel and alimentary canal as well as sperm masses and the male organs. I did not see the testes in segment xi, and the funnels of xi appeared to be distinctly smaller than those of x. Octochaetus barkudcnsis, sp. nov. (Plate xxxiii, figs. 32, 33). Barkuda [sland, Chilka Lake, Ganjam Dislrict, Madras Pres.. 17-vii- 1914. {Clulka Survey). Two specimens, one not fully mature. External Characters. — Length 43 mm., diameter i'5 mm. Colour brown. Segments 140, the last few very short. In one specimen the prostomium was tanylobous ; in the other epilobousl^, pointed behind, the angle being continued as a median groove back to the first furrow (1/2). I could not see any dorsal pores in front of the clitellum. The setae are paired ; their relations may be expressed as follows: — behind the clitellum ah = ^aa, = \hc, =\cd or nearly ; near the posterior end ab^=\aa, =lbc, and is somewhat less than cd. In front of the clitellum the setae are difficult to see, but the relations appear to be much as they are near the posterior end. The seta d is a little below the lateral line of the body. The clitellum includes two-thirds of xiii and two- thirds of xvii, = 4i; it is smoother than the neighbouring segments, but there is little difference of tint. On segment xviii are two approximately rectangular cushions which take up the whole length of the segment, and meet in the middle line where they are separated by a slight groove. The seminal grooves cross the somewhat indefinitely limited outer ends of the cushions, passing between the prostatic apertures on xvii and xix, in line with setae b. 1916.J J. vStephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 341 The female apertures appear to be indicated by a transverse depression on the anterior part of segment xiv, which is bounded along its anterior margin by furrow 13/14. The spermathecal apertures are apparently indicated by slight whitish marks on segments viii and ix, in front of and between a and h. Internal Anatomy. — The first septum appears to be 4/5, which is somewhat thickened : no more are visible till 8/9, which is slightly thickened; 9/10, lo/ii and 11/12 are considerably, 12/13 somewhat and 13/14 slightly thickened. The gizzard, in front of septum 8/9, is subspherical, firm and well-developed. A single pair of calcareous glands is present, tak- ing up segments xv and xvi ; they are thus of considerable size The intestine begins in xvii. The last heart is in xii. The excretory system is micronephridial. Testes and funnels are free, embedded in sperm masses in segments x and xi ; the funnels appear to be of relatively large size. The vesiculae seminales are two pairs. Those in segment ix, attached to septum 9/10, are flattened, with their edges cut up into lobes; those in xii, depending from septum 11/12, are of considerable size. The prostates, in xvii and xix, are tubular, the tube forming only a few coils and maintaining the same appearance and diame- ter throughout. The ovaries are situated in segment xiii ; there is a pair of ovisacs in xiv. The spermathecae are two pairs, one opening at the level of septum 8/9, the other opposite the middle of the gizzard, and so probably at the level of the absent septum yjS. The ampulla is of moderate size, and very irregular, more or less ovoid in shape ; a prolongation of one end forms a short and narrow stalk. A small stalked rounded diverticulum arises (in three out of the four) from the middle part or from the lower end of the duct ; in one case it seemed to be a mere bulging of one side of the duct. The penial setae are in length "58 mm., in breadth iom at the middle, 12/' nearer the base. The shaft is slightly curved, the distal end has a somewhat sinuous outline, and the tip is pointed. The ornamentation consists of a number of relatively large spines near but not extending quite to the tip (fig. 32). The copulatory setae (fig. 33) in segment viii (no sacs or setae were seen in segment ix) are "52 mm. long and 17/^ broad. They are not much modified ; the shaft is slightly curved along most of its extent, more so at its proximal end than elsewhere. The distal end is pointed , and slightly bulbous close to the tip ; above (proximal to) the bulbous portion the lateral aspects of the seta are marked by a number, — more than a dozen, — of serrations; the appearance is that of a lateral flange or seam cut up into teeth. 342 Records of the Indian Museum,. [Vol. XII, Gen. Eutyphocus. Eutyphocus nicholsoni (Bedd.). Mowaie, Bara Banki, I'nited Provinces, ii-iv-igio {Mohd . Mohsin Kliaii). Four specimens. Same place and collector, il — 12-X-1910. A number of specimens. Eutyphocus bastianus, Mchlsn. Mowaie, Bara Banki, United Provinces, is-iv-Kjio (Molid, Molisin Khan I. A number of specimens. Same place and collector, 11 — 12-X-1910. .\ number of specimens. Dehra Dun, in a tank, under water, no date (.V. Mattlik). A single specimen. Eutyphocus waltoni, Mchlsn. Tollygunge, nr. Calcutta, 3()-vii-i9i2 (A'. Ain/ninfrrle and F. H. Gnivelv). Two specimens. Siripur, Saran, Bihar, jy-w-igin (^R. Hodtrm-f'). Three specimens. Eutyphocus incommodus, (Bedd.) Rawal Pindi, N. Punjab, Dec. 1915 { L. Raghuiiatli Sahai). Four specimens. Eutyphocus annandalci, Mchlsn. var. fulgidus, var. nov. (Plate xxxiii, fig. 34). Anwarganj, Cawnpore District, i — 13-X-1911 ('7- H". Camifer). Nine specimens, one being immature. External Characters. — Length 56 mm., maximum diameter 4 mm. Unpigmented, clitellum a light brownish grey. Segments 164 ; a number of preclitellar segments multiannulate. Prostomium tanylobous, the tongue narrow with parallel sides. There is also a transverse groove which cuts off the main portion of the prostomium from the tongue. The first dorsal pore is in groove 11/12. The setae are paired. In front of the clitellum ah is equal to cd, and is equal to faa and to ^ or f6c; behind the clitellum ah is rather less than cd, and equal to f aa and nearly ^hc. The clitellum is saddle-shaped , or at least much less marked over a longitudinal midventral strip. It includes two-thirds of seg- ment xiii and one third of xviii, or five segments in all. The male apertures are situated on conical and extremely prominent porophores ; these almost penis-like projections take up the length of segment xvii. The orifice forms a transverse slit on the summit, with its centre in the line h or opposite the interval ah. The female apertures are small, each situated in front of one of the setae a of segment xiv; they are thus separated from each other by a moderate interval. The spermathecal apertures are one pair, in furrow 7/8, be- tween h and c though rather nearer to h. 1916.] J. Stephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 343 Genital markings are present in or rather just in front of fur- rows 13/14, 14/15. and 15/16; in some cases there was an addi- tional pair in relation to furrow 16/17. These are small, oval or almost circular slightly raised areas, with a somewhat darker cen- tre. They take up approximately a space corresponding to the interval ah, but may sHghtly overstep these Hmits on one or other side. Internal Anatomy .—SQ-^inm 4/5 is thin, 5/6 is moderately thickened; then two septa are missing; 8/9 is thin, q/io and lo/ii considerably thickened, and the following ones thin. vSepta 9/10— ri/i2 are crowded together. The gizzard, subspherical and moderately firm, is in the inter- val between septa 5/6 and 8/9. Calcareous glands, in segment xii, are not separated off, and are only discovered on opening the oeso- phagus; the oesophagus is also slightly swollen in segment xiv. The intestine begins in xv. The last heart is in xiii. The dorsal vessel is continued for- wards over the gizzard to the pharynx ; the hearts of segments vii and viii are close together behind the gizzard and in front of sep tum 8/9 ; the next commissure is at the anterior end of the gizzard, and the next after that in front of 5/6. The missing septa and the exact morphological position of the gizzard can thus be established. The excretory system is micronephridial. Behind and on the clitellum there is a single row of relatively large tufts, about seven in number on each side, transversely disposed in each segment; these are set closer together ventrally than on the other regions of the body wall. On some of the anteclitellar segments the tufts are more numerous; and in segment iii the body wall is densely covered with micronephridial tubules; there are however no large tufts such as are commonly met with by the side of the pharynx and gizzard. Testes and funnels are -present in segments x and xi ; there appears to be no marked difference in size between those of the two segments; those in x are not rudimentary, as they were in Michaelsen's specimens of the type form and would have been passed without comment if met with elsewhere. Vesiculae seminales are present in segments ix and xii; those of ix are soft lobulated masses of moderate size, those of xii are large, and on one side extend back through segments xiii and xiv, though on the other they merely cause a considerable bulging back of septum 12/13. The conditions in this region are primitive as compared with most species of the genus; septum 11/ 12 is not absent, and the corresponding heart is not bound down to the alimentary canal by dense connective tissue. The prostates and their ducts form a continuous tube on each side, beginning behind in segment xix ; each tube is of the same diameter throughout, the glandular part being soft and white, the terminal portion more glistening. The vas deferens passes back on the outer side of the termination of the prostatic duct, and then swells into a pouch behind it. ^44 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, The spermathecae are one pair. The ampulla is large, globu- lar, and sessile on the body wall, without duct. A complete circle of relatively large, round, oval, or somewhat irregular diver- ticula surround the base of the ampulla ; in one specimen these were eight in number on either side and each was attached by a stalk to the base of the ampulla ; in another the diverticula, fif- teen in number, were not separable, being bound together by fibrous tissue at their contiguous margins, and so appearing as a continuous ring lobed peripherally. The penial setae (fig. 34) are 9 mm. long and ijfx broad at the middle of the shaft. The shaft shows a slight curvature, rather more marked towards the free end ; the tip is bluntly poin- ted. The ornamentation consists of a number of extremely fine sculpturings, — short transverse rows of fine points, near the tip and over the distal part of the shaft. Remarks. — The variety may be distinguished from the typical form by the greater number of the genital markings, the much shorter prostates, and especially the complete ring of diverticula at the base of the spermathecal ampulla. The penial setae are not known in the typical form. Gen, Eudichogastcr. Eudichogaster bengalensis, Mchlsn. Bed of the Chitartala (branch of the Mahanadi), near Kenduapatna, Cuttack, 25-111-1910 {B. L. Chatiillinri). A number of specimens. I subjoin a few notes in order to supplement the original des- cription by Michaelsen (14). The first dorsal pore I found to be in furrow 11/12. The penial setae, in length 7 to '8 mm., and in diameter 16;;, have a slightly bowed shaft atid a tapering, rather more strongly curved blunt tip; the extremity is blunt. Near the distal end are a number of fine spines, rather irregularly arranged in about half a dozen transverse rows, and scattered spines are con- tinued for some little distance along the shaft. The end could not be described as claw-like; all the spines are very small, and there was no circle of larger spines round the tip, as is described and figured by Michaelsen. The spermathecal duct was not sharply set off from the ampulla, and the ducts of the two diverticula did not, in the specimen examined, join together before entering the main duct. The calcareous glands are of interest in connection with the definition and position of the genus. The bulgings of the oeso- phagus in segments x — xiii are thin-walled and not at all set off from the latergfl walls of the oesophagus; they are not calcareous glands any more than the similar part of the tube in, for example. Pheretima posthuma is a series of calcareous glands. On opening this part of the tube through its whole length all four segments 19 16.] J. Stephenson : Indiaji Oligochaeta. 345 were seen to present low lamellar transverse folds projecting into the lumen from the ventral wall, the dorsal half of the wall being almost or quite smooth, and in the two hinder segments (xii and xiii) slightly constricted off from the ventral by a lateral fold. Along all four segments there is a large and very conspicuous longitudinal midventral projection into the lumen ; in a transverse section this would appear bilobed, spreading out on each side of a narrow median attachment, as if it were a ventrally situated typhlosole. The annular intersegmental constrictions of the oeso- phagus are thickened, as seen from the inside, and present a num- ber of nodular projections. The nephridia have a similar interest. In the anterior seg- ments these are present as villous tufts, or as an aggregate of three or four coils, within the cone-like septa. On passing back, larger nephridia soon make their appearance, more laterally placed in the segment ; the first of these occurs in segment xiii, and is not of any considerable size. From here onwards the more ventral nephridia, covered by the intestine in the normal condition, appear as two compact coils; the dorsal nephridia, of considerable size behind the prostate, are thin and fiat, and occupy the lateral third of the body wall on each side ; there are also a few smaller coils near the middorsal line (? normally one per segment). In the posterior third of the body, about 30 to 40 segments from the hinder end, there are two considerable nephridia on each side per segment ; the dorsal of the two seems to be usually the longer, the ventral the more bushy ; there is also on the bodywall a fur of very minute micronephridia. Between the thirtieth and twentieth segment from the end these minute nephridia become fewer, and after the twentieth they have almost gone. The dorsal nephridium has become relatively smaller, and the ventral larger ; the latter is now a stoutish tube which forms only one or a few twisted loops ; its calibre is much greater than that of the dorsal nephridium. The smaller nephridia could not be distin- guished. I succeeded in finding a funnel on one of these stout ventral nephridia (from the twenty-second segment, counting from the posterior end); it was formed of a rosette of cells, all the same size, evenly surrounding a small circular aperture ; a narrow but quite short portion of the tube succeeds, which soon widens to form the stout tube of which nearly the whole nephridium consists. I did not find funnels in the nephridia from the region behind the clitellum. Eudichogaster sp. From base of leaves of tall palm tree, Museum compound, Calcutta, 2S-vii-i909. A single specimen. The condition of the worm did not permit of a satisfactory examination, and mention is made of it only because of its peculiar habitat. 346 Records of the Indian Musemn. [Vol. XII, Gen. Dichogaster. Dichogastcr malayana (Horst). (Plate xxxiii, figs. 35, 36). Neyyatinkara, Travancore, 28-vi-i9ii. Two specimens. Since the original description (7) of this species is short, and indeed omits mention of some organs or systems altogether, I give an account of the specimens in the present collection. External Characters. — Length 30 mm., maximum diameter r'5 mm. Colour grey with dark clitellum. Segments 92. Prostomium proepilobous, hinder margin projecting back- wards as an angular process into segment I ; segment I partly divided in the midventral line by a median fissure leading back- wards from the margin of the mouth. The dorsal pores begin from furrow 5/6. The setae are closely paired and all ventrally situated. The relations may be expressed thus : — aa = he = ^ab == yd. The clitellum extends from segments xiii to xx inclusive. It is brown in colour, lighter along a midventral strip, and sharply marked off by a constriction at both ends. The prostatic apertures, on segments xvii and xix. are minute dots between the lines of setae a and 6 (? in line with a). The seminal grooves are straight, with only a slightly wavy course. The male pores were not visible. There are indications of slight transverse grooves between the prostatic pores of the same seg- ment, and thus a rectangular figure is outlined on the male area. The female aperture is perhaps in line with the setae of seg- ment xiv, single and midventral (?). The spermathecal apertures are in furrows 7/8 and 8/9, oppo- site the interval ab. Internal Anatomy. — One specimen was dissected and the other sectioned. The first septum probably represents 4/5 ; it is attached at the level of groove 4/5 below, but at that of 3/4 above. The next is septum 7/8, which envelopes the gizzard. Septa 10/ 11 to 12/13 are slightly thickened. The oesophagus is bulged in an annular fashion in front of the gizzards. The gizzards, in segments vi and vii, are not well divid- ed from each other; no septum is attached between them, and the separation is evidenced (apart from the examination of longi- tudinal sections) only by the wall of the thickened tube yielding under manipulation at a level corresponding to the line between the two. In sections however the muscular coat is easily seen to be interrupted for a narrow space. The oesophagus is continued, straight and fairly narrow, scarcely bulging at all, as far as seg- ment XV, where it dilates somewhat. Calcareous glands, all of about the same size, are present in xv, xvi and xvii. 1916.] J. Stephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 347 The micronephridia are present behind the clitellum in four rows on each side ; each is a flat plate like organ, subcircular in shape or rectangular with rounded corners. The rows nearly touch each other, and each organ being in longitudinal extent equal to about the length of a segment, the body wall is pretty completely lined by them, — probably entirely so in the natural condition of the parts. The lowest row on each side is smaller than the others, and there is occasionally a fifth, still more ventral ; if so it is also small. In the clitellar region the nephridia have more the ordinary form of twisted tubes. More anteriorly some are seen in the neighbourhood of the spermathecae, but none are visible, in the dissection, on the bodywall; they may be seen in sections in the male genital segments. Testes and funnels are free in segments x and xi. The seminal vesicles are in segments x and xi ; in the dissec- ted specimen none were present in xii. In the sectioned specimen a visicle was present on the right side in xii ; it was of racemose form, composed of small rounded masses, each stalked and attached to a stem which in turn was implanted on septum 11/12 ; the whole, though not of large size (smaller than those in the seg- ments in front), was still a conspicuous feature in the anatomy. The prostates are tubular, in segments xvii and xix. That in xvii lies behind the calcareous gland, that in xix behind the bulg- ing of the intestine, in the respective segments. They are verti- cally placed by the side of the alimentary tube, and the muscular duct is directed inwards from the lower end of the gland. The spermathecae (fig. 35) are contained in segments vii and viii. The ampulla is rather small, ovoid in shape, and divided from the duct by a marked constriction. The duct is at least of the same size as the ampulla, pear-shaped and narrowing gradually to the aperture ; the interior of the duct is occupied by a gelatin- ous-looking non-staining mass. A minute tag-like diverticulum is present in some, but not, apparently, in all; it arises from the duct on its anterior face at about the middle of its length. The penial setae (fig. 36) are of several types, (i) A slender form 3'5m in thickness, with straight shaft and thin flattened oar- like extremity ; the width of the flattened end is 6," . (2) A form which also presents a narrow shaft and expanded tip ; but the expanded portion is one-sided only; length "28 mm., thickness at middle of shaft 4/'. (3) A stout variety, breadth jii, shaft straight in its proximal, gently curved in its distal portion; the distal end presents a few blunt projections on its sides and on the concavity of the curve. (4) A mixed type combining the tip of the second and the stout shaft of the third variety ; the shaft shows a gentle, almost even curve, and tapers towards its free end ; the extreme point is furnished with a wing-like expansion on one side onl}-; length across the bend '3 mm., thickness at middle 6/x, at proximal end yr . 348 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol,. XII, Dichogastar affinis (Mchlsn.) Trivandrum, 20-vi-igii. Several specimens. The species has previously been recorded by me from Ceylon (22). I stated that in the single specimen available for examina- tion the organs of the anterior part of the body were displaced one segment forwards as compared with the normal condition. It is possible however that this may have been apparent only, and due to the small size and retraction of the first segment. Dichogaster bolaui (Mchlsn.) subsp palmicola (Eisen). Datar Hill, nr. Junagadh, Kathiawar, i-xii-1912 [S. P. Agharkar). A single specimen. From base of leaves of tall palm tree, Museum compound, Calcutta, 28- rvii-iQo8. Two specimens. From crown of palm tree, same place, 4-1-iyii. Two specimens. From base of leaf found on so-called Sago palm. Museum compound, Calcutta, 9-vii-i9i4. Several specimens. It is interesting to find this Pacific subspecies in Calcutta, where it is also " palmicolous." The specimens show a few depar- tures from the condition as originally described. The size is one of the most marked of these differences, Eisen (6) attributing to this form a length of 55 — 60 mm. , while the present specimens varied only between 16 and 21 mm. The dorsal pores began in all in furrow 5/6. The two gizzards are in segments vii and viii ; but as in D. malayana septum 7/8 is absent. The nephridia are in four rows. The penial setae are of two types :— (i) lycngth "34 mm., diameter 7/^ ; the shaft has a very slight /-shaped curve, and the tip is tapering, sharp and hooked. A few spines, not always con- fined to the concave side, stand off from the surface near the tip; these spines were about eight in number in one of the Kathiawar specimens, but were few (only about four) or entirely absent in one from Calcutta. (2) Length -32 mm., thickness near base 6/x, near tip only about 2'5/x ; the shaft shows a slight /"-shaped curve ; the tip is expanded to form a flat oval spatula- or oar-like blade about 4-5/1;. wide. There was no hint of a forking such as stated by Eisen for his specimens. Gen. Ocncrodrilus. Ocnerodrilus (Ocnerodrilus) occidentalism Eisen. Under flower-pots, Ross I., Andaman.s, 26-iii-i9n (C. Paiva). A number of specinsens. 1916.] J. vStephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 349 Fam. GLOSSOSCOIvECIDAE. Gen. Pontoscolex. Pontoscolex corethrurus (Fr. Miill.) Trivandrum. Several occasions in 1911. Numerous specimens. Vellany, 8-vi-iQii. Numerous specimens. Neyyatinkara, Travancore, y-vii-igii {Sliunkev Navayan). A number of specimens. In mud in flower-pots, Ross I., Andamans, 26-iii-l9ii (C Paiva). Several specimens. Gen. Glyphidrilus* Glyphidrilus annandalei, Mchlsn. Trivandrum, 23-ix-i9oi. Numerous specimens. Jaithy Field, Trivandrum, 5-i\-igo6. Numerous specimens. Trivandrum, 6-iii-i9ii. Numerous specimens. Vellany, 29-ii-i9ii. Numerous specimens, but only one mature. Neyyatinkara, Travancore, y-vii-igii (Sliuiiker Narayaii). Numerous specimens. The limits of the clitellum are indefinite; taking it as marked out by the brick-red colour, it extends from xiii to xxxix in one specimen of which a complete examination was made. There appeared to be an ovisac in segment xiv. The setae are widely paired; the relations are simple: — ab^ cd = ^aa; be is rather greater than aa; dd = aa, and both c and d are on the dorsal surface. Towards the posterior end the setae of a pair are closer together : — ab = cd = ^aa == ^bc ; dd = ^cd and so is considerably greater than aa. Glyphidrilus tuberosus, sp. nov. (Plate xxxiii, fig. 37). Kenduapatna Canal, Cuttack, 24-iii-i9io (B. L. Cliaudhuyi). Two specimens. Ponds at Pubhans, Cuttack, 28-iii-i9io {B. L. Chaiidliuri). Several specimens. Mud at edge of River Tista, Jalpaiguri, 3-vi-i9ii (.V. Annandale and .S". W. Kemp). Two specimens, immature. External Characters. — Length estimated at 60 mm. ; the speci- men, which was considerably curled, broke on the first slight effort at straightening it. Breadth 2*5 mm. average, 3 mm. maxi- mum. Colour a light brown, rather blotchy. Segments 221, all very short behind the clitellum. Behind the clitellum the dorsal surface is concave, and the ventral surface also flat or concave ; hence a transverse section would be four-sided, — more especially towards the hinder end of the body, where all four surfaces are flat or concave. At the posterior end the dorsal surface is the most extensive, and is considerably broader than the ventral, so that the sides converge downwards. The anus is dorso-terminal. 350 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, The prostomium is prolobous or ? zygolobous. The demarca- tion between the prostomium and the first segment is a shallow transverse valley rather than a definite fissure or groove. In front of the clitellum the setae are widely paired and rather irregular; ah is approximately equal to cd, and is half aa or less; aa is rather less than he; d is dorsally situated, and dd is greater than either aa or he. Behind the clitellum the setae are more regular, and are set at the angles of the transverse section ; aa = bc = 2ab= 2cd; dd is the greatest interval, and is equal to ^cd or nearly so. The clitellum extends from segment xiv, xv or xvi to xxviii or xxix (or xxx dorsally). The genital markings are of two kinds, a series of small papil- lae, and certain cauliflower-like excrescences. The papillae occur in three sets, — an anterior, on segments x to xii, a middle, on segments xvii to xix or on xviii and xix, and a posterior, on xxivto xxviii. They are small, white, rounded eleva- tions on the hinder parts of the segments to which they belong ; sometimes, where the segments are short and swollen, they appear on the anterior wall of the intersegmental groove, — they may in- deed be almost hidden in the groove. In the anterior set, there is a single midventral papilla on segment x, a midventral and others more laterally placed on xi and xii. The full number of the lateral papillae here appears to be two on each side, symmetrically placed, one between a and h, the other outside 6; some may be less definite than others, or one may be missing. The middle series of papillae (fig. 37) consists of a pair on seg- ment xvii, — one on each side near the middle line, internal to a ; a similar pair, with or without one more laterally placed (outside h), on xviii; and six on xix, viz., a pair near the middle line, as above, one on each side between a and 6, and one on each side outside b. There may be no papillae on xvii. In the posterior group also six, in the positions just described, appears to be the full number ; but any one or more may be absent in one or other segment, so that the number may dwindle to one only {e.g. in segment xxviii in fig. 37, where the single papilla is one of the median pair). The cauliflower-like outgrowths (fig. 37) are also variable; they may be described in a specimen in which they were well-marked. Extending ventro-laterally on the left side over segments xx to xxiii and partly on to xxiv also is a longitudinal crest or ridge, nairow from side to side, uneven, folded and notched; this ridge is well-marked only in the extent indicated, but it is continued for- wards very faintly, inclining slightl}^ dorsalwards, as far as xv or xiv. On the right side the ridge in segments xx to xxiii has grown out into a foliating tumour-Hke mass of numerous soft irregular closely apposed papillae ; the ventral surface of the mass is flat and of triangular shape, the apex of the triangle extending inwards to the line a ; as seen from the dorsal surface the mass is also triangu- 1916,] J. Stephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 351 lar and similar in appearance to what has just been described, but the separate papillae are not so well marked. Another papillose excrescence occurs dorsally on the left side on segment xxiv , this is a similar patch of soft closely set papillae, taking up the length of the segment, but much broader in a transverse direction, ex- tending indeed from the middorsal line nearly to the lateral line of the body. Some of the specimens, perhaps not fully mature, showed the lateral ridges but no cauliflower-like excrescences. Internal Anatomy. — Septum 4/5 is thin, 5/6 slightly and 6/7 somewhat thickened; 7/8 is moderately thickened, and is the strongest of the series; 8/9 to 11/12 are less thickened again, and 12/13 only slightly so. The degree of development of the gizzard varies in the two or three specimens dissected. In the first, though of moderate size, it was soft, thin-walled and vertically flattened, — i.e. in consider- able degree rudimentary ; in a second the wall was of moderate thickness, though the organ was still flattened dorso-ventrally ; in a third the gizzard was well developed and fairly firm, and cylin- drical in shape. The last-mentioned specimen would have been passed without comment in an ordinary way ; but the firmness of the gizzard was in part deceptive, as on opening it it was found to be full of earth. The gizzard is contained in segment vii ; in the last instance it extended also into the hinder part of vi. There are no calcareous glands. The intestine begins in seg- ment XV. The last heart is in xi. Testes and funnels are present in segments x and xi (testes not identified in xi). The vesiculae seminales are four pairs, in segments ix to xii. Those in ix, on the anterior face of septum 9/10, are large and smooth ; those in x, on the anterior face of lo/ii are smaller, and only slightly cut up into lobes; those in xi, on the posterior face of lo/ii, are of the same size as the last, regularly ovoid and not lobed; the last pair, attached to the posterior surface of 11/12, are large, lobed and meet each other dorsally above the alimentary canal. The ovaries occupy their usual position. Ovisacs are present in segment xiv; they were much flattened against the posterior face of septum 13/14 (being empty), but were of considerable ver- tical and transverse extent. The spermathecae are situated in segments xiv and xv. They are small subspherical or somewhat irregular sacs, each with a short thin duct as a stalk, and without diverticula. The duct runs forwards towards the anterior boundary of the segment, and there- fore debouches into the groove 13/14 or 14/15 as the case may be; at least the attachment to the parietes is nearer the anterior than the posterior septum of the segment. In number there are either three or four on each side in each segment, — three in both seg- ments on the right side, four in the anterior and three in the pos- terior on the left side. The two externally placed sacs are in line 352 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, with setae a and b, the third is between b and c, and the fourth in line with c. Each spermatheca is about large enough to fill out the longitudinal extent of a segment. * Fam. IvUMBRICIDAE. Gen. Helodrilus. Hclodrilus (Bimastus) parvus (Eisen). Edge of small stream, Barogh, Simla Hills, 5000 ft., lo-v-igio (A''. Ainiandale). Two specimens Kasauli, Simla Hills, 6000 ft., Aug. and Sept., 1915 {Bai>n Prashad). Numerous specimens. Helodrilus (Bimastus) constrictus (Rosa). Darjiling, ca. 6000 ft., April 1914 (CarmicJioel collection). Three speci- mens, one immature. The clitellum begins on segment xxvi, but it extends behind so as to include xxxii, — the whole of it dorsally, and a half and two-thirds of it ventrally. Pigmentation is wanting ; and there are no papillae in the re- gions of setae ab of xvi. The agreement is therefore not very close, but it hardly seems worth while making a new species or variety for these specimens. Helodrilus (Bimastus) eiseni (Levins.) Painsur, above Lohba, 8000 ft., 23-iv-i9i4 (Col. Tytler). A single speci- men, not fully mature. The identification is not absolutely certain ; the species has been recorded from Kumaon district. HcIodrilus(Eisenia) foctida (Sav.) Simla, \V. Himalayas, 7000 ft., 9-V-1910 (A^. Aiinandale). Four speci- mens. Same place and collector. 12 — 13-V-1913. A single specimen. REFERENCES TO LITERATURE. Beddard, F. E. .. Contributions to the Anatomy of Earthworms, with descriptions of some new species. Quart. Journ Micr. Sci., n. s., vol. XXX, 1890. Bourne, A. G. .. On Indian Earthworms, Pt. i. Pre- liminary Notice of Earthworms from the Nilgiris and Shevaroys. Proc. Zool. Sac, 1886. Ih. . . Notes on the Naidiform Oligochaeta. . . Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., n. s., vol. XXXII, 1891. 1916.J J. Stephenson : Indian Oligochaeta. 353 4. Bourne, A. G. . . On Moniligaster grandis A. G. B. from the Nilgeris, S. India ; together with descriptions of other species of the genus Moniligaster. Ih., vol. XXXVI, 1894. 5. Cognetti de Martiis, L. . . A contribution to our knowldge of the OHgochaeta of Travancore. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. VII, 191 1. 6. Eisen, G. . . Pacific Coast Oligochaeta, II. Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. II, no. 5, 1896. 7. Horst, R. . . Zool. Ergebn. Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien. Hrsg. M. Weber, vol. III. Leiden, 1890-97. 8. Martin, C. H. . . Notes on some Oligochaets found on the Scottish Loch Survey. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. XXXVIII, 1907. 9. Michaelsen, W. .. Oligochaeta in : Das Tierreich. Berlin, 1900. 10. lb. . . Oligochaeten von Peradeniya auf Cey- lon, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Einflusses botanischer Garten auf die Einschleppung pere- griner Thiere, SB. Bohm. Ges., vol. XL, 1903. 11. lb. . . Die Oligochaten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Zeit. /. wiss. Zool., vol. LXXXII, 1905. 12. lb. . . The Oligochaeta of India, Nepal, Ceylon, Burma and the Andaman Is. Mem.Ind. Mus., vol. I, no. 3, 1909. 13. lb. .. Oligochaeta und Hirudinea, in: Die Siisswasser fauna Deutschlands , Heft 13, 1909. 14. lb. . . Die Oligochatenfauna der vorderin- dischceylonischen Region. Abh. aus dem Geb. der Naturw. Nat. Verein Hamburg, Bd. XIX, Heft V, 19 10. 15. lb. . . Uber einige zentralamerikanische Oligo- chaten. Arch. f. Naturgesch., 78 Jahrg. Abt. A. 1912. 16. lb. . . Oligochaten von Travancore und Borneo. Mitt, aus dem Naturh. Mus. in Ham- burg, vol. XXX, 1913. 17. Piguet, E. . . Observations sur les Naididees et revi- sion systematique de quelques especes de cette famille. Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. XIV, 1906. 18. lb. . . Nouvelles observations sur les Naidi- dees. lb., vol. XVII, 1909. 19. Piguet, E. and Bretscher, K. .. Oligochetes, in: Cat. des Invertebres de la Suisse, Fasc. 7. Geneva, 1913. 20. Stephenson, J. . . The Anatomy of some aquatic Oligo- chaeta from the Punjab. Mem. Ind. Mus., vol. I, no. 3, 1909. 354 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi.. XII, 19 16.] 21. Stephenson, J. .. Studies on the aquatic Oligochaeta of the Punjab, Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. V, 1910. 22. lb. . . On a collection of Oligochaeta mainly from Ceylon Spolia Zeylanica, vol. VIII, 1912. 23. Ih. .. Oligochaeta, in: Zoological Results of the Abor Expedition, xxix. Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. VIII, 1914. 24. lb. . . On a collection of Oligochaeta mainly from Northern India. lb., vol. X, 1914. 25. lb. . . On some Indian Oligochaeta mainly from vSouthern India and Ceylon. Mem. Ind. Mus.^ vol. VI, 1915. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX. Fig. I. — Ventral seta of Slavina sp. X 500. ,, 2. — Ventral seta from second segment of Stylaria kempi; X 540. ,, 3. — Hinder end of Aulophorus furcatus (specimen from Khed). ,, 4. — Drawida jalpaigurensis; prostate of left side. y, 5. — The same; diagrammatic sketch to show relation of parts near spermathecal aperture; a., atrium; at. s., atrial sac; d., spermathecal duct; s., septum 7/8. ,, 6. — Megascolides tenmalai var. karakulamensis ; male area. ,, 7- — The same; spermatheca. ,, 8. — Megascolides oneilli f.ty pica-, prostate. Rec. Ind. Mug., Vol. XI!, 1916 Plate XXX. ^ OL: \. XVIII 6. J.S. del. INDIAN OLIGOCHAETA. A . Chowdha-ryilith. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI. Fig. 9. — Lampito duhius ; meganephridium from middle of body, to show the general relations of the parts, the fun- nels, stout and slender loops; a., stout loop; &., slender loop; /., funnels. 10. — Perionyx pulvinatus ; region of male pores. II. — The same; spermatheca. 12. — Perionyx pincerna ; region of male pores. 13. — The same; penial seta. 14. — Perionyx inornatus ; penial seta. 15. — Perionyx parvulus; penial seta. 16. — Perionyx fulvus ; penial seta. 17. — Perionyx sp. ; male genital area. 18. — The same ; penial seta. 19. — Notoscolex gravely i ; spermatheca. Rec. Ind. Mus, Vol. XII, 1916. Plate XXXJ. XVIllif. 11. XVI /<^. 13. /5. 16. XV!1! J.S. del. 18. INDIAN OLIGOCHAETA EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII. Fig, 20. — Notoscolex gravely i ; penial seta, a, slightly magnified, to show the general form; h, highly magnified, the distal end only. 21. — Megascolex cingulatus ; spermatheca. a, the whole spermatheca, the dotted lines showing the course of the duct behind the ampulla; &, diverticulum only, from another organ, showing a different condition of the secondary diverticula, rather more highly magni- fied. ,, 22. — Megascolex insignis; spermatheca. ,, 23. — Megascolex pentagonalis; male genital area, c^ points to position of male aperture. ,, 24. — The same; spermatheca. ,, 25. — Megascolex trivandr anus ) male genital area. ,, 26. — The same; spermatheca. ,, 27. — Pheretima trivandr ana; prostate. Rec. lTid.Mus.,Vo].Xlf,]916. Plate XXXIL Z1. zo. XVIII. Z3. .^ ^4. ZZ. XVIII Z5. J.S.del. INDIAN OLIGOCHAETA. Z7. A.ChowdharyJith. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII. Fig. 28. — Pheretima trivandrana; spermatheca . ,j 29. — The same; spermatheca viewed under the low power after clearing, to show the chambers in the diverti- culum. ,, 30. — Pheretima kuchingensis ; spermatheca. a, the whole organ, showing the micronephridia covering the duct; h, diverticulum of another organ, showing a small secondary diverticulum. ,, 31. — Octochaetus surensis; spermatheca. J, 32. — Octochaetus harkudensis \ penial seta. ,, 33, — The same ; copulatory seta, ,, 34. — Euty phoeus annandalei var. fulgidus; penial seta. ,, 35. — Dichogaster malayana; spermatheca seen by transpa- rency after clearing. J, 36. — The same; penial setae, a, b, the two types numbered I and 3 in the text ; c (2 in text) resembles a except that the thin expansion is one-sided only. ,, 37. Glyphidrilus tuberosus ; segments xviii to xxviii from the ventral surface, showing the papillae in this re- gion, with the ventro-lateral ridge on one side and the cauliflower-like excrescence on the other. Rec. Ind. Mus.,Vol.XII, 1916. Plate XXxlH. ^9. 3Z. 33 37. J.S.del. INDIAN OLIGOCHAETA A. Chowdhai_y, lith. XX. NOTES ON CRUSTACEA DECAPOD A IN THE INDIAN MUSEUM. VI. Indian Crangonidae. By Stanley Kemp, B.A., Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India. (Plate VIII.) The number of Crangonidae known from Indian seas has been considerably increased by recent work in shallow water on various parts of the coast. In dealing with the additional material that has come to hand I have thought it useful to include references to all the known Indian forms and to construct keys to facilitate the identification of the species of Pontophihcs and Aegeon. Six species hitherto unknown are described, all belonging to the genus Pontopliilus, while, thanks to the assistance of Dr. W. T. Caiman, I have been able to rectify certain errors in the nomen- clature of two species of Aegeon. In a previous paper in this series ^ I expressed the view that Philocheras, St^bhmg{^= Ch era philiis, Kinahan, partim) could not be sustained as a distinct genus, but must be merged in Pontophilus. In examining the new forms of this genus a point hitherto over- looked has come to light, namely, that in certain species there are considerable differences between the sexes in the form of the pleopods. The modifications of these appendages are not only of interest as evidence of the affinities of the different species, they also, as it appears to me, afford a valuable clue to the origin of the various genera of the famil}?- and point to lines of descent very different from those suggested by Ortmann in 1890. I have thought it best to discuss the structure of these appendages and the phylogenetic conclusions which may be derived from them under a separate heading at the end of the paper. In all eighteen species of Crangonidae are now known from Indian waters, ten belonging to the genus Pontophilus, six to Aegeon and one each to Prionocrangon and Crangon. Genus Pontophilus, Leach. The six undescribed Indian species of this genus were obtained, two from Kilakarai at the northern end of the Gulf of Mannar 1 Rec. Ind. Mms., VI, p. 5 (1911) 356 Records 0/ the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, and four from Port Blair in the Andamans. One of the new forms, P. incisus, is a very close ally of the Atlantic and Mediterranean P. sculptus, the remainder are sharply distinguished from all species previously described by well-marked characters found in the sculp- ture of the carapace and abdomen and in the form of the rostrum, lateral process of the antennule, antennal scale and first two pairs of legs. In some of the species there are considerable differences be- tween the sexes in the form of the last four pairs of pleopods, a feature discussed in detail on p. 381, and other sexual distinctions of an unusual nature are met with in P. lowisi and P. Candidas. In the former the antennal scale, which is remarkable for the possession in both male and female of a series of spinules on its outer margin, shows wide differences in form in the two sexes. In the latter a conspicuous spine in the mid-dorsal line of the carapace is present in the male and absent in the female, a remarkable distinction when the great constancy of the armature of the carapace in other spe- cies is remembered. The ten Indian species of Pontophilus may be distinguished thus : — I. — P'irst peraeopods with rudimentary exopod ; second pe- raeopods very short, not reaching distal end of merus of first pair, their chela well formed with curved fingers ; lateral process of antennular peduncle styli- form, much longer than broad. A. Median carina of carapace with two spines ... gracilis, Smith. B. Median carina of carapace with three spines ... «6_V55?', Smith. '!• — First peraeopods without exopod; second peraeopods longer, reaching beyond carpus of first pair, their chela ill-formed with parallel fingers; lateral process of an- tennular peduncle not styliform, usually subquadrate and broader than long. A. A median longitudinal carina on carapace and on 3rd, 4th and 5th abdominal somites [ros- trum bread distally, anterior margin squarely truncate or concave]. 1. Outer margin of antennal scale armed with a spine or a series of spinules in addition to a terminal spine. a. Carapace with five carinae bearing spines; a single additional spine on outer margin of antennal scale, placed near base ; merus of first peraeopods with a single spine at distal end of outer margin ; first four abdominal somites with strong lateral sculpture ... incisus, sp. nov. b. Carapace without spines and without lateral carinae ; a series of spinules on outer margin of antennal scale ; merus of first peraeopods with three spines at distal end of outer mar- gin ; lateral sculpture of first four abdomi- nal somites feeble ... ... lo-ivisi, sp. no\-. 2. Antennal scale without additional spines on outer margin ; [carapace with spines and lateral carinae ; first four abdominal somites with strong lateral sculpture.] ... ... snbsechotn, Kemp. B. No median longitudinal carinae on carapace or abdomen. 1916.] vS. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 357 1 . Lateral margins of rostrum anteriorly divergent, apex broad, squarely truncate [carapace with one mid-dorsal spine in male only ; two pairs of lateral spines in both sexes] ... ... candidiis, sp. nov. 2. Lateral margins of rostrum anteriorly conver- gent, apex narrow, rounded or pointed, a. Rostrum of good size, separating the eyes ; carapace with one or more teeth in median line ; dactylus of second peraeopods not narrower than fixed finger, i. Carapace pubescent with three teeth in mid- dorsal line [four pairs of lateral teeth on carapace ; lateral process of antennular peduncle anteriorly spinose] .. ... pilosus, s^. noy. ii. Carapace not pubescent with only a single tooth in mid-dorsal line. o. Three pairs of lateral teeth on carapace ; lateral process of antennular peduncle anteriorly pointed; "thumb" of sub- chela formed of a single articulated tooth ... .. ... plebs, sp. nov. B. No lateral teeth on carapace ; lateral pro- cess of antennular peduncle anteriorly truncate; "thumb " of subchela formed of two teeth, closely juxtaposed and not articulated ... ... ... Jienclersoi?i, Kemp. h. Rostrum exceedingly small, eyes contiguous ; carapace without teeth in median line ; dactylus of second peraeopods \'er)' slender, less than half the breadth of fixed finger ... parvirostris,^-^. now Pontophilus gracilis, Smith. 1901. Pontophilus gracilis, Alcock, Cat. Indian deep-sea Crust. Macrura and Anomala, p. 115. 1905. Pontophilus gracilis. Stabbing, Afarine Invest. S. Africa, IV, p. 49, pi. XXV. Pontophilus abyssi, Smith. [<)oi. Pontophilus abyssi, Alcock, Cat. Indian deep-sea Crust. Macnira and A)W7nala, p. 1 16. Pontophilus incisus, sp. nov. (Plate viii, fig. i.) The rostrum is longitudinally channelled; its sides are almost parallel and its distal border, in dorsal view, is strongly concave. The actual apex is rounded, but is abruptly deflexed at a right angle and can therefore be seen only from in front. The sides of the rostrum and the orbital margins are clothed with long hairs which partially conceal the eyes. On the carapace a shallow groove extends transversely across the base of the rostrum. In the mid-dorsal line there is a rather obscure interrupted carina composed of four short ridges. The first of these ridges ends anteriorly in a conspicuous tooth just behind the trans- verse groove mentioned above; the second, which is very feebly developed, usually terminates in a minute denticle; the third is 358 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, well elevated and its margin in lateral view is a little uneven ; the fourth is distinct and ends abruptly. The first lateral carinae are not parallel, but converge anteriorly. Each is composed of a num- ber of short ridges ending anteriorly in denticles. The foremost ridge is short and terminates in a comparatively large tooth placed a little behind the first of those in the median line. The small teeth or denticles on the two ridges posterior to it are also well formed, while the remainder are minute and can only be seen with difficult3^ At the posterior end of the carapace there are a few additional short ridges, some bearing denticles, between the median and the first lateral carinae. The second lateral carina is also Fig. I. — Pontophiliis {iicisiis, sp. nov. Antennule. c. First peraeopod. b. Antennal scale. d. Second peraeopod. composed of interrupted ridges, the foremost ending in a stout hepatic tooth situated in advance of the primary median tooth. The ridge flanking the hepatic tooth is comparatively long and is succeeded by another, also of considerable length, which ends in a conspicuous tooth; the remaining ridges, three or four in number, are short and each may or may not bear a small denticle. There are sharp orbital and branchiostegal spines, the latter being the longer and extending beyond the level of the rostral apex. Except for the ridges, the entire carapace is covered with a fine pubescence and also, in many cases, bears several upstanding tufts of long setae. 1916,] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 359 The corneal portion of the eye is reniform in outline. The basal segment of the antennular peduncle (text-fig. la) is longitud- inally keeled below and usually bears a small tooth near its prox- imal end. Its lateral process is transversely oblong with the outer distal angle somewhat drawn out and projecting forwards. The second and third segments of the peduncle are extremely short, the two combined being scarcely half the length of the first. The antennal scale (text-fig. ih) is broadest near the base and is narrowed strongly towards the apex. It is about three times as long as broad and the short spine which terminates its outer margin extends by almost its whole length beyond the apex of the lamella. On the outer margin, at the end of the proximal quarter is a single stout tooth, recalling that found in P. sculptus ^ but placed much nearer the base. The margin behind this tooth is strongly convex and that in front of it slightly concave. The outer maxillipedes reach beyond the tip of the antennal scale by almost the entire length of the ultimate segment. The first peraeopods (text-fig. ic) are a little shorter than the outer maxillipedes and do not possess exopods. The spine on the outer margin of the merus is strong and, as in P. sculptus, is terminal in position. On the distal margin of the carpus there are two external spines. The propodus is nearly three and a half times as long as wide and the "thumb" of the subchela is ex- ceptionally large and strong. At their base the first peraeopods are separated, in both sexes, by a sharp forwardly directed sternal tooth. The second peraeopods (text fig. i^) are clothed with long hairs and reach beyond the end of the carpus of the first pair by almost the entire length of the chela. The carpus is about one fifth shorter than the merus and nearly one fifth longer than the chela. The chela, as in allied species, is weakly constructed, without incurved claws at the apex. The fingers are of equal breadth and length and the palm is exceptionally short, occupying only about one fifth the length of the chela. The slender third peraeopods reach beyond the tip of the antennal scale by the two terminal segments and by one third the length of the carpus. The latter segment is nearly one and a half times the length of the merus, twice the length of the ischium and one and a half times the length of the propodus and dactylus combined. The propodus is equal in length with the ischium and is two and a half times as long as the dactylus. In the last two peraeopods, which are similar, the four distal segments are practically glabrous ; those of the fourth pair reach beyond the antennal scale by the length of the dactylus. The merus in this pair is a trifle longer than the dactylus, four fifths the length of the propodus and nearly twice as long as the carpus. The dactylus is almost three quarters the length of the propodus. The abdominal segments are deeply grooved and incised, much as in P. sculptus, the depressed portions being pubescent and the raised portions glabrous. On the first five somites the sculpture is 360 Records; of the Indian M iiseuni. [Vol, XII, transverse for the most part ; but there is a sharp longitudinal mid- dorsal carina in the posterior three quarters of the third somite, a pair of juxtaposed carinae, fused posteriorly, in the same position on the fourth somite and a similar pair of carinae, slightly diver- gent posteriorly, on the fifth. On the sixth somite the only sculp- ture consists of a pair of longitudinal carinae separated b3^ a broad flat interspace. The pleura of the first four somites are pointed below, bluntly in the female, rather more sharply in the male. The pleopods show marked sexual differences. In the male the endopod of the last four pairs is comparatively well developed and possesses an appendix interna. In the female the endopod is reduced in size and is extremely small in the case of the last pleo- pod : the appendix interna is present in the second pair, but is much smaller than in the male ; in the third and fourth pairs it is quite rudimentary and from the fifth it is entirely absent. The outer uropod is shorter than the inner and is very slender, nearly four times as long as broad. The telson is scarcely longer than the inner uropod and is also very slender, It is sulcate above and bears two pairs of small dorso-lateral spinules. The lower edges are fringed with long setae and distally it terminates in a sharp point, flanked by a pair of short spinules and bearing two pairs of long finely plumose setae. Large females reach a length of 18 mm.; the males are smaller, not exceeding 15 mm., and are apparently much less abundant. The eggs are about 0'4X0'3 mm. in longer and shorter diameter. Pontophilus incisus is a remarkably close ally of P. sculptus, Bell, a species known from the Mediterranean and from the French and British coasts.' In all conspicuous characters there is a very close similarity between the two forms, but differences in detail are sufficiently^ numerous to justify their specific separation. In P. incisus there is only one strong tooth in the mid-dorsal line of the carapace, whereas in P. sculptus there are almost invariably two. In P. incisus, also, the antennal scale is narrower and the tooth on its outer margin is placed near the base instead of in the mid- dle. In both species the spine on the outer margin of the merus of the first peraeopods is terminal and not sub-terminal as in some other species of the genus ; in P. incisus^ however, the anterior edge of the merus between this spine and the articulation of the carpus is entire, bearing only a few hairs, whereas in P. sculptus two or three additional spines are found in this position. In P. incisus, moreover, the lateral process of the antennular peduncle is more pointed distally, the subchela is more slender, the palm of the second peraeopods shorter and the dactyli of the last two peraeopods comparatively longer. In a previous paper * I have remarked on the presence of the appendix interna in P. sculptus ; but I failed to notice that in the ' I have compared the Indian species with specimens of P. sculptus from the Irisli Sea. 2 Kemp, Rec. Ind. Mus., VI, p. 10 (iqii i. 1916.J vS. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 361 development of this appendage there were marked sexual differ- ences. The condition in P. sculptus is, in fact, precisely the same as has been described above in the case of the related Indian form. As regards the characteristic tooth on the outer edge of the antennal scale, I noted, in the paper cited above, that it was apparentl}^ absent in a single Mediterranean example of P. sculp- tus preserved in the Indian Museum. Further examination of this individual shows that the tooth is indeed present, but situated at the proximal end of the scale. The specimen is, in fact, in all points identical with the types of P. incisus and differs from P. scm//)^ws in the characters noted above. It is labelled "Mediter- ranean" without more precise locality and is said to have been received from E. Cornalia, from whom Wood-Mason obtained a large number of Mediterranean Decapoda. From Heller's descrip- tion/ however, it seems clear that the true P. sculptus occurs in the Mediterranean, for in his description of the antennal scale he says " am Seitenrande ausser dem endstandigen stachel mit einem zweiten beilaufig in der Mitte." It is probable therefore that some mistake has arisen and that the specimen, said to have been found in the Mediterranean, was in realit}' obtained in Indian waters. In life Pontophiiiis incisus is closely mottled with dark grey and brown, the colouration being apparently protective. All the specimens in the collection are from the Andaman Is. — ss>3.i Andamans, 20 fms. 'Investigator.' i, 10 mm. ssiLOz.?: Port Blair, Andamans, S. Kemp. 41, 7-18 mm. 2-12 fms. The specimens from Port Blair, among which the types of the species (9070/10) are included, were obtained in the channel off Ross I. on a rough bottom composed of sand, stones, shells and coral. Pontophilus lowisi, sp. nov. (Plate viii, fig. 2.) The rostrum is longitudinally channelled above ; its lateral margins are curved and strongly divergent distally. The anterior margin is very broad and, in dorsal view, a little concave. The true apex is sharply deflexed ; it has a rounded margin and is visible only from in front. On the carapace there is no trace of the transverse groove be- hind the rostrum which occurs in most species. In the mid- dorsal line there is a longitudinal carina which extends close up to the base of the rostrum. Throughout the greater part of its length this carina is obscure; but for a short distance just behind the middle of the carapace it is sharp and well defined and owing to its greater elevation is distinct in lateral view. A feeble groove runs obliquely forwards and downwards on either side of the cara- ' Heller, Crust. si'idlicJi. Etiropn. p. 228/1863). 362 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, pace terminating just above the sharp branchiostegal spine. This spine reaches to the level of the rostral apex and extends far in advance of that which defines the outer orbital angle. Except for those on its frontal margin the carapace is entirel^^ devoid of spines and, except for that in the mid-dorsal line, it is without carinae. The carapace does not appear to be pubescent. The basal segment of the antennular peduncle is about one and a half times the length of the second and third combined; its lateral process is oval (text-fig. 2a). The antennal scale differs notably in the two sexes In the female (text-fig. 26') it is scarcely more than twice as long as broad Fig. 2. — Poiitophihis loivisi, sp. nov. a. Antennule. b'. Antennal scale of female. b. Antennal scale of male. c. First peraeopod. d. Second peraeopod. and the lamella, though narrowed, is of considerable breadth at its distal end. In the male (text fig. 26), it is almost three times as long as broad and the lamella slopes sharply away from the base of the distal tooth. The outer margin in both sexes bears numerous spines, in this respect differing from all known species of the genus. In the female the margin is straight or very shghtly concave and bears some 12 or 13 spines which increase in size from behind forwards. In the male the margin is strongly sinuous, convex in the middle and concave towards the distal end. It bears from 9 to 11 spines, similar to those of the female, but they are restricted to the basal convex portion of the margin and do not extend on to the concave part nearer the apex. 1916.] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 363 The third maxillipecles reach ahnost or quite to the end of the antennal scale. The combined length of the two subequal distal segments is not greater than that of the antepenultimate. The latter segment bears a few small spinules at the distal end of its lower margin and the exopod, when naturally flexed, reaches but little beyond the middle of its length. The first peraeopods (text-fig. 2c) reach a little further than the third maxillipedes. The merus at its outer distal angle bears three stout curved spines and there is a single external spine near the distal end of the carpus. The subchela is a little more than three times as long as broad ; the " thumb " is large and sharp as in P. incisus. The first legs are separated at their base by a large forwardly directed sternal tooth. The second peraeopods (text-fig. 2d) are clothed with long hairs and reach beyond the carpus of the first pair ; the merus is as long as the carpus and chela combined, the carpus is one and a third times the length of the chela and the fingers are a little less than one and a half times as long as the palm. Each finger bears a slender spine at its apex, but the spines are not curved and the claw is apparently without cutting edges. The fixed finger is a little broader than the dact5dus. The third peraeopods reach beyond the antennal scale by the length of the two ultimate segments. The proportions are much the same as in P. incisus, but the propodus and dactylus are com- paratively a trifle longer, their combined lengths being almost three quarters that of the carpus. The fourth and fifth pairs bear scattered setae on the propo- dus. The fifth reach beyond the scale by about half the length of the dactylus. The propodus in this limb is two and a half times the length of the carpus and is a quarter longer than the subequal merus and dactylus. Seen under a high power of the microscope the anterior margins of the merus and carpus have a roughened appearance, as though they were studded with small tubercles. The abdomen in a dried specimen shows faint indications of sculpture, very shallow transverse grooves and elevations being visible on the first four segments. In the posterior half of the second somite and over the greater part of the third and fourth there are sharp longitudinal mid-dorsal carinae. Those on the second and third somites are simple, but that on the fourth is longirudinally grooved in the middle and thus has the appearance of a double carina fused at either end. There are two short dorsal carinae on the fifth somite and a pair of similar widely-separated carinae, which are exceedingly obscure, on the sixth. The pleura are not pointed inferiorly. The pleopods of the male resemble those of P. incisus, the endopod of the last four pairs is well developed and carries an appendix interna. In the female, as in P. incisus and P. sculptus, the endopod is greatly reduced and the appendix interna, found in those species in a rudimentary condition on the second, third and fourth pairs, is entirely suppressed. 364 Rcxoyds of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, The outer uropod is a little shorter than the inner and bears long setae on its outer, as well as on its inner margin; it is a little more than three times as long as broad. The telson reaches about to the apex of the inner uropod ; it is deeply sulcate above with two pairs of dorso-lateral spinules and in the form of its apex resembles P. incisus. This species is, I believe, the smallest known Macruran. It is smaller even than P. sabsechota, Kemp, the largest individual in the collection, an oviserous female, being slightly less than 75 mm. in total length. The eggs are comparatively large for such a small species; when not eyed and to all appearances freshly extruded they are about 034 X 0-27 mm. in longer and shorter diameter; when fully eyed and ready to hatch they measure about o*48xo'36mm. Pontophiltis lowisi is perhaps distantly related to P. bidentatus , de Haan ', and P. japonicus, Doflein*^, but from both these species it differs conspicuousl}' in the form of the carapace and in the presence of a series of spines on the outer edge of the antennal scale. The colouring of the species differed considerably in specimens from different localities. Individuals found on a muddy bottom were for the most part densely pigmented with grey and brown, the last abdominal somite and tail-fan being colourless except for a dark transverse band on the latter. Specimens from sandy ground were much lighter in colour, often quite pale and sometimes with one or two transverse brown bands. In one example from this t^^^pe of bottom the pigmentation is very peculiar, the carapace being deep amber brow a, the abdomen white with transverse bars of brown on the fifth somite and tail-fan and the antennules bright red. -^0-'"'"^ Port Blair, Andamans, 3-12 i'ms. S. Kemp. 69, 4'5-75 mm. Specimens were found oft' Ross I. and in various other parts of the harbour, but were most abundant at the inner end on a muddy bottom. The types of the species are numbered 9074/10 in the Indian Museum register. With this species I have associated the name of Mr. R. F. Lowis, Deputy Superintendent of Port Blair, to whom I am much indebted for assistance during my visit to the Andamans. Pontophilus sabsechota, Kemp. 1911. Puntop/iiliis sabsechota, Kemp, Kec. liid. Jl/iis.. \'l, p. 0, pi. ii, Hgs. 11-14. A male from Port Blair, only 8 mm. in length, agrees in most particulars with the type, a female. The distal margin of the 1 l)e Haan, in Siebold's Fauna Japonlca, p. 183, pi. xlv, fig. 14 (1849J and Balss, Abhandl. tnath.-phys. Klasse K. Bayer. Akad . Wiss. Munchen, Suppl. Bd. II, p. 68, text-fig. 41 "(1914). 2 Doflein. Abhaudl. math.-phys. Klasse K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Mi'oiclien. -XXI. p. r>2i, pi. iii, fig. 6, and text-fig. p. 622 (1902). 1916.] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 365 rostrum is, however, more definitely concave in dorsal view and the anterior tooth of the second lateral carina of the carapace is less acute. The outer margin of the merus of the first legs terminates in a small spine and two similar spines exist between it and the articulation of the carpus : these spines do not exist in the type. The dactylus of the second legs is proportionately shorter than in the female, less than twice the length of the palm. The dorsal carina of the fourth abdominal somite is feebly channelled longitu- dinally ; that of the fifth is similar in its anterior half, but poste- riorly it is split into two divergent branches. On either side of the median line in the third, fourth and fifth somites are short but well defined carinae, which are transverse on the third but take a more oblique direction on the two succeeding somites. In the tj^pe specimen these lateral carinae are obsolete and the median keel of the fourth somite does not appear to be bifurcated posteriorly. In the pkopods there is a wide difference between the sexes. The endopod of the last four pairs is well developed in the female ; but in the male is exceedingly small in the second, third and fourth pairs and is entirely absent from the fifth. In life the male was almost pure white in colour with a black spot in front of the median tooth of the carapace, a pair of similar spots on either side between the fiist and second lateral carinae and a pair near the posterior margin. There were transverse bars of black pigment on the fourth abdominal somite and on the tail-fan, a black band near the distal end of the subchela and three similar bands on the fourth leg, situated on the ischium merus and propodus, -■'-j*f~- Port Blair, Andaman^, 6 fms. S. Kemp. i (^ , 8 mm. « Pontophilus candidus, sp. nov. (Plate viii, fig, 3.) The rostrum is flat and not channelled longitudinally ; its lat- eral margins are curved, convergent from the base to the middle and divergent from the middle onwards. The distal end, seen in dorsal view, is abruptly and squarely truncate. The true apex of the rostrum is sharply deflexed ; it is visible onh^ from in front and has a broadly convex margin. The carapace is entirel}^ devoid of carinae ; its surface, though smooth to the naked eye, is microscopically scabrous. The trans- verse depression usually found behind the rostrum is obsolete. The spinulation shows a remarkable difference in the two sexes. In the male there is a sharp spine in the median line a little behind the base of the rostrum, but of this in the female there is no trace. In both sexes there is a sharp hepatic spine, situated about on the same level as the dorsal spine of the male, and below and in advance of it is another conspicuous spine situated behind the branchiostegal angle. In the male there is a short longitudinal groove above the hepatic spine and another beneath it, shallower 366 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, and considerably longer, extending almost to the posterior margin of the carapace. The branchiostegal angle is sharp and reaches the level of the rostral apex. On the margin immediately beneath it is a small spinule. The basal segment of the antennular peduncle (text- fig. 3a) is broad, its outer distal angle is bluntly produced. The lateral pro- cess is transversely oval with a straight posterior margin and a sharp point at its antero-external angle. The antennal scale (text- fig. 36) is broad, not more than two and a third times as long as wide; the outer margin is a trifle sinuous and terminates in a sharp spine which does not reach nearly as far forwards as the distal end of the lamella. The third maxillipedes reach a httle beyond the end of the Fig. 3. — Pontophilus candidus, sp. nov. a. Antennule. c. First peraeopod. h. Antennal scale. d. Second peraeopod. antennal scale ; the ultimate segment is decidedly longer than the antepenultimate. The first peraeopods (text-fig. 3c) reach a little beyond the third maxillipede and do not possess an exopod. The outer edge of the merus terminates in a single stout tooth and the margin between this tootn and the carpal articulation is entire. The carpus bears two spines on its outer distal margin. The subchela is little more than two and a half times as long as wide ; the cut- ting margin is strongly oblique and the spine which forms the ' thumb' is extremely long and slender and is remarkable in that it is articulated and movable. The first legs are not separated at their base by the forwardly directed sternal tooth found in some other species of the genus. The second peraeopods (text-fig. 3^) reach beyond the carpus of the first pair and are lightly clothed with hair. The merus is 1916.] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 367 long, more than twice the length of the carpus ; the chela is a little shorter than the carpus. The fingers are a trifle shorter than the palm; they are of equal breadth, without definite cutting margins, and each bears at its apex a single stout seta serrated on the inner side. The third peraeopods reach beyond the end of the first by the two ultimate segments. The carpus is one third the length of the merus and is a little shorter than the propodus and dactylus com- bined. In the fourth pair the propodus is the longest segment, nearly a quarter longer than the merus, a trifle longer than the carpus, and about ry times the length of the dactylus. The abdomen is quite smooth, without trace of sculpture; the lower margins of the pleura are rounded. The pleopods resemble those of P. lowisi. The endopod of the last four pairs in the female is greatly reduced and shows no trace of an appendix in- terna. In the male the endopod is better developed and in all four pairs is provided with a well formed appendix. The outer uropod is shorter than the inner and is about three times as long as broad; its external margin is without setae, except for a few at the distal end. The telson reaches about as far as the outer uropod and is not sulcate above. It bears two pairs of dorso-lateral spinules and the apex is similar to that of P. hicisus. Living specimens were as a rule almost pure white with a nar- row transverse brown band on the tail-fan. — °r#-* Port Blair, Andamans. S. Kemp. 2 ^, ^ $, 7-10 mm. The tj'pe specimens bear the number 9082/10. Pontophilus pilosus, sp. nov. (Plate viii, fig. 4.) The rostrum is well developed and reaches almost to the end of the eyestalks. It is deeply hollowed longitudinally and tapers to a narrow rounded apex. On its ventral side there is a deep vertical keel, extending downwards between the eyestalks. The keel ends abruptly a little behind the apex where it bears a tuft of long setae. The carapace is everywhere clothed with a fine pubescence, which, over the greater part of the surface, is comparatively short, but becom.es more conspicuous laterally and on the antero-lateral portions takes the form of long silky hairs. There are three pro- curved teeth in the mid-dorsal line, but no carina. The first two of these teeth are placed rather close together in the anterior half of the carapace, vv'hile the third is in the middle of the posterior half. Behind the antennal spine, which reaches almost as far for- ward as the rostrum, there are two small teeth placed one behind the other in the latitude of the first tooth of the mid-dorsal series. Below these there is a stout hepatic tooth which overhangs a deep sulcus — the lateral continuation of the transverse post- rostral 368 Records of the Indian Museum, [Vol. Xir, groove, especially well marked in this portion of the carapace. The branchiostegal spine is strong and extends forwards beyond the level of the eyestalks. Behind it is another small tooth, placed further forward than any others of the dorsal series. Exclusive of the spines on its frontal margin, there are in all eleven teeth on the carapace : none of these teeth form the terminations of carinae. In the male each of the last three thoracic sterna bears a median keel, which ends anteriorly in a small tooth : these keels are absent in the female. The first and second pairs of legs are adjacent at the base in the male and are not separated by the antrorse spine found in P. hendersoni. Fig. 4. — Pontophilus pilosiis, sp. nov. a. Antennule. c. First peraeopod. b. Antennal scale. d. Second peraeopod. The eyes are stout and short. In both sexes the distal mar- gin of the stalk, on its upper and inner side, is produced beyond the cornea to a small but conspicuous papilla. The basal segment of the antennular peduncle (text-fig. 4a) bears a stout ventral spine and another at the distal end of its outer margin. The lateral process is peculiar in form. It is fully as long as broad and is furnished anteriorly with two spines, the outermost the largest and the inner bearing a small internal spinule. The outer flagellura does not appear to be appreciably stouter in the male than in the female and is shorter than the peduncle. The antennal scale (text-fig. 46) is broad, its breadth in a large female being more than half its length. The outer margin is con- vex and terminates in a spine which does not reach as far forward as Ihe lamella and is separated from it by a broad U-shaped gap. 1916.J S. Kkmp : Notes on Cnislaceci Decaj^oda. 369 The outer maxillipedes are clothed with long setae and reach beyond the end of the antennal scale by almost the entire length of the ultimate segment. The first peraeopods (text-fig. 4c) are a little shorter than the outer maxillipedes and are not provided with exopods. The spine on the outer margin of the merus is terminal and on the anterior margin between it and the articulation of the carpus there is another smaller spine. The carpus is short ; the inner margin is lobed and bears coarse setae, while on the outer margin are two spines. The breadth of the hand, measured near its base, is about one third its entire length. The second peraeopods (text-fig. 4^) reach to the carpus of the first pair. The carpus is two thirds the length of the merus and is as lona: as the palm and half the length of the fingers. In the chela, which as in the preceding species is weakly constructed and with- out cutting margins or terminal claws, the palm is about one seventh longer than the dactylus. The fixed finger is noticeably shorter than the dactylus and both fingers bear long setae. The slender third peraeopods reach beyond the antennal scale by about the length of the two ultimate segments. The merus is a little shorter than the ischium and a little longer than the pro- podus. The carpus is one and two thirds the length of the merus and is one fifth longer than the propodus and dactylus combined. The fourth and fifth legs are rather densely clothed with hairs The merus, carpus and propodus are subequal and the dactylus is a little more than half their length. The abdominal somites are quite smooth and are covered with a fine pubescence similar to that on the carapace; the margins of the pleura are rounded. The inner ramus of the last four pairs of pleopods is comparatively well developed in the male and carries an appendix interna ; in the female it is reduced and no trace of this appendage is to be found. The outer uropod is shorter than the inner and is nearly three times as long as broad. The telson is one and a half times the length of the last abdominal somite; it is provided with two pairs of dorso lateral spinules and its lower margins are ciliated. The apex is similar to that of P. parvirostris. Pontophilus pilosus is sometimes conspicuously banded in life with dark brown. In examples from very shallow water there is a narrow transverse band at the posterior end of the carapace and others, rather broader, on the second and fourth abdominal somites and across the middle of the telson and uropods. Individuals obtained at a depth of two fathoms were marbled with brown pig- ment mixed with a certain amount of pure white, the carapace being sometimes of a dull reddish-brown. In all the specimens there was a dark spot at the distal end of the subchela. The specimens were obtained at the northern end of the Gulf of Mannar. — 8^19 Kilakarai, Ramnad S. Kemp. 2 juv., 3 (^, 4 ?, dist., S. India. 5'5-i3 m'Ti' Types. 370 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, Pontophilus plebs, sp. nov. (Plate viii, fig. 5.) The rostrum is longitudinally channelled; its lateral margins are convergent and meet in a narrowly rounded apex. The cara- pace is devoid of pubescence and is not carinated. It bears seven teeth, one situated mid-dorsally, close behind the rostrum and separated from it by a shallow transverse groove, and three pairs on either side. The latter comprise a stout hepatic tooth, on a level with that in the middle line, and two small teeth, both in advance of the hepatic, placed close together behind the sharp spinous branchiostegal angle. In the anterior half of the carapace there are obscure longitudinal furrows above and below the hepa- tic tooth. The basal segment of the antennular peduncle (text-fig 5a) is longer than the two following combined, externally the distal Fig. 5. — Pontophilus ptebs, sp. nov. Antennule. c. First peraeopod. Antennal scale. d. Second peraeopod. margin is produced to an acute tooth. The lateral process is more or less oval in shape, longer than broad, and is anteriorly pointed- The second and third segments are broader than long. The an- tennal scale (text-fig. 56) is only twice as long as broad ; the outer margin is straight and terminates in a tooth which is far exceeded by the distal end of the lamella. The third maxillipedes reach beyond the scale by about half the length of the ultimate segment. The first peraeopods (text- fig. 5c) are scarcely shorter. The outer edge of the merus termin- ates in a large tooth and the margin between this tooth and the articulation of the carpus is unarmed. The carpus bears a stout external tooth. The hand is about two and a half times as long as wide and the single tooth which forms the ' thumb' of the sub- iQi6.] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 371 chela is articulated, as in P. candidus, and not fixed as in most species of the genus. The second peraeopods (text-fig. 5i)!ata. Bate, Rep. ' Challenger ' Macriira, p. 449, pi. xci, 1895. Pontocaris peiinnfa, Ortniann, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia, P- 175- 1901. Aegeon affine, Alcock, Cat. Indian deep-sea Crust. Macriira and Anomala, p. 188, and Illiist. Zool. 'Investigator,^ pi. 11, figs. 3, 4. 1914. Aegeon ohsoletiim, Balss, Ahh. viath.-pliys. Klasse Baver. Ahad. Wiss. Mi'mchen, Suppl. Bd. II, p. 70, pi. i, figs. 3. Alcock, when describing Aegeon affine, suggested that the species might prove to be identical with Bate's Pontocaris pennata. The description and figures of the latter species being inadequate, the point could only be determined by actual comparison of speci- mens. In order to settle the question I sent co-types of A. affine to Dr. Caiman, who, with his usual kindness, readily undertook to give me an opinion. He informs me that Alcock's suggestion is correct and that there is no doubt that the two forms are specific- ally identical. An example of Aegeon obsoletum, determined by Balss, has been received in exchange from the Munich Museum ; it was ob- tained in vSagami Bay, Japan, at a depth of 50-100 m, The in- dividual agrees precisely with Indian specimens of A. pennata. In addition to the characters noted by Alcock for the separa- tion of this species from A. medium { = A. propensalata. Bate), 1916.] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 377 there is a marked difference between the two in the sculpture of the second abdominal somite. In A. propensalata, on either side of the middle line, there is a broad sinuous ridge which extends obliquely throughout the length of the somite. In A. pennala this ridge is broken in two by a deep vertical furrow. Dr. Caiman has kindly sent me the following notes regarding the types obtained by the ' Challenger '— " The three specimens of P. pennata differ among themselves in the form of the rostrum and other characters. In two specimens the rostrum is relatively short, bifid at tip, and with the lateral spines as large as in ^ . medutm. In the third specimen the rostrum is longer, sharp-point- ed, and with very small lateral spines. In this last specimen also there is a tendency towards a softening of the inequalities of the general surface, i.e. the keels and ridges are not so prominent. In particular the two lobules on either side of the median carina of the second abdominal somite are not sharply defined, although the vertical furrow separating them is distinct." The following records of occurrence in Indian waters may be added to those given by Alcock : — -*fAi Persian Gulf, 26°2o'3o" N., ^4°52'3o" E., 35 fms. ±±§fi Persian Gulf, 26°33' N., 52°23' E.. 40 fms. ^W-- Arabian Sea, 24°26'5o" N.. 66°35'5o" E., 35 fms. ^i^^ Coromandel coast, i4°25' N., 8o°i5'45" E., 12 fms. il.Q7^-_S 2037-9 ) 2395-401. ii87;92_ Ganjam coast, 26-93 fms. 10 ' 10 ' ' J-^°^ 28 mi. S.W. of Puri, Orissa, 25 fms. ... ^■i<^ Off Gangetic delta, 20^18' N., 90°5o' E., 65 fms. ^'\¥'- Off Tennasserim coast, i3°27'3o" N., 97°37' E , 50 fms. iLi_o_o Off Cheduba, Arakan coast, 20 fms. ... According to the labels the individual from the neighbourhood of the Gangetic delta was " grey, touched with dark brown and green marks", while some of tho.se from the Ganjam coast were irregularly banded with lichen green and mottled pink. On the Indian coasts A. pennata is evidently common ; it has been found at depths ranging from 12 to 93 fathoms. The type specimens were obtained by the ' Challenger ' in the Arafura Sea, south of New Guinea, 8° 56' S., 136° 5' E., at a depth of 49 fathoms. Balss, under the name A. obsoletum, records numerous specimens from Japan from depths of 80 to 150 metres. The species is ap- parently one of wide Indo-pacific distribution. Aegeon propensalata (Bate). 1888. Pontocaris propensalata, Bate, Rep ' Challenger ' Macritra p. 469, pi. xc, figs. 2, 3 ; pi. Ixxxv, fig. 5. 1895. Pontocaris propensalata, Ortmann, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philadclplna. P- 175- Investigator' Five. ,, One. >" Seven. ,. Two. , , Twenty-two M Three J> One. Two. One. 378 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, 1899. Pontccaris media, Alcock and Anderson, A)i>i. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), III, p. 282. 1900. Poiitocaris propeiisalata, Whitelegge, Mem. Australian Mtis., W , p. 198. 1901. Aegean medium, Alcock, Cat. Indian deep-sea Crust. Macrura and Anomala, p. 120, and Illust. Zool, ' Investigator,' pi. xli, fig. 6. In this case also I am indebted to Dr. Caiman for the elucida- tion of the synonymy. Dr, Caiman has kindly compared co-types of A. medium with the type of Bate's P. propensalata and has sent me the following note on the subject. — " 1 cannot find any differ- ence between the type of P. propensalata and A. medium. The sculpturing of the abdominal somites is less sharp in the former and the serration of the supramarginal carina of the carapace is very obscure — as it tends to be in the smaller of' the two speci- mens of A. medium that I have examined." The only specimens in the Indian Museum are those described by Alcock from the Andaman Sea, 55-66 fathoms. Bate's type specimen was obtained off the Ki Is., south of New Guinea, 5°49' 15" S.. 132° 14' 15" E., at a depth of 140 fathoms, and Whitelegge has recorded the species from 50 fathoms in Botany Ba^^ Aegeon orientalis, Henderson. 1893. Aegeon orientalis, Henderson, Trans. Linn . Soc , Zool. (2), V, p. 446, pi. xl, figs. 16, 17. Three specimens in rather poor condition from the Persian Gulf and the Andamans evidently belong to this species, which does not appear to have been recognised since it was first described more than twenty years ago. The spinulation of the carapace agrees exactly with Hender- son's description except that the serrations on the marginal carina vary in number from 7 to 9. The abdominal sculpture also agrees with the original description ; but there are two longitudinal carinae on either side of the second abdominal somite, and the five carinae on the first somite, as well as the median carina on the second, end anteriorly in sharp spines. These spines were perhaps worn awaj' in the type, which is larger than any of the three specimens here recorded. Although, as Henderson has remarked, the species bears a rather marked resemblance to A. caiaphractus, it is not in reality a veryclose ally of that species. As has already been pointed out it is intermediate in character between the more typical species and those that Alcock referred to the subgenus Parapontocaris. Pearson's suggestion that A. orientalis is merely an extreme varia- tion, oi A. cataphractus^ is certainly incorrect. A. orientalis may readily be distinguished (i) by the complete absence of the hepatic groove, (ii) by the smaller number of serrations on the marginal carina of the carapace, (iii) by the sharp longitudinal lateral carinae of the first two abdominal somites and (iv) by the presence of only a ' Pearson, Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries, Macrura, p. 89 (1905). 1916.] S. Kemp : Notes on Cmstacea Dccapoda. 379 single retrorse spine behind the middle point of each of the sub- median carinae of the last abdominal somite. The spines on the first two abdominal somites, if their presence proves to be con- stant, will also serve to distinguish the two forms. I think it improbable that the specimens from deep water off the Hawaiian Is., recorded by Miss Rathbun as Egeon orientalis ^, are correctly referred to this species. In the examples in the Indian Museum the middle tooth of the median carina of the cara- pace is not smaller than the rest and the denticulation of the second lateral and marginal carinae is also different. Moreover, the third and fourth abdominal somites though strongly sculptured, only bear a single lateral longitudinal carina. These carinae, which are submedian in position and are clearly shown in Henderson's figure, are sinuous and towards the hinder end of the somite are directed obliquely outwards; that on the third is entire, while that on the fourth is interrupted in the middle. There are certainly not two lateral carinae on the third and three on the fourth as in Miss Rathbun 's description. The specimens examined are registered as follows: — if^ Persian Gulf, 26^22' N., 56°i(/ E., ' Investigator.' f i J, 18 mm.> 48-49 fms. 1 I ? , 15 mm. 9x^ Port Blair, Andamans. J. Wood-Mason. i ^. 14 mm. The type and only other known example of the species is re- corded by Henderson from the Gulf of Martaban. Aegeon atidamanense (Wood-Mason). 1901. Aegean (Parapoiifocaris) nndaniaiicnse, Alcock, Cat. Indian deep- sea Crust. Maci'iira and Ajiomala. p. 121, and Ilhist. Zool. ' Investi- gator,' Crust., pi. ix, fig. 2. Aegeon bengalense (Wood-Mason). 1901. _ Aegean {Parapuntocaris) bengalense, Alcock, Cat. fjidian deep-sea Crust. Macrura and Anomala, p. 122, and Ilhist. Zool. ' hivesti- gator,' Crust., pi. ix, fig. i. 1912. Aegeon (Parapontocaris) bengalense, Kemp and Sewell, Rec. Iiid. Mus., VII, p. 22. Genus Prionocrangon, Wood-Mason. Prionocrangon ommatosteres, Wood-Mason. 1901, Prionocrango)i oniniatosteres, Alcock, Cat. Indian deep-sea- Crust. Macrura and Anomala, p. 123, and Illust. Zool. ' hivestigator,' Crust., pi. ix, fig. 4. Genus Crangon, Fabricius. Crangon crangon (Linnaeus). I have compared the Indian specimens with examples from Plymouth and the only appreciable distinctions that I can find are ' Rathbun, Bull. U.S. Fish Co>nin. far IQ03, p. gi i (.1906) 380 Records of the Indian Mnseuni. [Vol. XII, that in the Indian form the rostrum is narrower and distinctly- longer, reaching almost to the end of the eyes {cf. text-figs, ya, b) and that the sixth abdominal somite is less distinctly grooved in- feriorly. There is the closest resemblance between the two groups of specimens in the form of the subchela and antennal scale. The characters yielded by the rostrum and last abdominal somite may ultimately afford grounds for the recognition of the Indian form as a distinct subspecies, but in my opinion are insuffi- cient for specific distinction. A number of forms very closely allied to the common European species have been recorded from Japan; Miss Rathbun ', indeed, has reported the presence of C. crangon itself at Rikuoku (Rikuchu) and Hokkaido. Balss^, the most recent author to discuss the Japanese forms, notes that Brashnikow •'' (writing in Russian) has established the fact that C. crangon crangon does not occur in A A Oy. Fig. 7. — Crangon crangon (l.inn.). Anterior portion of carapace, rostrum and eyes : (a) of an Indian specimen ; (1)) of a specimen from Plymouth. Japanese waters. He, however, gives a summary of the characters of C. affinis, de Haan, C. propinquus , Stimpson, C. hakodatei, Rathbun, C. consobrmiis , de Man, and C. cassiope, de Man, and remarks that in the collections that he himself has examined these characters are inconstant, even in specimens from a single gather- ing. He regards the last four of the names just mentioned as synonyms of C. affinis, a form which he apparently considers to be merely a subspecies of C. crangon. If Balss is correct, the retention of a distinct subspecific name for the Japanese form seems to have little to recommend it. The characters of C. crangon, if tabulated on Balss 's plan, will evidently fall within the rajige of variation of the single Japanese ' Rathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mtis., XX Vi, p. 42 ( 1902). 2 Balss, Ab/iandl. math.-pliys. Klasse K. Bayer. AkaiL Wiss. Mi'tnchen, Suppl.-Bd. II, p. 62 (1914). " Brashnikow, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. Nat. .St. Ft'tersbiirg, (8), XX, p. 84 (1907). igT6.] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 381 race that he recognises, the difference between the European and Japanese races consisting solely in the greater variability exhibited by the latter. The Indian specimens do not show any marked variation, but the series is small. And even should their form prove constant, it is useless to speculate on the precise status of the different races until some general consensus of opinion on the Japanese forms has been reached. Crangon crangon appears to be very rare on the Indian coasts ; the only specimens in the Museum are the following ; — '■'-'J-" Akyab, Arakan coast. F. Stoliczka. 3, 55-52 mm. The Structure of the Pleopods in Pontophilus. The recognition of the fact that in certain species of Pontophilus there are often marked differences between the sexes in the form of the pleopods, and that the species themselves also differ to a great extent in the development of these appendages, has led me to re-examine the material available in the Museum collection. In the Indian Museum twenty-one species of the genus are represented a very considerable proportion of those that are known; but, un- fortunately*, in the case of thirteen only do we possess examples of both sexes. Although iti the development of the pleopods there is a certain amount of intergradation, it is possible roughly to classify the species according to the development of these appendages into five groups : — Group I. P, norvegicus, M. Sars ( ^^^^opod of last four pairs of P. gracilis, Smith ) Pl^opods well developed m both P. hrevirokris. Smith / ^^f^^' ^^^^^ conspicuous appendix ' interna. P. spinosus, lycach, P. abyssi, Smith, and P. occidentalis, Faxon, represented in the collection by female specimens onl}-, doubtless also belong to this group. Group II. Kndopod of last four pairs of pleopods comparatively well deve- loped in male, reduced in female. P. sculptus (Bell) Appendix interna present in male P. incisus^ sp.nov. \ on all four pairs, but somewhat P. austral is, Thomson rudimentary on the last; in female present on 2nd and 3rd pairs, rudi- mentary on 4th and absent from 5th. P. chiltoni, Kemp, known from female specimens only, also in all probability belongs to this group. 382 Records of the Indian Museuin. [Vol.. XII, Group III. . . / Endopod of last four pairs of pleo- ■ ^^'*^^' P- • pods comparatively well developed r, j-j' ' , { in male, reduced in female. Appen- p ^/h ' ' ^^^ interna present on all four pairs ■ r ^ ^> V- • y in male, but entirely absent in female. Group IV. Endopod of last four pairs of pleo- pods large and well developed in P. sabsechota, Kemp { female, quite rudimentary in male. Appendix interna absent in both sexes. Group V. -r^ , . , . XT •■■ > .' Endopod of last four pairs of P. hsptnosus Hailstone \^ {^ ^^,,,1, ,,,^^,ed in both and Westwood. ^^^^^ Appendix interna absent P. trisptnosus, Hailstone, f • 1 . 1 " '^ ' in both sexes. P. echinulatus (M. Sars), P. victonensis, Fulton and Grant, P. hendersoni, Kemp, and P. parvirostris , sp. nov., represented in the Museum collection by examples of one sex only, also in all prob- ability belong to this group. In Group I the appendix interna is usually tipped with a series of small coupling hooks, which are ill-developed or absent in other groups that possess this appendage. In Group V the separation of a distinct segment at the base of the endopod is clearly marked, whereas in Group I the division is obscurely indicated.^ P. sabsechota, the sole species comprised in Group IV, is appa- rently an abnormal form, the distinction between the sexes in the size of the endopod being the reverse of that found in any other species which in this respect exhibits sexual differences. The re- maining groups clearly form a morphological series characterised by the progressive reduction of the endopod and by the reduction and suppression of the appendix interna. Group I in which the pleopods have retained their full development is clearly the most primitive, while Group V in which they are more reduced than in any other is the most specialised. It is noteworthy that Group I includes all the deep-water forms in the collection. The facts are not only of interest in the light they throw on the development of the species within the genus; they also, as it appears to me, form a valuable clue to the evolution of the family as a whole, for the other genera can be divided into two sections agreeing, respectively, in the development of their pleopods with i Cf. W'ollebaek, Bergens Mitseiims Aai-bog, 1008, no. 12, p. 44, text-tig. 2. 1916.] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 383 Groups I and V of Pontophilus. Ortmann ' in 1890 published a genealogical tree of the five genera known to him ; but the evidence afforded by the pleopods leads to results directly at variance with those which he obtained and it will be well therefore to discuss the matter briefly. The two most primitive groups of species in the family are in all probabilit}' Aegean and Pontophilus, Group I. They possess — most of them at any rate — a rudimentary exopod on the first legs, the number of branchiae is at least as great as that in any other genus and the endopod of the last four pairs of pleopods is well developed and possesses an appendix interna. In Aegean the second leg is larger than in Pontophilus, Group I, agreeing more nearly with that of Group V, and the former genus also possesses a rather larger number of branchiae than the latter. In this last feature it appears to be the more primitive of the two, but in the curious C-shaped form of its gills it presents a character not known in any other genus of Car idea. Aegean, in m}^ opinion, must be regarded as an offshoot of the original stock from which the other genera are descended. The evolution of the remaining genera of Crangonidae can, I think, be traced back to Pontophilus, from which there have been tvk^o main lines of descent, originating respectively in Group I and in Group V In Group I of Pontophilus, as has already been noted, the second leg is shorter than in the other groups and it is not difficult to understand how Sabinea, Owen, and Paracrangon, Dana, have arisen from it by successive steps. In Sabinea the pleopods are as well developed as in any species of Group I and possess a con- spicuous appendix interna ; the second leg has, however, under- gone further reduction ; it is smaller than in an}/ species of Ponto- philus and terminates simply, the chela being altogether sup- pressed. Paracrangon is apparent!}^ a further development on the same line. The second legs are entirely absent and the endopod in the last four pairs of pleopods, though large and well-formed, is without appendix interna. The other line of development has apparently arisen through forms similar to those of Group V and terminates in four branches, rejjresenting respectively the genera Crangon, L., Sclerocrangon, Sars, Argis, Kroyer {= Nectocrangon, Brandt) and Prionocrangon, Wood-Mason. In all the.se genera the endopod of the last four pleopods is greatly reduced, possesses a well marked basal segment, and is devoid of appendix interna. The evidence afforded by the development of the second leg is, in this case, rather difficult to interpret. In all the four genera named above it has a proportionatel}^ greater length than in any species of Pontophilus; in Prionocrangon, evidently a. very highly specialised form, it terminates simply, while in the other three it is chelate. But it must be presumed that all Crangonidae have 1 Ortmann, Zool. Jalirb., Syst., V, p. 530 (1890). 384 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, 1916.] primarih'^ arisen from a form in which this limb was well developed and a priori it was not to be expected that the four genera had passed through a stage in which it was to some extent reduced. It is, however, difficult to see how it could have been other- wise. Crangon and its allied genera might, indeed, have arisen independently from an ancestor of Pontophilus , that is to say from a form differing from Group I of that genus only in the possession of long second legs. In this case the pleopods must have evolved separately in the two instances ; with the result that their identity of structure, as we see it to-day in Crangon and the related genera on the one hand and in Pontophilus, Group V, on the other, is an example of convergence. I am inclined to think that this conclusion is erroneous. The tendency that clearly exists towards the reduction or suppression of the second pair of legs shows that these apj^endages are un- usually plastic in Crangonidae : the monodact3dous condition of these limbs in Sahinea and Pricnocrangon is evidenth^ an instance of convergence and affords no evidence of real affinity. The struc- ture of the pleopods is more likely to yield a trustworthy estimate of relationship. Of the genera Vercoia, Baker \ and C or allio crangon, Nobili*, I have seen no examples. In the former, according to a sketch kindly sent me by Mr. Baker, the endopod of the last four pleo- pods is comparatively large, but without appendix interna. The genus has perhaps arisen separately from forms similar to those in Group III of Pontophilus ; it differs from all species of the latter in the monodactylous character of the second legs. Owing to lack of information regarding the pleopods, it is impossible to make any suggestion regarding the relationships of Coralliocrangon. This is particularly unfortunate, for the persistence in the genus of the linea thalassinica points to its being a survival of some very primi- tive form. 1 Baker, Ti-ans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, XXVIII, p. 158 (1904). 2 Nobili, Ann. Set. Nat. Zool. Paris, (9), IV, p. 82 (1906). EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. Fig. I. — Pontophilus incisus, sp. nov. ,, 2. — Pontophihis lowisi, sp. nov, ,, 3. — Pontophilus candidus, sp. nov. ., 4. — Pontophilus pilosus, sp. nov. ,, 5. — Pontophilus plebs, sp. nov. ,, 6. — Pontophilus parvirostris, sp. nov. Rec. Ind. Mus.,Yol.Xn 1316. Plate VIII. 2. C--' A C Chavrdhary , dfil Bemrose.CoHo, Derby NEW INDIAN SPECIES OF PONTOPHILUS. XXI. NOTES ON CRUSTACEA DECAPODA IN THE INDIAN MUSEUM. VII. Further Notes on Hippoeytidae. By vStanley Kemp, B.A., Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India. (Plate XXXVI). Although only two years have elapsed since my previous paper on the Indian Hippolytidae was published, a number of interest ing forms have come to light, obtained partly during the recent cruises of the 'Investigator' by Capt. R. B. Seymour Sewell, I.M.S., partly by Dr. Annandale in Japan, and partly by myself during a short visit to Port Blair in the Andamans. The Hippolytid fauna of Port Blair is one of great richness. During three weeks' collecting, fully half the known Indian species of the family were met with, enabling me to obtain notes on the natural colouration of several forms hitherto unknown in this respect. In addition, three forms were found that had not pre- viously been recognised, one representing a new generic type. Of these, Thor discosomatis is of particular interest owing to the fact that it lives commensally with a large anemone of the genus Discosoma, and is most peculiar in its colouration ; the species of Phycocaris, gen. nov. , is extremely grotesque in appearance and closely mimics the weed among which it lives. Borradaile, in a recent paper,* has briefly described a genus and three new species of Hippolytidae from the Maldives, the Seychelles and other localities. If my identification is correct, two of these, Thor maldivensis and Lysmatella prima (the latter the type of the new genus), occur in the Andamans; but I am inclined to think that Lysmatella should at most be distinguished only subgenerically from the closely allied Hippolysmata. Ex- hippolysmata, recently proposed by Stebbing'^ to include Hippolys- mata ensirostris and a nearly related form from S. Africa, does not appear to differ sufficiently to warrant either generic or subgeneric separation. Genus Saron, Thallwitz. Saron marmoratus (Olivier). 1914. Saron viarmoratits, Kemp, Rec. hid. Mils., X, p. 84. A number of specimens of this well-known species were ob- tained at Port Blair; the majority were found under stones left ' Borradaile, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), XV, pp. 206, 208 (1915). 2 Stebbing, Ann. S. African Mus., XV, p. 94 (1915). 386 Records of the Indian Museum. [V'OL. XII, bare at low water, but one individual was dredged at a depth of two fathoms. There are tufts of setae on the carapace and abdomen of all the specimens ; the males are small and do not possess the enlarged third maxillipedes and first peraeopods characteristic of well-grown examples of their sex. On close inspection the colouration of living specimens is very wonderful, resembling that of a rich Turkey carpet. At a casual glance, however, the animal is dull in tone and it is clear that the vivid tints blend and cause it to harmonise with its sur- roundings, just in the same way that the splashes of bright colour on gun-mountings are effective in rendering them inconspicuous. On the carapace and abdomen are numerous large ocellar spots of an irregular shape ; in the centre these spots are buff, dotted with red and circumscribed with white and reddish orange. Between the spots are patches, irregularly lobulate in form, but symmetrical on either side of the animal. They are of a deep red- dish brown colour with numerous large bright blue spots. Each patch is sharply defined, its sinuous margin being outlined with black and pale grey. At the antero-lateral angle of the carapace there is a dull red spot. The rostrum, antennules and antennal scales are pale buff, barred with dark brown, the brown bearing numerous white flecks. The anterior two pairs of legs are reddish at the base ; their distal segments and all segments of the last three pairs are pale yellowish green broadly barred with black. The tail-fan is obscurely mottled with brown and buff. The largest specimen, an ovigerous female, is only 36 mm. in total length. ^f^ Port Blair, Andamans. S. Kemp. Eleven. Genus Spirontocaris, Bate. Spirontocaris pandaloides (Stimpson). 1907. Spirontocaris pandaloides, de Man, Trans. Linn. .Soc, Zoo/.. (2), IX, p. 418, pi. xxxii, figs. 47, 48. A number of exam.ples of this species were obtained by Dr Annandale during his recent visit to Japan from Mr. Kuma Aoki. The teeth on the rostrum vary from 8 to 10 on the upper border and from 10 to 13 on the lower. ^gL Misaki, Japan. Kuma Aoki. Fourteen, 46-49 mm. Spirontocaris rectirostris (Stimpson). 1907. Spirontocaris rectirostris, de Man, Trans. Linn. Soc, Zool.. (2), IX, p. 411, pi. xxxii, figs. 31-34. Two fine specimens in Dr. Annandale's Japanese collection (presented by Dr. S. Yoshida) agree very closely with de Man's description of the male of this species. Both individuals have only 5 teeth on the upper border of the rostrum; on the lower 1916.J vS. Kemp : Notes on Crtistacea Decapoda. 387 border there are 2 in one specimen and 3 in the other. The telson in one case bears four pairs of dorsal spinules, in the other five. De Man has drawn attention to the great development of the third maxillipedes and first peraeopods in the male. In the two specimens obtained by Dr. Annandale this character is well shown, the proportions of the limbs agreeing preciseh^ with de Man's des- cription. The enlargement of these appendage^ in the adult male is a feature of considerable interest, for though apparently rare in the genus Spirontocaris, an almost precisely similar phenomenon is met with in the genera Alope and Saron. ~^%- Tanabe, Kii prov,, Japan. S. Yoshida. Two, .^4, 36 mm. The third maxillipedes in the larger specimen are 30 mm. in length ; in the smaller they are 26 mm. Genus Thor, Kingsley. The definition of this genus requires modification in order to include T. maldivensis, Borradaile, in which supraorbital spines are found on the carapace. In addition to the greater number of segments in the carpus of the second peraeopods and the presence of a movable plate at the distal end of the antennular peduncle — characters by which the genus is readily distinguished from Hippo- lyte — the outer antennular flagellum, in Thor , is greatly swollen in both sexes. An interesting species, hitherto undescribed, was obtained at Port Blair ; it lives commensally with giant sea-anemones of the genus Discosoma and is very peculiar in its pigmentation. The three known species of Thor, all of which have been found in the Andamans, may be distinguished as follows : — I. Rostrum with two or more dorsal teeth; supraorbital spines absent. ^4. Apex of rostrum bifid ; lateral process of antennule without a tooth at its proximal end .. ... T. paschnlis (HqW&y). B. Apex of rostrum simpl}- pointed ; lateral process of antennule with a small upstanding tooth at its prox- imal end ... ... ... T. (fiscoso/natis, sp.nov. II. Rostrum with only a single dorsal tooth; supraorbital spines present ... ... T. nialdiveijsis, Borra- daile. Thor paschalis (Heller). 1914. Thor paschalis, Kemp, Rec. hid. Miis., X, p. 94, pi. i, figs. 6-10. Additional specimens are from Singapore and from Port Blair in the Andamans. The species was found on several occasions in the latter locality, living among weeds at depths of from 2 to 5 fathoms in the neighbourhood of Ross I. The specimens are smaller than the majority of those obtained in the Gulf of Manaar ; the largest is only 8 mm. in length and ovigerous females some- times do not exceed 6*5 mm. The single individual from Singa- pore, a male, was obtained at low water under a block of coral. ?88 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, •^§3. Port Blair, Andamans. ■^§i Tanah Merah Besar, Sinc^apore I. S. Kemp. N. Annandale. Ten. One. Thor discosomatis, sp. nov. (Plate xxxvi, fig. i). Thor discosomatis is a very close ally of T. paschalis and agrees with that species in the great majority of its structural features. It differs, however, in the following points: — Fig. I. — f/ior d/scosoiiKtfis, sp. no\'. a. Antennule. e. Third peraeopod. b. Antennal scale. /. Second pleopod of male. c. First peraeopod. g. Telson. d. vSeeond peraeopod. //. Apex of telson. The rostrum is a little shorter ; at its apex it is sharply point- ed, not bifid, and on its upper margin it bears only two or three teeth. These teeth are larger and all of th^^m are situated on the rostrum in front of the hinder limit of the orbit. The basal seg- ment of the antennular peduncle (text-fig. i^) bears a spine on its infero-internal aspect, as in T. paschalis; but the lateral pro- cess, though variable in length, is usually longer than in that species, often reaching the end of the third segment. The process bears, near the proximal end of its outer margin, a sharp upstand- ing tooth of which no trace exists in the allied species. 1916.] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 389 The peraeopods closely resemble those of T. paschalis. The car- pus of the second pair (text-fig. id) is composed of six sub-segments the proportional lengths of which are much the same as in T. pas- chalis, except that the third is comparatively a little shorter. There is practically no difference between males and females in the length of the third pair of legs (text-fig. le). On the lower border of the merus of the third and fourth pairs there is a small subterminal spine. This spine is present on all the last three pairs in r. paschalis} whereas in T. discosomatis it is absent from the last pair. On the telson (text-tig. ig) as in T. paschalis there are three or four pairs of dorso-lateral spinules. At the apex, however, there are four pairs of spines, the outermost the shortest, the second the longest and the two inner pairs sub-equal (text-fig. ih). In T. paschalis there are only three pairs of terminal spines. In the shape of the antennal scale (text-fig. 16) and in all other features, T. discosomatis seems to bear the closest resem- blance to T. paschalis. The largest specimen obtained, an ovigerous female, is 13 mm. in length. The colouration of living specimens was very remarkable, the animal being of a deep reddish brown tint, semitransparent, with very large spots and patches of pale greenish yellow. On the carapace are two such spots, round and confluent in the mid- dorsal line ; there is one on either . side of the second abdominal somite, a broad transverse band on the fourth somite with a small spot on each side below it, a ventral transverse bar on the fifth somite and a patch, forming a complete ring, on the sixth somite. Each of these spots or patches is very pale green in the centre, with a broad margin of bright yellow, the whole being narrowly circumscribed by blue. The central portions are traversed by streaks of yellow extending inwards from the margin. The apex of the telson is greenish yellow and there is a circumscribed spot in the middle of each uropod. On the upper side of the eyestalk there is a greenish yellow patch ; all the other appendages are reddish brown. The specimens of Thor discosomatis were found along with a Palaemonid in the immediate vicinity of large anemones of the genus Discosoma. Two very small individuals were obtained in the dredge, but it is probable that on this occasion the net was drawn over an anemone in the course of its passage along the bottom. The Palaemonid has been described b3^ Nobili under the name Ancylocaris aberrans,^ and of this species Miss Rathbun's Pericli- menes hermitensis^ is apparently a synonym. Coutiere,* who 1 These spines are omitted in the figure gi\-en in pi. i, Hg. 0, «/). r/Y., 1(014. 2 Nobih, Bull. sci. France Belgiqite, XI., p. 52, pi. iv, tigs. y-y6 (igi)()y. => Rathbun, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1914, p. 655, pi. i, figs. \--^. * Coutiere, Bull. Miis. d'Hist. nat., Parii, IV, p. ig8 (1S98). 3go Records of the Indian Museum . [Vol. XII, refers to the same form as a species of Bithynis, has given the following account of its habits.—'' Un Palemonide du genre Bithy- nis Dana merite une mention speciale par son habitat et sa colora- tion. II est absolument transparent, mais se signale par quelques anneaux d'un violet pale sur les appendices et I'abdomen, et sur- tout par des taches d'un blanc nacre eclatant, occupant la region stomacale tout entiere, le coude de I'abdomen, I'extremite des rames caudales et les epimeres du deuxieme segment. Ce magni- fique Crustace se tient obstinement dans la zone de protection que circonscrit une grande Actinie assez commune dans les flaques profondes qui separent les Madrepores. Etale sur le sable, le disque oral de 1' Actinie de couleur blanchatre, arme d'un tres grand nombre de courts tentacules urticants, atteint souvent o m. 30 de diametre. Bithynis se tient dans ce cercle, nageant a pen de dis- tance au-dessus, souvent par couples, et se laisse assez aisement capturer a I'aide d'une eprouvette pleine d'eau que Ton descend doucement sur I'animal." The anemone at Port Blair was one with greenish tentacles, not whitish as in Coutiere's description. It was not uncommon at low water on the foreshore at " Aberdeen" and was sometimes left high and dry by the tide. On anemones from which the water had completely retreated we failed to find any shrimps, even though the whole specimen was dug up and most carefully ex- amined. On the other hand the shrimps were seldom absent from anemones living in a few inches of water, and were easily caught in a tube full of water as described by Coutiere. The Ancylocaris ' was found swimming and crawling on the column of the anemone beneath the fringe of tentacles and wandering occasionally on to the disc. Thor discosomatis had similar habits, but seemed to wander further afield and rarely ventured among the tentacles. The curious feature of the shrimps is that in both species the pigmentation takes the form of very large spots almost pure white in colour. This, too, is a characteristic of certain fish, Amphiprion percula (Lacep.) and Tetradvachmum trimaculatum (Riipp.),'^ which also appear to live commensally with the Discosoma ; the latter was found beneath the fringe of tentacles and was black with a broad transverse band of white at the back of the head, extending down- wards to the eye, and a large white spot below the dorsal fin ; the former, which was commonly found swimming among the ten- tacles, was bright orange with three broad bands of white tinged with green and narrowly margined with black. The presence of white patches in all four commensal species is a most curious ' Coutiere, in this brief description, has scarcely done justice to the marvel- lous colouration of Ancylocaris nhevrans ; the large white patches are frequently circumscribed by red or orange pigment and on the tail-fan are eye-spots with reddish centres. A complete account of the colouration of this Palaemonid would be out of place in the present paper, but it ma}' be mentioned that the pigmenta- tion varies somewhat in the two sexes and alters considerably with age. The colouration of Thor discosomatis, on the other hand, is apparently constant throughout life. ■■^ I am indebted to \">y. B. I.. C'haudhuii lor lliese determinations. 1916.] vS. Kkmp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 391 feature and one of which it is impossible to offer an explana- tion. S. Kemp. Fourteen. The types bear the number 9261/10. Thor maldivensis, Borradaile. igiS- Thor ii/aldlveiisis, Bornidnile, Ann. Mag. Nat. H ist.. dSi, X\", p. 2u8. A single ovigerous female, about 9 mm. in length, doubtless belongs to this species. It differs, however, from Borradaile's brief description in possessing six distinct segments in the carpus of the second peraeopods. The presence of strong supraorbital spines and the ver}^ short rostrum, armed with only a single dor- sal tooth are characters which readily distinguish it from the two preceding species. According to Borradaile the first leg is enlarged in adult males. ^fgi Port Blair, Andamans. S. Kemp. One. The specimen was found at low water on the coral reef in North Bay and was, when living, rather conspicuously mottled. Thor maldivensis was described from Minikoi, the Maldives and Salomon Atoll. Genus Hippolyte, Leach. Hippolyte ventricosus, Milne-Edwards. J914. Ilippolvte vcntricosiis, Kemp, Rcc. Ind. J/iis., X, p. ()6, pi. ii, figs. 1-3. This species is not very abundant in Port Blair harbour. The majority of the specimens obtained were taken at Corbyn's Cove North, not far from the entrance to the harbour, living in a fucoid weed washed by the waves. All the individuals taken in this situation were of a dull olive-brown colour closely resembling that of the sea-weed. The collection includes many ovigerous females, an unusually large specimen being 21 mm. in length. -Yo~ Port Blair, Andamans. S. Kemp. Many. Genus Phycocaris, nov. Carapace with supraorbital and antennal spines; antero- lateral (pterygostomian) spine absent. lyateral process of anten- nular peduncle spiniform ; upper flagellum uniramous. Mandible with incisor-process, but without palp. Third maxillipede with exopod. Neither epipods nor arthrobranchs at base of first four peraeopods. Carpus of second peraeopods composed of two seg- ments. Endopods of second to fifth pleopods very large in female, small and slender in male. Type and only species, Phycocaris siintilans, sp. nov. 392 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voi, XII , This genus is formed for the reception of a small and peculiar Hippolytid of the most grotesque appearance, that lives on weeds in the vicinity of Port Blair. On its appendages, including the eyestalks, are long straggling hairs and these, in conjunction with its colour and the unusual attitude it adopts, combine to give it a most extraordinarily close resemblance to small tufts of algae. In most of the characters mentioned above the genus agrees with Caiman's Trachycaris,^ though in outward appearance there is the widest possible difference between them. The type and onl3^ known species of Trachycaris^ is that described by Spence Bate from the West Indies under the name Platyhema rugosum. It agrees with Phycocaris in having only two segments in the carpus of the second peraeopods and in the great size of the endopods of the second to fifth pairs of pleopods. The latter character, though given without qualification in Caiman's diagnosis, is probably found only in females. Phycocaris differs from Trachycaris in the absence of the antero- lateral spine of the carapace and in the presence of an incisor-pro- cess on the mandible.^ The latter feature is of considerable importance and indicates that the genus is in reality allied to Thar and Hippolyie rather than to Trachycaris and other genera of the Latreutid section of the family. From Thor, Hippolyie and the peculiar N. Atlantic genus Cryptocheles, it is easily distinguished by the number of segments in the second legs. Phycocaris simulans, sp. nov. (Plate xxxvi, fig. 2). The carapace is arched above and is produced anteriorly to a short and simple rostrum that reaches only a little beyond the end of the basal antennular segment. On the frontal margin above the 63^6 there is, on either side, a short and stout supraorbital spine. The antero-lateral (pterygostomian) spine is absent, but there is a small spine at the base of the antenna; the antero- inferior angle is rounded. The carapace is not carinate in the middle line and bears a few long scattered hairs. The eyes are comparatively long and slender. In dorsal view^ the cornea is not broader than the stalk and is about half its length. There is no ocellus ; but at the junction of the cornea and stalk there is a circlet of long hairs, a remarkable feature not known in any other Hippolytid. The basal segment of the antennular peduncle (text fig. 2a) is fully as long as the two following combined; its lateral process is 1 Caiman, Ajih. Mng. Xaf. Hist., [J). XVII, \J. 3,^ 1 iqv()). ■^ Platybema pristis, Nobili, \Aini. Mus. civ. Gcnova. (2), XX, p. 233 1,1899)1 sl:ould doubtless be referred to the genus Latrentes. -^ The statement that the mandible in Tvachycavis is without incisor-process is' given by Caiman on the authorit\- of Spence Bate. I have examined a specimen T . riigosus and am able to confirm the accuracv of the observation. I9I6.] S. Kemp : Notes on Cnislacea Decapoda. 393 slender, incurved and spine-like, extending a little beyond the end of the segment and bearing a few hairs externally. The second and third segments are nearly equal in length, each bearing near its distal end one or two very long plumose setae. The outer flagellum is longer and stouter in the male than in the female. In the former sex the thickened portion is composed of some seven segments and is longer than the peduncle; in the latter it is shorter than the peduncle and consists only of five more slender segments. Fig: 2. — PIi vcocarii a. Antennule. b. Antennal scale. c. Mandible. d. Third maxillipede, the distal segment seen obliquely. e. Distal segment of third maxilli- pede. /. First peraeopod. s!jii/iliii/s, gen. el sp. nov. Chela of first peraeopod. Second peraeopod. /. Third peraeopod. /. Dactylus of third peraeopod. k. Second pleopod of female. I. Telson. m. Apex of telson. h. The inner flagellum is short and is usually carried reflected back- wards. The antennal scale (text- fig. 26), which reaches a little beyond the antennular peduncle, is broadest near the base and is less than twice as long as wide ; the outer margin is convex, terminating in a spine that reaches as far forwards as the apex of the lamella. The peduncular segments bear long setae similar to those on the antennule. 394 Records of the Indian Museutn. [V^oi,. XII^ The mandible resembles that found in the genus Thor ; the incisor-process is well developed and is furnished with about seven teeth at the apex. The palp is entirely absent and the molar pro- cess is cleft and furnished with slender spines, many of which are serrate. The second maxilla is normally developed ; the distal endite of the endopod is divided into two parts of equal breadth. The first and second maxillipedes possess epipods, that of the former being emarginate distally, while that of the latter is deeply bilobed. The ultimate segment of the endopod of the second maxillipede is placed terminally at the end of that which precedes it and is not applied as a strip along the outer margin of the latter as in the great majority of the Caridea. The third maxillipede (text-fig. 2d) does not possess an epipod ; the exopod is small but foliaceous, reaching about to the middle of the antepenultimate segment. The ultimate segment (text-fig. 2e) is less than twice the length of the penultimate and is not three times as long as broad ; in addition to numerous hairs it bears a series of nine or ten sharp spinules in its distal half. The first peraeopods (text-fig. 2/) are stout, but very short ; the ischium and merus and carpus are sub-equal, a little shorter than the chela. The se.gments bear long setae but are otherwise unarmed. The chela (text-fig. 2g) is rather more than twice as long as broad and the fingers are distinctly longer than the palm. On the interna] surface of the chela the fingers are deeply hollowed or spooned near the cutting margin, while externally each forms a thin blade with a saw-like edge, the two meeting throughout their length when the claw is closed. At the extreme tip each finger is provided with three large teeth. The second peraeopods (text-fig. 2h) are much longer, reach- ing nearly to the tip of the antennal scale. The carpus is almost as long as the ischium and merus combined and consists of two segments, the second a little shorter than the first and about twice as long as broad. The chela is almost two-thirds the length of the carpus and nearly two and a half times as long as wide the fingers being about one- third shorter than the palm. When the claw is closed the fingers meet only at the tips where they cross each other. The last three pairs of peraeopods (text-fig. 2i) are similar and show no sexual differences. The carpus is scarcely shorter than the merus and is a trifle longer than the propodus. The propodus is armed beneath with five or six spines, two pairs towards the distal end and one or two others, which are smaller, near the mid- dle. When the dactylus is folded inwards it lies between the two spines constituting the distal pair and thus forms a poorly de- veloped grasping organ. The dactylus (text-fig. 2/) is short, spines included about two-fifths the length of the propodus : on its in- ferior edge it bears a series of seven or eight spinules which in- crease in size distally, the two terminal ones being large spines. All the legs bear very long plumose setae, especially conspicuous on the ischium, merus and carpus. 1916.] vS. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 395 The abdominal somites are not carinate dorsally. The third is very strongly humped and the sixth, which is but little longer than the fifth, is produced to a rounded prominence in the middle of its posterior margin. The endopod of the last four pairs of pleopods bears an appendix interna and is enormously expanded in the female (text-fig. 2k) ; in the male it is not broader than the exopod. The margins of both rami bear long setae. The telson (text-fig. 2/) is nearly twice the length of the sixth somite and is feebly sulcate above. It bears two or three pairs of small dorso-lateral spines and terminates in a broad, almost trun- cate apex (text-fig. 2m) armed with three pairs of spines, the innermost the longest, about equal to the breadth of the apex, and the outermost much the shortest. Between the innermost pair of spines are two minute spinules, while a similar spinule occurs on either side between the bases of these spines and those of the intermediate pair. The outer uropods do not reach the apex of the telson ; they are shorter than those of the inner pairs and are rather more than two and a half times as long as wide. The long setae that have been described above as plumose differ considerabl}^ from those to which this term is generally ap- plied, for the plumes have not the form of very fine microscopic hairs, but are comparatively short and blunt processes from the main axis of the seta. The largest specimen obtained, an egg-bearing female, is barely 9 mm. in total length; other ovigerous individuals do not exceed 7 mm. This curious little species was found at Port Blair near Ross I., living among weeds in water from 2 to 4 fathoms in depth. We found it impossible to obtain specimens at all freely by the usual methods, but if the contents of the net were immediately transferred to a bucket of sea-water^ individuals were sometimes found swimming at the surface and alighting on floating fragments of weed. The illustration on Plate xxxvi, which is based on sketches made from living .specimens, will give an idea of the peculiar atti- tude that the species adopts, The abdomen is strongly flexed near its junction with the cephalothorax, so much so that the third segment as a rule almost touches the carapace, and the antennules are bent upwards and backwards. In this attitude, and with the help of the long plumose setae that the species possesses,^ Phyco- caris bears the most extraordinarily close resemblance to small tufts of algae that are plentiful on the weeds : it was only after considerable experience that we were able to distinguish the one from the other. The resemblance, which is undoubtedly protec- tive, is further enhanced by the colour. The tufts of algae vary in shade and are sometimes dull olive-yellow and sometimes almost black. Two colour varieties of the prawn, corresponding i These selae are very easily broken off in preserved specimens and are in life more numerous and long^er than is shown in the figure. 3q6 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, exactly with these tints, were obtained and a few specimens of a bright red tone were also caught on occasions in which much red alga was brought up in the net. "'Vo""" Port Blair, Andamans. S. Kemp. Twenty-four. The type specimens bear the numbers 9255-6/10 in the Indian Museum register. Genus Latreutes, vStimpson. Latreutes pygmaeus, Nobili. 1914. Latreutes pygmaens, Kemp, Rcc Iiid. Miis., X, p. Q9, pi. ii, fio-.s. 7, 8 ; pi. iii, figs. 1-7. The species was very common in the vicinity of Ross I. , living among weeds. Most of the females were ovigerous. ^fo^ ^ovi Blair, Andamans. S. Kemp. Man\-. Latreutes planirostris (de Haan). IQ07. Latreutes planirostris, de Man, Trans. Linn. Soc, ZooL, (2), IX, p. 421. 1914. Latreutes planirostris, Balss, Abhandl. math.-phys. I\lasse K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Suppl. Bd. II, abh. 10, p. 46. This species is represented in the Museum collection by two female specimens, in both of which, as in those examined by Miss Rathbun,' the median spine in the posterior third of the carapace, figured by de Haan, is obsolete. Miss Rathbun cites L. mucronatus as a synonym of L. plani- rostris^ but this view is not held by Balss. L. planirostris is a larger species, with even more perfectly orbicular rostrum than in any examples of L. mucronatus that I have seen ; the carapace, moreover, is carinate in the mid-dorsal line almost up to the pos- terior margin. -ff^ Sagami Ba}-, Japan. Munich Mus. One, 25 mm. "yf- Misaki, Japan. Kuma Aoki. One, 2S mm. Latreutes mucronatus (Stimpson). 1914. I^atreutes vmcroiatiis, Kemp, I^ec. hid. Mus., X, p. loi, pi. iii, figs. 8-15 ; pi. iv, figs. I, 2. 1914. Latreutes mucronatus, Balss, Abhandl. math.-phys. Klasse A'. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Suppl. Bd. II, abh. 10, p. 47, fig. 27. The additional specimens agree with those recorded from Kila- karai and Pamban in vS. India, but are rather smaller ; the largest is only I0"5 mm. long and one of the five ovigerous females is less than 8 mm. in length. The remarkable sexual differences noted in the case of the S. Indian specimens are clearly shown in the Andaman series, the females have the carapace more strongly arched and the rostrum more orbicular than in the males. Out of a total of thirty individuals only five, all males, possess more than a single tooth on the carapace behind the orbit ; in three specimens Kalhbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, p. 46 (1902). 1916.] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 397 there are 2 teeth and in two specimens 3 teeth in this position. In no case is there a tooth in the posterior third of the carapace as in de Haan's figure of L. planirostris. The teeth on the upper edge of the rostrum in the male may be as many as 10. Living specimens were as a rule inconspicuously mottled ; two examples were, however, found in which the carapace and the greater part of the abdomen were of a uniform rich red-brown, the tail-fan and the posterior half of the last abdominal somite being pure white. Balss, who has recently recorded this species {I.e. supra) from Sagami Bay in Japan, from the Gulf of Siam and from Chemulpo in Korea, notes that the specimens recorded by Doflein in IQ02 as L. mucronatus are in reality examples of L. planirostris, de Haan. ^f§^ Port Blair, Andamans, 2-6 fms. S. Kemp. Thirty. Most of the specimens were obtained among weeds in the channel off Ross I. ; a few were found in Brigade Creek. Latreutes porcinus, sp. nov. (Plate xxxvi, fig. 3). In general form there is very little difference between the sexes; in both the carapace is sharply carinate dorsally, the carina being very high and abruptly declivous in its anterior third. The carina is armed with rather irregular procurved teeth, 6 to 12 in number (usually 9 to 11 in large specimens). The series begins behind the middle point of the carapace and the foremost 3 or 4 are usually in advance of the orbit, though separated, in the ma- jority of the specimens, by an unarmed interval from the teeth on the rostrum proper. The antennal spine is present and there are 7 or 8 spinules on the antero-lateral margin. The rostrum resembles that found in female L. mucronatus, being semiorbicular and rounded anteriorly or broadly lanceolate and more or less pointed at the apex. The teeth are on the whole less numerous than in the aUied species; the dorsal series consists of from 4 to 8 and the ventral of from 3 to 8 ; in most specimens there are from 5 to 7 on each margin. In two out of the fifteen specimens examined there are three minute teeth in the interval between the upper rostral teeth and the series on the carapace. The antennule (text-fig. 3a) is more slender than in L. mucro- natus ] the antennal scale (text-fig. 36) is closely similar in form. The second peraeopods (text-fig. ^e) are a trifle more slender and of the three segments of which the carpus is composed the second is proportionately longer, exceeding the length of the first and third combined. The last three peraeopods are similar to those of L. mucronatus , but the terminal spine of the dactylus is usually more slender than the next of the series. In a few individuals two spines are to be found at the distal end of the lower margin of the merus of the third pair (text-fig. 3/); in most cases, however ,^ as in L. mucronatus , single spines occur in this position. 598 Records 0/ the Indian Mnseujii. [Vol. XII, The third abdominal somite is distinctly carinate in its pos- terior half. The telson and uropods (text-figs. 3g, h) are not greath' dissimilar from those of L. mucronatus. The largest specimen, an ovigerous female, is about 15 "5 mm. in length. In general appearance this species bears some resemblance to Trachycaris rugosus, a West Indian form with which it has, of course, no real aiSnity. From all species of Latreutes hitherto I-IG. 3. — Patvettfes poi-cii7iis, sp. no\'. a. Antennule. c. Second peraeopod. b. Antennal scale. c. Third maxillipede. d. First peraeopod. /. Third peraeopod. o. Telson. /;. Apex of telson. known it is at once distinguished by the great number of teeth on the carapace. Living specimens were variously banded and mottled, some- times with pure white on a ground colour of reddish brown ; one individual was pale pink throughout. Port Blair, Andamans. S. Kemp. Fifteen. The specimens were all obtained off the jetty on Ross I., liv- ing among weed in company with Latreutes pygmaeus, L. nmcro- natus and Tozeuma armatum. The types bear the number 9269/10. 1916.] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. ,599 Latrcutes anoplonyx, Kemp. 1914. Latreitfes auoplonyx, Kemp, Rec. Ind. Miis., X, p. 104, pi. iv, figs- 3-5- Numerous additional specimens of this species have recently been obtained by the ' Investigator ' off the Burma coast ; they agree closely with the type. The rostrum is rather unusually con- stant in form, being always narrowly triangular in shape and extending, in all except extremely young specimens, well beyond the apex of the antennal scale. The dorsal margin is, however, straight in some examples, markedly concave in others. The number of teeth is variable ; there are from 7 to 15 on the upper margin and from 6 to 11 on the lower. As was pointed out in the original description, L. anoplonyx differs from all other Indian species of the genus in that the dactyli of the last three legs are unarmed except for a few microscopic spinules. The largest individual, an ovigerous female, is only 28 mm. in length, and is thus considerably smaller than the type. 335 Bombay. K. P. le Mesurier. One. ''^^o ^ Burma coast, 7-8^- fms, ' Investio-ator.' Many. The only other known example was found at Bombay. When describing this species I remarked that its nearest ally appeared to be Ortmann's L. laminirostris. It is perhaps at least as nearly related to L. unidentatus, Bate,^ imperfectly described from a single specimen only 5-5 mm. in length obtained off Sam- boangan in the Philippine Is. Very young examples of L. ano- plonyx do not dift'er greatly from Bate's figure; but in the descrip- tion it is stated that the last three legs agree with those of L. planus in which, according to the figure, the dactylus is biunguiculate. Neither L. planus nor L. unidentatus have been recognised since they were first described and it seems likely that their identifica- tion will remain uncertain until the Hippolytid fauna of the Philip- pine Is. is investigated in detail ; it is not even certain that they are correctly referred to the genus Latreutes. Genus Tozcuma, Stimpson. Tozeuma armatum, Paulson. 1914. Tozeuma armatum, Kemp, Rec, Iiid. Mt/s., X, p. io6. 1914. Angasia armata, Balss, Abhandl. math.-phys. Klasse K, Bayer. Akad. Wtss., Suppl. Bd. II, abh. 10, p. 48. The additional specimens of this .species, though a number of them are ovigerous females, are much smaller than those previ- ously recorded from the Indian coast, a feature correlated perhaps with the shallower water in which they were obtained. The lar- gest individual is only 43 mm. in length. The number of teeth on the lower margin of the rostrum is variable and in one example is as high as 39. This specimen, obtained by Mr. Hornell in S. India, also possesses the additional ' Bate, Rep. Challenger Macriira, p. 584, pi. l\\i\, fig. 5. 400 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol XII, spine near the postero-inferior angle of the fifth abdominal somite, noticed in one of the examples previously recorded. In the latter, however, the number of rostral teeth is not abnormal. A remarkable larval Carid found by the ' Investigator ' in the ]\Iergui Archipelago almost certainly belongs to this species (text- fig. 4) Although the rostral apex is broken the specimen is no less than 31 mm. in length. On the carapace are two large supra- orbital spines (which are absent in the adult) and the spines on the lower edge of the rostrum are represented merely by fine spinules. The legs are imperfectly formed, the first being chelate and the second simple with unsegmented carpus ; attached to the first three pairs are long exopods. The hook-like projection on the dorsum of the third abdominal somite, a characteristic feature of adults of this species of Tozeuma, is represented by an enor- mously long, flattened, outstanding process, the tip of which is sickle-shaped and curved forwards. The sixth abdominal somite is proportionately much longer than in adults, while the telson Fig. 4. — Tozeuuia ar))iatnin, Paulson. Late larval stage. exceeds the tips of the uropods and is deeply bifurcate at its apex. Apart from its structure this post-larval specimen is remarkable for its great size. It is probable that (as is known to be the case with some other Caridea) there is an actual shrinkage in length at the final moult of the larval metamorphosis ; other specimens in the collection, possessing all the adult characters, are i or 2 mm. shorter than the post-larval individual. The colouration of living individuals, as observed in the Andamans, is peculiar. The specimens were deeply mottled with closely aggregated dark red chromatophores, slightly paler dor- sally and especially dark on the lower portion of the rostrum which was fringed with bright red hairs. On the second and fifth ab- dominal pleura there were large eye-spots, each being deep blue in the centre, surrounded with concentric rings of black, pale yellow and red, in the order named. Just beyond its middle each of the inner uropods bore half a similar eye-spot, the two uropods, when juxtaposed, presenting a single perfect spot when seen from below. In dorsal view the spot is partially covered by the telson which is iqi6.| S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 401 not marked correspondingly. The inferior portions of the sixth somite were tinged with blue and there were pale pink chroraato- phores on the hook-like process on the third somite. The outer maxiUipede was dark red, the first legs tinged with red and the remainder transparent. Not infrequently specimens of a uniform bright green colour were met with. In these the rostral setae were also bright red, but the eye-spots were merel}^ of a darker green surrounded by narrow bands of black and white. In the weed among which it is found T. armatum is very inconspicuous, extending its body almost perfectly straight and holding tightly to the stem. ^%- Mandapam, Raninad Dist., J. Hornell. One. S. India, 3 fms. ""io~ Port Blair, Andamans, S. Kemp. Nineteen. 2-5 fms. ~^- Burma coast, 8 fms. ' Investigator.' One, larval. Balss {loc. cit. supra) has recently recorded this species from Japan, thereby making a considerable increase in its known geo- graphical range. Genus Gelastocaris, Kemp. Gelastocaris paronae (NobiH). igi4. Gelastocaris paronae, Kemp, Rec. hid. Mus., X. ]). u)/, pi. v, figs. I-I I. An additional specimen of this curious species was obtained at Port Blair. It was dredged in 5 fathoms of water along with the sponge Petrosia testudinaria, Lamarck.' When alive the indivi- dual was remarkable for its strangely depressed form, the carapace and abdomen being so much flattened that it resembled an Isopod of the genus Idotea. In colour the specimen was pale pink through- out with a speckling of darker pink chromatophores on the anten- nal scale and tail-fan and at the sides of the carapace and abdo- men. The Petrosia was of a similar pink shade and the coloura- tion is doubtless protective. The specimen is a male, about 10 mm. in length, and, except for the thickened outer antennular flagellum, differs little from the two females previously recorded; in lateral view, however, the carapace is less strongly arched anteriorly. ^ff^ Port Blair, Andamans, 5 fms. S. Kemp. One. Genus Hippolysmata, Stimpson. 1914. Hippolysmata, Kemp, Rec. Ind. Mu$., X, p. 112. 1915. Exhippolysrnata, Stebbing, .4;?;?. S. African Miis., XV, p. 94. Stebbing has recently proposed to separate Hippolysmata ensirostris, along with a closely allied S. African form, as a distinct genus under the name Exhippolysrnata. The characters employed i I am indebted to Dr. Annandale for this determination. Mr. Southwell informs me that the specimen from the Ceylon Pearl banks, recorded in the paper cited above, was also found on this sponge. ,02 Records of the Indian Museum. [\"ol. XII, are those made use of in my key to the Indian species {loc. cit. , p. 113): the rostrum is longer than in other species of the genus and is provided with an elevated dentate basal crest ; the telson is lanceolate, with the apex acute and unarmed. These characters appear to me to be altogether unsuitable for generic definition and are clearly of far less morphological value than those hitherto employed in the generic subdivision of the family. In young specimens of H. ensirostris there is a pair of long spines at the tip of the telson, reaching far beyond the pro- duced median point and these may still be seen in a reduced con- dition, even in individuals 40 mm. in length. Stebbing also, when describing Exhippolysmata tugelae, notes the presence of a very small spine on either side of the telson tip. The claims of Exhip- polysmata to generic rank rest therefore on the rostral characters and in the fact that the telson has a median point instead of being rounded. If it be retained, its recognition requires to be balanced by the institution of a considerable number of other *' new genera," a procedure which seems unlikely to serve any useful purpose, while tending to confuse the natural afitinities of the component species of the family. Lysmatella, recentl)'- instituted by Borradaile for a species from the Maldives, is based on surer structural differences, but is none the less very closely allied to Hippolysmata. In the very brief preliminary diagnosis that Borradaile has given,' it is merely described as '' related to Lysmata, but without mastigobranchs on the legs." The type species of the genus, Lysmatella prima, is described in the same paper. Three specimens, recently obtained in the Andamans, agree in every particular with the generic and specific descriptions that Borradaile has given ; but, unfortunately, the information is so meagre that it is impossible to be certain of their identity. The Andaman specimens are, however, clearly related in a very close manner with the species of Hippolysmata belonging to the vittata group, the affinity being shown not only by the almost exact correspondence in all structural details (except for the absence of epipods), but also in colour, the specimens when alive exhibiting the brilliant longitudinal red streaks that characterise H. vittata and H. dentata. If my identification of the Andaman specimens is correct it appears to me unwise, in the present state of our knowledge, to recognise Lysmatella in full generic significance. The presence or absence of ejnpods is in many cases a valuable aid to generic diagnosis in the Hippolytidae, but the number of these structures is variable in the genera Spirontocaris and Latreutes and in Hip- polysmata ensirostris the entire series is rudimentary. In mau}^ species referred to Hippolysmata the epipods have not been ex- amined and, on analogy with other genera, it would occasion no surprise if some were found to possess a reduced number. 1 Rorradaile, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist.. ('8i, X\', p. 206 (1015). 1916. 1 S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 403 Hippolysmata ensirostris, Kemp. 1914. Hippoly striata ensirostris, Kemp, Rec. hid. AIiis., X, p. liS, pi. vii.figs. 1-4. A number of very interesting larval and post-larval specimens belonging to this species have recently been found off the Orissa coast. The post-larval specimens are about 14 to 16 mm. in length and in most of their characters agree closelj' with adults. The rostrum, however, is much shorter, usually not reaching the end of the antennal scale and the peraeopods, though well-formed, with perfect chelae, and with apparently the full number of sub- segments in the carpus of the second, possess rudimentary exopods on all pairs except the last. The apex of the telson is conipara- FiG. 5. — Hippolysmata ensii'ostris, Kemp. Ivate larval stage. tively broad, with a pair of long spines that extend beyond the small median point by more than half their length. These spines appear to dwindle slowly in the course of further development and, though not mentioned in my original description, traces of them may stiU be found in specimens 40 mm. in length. Judging by the number of teeth on the basal crest of the rostrum, these post-larval specimens belong to H. ensirostris rather than to its variety punctata. Other specimens, found with the above, almost certainly represent the same species in its last larval stage, but show re- markable differences in structure (text-fig. 5). The rostrum is short, dorsally convex and bears teeth only on its dorsal margin and that on the carapace, which is deeply grooved oii either side _|.04 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vol. XII, of the mid-dorsal line, is large and procurved. The eye is exceed- ingly long, reaching beyond the end of the antennular peduncle; it is composed of two distinct segments, the proximal and more slender of the two bearing a conspicuous dorsal spine. The anten- nules and antennae are normally developed, except that the lateral process on the basal segment of the former is rudimentary. The third maxillipedes and all the peraeopods except the last bear very long exopods. The chelae of the first and second pairs are more rudimentary. The full series of gills appears to be present but there is no trace of epipods. The pleopods and uropods are well formed and the apex of the telson resembles that of the post- larval specimens, but possesses a pair of setae near the middle. So far as I am able to discover the larva differs from that of all other Carids hitherto described in the possession of a large spine on the e3^estalk. '"^To" Off Puri, Orissa coast, S.Kemp, Fourteen, post-larval 4-41 fms. - five, larval. Hippolysmata (Lysmatella) prima (Borradaile). 1915. Lysmatella prima, Borradaile. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 18), X\', p. 209. Borradaile 's description of this species runs as follows : — '' Rostrum ''.y , straight but upcurved at end, outreaching anten- nular stalk. Third maxilliped as stout as first leg, in which hand and arm are subequal, wrist a little shorter. Second wrist has 20-22 joints, the last the longest. Maldive Is." The Andaman specimens agree well with this description as far as it goes. The rostrum reaches beyond the end of the anten- nular peduncle and is almost or quite as long as the carapace ; it is furnished with 9 or 10 teeth above and with 5, 6 or 7 below. The posterior tooth of the dorsal series is situated a little in front of the middle of the carapace and is separated by a marked interval from the rest; the latter are rather crowded posteriorly but more distantly spaced on the rostral blade; two of them (that is to say three teeth in all) are situated on the carapace behind the orbital notch. The teeth on the lower margin are as large as those on the upper. Thei e is a large antennal spine on the carapace and another, which is smaller, at the pterygostomian angle. The lateral process of the basal segment of the antennular peduncle is short, not reaching to half the length of the segment; its outer margin is strongly convex. The outer antennular flagel- lum is thickened at the base, but is devoid of the accessory ranms found in species of Lysmata. The antennal scale is narrow . scarcely broader behind than in front, and four times as long as wide. The outer margin is conspicuously concave and terminates in a sharp spine that reaches beyond the distal end of the lamella. The mouth-parts closely resemble those of H. vittata. All three maxillipedes bear epipods; the exopod of the last pair reaches beyond the middle of the antepenultimate segment 1916.] S. Kemp : Notes on Crustacea Decapoda. 405 The first peraeopods are as described by Borradaile ; the chela resembles that of H. vittata, the fingers being shorter than the palm and meeting only at the tips when the claw is closed. The second legs are very slender, reaching beyond the antennal scale by nearly two-thirds the length of the carpus ; the merus is in- distinctly divided into 13 or more segments, while the carpus is composed of from 21 to 24 segments. The last carpal segment is the longest, about equal in length with the palm and one and a half times as long as the fingers. Of the remaining pairs of the peraeopods the third is the long- est reaching beyond the antennal scale by almost the entire length of the propodus. In each pair the merus bears conspicuous teeth externally near the lower border: 5 in the third pair, 5 or 6 in the fourth and 3 or 4 in the fifth. The posterior edge of the propodus is set with fine setae and some seven or eight very slender spinules The toothing of the dactylus is characteristic. As in H. vittata it bears 3 or 4 teeth on its posterior margin which increase in size distally ; the actual apex of the dactylus does not, however, take the form of a tooth, comparable to the others, but is extremely slender and, at the base, less than half the breadth of the adjacent tooth of the marginal series. The abdomen, telson and uropods do not appear to difter in any marked degree from those of H. vittata. The three specimens obtained are all ovigerous females; the largest is about 21 mm. in length. The colouration of living specimens is striking, the entire carapace and abdomen being marked with longitudinal stripes composed of small bright red chromatophores. On the carapace at the base of the rostrum the first three pairs of lateral stripes meet in the middle line. The three succeeding pairs are strictly longitudinal, but beneath them the striping on the carapace is oblique. In the middle of the abdomen there are about twenty longitudinal stripes. The eyestalks are heavily blotched with red; the antennules and antennae are transparent with a faint yellow- ish tinge ; the third maxillipedes and all the legs, except the second pair, are conspicuously banded with red. The tail-fan is dotted with red and the eggs are sage green. In colour, therefore, the species bears a striking resemblance to Hippolysmata vittata and H. dentata, but lacks the transverse bands on the abdomen that are found in the former of these species. .92^i|_j_ Y'ovi Blair, Andamaiis, S fms. S. Kemp. Tliree. The three specimens were all obtained in a single haul of the net on rough ground in the southern entrance to the channel off Ross I. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVL Fig. I. — Thor discosomalis , sp. nov., X 8^. ,, 2. — Phycocaris simulans, gen. et sp. nov., X ii. ,, 3. — LatreiUes porcinus, sp. nov., X 8-|-. Rec.1nd.Mus., Vol. XII, 1916. PLATE XXXVI. ''■KowAh arr. Del PKoto^avure_S\aTrey of India Offices, Calcutta. 101' INDIAN HIPPOLYTIDAE. 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